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Wyatt PB, Reiter CR, Satalich JR, O’Neill CN, Edge C, Cyrus JW, O’Connell RS, Vap AR. Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation in Elite Athletes: A Systematic Review. Orthop J Sports Med 2024; 12:23259671231220371. [PMID: 38188620 PMCID: PMC10768611 DOI: 10.1177/23259671231220371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Deficiency in vitamin D has been shown to increase the risk of injury. Purpose To synthesize current placebo-controlled randomized trials investigating the effect of vitamin D supplementation in elite athletes on (1) aerobic capacity; (2) anaerobic measures, such as strength, speed, and anaerobic power; (3) serum biomarkers of inflammation; and (4) bone health. Study Design Systematic review; Level of evidence, 1. Methods A literature search was conducted on November 30, 2022, according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Included were randomized, placebo-controlled studies of longer than 2 weeks on subjects with active participation in organized sport. Excluded were nonrandomized controlled trial study designs, vitamin D administration routes other than oral, studies that did not use vitamin D supplementation as the sole intervention, and studies with nonathletic or military populations. Results Out of 2331 initial studies, 14 studies (482 athletes) were included. Of the 3 studies that assessed aerobic capacity, 2 demonstrated significantly greater improvements in maximal oxygen uptake and physical working capacity-170 (P < .05) in supplemented versus nonsupplemented athletes. Measurements of anaerobic power and strength were consistently increased in supplemented groups compared with nonsupplemented groups in 5 out of the 7 studies that assessed this. Of the 6 studies that assessed sprint speed, 4 found no significant difference between supplemented and nonsupplemented groups. Aside from 1 study that found significantly lower interleukin-6 levels in supplemented athletes, measures of other inflammatory cytokines were not affected consistently by supplementation. The 4 studies that assessed markers of bone health were conflicting regarding benefits of supplementation. One study found demonstrated improvements in bone mineral density in response to supplementation (P = .02) compared with control whereas another found no significant difference between supplemented and nonsupplemented groups. However, in 3 other studies, serum biomarkers of bone turnover such as bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, parathyroid hormone, and N-terminal telopeptide appeared to be higher in subjects with lower serum vitamin D levels (P < .05). Conclusion Results of this systematic review indicated that the greatest benefit of vitamin D supplementation in elite athletes may be improving aerobic endurance, anaerobic power, and strength. More research is needed to determine the effect of vitamin D supplementation on bone health and injury risk in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip B. Wyatt
- Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Charles R. Reiter
- Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - James R. Satalich
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University Health System, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Conor N. O’Neill
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University Health System, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Carl Edge
- Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - John W. Cyrus
- Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Robert S. O’Connell
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University Health System, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Alexander R. Vap
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University Health System, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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Brauwers B, Machado FVC, Beijers RJHCG, Spruit MA, Franssen FME. Combined Exercise Training and Nutritional Interventions or Pharmacological Treatments to Improve Exercise Capacity and Body Composition in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:5136. [PMID: 38140395 PMCID: PMC10747351 DOI: 10.3390/nu15245136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic respiratory disease that is associated with significant morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. The burden of respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation can translate to reduced physical activity, in turn contributing to poor exercise capacity, muscle dysfunction, and body composition abnormalities. These extrapulmonary features of the disease are targeted during pulmonary rehabilitation, which provides patients with tailored therapies to improve the physical and emotional status. Patients with COPD can be divided into metabolic phenotypes, including cachectic, sarcopenic, normal weight, obese, and sarcopenic with hidden obesity. To date, there have been many studies performed investigating the individual effects of exercise training programs as well as nutritional and pharmacological treatments to improve exercise capacity and body composition in patients with COPD. However, little research is available investigating the combined effect of exercise training with nutritional or pharmacological treatments on these outcomes. Therefore, this review focuses on exploring the potential additional beneficial effects of combinations of exercise training and nutritional or pharmacological treatments to target exercise capacity and body composition in patients with COPD with different metabolic phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bente Brauwers
- Department of Research and Development, Ciro, Centre of Expertise for Chronic Organ Failure, 6085 NM Horn, The Netherlands; (M.A.S.); (F.M.E.F.)
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Faculty of Health, Medicine, Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Felipe V. C. Machado
- BIOMED (Biomedical Research Institute), REVAL (Rehabilitation Research Centre), Hasselt University, 3590 Hasselt, Belgium;
| | - Rosanne J. H. C. G. Beijers
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM Research Institute of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| | - Martijn A. Spruit
- Department of Research and Development, Ciro, Centre of Expertise for Chronic Organ Failure, 6085 NM Horn, The Netherlands; (M.A.S.); (F.M.E.F.)
