Oral lichen planus and associated comorbidities: An approach to holistic health

The Correlation between Oral Lichen Planus and Thyroid Pathologies: A Retrospective Study in a Sample of Italian Population

OBJECTIVES

 The association between oral lichen planus and thyroid disorders, especially hypothyroidism and Hashimoto's thyroiditis, has been discussed in current literature with conflicting outcomes.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

 The study retrospectively evaluated the thyroid status in patients diagnosed with oral lichen planus and oral lichenoid lesions. A case-control approach was used to prove that thyroid disorders were statistically significant risk factors for oral lichen planus and oral lichenoid lesions.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

 To evaluate these associations, odds ratios (ORs) were used. ORs precision and statistical significance were estimated using a 95% confidence interval (CI) and p-value, respectively.

RESULTS

 A total of 307 patients were involved in the study: 158 females and 149 males. OR, 95% CIs, and p-values were analyzed. Patients with thyroid diseases showed an increased risk of developing oral lichen planus (OR: 4.29, 95% CI: 1.85-9.96, p-value: 0.0007) and oral lichenoid lesions (OR: 2.76, 95% CI: 1.24-6.13, p-value: 0.0129). This association was maintained in patients with oral lichen planus, while also considering hypothyroidism (OR: 3.74, 95% CI: 1.46-9.58, p-value: 0.0059) and Hashimoto's thyroiditis (OR: 4.57, 95% CI: 1.58-13.23, p-value: 0.005) alone. The correlation of hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and smoking status with oral lichen planus and oral lichenoid lesions was also evaluated but no statistical significance was found.

CONCLUSION

 Even if further investigations are needed, the association between oral lichen planus and oral lichenoid lesions with thyroid pathologies should be taken into consideration by endocrinologists due to the potential malignancy of these disorders.

Oral Lichen Planus: An Updated Review of Etiopathogenesis, Clinical Presentation, and Management

Lichen planus (LP) is a chronic idiopathic immune-mediated inflammatory condition. LP is a heterogeneous disease with varied clinical presentations having different natural history, prognosis, sequelae, and outcomes. It can affect skin, hair, nails, and mucosae. Mucosal LP (including oral LP) tends to be persistent and resistant to treatment, compared to cutaneous LP. Oral LP (OLP) is broadly divided into two main categories: hyperkeratotic (usually asymptomatic) and erosive (commonly symptomatic). It can present with symptoms including odynophagia, dysphagia, dysgeusia, and sensitivity to hot spicy foods. Apart from the superficial epidermal changes, which vary with the type of clinical presentation, histopathologically oral LP shows a unifying similar and consistent feature of a lichenoid interface dermatitis. Recently, researchers have highlighted the critical role played by IL-17 in the pathogenesis of OLP. World Health Organization has categorized oral LP as one of the oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD), albeit with a low risk of malignant transformation. Also, in the last couple of years there have been various reports on the usage of newer drugs like anti-IL17, anti-IL12/23, anti-IL 23, PDE4 inhibitors, and JAK inhibitors in the management of refractory OLP. The principal aim of treatment still remains to resolve the symptoms, prolong the symptoms free period, and reduce the risk of potential malignant transformation. We have described many new revelations made in recent times regarding the etiopathogenesis, associated conditions as well as management of OLP. Thus, the objective of this review is to present a comprehensive up-to-date knowledge including the recent advances made regarding OLP.

Non-Coding RNAs as Potential Targets for Diagnosis and Treatment of Oral Lichen Planus: A Narrative Review

Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory disease that is characterized by the infiltration of T cells into the oral mucosa, causing the apoptosis of basal keratinocytes. OLP is a multifactorial disease of unknown etiology and is not solely caused by the malfunction of a single key gene but rather by various intracellular and extracellular factors. Non-coding RNAs play a critical role in immunological homeostasis and inflammatory response and are found in all cell types and bodily fluids, and their expression is closely regulated to preserve normal physiologies. The dysregulation of non-coding RNAs may be highly implicated in the onset and progression of diverse inflammatory disorders, including OLP. This narrative review summarizes the role of non-coding RNAs in molecular and cellular changes in the oral epithelium during OLP pathogenesis.

Efficacy of Platelet-Rich Plasma Therapy in Oral Lichen Planus: A Systematic Review

Background and Objectives: Oral lichen planus (OLP) is an autoimmune, mucocutaneous, oral potentially malignant disorder (OPMD), which characteristically manifests with chronic, recalcitrant lesions, with frequent flare-ups and remissions. The precise etiopathogenesis of OLP is still debatable, although it is believed to be a T-cell-mediated disorder of an unidentified antigen. Despite the availability of various treatments, no cure for OLP exists due to its recalcitrant nature and idiopathic etiology. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties, in addition to its regulatory action on keratinocyte differentiation and proliferation. These salient properties substantiate the possible role of PRP in the treatment of OLP. Our systematic review focuses on assessing the therapeutic potential of PRP as a treatment modality in OLP. Materials and Methods: We conducted a detailed literature search for studies assessing PRP as a therapeutic regimen in OLP, using the Google Scholar and PubMed/MEDLINE search engines. The search was limited to studies published from January 2000 to January 2023 and included a combination of Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) terms. ROBVIS analysis was carried out for the assessment of publication bias. Descriptive statistics were performed using Microsoft Excel. Results: This systematic review included five articles that met the inclusion criteria. Most of the included studies demonstrated that PRP treatment considerably ameliorated both objective and subjective symptoms in OLP subjects, with comparable efficacy to the standard corticosteroid treatment. Further, PRP therapy offers the added benefit of minimal adverse effects and recurrences. Conclusion: This systematic review suggests that PRP has significant therapeutic potential for treating OLP. However, further research with larger sample sizes is imperative to corroborate these findings.

