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Sattar K, Yusoff MSB, Arifin WN, Mohd Yasin MA, Mat Nor MZ. A scoping review on the relationship between mental wellbeing and medical professionalism. MEDICAL EDUCATION ONLINE 2023; 28:2165892. [PMID: 36621960 PMCID: PMC9833410 DOI: 10.1080/10872981.2023.2165892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mental wellbeing issues among medical students are common, and their relationship to medical professionalism is debated. Few studies have attempted to link such issues with undergraduate medical education. This review aimed to advance the knowledge on this matter by exploring the relationship between mental wellbeing and medical professionalism in undergraduate medical education. METHODS We collected the literature about mental wellbeing and medical professionalism (published from 1 January 1986 to 31 March 2021) from the Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus and ScienceDirect databases using the search terms 'mental wellbeing' and 'medical professionalism'.We included all peer-reviewed articles in which mental wellbeing and medical professionalism in the undergraduate medical education context were the central topics regardless of the age range, nationality, race and gender of the participants. RESULTS From the 13,076 Iinitially found articles, 16 were included. These 16 articles were from nine countries in four different continents, which all together helped us find answer to our research question using extracted points relating to the main study themes (mental wellbeing and medical professionalism). Under theme 1 (mental wellbeing), six subthemes emerged: burnout, stress, depression, disappointment, depersonalisation and conscientiousness. Theme 2 (medical professionalism), on the other hand, had five subthemes: empathy, academic performance, compassion, unprofessional behaviour and professionalism. A significant inverse association was found between empathy and burnout. Academic performance was also related to burnout. At the same time, empathy was found to have a varied association with stress. Moreover, compassion was found to alleviate burnout and nurture professional gratification. CONCLUSION The medical professionalism attributes were found to deteriorate as the mental wellbeing issues grow. This can harm medical students' overall health, current learning abilities and future attitudes towards their patients. Explicit primary research is thus required to examine and intervene in the cause-effect relationship between medical professionalism and mental wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamran Sattar
- Department of Medical Education, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Muhamad Saiful Bahri Yusoff
- Department of Medical Education, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Wan Nor Arifin
- Biostatistics and Research Methodology Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Azhar Mohd Yasin
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Zarawi Mat Nor
- Department of Medical Education, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Ye X, Li Y, Liu Y, Zheng Q, Lin Z, Zeng Y, Lin Z, Zhu T, Chen X, Chen L, Liu T. Effect of fear of missing out on learning burnout in medical students: a moderated mediation. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1289906. [PMID: 38045622 PMCID: PMC10690946 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1289906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Learning burnout has a significant negative impact on students' academic performance and professional development, which has been exacerbated by the growing trend of problematic smartphone use, such as smartphone addiction, among young people. Recently, the literature on excessive social media use has revealed a critical role of fear of missing out. Objective The purpose of this study was to examine how fear of missing out affects smartphone addiction and its subsequent effect on learning burnout in college students. Methods In Study 1, 352 medical students were recruited to complete a cross-sectional survey. In Study 2, 2,948 college students were recruited to complete a cross-sectional survey. Further in Study 3, 30 medical students were recruited into a mindfulness-based intervention program. Results Study 1 preliminarily confirmed that fear of missing out was positively correlated with learning burnout. Study 2 then revealed a moderated mediation model showing that fear of missing out may increase smartphone addiction, which in turn affects their sleep quality and finally leads to learning burnout. This chain mediation model was moderated by the participants' level of mindfulness. To confirm the promoting role of mindfulness, Study 3 further confirmed that mindfulness training indeed can improve smartphone addiction and reduce learning burnout in medical students. Discussion Theoretical and practical contributions were discussed, highlighting the effects of fear of missing out on smartphone addiction and a moderating role of mindfulness training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ye
- School of Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yang Li
- Mental Health Education Center, Huizhou Health Sciences Polytechnic, Huizhou, China
- Department of Educational Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Psychology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qiuyue Zheng
- School of Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhongli Lin
- School of Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yinhua Zeng
- Guidance Center for Mental Health of Students, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ziyue Lin
- Guidance Center for Mental Health of Students, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Tan Zhu
- School of Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiayan Chen
- School of Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Liangliang Chen
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Fujian Children's Hospital (Fujian Branch of Shanghai Children's Medical Center), Fuzhou, China
| | - Tao Liu
- School of Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- School of Management, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- School of Management, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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3