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM Research Institute of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| | - Frits M. E. Franssen
- Department of Research and Development, Ciro, Centre of Expertise for Chronic Organ Failure, 6085 NM Horn, The Netherlands; (M.A.S.); (F.M.E.F.)
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM Research Institute of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands;
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Sist M, Zou L, Galloway SDR, Rodriguez-Sanchez N. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on maximal strength and power in athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1163313. [PMID: 37841405 PMCID: PMC10570740 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1163313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Vitamin D is thought to be a powerful modulator of skeletal muscle physiology. However, available data on the effects of vitamin D supplementation on muscle function in athletes are limited and with mixed results. This meta-analysis therefore, aimed to quantitatively summarize the up-to-date literature assessing the effects of vitamin D supplementation on muscle strength and power in athletes. Methods Sport Discus, PubMed, Cochrane Library and Web of Science were searched to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that used one-repetition maximum (1RM) tests to assess maximal strength, and vertical jump to assess muscle power in athletes. The Cochrane Risk of Bias tool was used to evaluate the included RCTs for sources of bias. The standardized mean difference (SMD) was used as the effect size, interpreted together with its 95% confidence intervals (CI). The effect sizes were calculated on the changes from baseline between vitamin D and placebo groups for maximal strength results by upper body and lower body, and for power results. Results Eleven RCTs involving 436 athletes were included. The results indicated that if baseline serum 25(OH)D concentration was < 75 nmol/L, the treatment had a small effect on upper body muscle strength [SMD 0.25, 95% CI: (-0.44, 0.95), p = 0.47] and on lower body muscle strength [SMD 0.26, 95% CI: (-0.13, 0.65), p = 0.19]; if the baseline serum 25(OH)D concentration was ≥ 75 nmol/L, the treatment had a trivial effect on muscle power [SMD 0.15, 95% CI: (-0.42, 0.72), p = 0.61]. Discussion This meta-analysis demonstrated that there is not a statistically significant effect of vitamin D supplementation on improving maximum strength and power, but highlights that further research is required addressing the key limitations in previous studies before definitive conclusions can be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Sist
- Faculty of Health Science and Sport, Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Lu Zou
- AstraZeneca, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart D. R. Galloway
- Faculty of Health Science and Sport, Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Nidia Rodriguez-Sanchez
- Faculty of Health Science and Sport, Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
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Ghazzawi HA, Hussain MA, Raziq KM, Alsendi KK, Alaamer RO, Jaradat M, Alobaidi S, Al Aqili R, Trabelsi K, Jahrami H. Exploring the Relationship between Micronutrients and Athletic Performance: A Comprehensive Scientific Systematic Review of the Literature in Sports Medicine. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:109. [PMID: 37368559 DOI: 10.3390/sports11060109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this systematic review is twofold: (i) to examine the effects of micronutrient intake on athletic performance and (ii) to determine the specific micronutrients, such as vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, that offer the most significant enhancements in terms of athletic performance, with the goal of providing guidance to athletes and coaches in optimizing their nutritional strategies. The study conducted a systematic search of electronic databases (i.e., PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus) using keywords pertaining to micronutrients, athletic performance, and exercise. The search involved particular criteria of studies published in English between 1950 and 2023. The findings suggest that vitamins and minerals are crucial for an athlete's health and physical performance, and no single micronutrient is more important than others. Micronutrients are necessary for optimal metabolic body's functions such as energy production, muscle growth, and recovery, which are all important for sport performance. Meeting the daily intake requirement of micronutrients is essential for athletes, and while a balanced diet that includes healthy lean protein sources, whole grains, fruits, and vegetables is generally sufficient, athletes who are unable to meet their micronutrient needs due to malabsorption or specific deficiencies may benefit from taking multivitamin supplements. However, athletes should only take micronutrient supplements with the consultation of a specialized physician or nutritionist and avoid taking them without confirming a deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadeel Ali Ghazzawi
- Department Nutrition and Food Technology, School of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Mariam Ali Hussain
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama 323, Bahrain
| | - Khadija Majdy Raziq
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama 323, Bahrain
| | - Khawla Khaled Alsendi
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama 323, Bahrain
| | - Reem Osama Alaamer
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama 323, Bahrain
| | - Manar Jaradat
- Department Nutrition and Food Technology, School of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Sondos Alobaidi
- Department Nutrition and Food Technology, School of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Raghad Al Aqili
- Department Nutrition and Food Technology, School of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Khaled Trabelsi