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Metakides C, Pielemeier L, Lytras T, Mytilinaios DG, Themistocleous SC, Pieridi C, Tsioutis C, Johnson EO, Ntourakis D, Nikas IP. Burnout and motivation to study medicine among students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1214320. [PMID: 37700767 PMCID: PMC10493291 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1214320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim To investigate medical students' burnout and motivation levels in each of the six years of their studies during the COVID-19 pandemic and identify independent predictors of burnout and motivation. Methods An anonymous cross-sectional survey was sent to the students of all six years within our school. Burnout was measured with the adapted Oldenburg Burnout Inventory questionnaire (OLBI-S) and motivation with the updated Strength of Motivation for Medical School (SMMS-R) questionnaire. Univariate analysis was performed with the Kruskal-Wallis test and Spearman's correlation, while multivariable analysis with linear regression models. Results A total of 333 medical students (52% of student body) responded. Higher burnout levels correlated with lower motivation to study medicine (rho = -0.30, p < 0.001). Burnout levels differed between the six years of medical studies, peaking in years two and four whereas being the lowest in year one (p = 0.01). Motivation levels differed significantly as well, peaking in years one and four whereas being the lowest in years five and six (p = 0.012). In the multivariable linear regression models, being a female (b = 2.22, p = 0.016), studying in the fourth year vs. first year (b = 2.54, p = 0.049), having a perceived beginner/intermediate vs. advanced/expert technology level (b = 2.05, p = 0.032) and a perceived poor school support system (b = 6.35, p < 0.001) were independently associated with higher burnout levels. Furthermore, studying in the fifth year vs. first year (b = -5.17, p = 0.019) and a perceived poor school support system (b = -3.09, p = 0.01) were independently associated with a reduced motivation to study medicine. Conclusion Our study highlighted potential areas for intervention to decrease the rate of burnout and low motivation among medical students. However, further research is needed to unravel the full effect of the pandemic on medical students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clio Metakides
- School of Medicine, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Lena Pielemeier
- School of Medicine, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Theodore Lytras
- School of Medicine, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | | | - Chryso Pieridi
- School of Medicine, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | | | | | - Ilias P. Nikas
- School of Medicine, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Ilić IM, Ilić MD. The relationship between the burnout syndrome and academic success of medical students: a cross-sectional study. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2023; 74:134-141. [PMID: 37357875 PMCID: PMC10291497 DOI: 10.2478/aiht-2023-74-3719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The burnout syndrome may affect academic achievement, but research on burnout and academic success of medical students is sparse. This research aimed to estimate the prevalence of high risk of burnout in students of medicine and to investigate its association with academic performance. It included 760 full-time medical students who completed the survey (response rate = 90.9 %). A significant independent predictor for high burnout risk in students with lower grade point average (GPA) was male gender (adjusted OR=2.44; 95 % CI=1.14-5.23; P=0.022). Among students with higher GPA, high burnout risk was associated with the use of sedatives (adjusted OR=6.44; 95 % CI=1.80-22.99; P=0.004).
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena M. Ilić
- University of Belgrade Faculty of Medicine, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milena D. Ilić
- University of Kragujevac Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Epidemiology, Kragujevac, Serbia
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Sanjari E, Majidian Dehkordi F, Raeisi Shahraki H. Clustering Undergraduate Students Based on Academic Burnout and Satisfaction from the Field Using Partitioning around Medoid. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2023; 2023:8898939. [PMID: 37284169 PMCID: PMC10241589 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8898939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Academic satisfaction is known as one of the most important factors in increasing students' efficiency, and academic burnout is one of the most significant challenges of the educational system, reducing student motivation and enthusiasm. Clustering methods try to categorize individuals into a number of homogenous groups. Aims To cluster undergraduate students at Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences based on academic burnout and satisfaction with their field of study. Materials and Methods The multistage cluster sampling method was used to select 400 undergraduate students from various fields in 2022. The data collection tool included a 15-item academic burnout questionnaire and a 7-item academic satisfaction questionnaire. The average silhouette index was used to estimate the number of optimal clusters. The NbClust package in R 4.2.1 software was used for clustering analysis based on the k-medoid approach. Results The mean score of academic satisfaction was 17.70 ± 5.39, while academic burnout averaged 37.90 ± 13.27. The optimal number of clusters was estimated at two based on the average silhouette index. The first cluster included 221 students, and the second cluster included 179 students. Students in the second cluster had higher levels of academic burnout than the first cluster. Conclusion It is suggested that university officials take measures to reduce the level of academic burnout through academic burnout training workshops led by consultants to promote the students' interests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaheh Sanjari
- Student Research Committee, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | | | - Hadi Raeisi Shahraki
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Health, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