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia
- Research Laboratory-Education, Motricity, Sport and Health, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia
| | - Haitham Jahrami
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama 323, Bahrain
- Government Hospitals, Ministry of Health, Manama 323, Bahrain
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Jastrzębska J, Skalska M, Radzimiński Ł, Sánchez GFL, Weiss K, Knechtle B. The Level of Selected Blood Parameters in Young Soccer Players in Relation to the Concentration of 25(OH)D at the Beginning and End of Autumn. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12010129. [PMID: 36671821 PMCID: PMC9855687 DOI: 10.3390/biology12010129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to demonstrate the changes of selected blood parameters in relation to 25(OH)D concentration during the autumn period in young soccer players. A total of 35 participants’ results (age: 17.5 ± 0.6 years, body mass 71.3 ± 6.9 kg) were tested twice: in mid-September and in mid-December and divided into subgroups with regard to two criteria. First, according to the initial level of the 25(OH)D concentration (optimal group—ODG, suboptimal group—SDG), second, according to drops in 25(OH)D concentration (high drop group—HDG, low drop group—LDG). A significant decrease (p < 0.001) in the 25(OH)D concentration was reported in the total group (TGr) and in all subgroups. Blood parameters such as white blood cells, red blood cells, haemoglobin and haematocrit increased significantly (p < 0.05) in TGr during the analysed period of time. The analysis of changes in the lipid profile did not expose significant differences except triglycerides. The asparagine amino transferase and creatine kinase activity decreased significantly after autumn in all analysed groups. The declining level of 25(OH)D concentration should be compensated (e.g., with vitamin D supplementation) during autumn. Applied training loads could also influence the blood parameters variability in young soccer players. Regular measurements of 25(OH)D concentration are helpful in identifying potential drops and allows for the preparation of individual supplementation plans for the players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Jastrzębska
- Department of Pediatrics, Diabetology and Endocrinology, Gdansk Medical University, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Maria Skalska
- Department of Pediatrics, Diabetology and Endocrinology, Gdansk Medical University, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Łukasz Radzimiński
- Department of Health and Natural Sciences, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Guillermo F. López Sánchez
- Division of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Katja Weiss
- Institute of Primary Care, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
- Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, 9001 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
- Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, 9001 St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
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Carvalho JFD, Ferner CAB. Nutraceuticals improved physical performance in an ankylosing spondylitis patient reaching 200km of cycling per week. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2022; 49:187-190. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2022.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Brooks SJ, West MR, Domitrovich JW, Sol JA, Holubetz H, Partridge C, Ruby BC, Brown AF, Roe AJ. Nutrient Intake of Wildland Firefighters During Arduous Wildfire Suppression: Macronutrient and Micronutrient Consumption. J Occup Environ Med 2021; 63:e949-e956. [PMID: 34654035 PMCID: PMC8631152 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000002413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Wildland firefighters (WLFFs) perform in adverse environments making rapid adjustments to dietary needs. The National Mobile Food Services (NMFS) contract details WLFF dietary provisions on wildfire incidents. OBJECTIVE Determine the nutrient content of food and drink provided to and consumed by WLFFs under the NMFS contract. METHODS Individual (n = 122) dietary provisions and consumption was recorded during 1 workday. Nutritional analysis of items provided was compared with consumption and the recommended dietary allowance (RDA). RESULTS WLFFs consumed significantly (P < 0.05) fewer macronutrients than provided for calories, protein, and fat. Provided and consumed micronutrients were below the RDA for vitamins D and E, magnesium, and manganese. CONCLUSION Most dietary recommendations were met by NMFS provisions. Next steps include WLFF nutrition education to improve consumption and contract revisions to meet micronutrient recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J Brooks
- Department of Movement Sciences, College of Education, Health & Human Sciences (Dr Brooks, Dr Brown); National Technology and Development Program (Ms West, Dr Domitrovich, Ms Sol, Ms Holubetz); Department of Family and Consumer Sciences (Dr Brooks, Ms Partridge, Ms Holubetz, Dr Brown, Dr Roe); Department of Animal, Veterinary and Food Sciences (Ms Partridge), College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho; University of Montana Missoula (Dr Ruby), Missoula, Montana