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Chen ZH, Ma YY, Feng XH, Lin Y. Correlation analysis of self-directed learning ability, self-efficacy and academic burnout of junior nursing college students in closed management colleges. Nurs Open 2023; 10:2508-2518. [PMID: 36448492 PMCID: PMC10006607 DOI: 10.1002/nop2.1509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To understand the status quo of self-directed learning ability, self-efficacy and academic burnout of junior nursing college students, since the closed management mode was implemented during COVID-19 pandemic disease. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. METHODS Participants came from 3,051 junior nursing college students of a college in Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, China. Data were collected by online questionnaire and analysed by SPSS25.0 (a statistical package for social science) and AMOS24.0 software. RESULTS High self-directed learning ability and self-efficacy were related to low levels of academic burnout (p < .01). In addition, the analysis of mediation effect indicated that the influence of self-directed learning ability on academic burnout was not mediated by self-efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Han Chen
- Department of Nursing, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Ma
- Department of Nursing, Henan Medical College, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xing-Hui Feng
- Department of Nursing, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Department of Nursing, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
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Jeon MK, Lee I, Lee MY. The multiple mediating effects of grit and learning agility on academic burnout and learning engagement among Korean university students: a cross-sectional study. Ann Med 2022; 54:2710-2724. [PMID: 36190716 PMCID: PMC9543061 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2022.2122551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This article reports the results of a study conducted to assess the mediating effects of grit and learning agility on the relationship between academic burnout and learning engagement among undergraduate students. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was conducted using a self-report questionnaire. Undergraduate students (N = 344) were recruited from one university in South Korea (58.0% female; average age 21.43) to complete assessments of academic burnout, grit, learning agility, and learning engagement. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation coefficient, hierarchical regression and bootstrapping to verify the multiple parallel mediation effect. RESULTS We found that the direct effect of academic burnout on learning engagement (B= -0.26, p<.001) and the indirect effect of academic burnout as mediated by learning agility (B= -0.13; 95% CI, -0.20∼-0.06) were significant. This finding confirmed that 33.3% of the total effect of academic burnout on learning engagement was the result of indirect effects via learning agility. CONCLUSION These results indicate the necessity of developing an educational programme that focuses not only on reducing academic burnout but also on improving learning agility to increase undergraduate students' learning engagement. This study contributes to the development of a curriculum aimed at increasing the effectiveness of university education, promoting learning engagement, and reducing academic burnout.KEY MESSAGEOur study reports that academic burnout has both a direct effect on learning engagement and an indirect effect via learning agility. Learning agility mediates the relationship between academic burnout and learning engagement among undergraduate students.Although grit has been reported by many previous studies to mediate the relationship between the tendency to pursue happiness and the willingness to continue learning and effectively improving one's academic achievement and ability, our study did not find any mediating effect via grit in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Kyeong Jeon
- Department of Nursing, Changwon National University, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Insook Lee
- Department of Nursing, Changwon National University, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Young Lee
- Nursing Department, College of Health and Welfare, Woosong University, Dong-gu, Daejeon, South Korea, Uijeongbu, Republic of Korea
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Song W, Wang Z, Zhang R. Classroom Digital Teaching and College Students' Academic Burnout in the Post COVID-19 Era: A Cross-Sectional Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:13403. [PMID: 36293983 PMCID: PMC9603840 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The continued development of digital technology and its overuse in teaching and learning in the post-epidemic era have brought about digital health risks, which are associated with academic burnout among college students. This study focused on the relationship between classroom digital teaching and students' academic burnout and designed the Classroom Burnout Inventory (CBI) and the Classroom Burnout Causes Inventory (CBCI) to conduct a cross-sectional survey of 206 Chinese university students. Correlations and regression analyses were conducted between key factors and burnout values through a path model of "Digital teaching-Teaching & learning process-Causes subjects-Burnout". The results of the study show that an inappropriate and excessive use of unintegrated digital teaching and learning technologies in the classroom was positively correlated with academic burnout among college students. Burnout levels and the three manifestations were not correlated with students' gender, grade, and major. In terms of causes, the academic burnout of college students was more correlated with their own personal reasons than with external factors such as teachers, universities, and environments. Integrating digital technology platforms, enhancing teacher leadership in the digital classroom, and strengthening peer support and students' psychological resilience are all meaningful explorations of academic burnout prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Song
- School of International Relations, Beijing International Studies University, Beijing 100024, China
| | - Zihan Wang
- International Education College, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Ruiqing Zhang
- School of Sociology and Population Studies, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100086, China
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Sharif Nia H, Azad Moghddam H, Marôco J, Rahmatpour P, Allen KA, Kaur H, Kaveh O, Gorgulu O, Pahlevan Sharif S. A Psychometric Lens for E-Learning: Examining the Validity and Reliability of the Persian Version of University Students’ Engagement Inventory (P-USEI). THE ASIA-PACIFIC EDUCATION RESEARCHER 2022. [PMCID: PMC9398043 DOI: 10.1007/s40299-022-00677-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Student engagement is a critical component of e-learning, which became an important focus for most academic institutions during the COVID-19 pandemic. University students’ engagement is measured using various scales with different subscales. This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the University Student Engagement Inventory (P-USEI). A cross-sectional methodology study was conducted among Iranian university students (n = 667) from April to May 2020. After forward–backward translation, the content, and construct validity, and reliability of the scale were assessed. The results obtained from the confirmatory factor analysis confirmed that the P-USEI has three factors: cognitive, emotional, and behaviour. The findings of the study supported the adequate reliability, factorial, convergent, and discriminant validities of P-USEI in a sample of Iranian students. The P-USEI dimensions have predictive value for important academic variables that can be generalized by developing the research through a psychometric evaluation on student engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Sharif Nia
- Educational Development Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Hamed Azad Moghddam
- Newcastle Business School, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2300, Australia
| | - João Marôco
- William James Centre for Research ISPA – Instituto Universitário, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pardis Rahmatpour
- Department of Nursing, School of Nursing, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Kelly-Ann Allen
- School of Educational Psychology and Counselling, Faculty of Education, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
- Centre for Wellbeing Science, Melbourne Graduate School of Education, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Harpaljit Kaur
- Taylor’s Business School, Taylor’s University Lakeside Campus, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Omolhoda Kaveh
- School of Nursing and Midwifery Sari, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ozkan Gorgulu
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics and Medical Information Kırsehir, Ahi Evran University, Kirsehir, Turkey
| | - Saeed Pahlevan Sharif
- Taylor’s Business School, Taylor’s University Lakeside Campus, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
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Kim H, Lee I. The mediating effects of social support on the influencing relationship between grit and academic burnout of the nursing students. Nurs Open 2022; 9:2314-2324. [PMID: 35643965 PMCID: PMC9374396 DOI: 10.1002/nop2.1241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim(s) Design Methods Results
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae‐Ok Kim
- Department of Nursing Kyungnam University Changwon Korea
| | - Insook Lee
- Department of Nursing Changwon National University Changwon Korea
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Shokrpour N, Bazrafkan L, Talebi M. The relationship between empowerment and job burnout in auxiliary health workers in 2019. JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND HEALTH PROMOTION 2021; 10:27. [PMID: 33688536 PMCID: PMC7933607 DOI: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_239_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Health-care workers in community service professions are the formerly candidate for occupation burnout. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between empowerment and job burnout among auxiliary health workers (behvarzan) at Fasa University of Medical Sciences. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this descriptive-analytical study, 120 auxiliary health workers were enrolled using the census. Spritzer's psychological empowerment and Maslach burnout inventory questionnaires were used to collect the data. Then, they were analyzed through the SPSS software, using descriptive analytical tests. RESULTS The findings of this study revealed that the auxiliary health workers' empowerment was in the range of 22-75 with a mean ± standard deviation [SD] of 48.5 ± 9.71, which is in a fairly high level considering the highest score (75) in this scale. Moreover, with respect to burnout (mean ± SD of 58.03 ± 18.64), 36 participants (30%) had low level of burnout, 69 subjects (57.5%) were at the intermediate level, and 15 (12.5%) suffered high levels of job burnout. According to the results of this study, there were a high correlation and negative relationship (r = 0.406, P > 0.001) between psychological empowerment and job burnout among the auxiliary health workers. On the other hand, all empowerment components (competence, autonomy or independence, effectiveness, and trust) had a reverse and significant association with burnout. CONCLUSION Based on the results of this study, the auxiliary health workers (behvarzan) were in a good range of empowerment; also, the dimensions of empowerment were correlated with job burnout in Fasa university-affiliated hospitals' health workers. On the other hand, demographic features had no association with these two factors. It is suggested that health authorities should take measures to empower the workers and identify and remove the effects of the various dimensions of job burnout among the health workers in these hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasrin Shokrpour
- Department of English, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Leila Bazrafkan
- Department of Medical Education, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Marzieh Talebi
- Department of English, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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