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Rajaie H, Rabiee MR, Bellissimo N, Faghih S. Independent and Combined Effects of Calcium and Vitamin D Supplementation on Blood Lipids in Overweight or Obese Premenopausal Women: A Triple-Blind Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. Int J Prev Med 2021; 12:52. [PMID: 34447494 PMCID: PMC8356995 DOI: 10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_294_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Dyslipidemia is often associated with obesity and contributes to the increased risk of atherosclerosis, heart disease, and stroke. This study was designed to evaluate the independent or combined effect of calcium and vitamin D (Ca + Vit D) supplementation on blood lipid profile in overweight or obese premenopausal women. Methods: This study is a triple-blind, randomized, parallel, placebo-controlled trial. About 100 overweight or obese (body mass index (BMI) of 25–40 kg/m2) premenopausal (aged 30–50 years) women, recruited from Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (SUMS) clinics, were allocated into 4 groups: (1) calcium (Ca) supplementation (2 tablets per day; each containing 500 mg calcium carbonate), (2) vitamin D (Vit D) supplementation (2 tablets per day; each containing 200 IU vitamin D3), (3) Ca + Vit D supplementation (2 tablets per day; each containing 500 mg calcium carbonate plus 200 IU vitamin D3), (4) placebo supplementation (2 tablets per day, containing micro-cellulose). All participants received a 500 kcal energy-restricted diet. Blood lipids, serum vitamin D, and anthropometric indices were measured at baseline and after 8 weeks. Physical activity and 3-day dietary records were taken at baseline and every 4 weeks during the intervention. Results: At 8 weeks, triglyceride levels were significantly decreased in the Ca group (P = 0.002). Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels were decreased in the Ca + Vit D group (P = 0.04) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels decreased in both the Ca and Ca + Vit D groups (P = 0.006, P = 0.004, respectively). The results of one-way ANOVA indicated that changes in the serum lipid profile levels were not significantly different among the four groups (P = 0.90, P = 0.86, P = 0.61, P = 0.27, and P = 0.19, respectively for TG, TC, LDL, HDL, and LDL/HDL). The results were not significant even after adjusting for potential covariates. Conclusions: Although the results were not significantly different among the four treated groups at 8 weeks, within-group changes like the reduction in triglyceride and LDL levels, respectively in the Ca group and Ca + Vit D group, and HDL levels in both the Ca and Ca + Vit D groups were significant. These changes may have potentially significant public health implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamideh Rajaie
- Research Center of Nutrition and Food Sciences, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Rabiee
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Physiology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Nick Bellissimo
- Faculty of Community Services, School of Nutrition, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shiva Faghih
- Research Center of Nutrition and Food Sciences, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Gilic B, Kosor J, Jimenez-Pavon D, Markic J, Karin Z, Domic DS, Sekulic D. Associations of Vitamin D Levels with Physical Fitness and Motor Performance; A Cross-Sectional Study in Youth Soccer Players from Southern Croatia. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10080751. [PMID: 34439983 PMCID: PMC8389772 DOI: 10.3390/biology10080751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Vitamin D is a fat-soluble prohormone crucial for bone mineralization, muscle contractility, and neurological conductivity. It is theorized that Vitamin D plays an important role in sport performances, especially in young athletes. In this study we examined the associations of levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) with physical fitness and motor-performance achievements in youth soccer players from Southern Croatia. Participants were tested on physical fitness, motor performance and vitamin D at the end of the winter period, when levels of vitamin D are known to be lowest due to low exposure to sunlight. Results showed that deficiency of 25(OH)D was widespread among youth soccer players living in Southern Croatia. Low 25(OH)D levels were associated with lower results in fitness tests (i.e., tests of energetic capacities), but there was no correlation between 25(OH)D levels and the results in motor performance tests (i.e., skill tests). Our results support the theory of the association between vitamin D and energetic capacities of athletes, but there is no evidence on association between vitamin D and skill-based capacities. Abstract Vitamin D level is known to be a factor potentially influencing physical fitness, but few studies have examined this phenomenon among youth athletes. We aimed to evaluate the associations of vitamin D levels (as measured by 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations—25(OH)D) with various physical fitness and motor performance tests in youth football (soccer) players. This cross-sectional study included a total of 52 youth soccer players (15.98 ± 2.26 years old) from Southern Croatia. The participants were evaluated at the end of the winter period and data were collected of anthropometric measures (body mass and body height), vitamin D status (25(OH)D levels), physical fitness tests (sprints of 10 and 20 m, 20 yards test, the countermovement jump, the reactive strength index (RSI)) and motor performance tests (the soccer-specific CODS, the soccer-specific agility, and static balance). Among the studied players, 54% had 25(OH)D insufficiency/deficiency, showing a lack of 25(OH)D is widespread even in youth athletes living at a southern latitude. The 25(OH)D level was correlated with sprint 20 m, 20 yards tests, and RSI, showing a greater role of 25(OH)D in physical fitness tests where energetic capacity is essential than in sport-related motor performance tests where skills are crucial. Our results support the idea that vitamin D can play a determinant role in physical fitness tests with a clear physiological component, but is not crucial in motor performance tests related to specific sports where skills are a key component. Future studies should investigate the effects of vitamin D supplementation on the performance in physical fitness and motor performance tests among youth athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Gilic
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia;
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jelena Kosor
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia; (J.K.); (J.M.)
| | - David Jimenez-Pavon
- MOVE-IT Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cadiz, 11519 Cadiz, Spain;
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cadiz (INiBICA) Research Unit, Puerta del Mar University Hospital University of Cadiz, 11009 Cadiz, Spain
- CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), 28001 Madrid, Spain
| | - Josko Markic
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia; (J.K.); (J.M.)
- School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Zeljka Karin
- Teaching Institute of Public Health of Split Dalmatian County, 21000 Split, Croatia;
| | - Daniela Supe Domic
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics, University Hospital of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia;
- Department of Health Studies, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Damir Sekulic
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia;
- Correspondence:
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Wageh M, Fortino SA, McGlory C, Kumbhare D, Phillips SM, Parise G. The Effect of a Multi-ingredient Supplement on Resistance Training-induced Adaptations. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:1699-1707. [PMID: 33756525 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Resistance exercise training (RET) induces muscle hypertrophy that, when combined with co-temporal protein ingestion, is enhanced. However, fewer studies have been conducted when RET is combined with multi-ingredient supplements. PURPOSE We aimed to determine the effect of a high-quality multi-ingredient nutritional supplement (SUPP) versus an isonitrogenous (lower protein quality), isoenergetic placebo (PL) on RET-induced gains in lean body mass (LBM), muscle thickness, and muscle cross-sectional area (CSA). We hypothesized that RET-induced gains in LBM and muscle CSA would be greater in SUPP versus PL. METHODS In a double-blind randomized controlled trial, 26 (13 male, 13 female) healthy young adults (mean ± SD, 22 ± 2 yr) were randomized to either the SUPP group (n = 13; 20 g whey protein, 2 g leucine, 2.5 g creatine monohydrate, 300 mg calcium citrate, 1000 IU vitamin D) or the PL group (n = 13; 20 g collagen peptides, 1.4 g alanine, 0.6 g glycine) groups, ingesting their respective supplements twice daily. Measurements were obtained before and after a 10-wk linear progressive RET program. RESULTS Greater increases in LBM were observed for SUPP versus PL (SUPP: +4.1 ± 1.3 kg, PL: +2.8 ± 1.7 kg, P < 0.05). No additive effect of the supplement could be detected on vastus lateralis muscle CSA, but SUPP did result in increased biceps brachii muscle CSA and thickness (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS We conclude that when combined with RET, the consumption of SUPP increased LBM and upper-body CSA and thickness to a greater extent than to that observed in the PL group of healthy young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Wageh
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, CANADA
| | - Stephen A Fortino
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, CANADA
| | - Chris McGlory
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, CANADA
| | - Dinesh Kumbhare
- Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, CANADA
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, CANADA
| | - Gianni Parise
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, CANADA
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Weber AE, Bolia IK, Korber S, Mayfield CK, Lindsay A, Rosen J, McMannes S, Romano R, Tibone JE, Gamradt SC. Five-Year Surveillance of Vitamin D Levels in NCAA Division I Football Players: Risk Factors for Failed Supplementation. Orthop J Sports Med 2021; 9:2325967120975100. [PMID: 33553450 PMCID: PMC7841681 DOI: 10.1177/2325967120975100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Monitoring vitamin D levels in athletes and determining their response to supplementation in cases of deficiency is thought to be necessary to modulate the risks associated with vitamin D deficiency. Hypothesis/Purpose To report the results of a 5-year-long surveillance program of vitamin D in the serum of football players on a National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I team and to examine whether factors including age, body mass index (BMI), race, position played, and supplement type would affect the response to 12-month oral vitamin D replacement therapy in athletes with deficiency. We hypothesized that yearly measurements would decrease the proportion of athletes with vitamin D insufficiency over the years and that the aforementioned factors would affect the response to the supplementation therapy. Study Design Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods We measured serum 25(OH)D levels (25-hydroxyvitamin D) in 272 NCAA Division I football players from our institution annually between 2012 and 2017. Athletes with insufficient vitamin D levels (<32 ng/mL) received supplementation with vitamin D3 alone or combined vitamin D3/D2. The percentage of insufficient cases between the first 2 years and last 2 years of the program was compared, and yearly team averages of vitamin D levels were calculated. Associations between player parameters (age, BMI, race, team position, supplement type) and failed supplementation were evaluated. Results The prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency decreased significantly during the study period, from 55.5% in 2012-2013 to 30.7% in 2016-2017 (P = .033). The mean 25(OH)D level in 2012 was 36.3 ng/mL, and this increased to 40.5 ng/mL in 2017 (P < .001); however, this increase was not steady over the study period. Non-Hispanic athletes and quarterbacks had the highest average 25(OH)D levels, and Black players and running backs had the lowest overall levels. There were no significant differences in age, BMI, race, or playing position between athletes with and without failed vitamin D supplementation. Athletes receiving vitamin D3 alone had a more successful rate of conversion (48.15%) than those receiving combined vitamin D3/D2 (22.22%; P = .034). Conclusion To decrease the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in football players, serum vitamin D measurements should be performed at least once a year, and oral supplementation therapy should be provided in cases of deficiency. Black players might be at increased risk of vitamin D insufficiency. Oral vitamin D3 may be more effective in restoring vitamin D levels than combined vitamin D3/D2 therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander E Weber
- USC Epstein Family Center for Sports Medicine at Keck Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ioanna K Bolia
- USC Epstein Family Center for Sports Medicine at Keck Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Shane Korber
- USC Epstein Family Center for Sports Medicine at Keck Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Cory K Mayfield
- USC Epstein Family Center for Sports Medicine at Keck Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Adam Lindsay
- USC Epstein Family Center for Sports Medicine at Keck Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jared Rosen
- USC Epstein Family Center for Sports Medicine at Keck Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sean McMannes
- USC Epstein Family Center for Sports Medicine at Keck Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Russ Romano
- USC Epstein Family Center for Sports Medicine at Keck Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - James E Tibone
- USC Epstein Family Center for Sports Medicine at Keck Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Seth C Gamradt
- USC Epstein Family Center for Sports Medicine at Keck Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Hunt G, Sukumar D, Volpe SL. Magnesium and Vitamin D Supplementation on Exercise Performance. TRANSLATIONAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF SPORTS MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1249/tjx.0000000000000179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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de la Puente Yagüe M, Collado Yurrita L, Ciudad Cabañas MJ, Cuadrado Cenzual MA. Role of Vitamin D in Athletes and Their Performance: Current Concepts and New Trends. Nutrients 2020; 12:E579. [PMID: 32102188 PMCID: PMC7071499 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
We are currently experiencing a vitamin D (VITD) deficiency pandemic across the world. Athletes have the same predisposition to low levels of vitamin D, the majority of its concentrations being below 20 ng/mL in a wide range of sports, especially in the winter months. Vitamin D is important in bone health, but recent research also points out its essential role in extraskeletal functions, including skeletal muscle growth, immune and cardiopulmonary functions and inflammatory modulation, which influence athletic performance. Vitamin D can also interact with extraskeletal tissues to modulate injury recovery and also influence the risk of infection. The data presented in this paper has triggered investigations in relation to the importance of maintaining adequate levels of vitamin D and to the possible positive influence supplementation has on immune and musculoskeletal functions in athletes, benefiting their performance and preventing future injuries. The objective of this review is to describe the latest research conducted on the epidemiology of vitamin D deficiency and its effects on sports performance and musculoskeletal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirian de la Puente Yagüe
- Department of Public and Maternal Child Health University, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Luis Collado Yurrita
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.J.C.C.); (M.A.C.C.)
| | - Maria J. Ciudad Cabañas
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.J.C.C.); (M.A.C.C.)
| | - Marioa A. Cuadrado Cenzual
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.J.C.C.); (M.A.C.C.)
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