Gingival lichen planus: A clinical and pathological study

BACKGROUND

Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a common immune-mediated chronic inflammatory disease affecting the oral mucosa. It is most likely to occur in adults, particularly in women. The most commonly affected areas are the buccal mucosa, tongue and gingiva, either alone or in combination. The aim of this study was to analyse the clinicopathological characteristics of gingival lichen planus in a series of patients diagnosed between 2000 and 2019.

MATERIALS AND METHOD

Files of 190 patients with histopathologically confirmed gingival lichen planus were retrieved from the archives of the Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology of the Geneva University Hospitals. We analysed the demographic characteristics of the patients, the location, clinical presentation and histopathological characteristics of the lesions, and the presence of symptoms.

RESULTS

The majority of the patients were women (74.2%). The age ranged between 12 and 88 years of age, with a mean of 58.6 years. 79 cases (41.6%) of gingival lichen planus were confined to the gingiva. In the remaining cases, the gingival lesions were associated with other localisations, mostly the buccal mucosa and the tongue, as well as other intraoral and extra-oral sites. 38.7% of the patients presented mixed form of OLP, 27.8% keratotic form and 22.4% erythematous/erosive form. The mixed and the erythematous/erosive forms were the most symptomatic lesions. The majority of gingival lichen planus were active atrophic. A total of seven malignant transformation were found (3.7% of the cases).

CONCLUSION

Gingival lichen planus is a chronic disease that can have many different clinical and histological presentations. Long-term regular follow-up of gingival lichen planus is recommended to detect signs of malignant transformation.

Vitamin D in the Treatment of Oral Lichen Planus: A Systematic Review

Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic mucocutaneous condition that affects up to 2% of the general population, and typically presents with long-standing, non-responsive lesions, with episodes of exacerbation and remissions. The etiopathogenesis of OLP is still unclear, although, it has been postulated that it is most likely a T-cell-mediated condition of an unknown antigen. The treatment remains a challenge with no defined treatment strategy. Vitamin D has anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties, along with its regulatory effect on keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation; thus, suggesting its possible role in the treatment of OLP. This systematic review aims to evaluate the therapeutic role of vitamin D in OLP treatment. We searched PubMed/MEDLINE, and Google scholar search engines for studies evaluating vitamin D as a treatment modality in OLP from January 2000 to August 2022. Articles were searched with the combination of Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) terms. A web platform for visualizing risk-of-bias assessment was used in this review, and descriptive statistics were calculated. Out of the seventeen retrieved studies, five articles meeting the inclusion criteria were considered in this systematic review. All the included studies demonstrated significant amelioration in the OLP symptoms in patients who were given vitamin D supplements as an adjuvant to the conventional steroid therapy and or placebo. This systematic review signifies the role of vitamin D as adjuvant therapy for OLP. However, more studies with larger sample size are required to validate these results.

Esophageal lichen planus: Current knowledge, challenges and future perspectives

Lichen planus (LP) is a frequent, chronic inflammatory disease involving the skin, mucous membranes and/or skin appendages. Esophageal involvement in lichen planus (ELP) is a clinically important albeit underdiagnosed inflammatory condition. This narrative review aims to give an overview of the current knowledge on ELP, its prevalence, pathogenesis, clinical manifestation, diagnostic criteria, and therapeutic options in order to provide support in clinical management. Studies on ELP were collected using PubMed/Medline. Relevant clinical and therapeutical characteristics from published patient cohorts including our own cohort were extracted and summarized. ELP mainly affects middle-aged women. The principal symptom is dysphagia. However, asymptomatic cases despite progressed macroscopic esophageal lesions may occur. The pathogenesis is unknown, however an immune-mediated mechanism is probable. Endoscopically, ELP is characterized by mucosal denudation and tearing, trachealization, and hyperkeratosis. Scarring esophageal stenosis may occur in chronic courses. Histologic findings include mucosal detachment, T-lymphocytic infiltrations, epithelial apoptosis (Civatte bodies), dyskeratosis, and hyperkeratosis. Direct immuno-fluorescence shows fibrinogen deposits along the basement membrane zone. To date, there is no established therapy. However, treatment with topical steroids induces symptomatic and histologic improvement in two thirds of ELP patients in general. More severe cases may require therapy with immunosuppressors. In symptomatic esophageal stenosis, endoscopic dilation may be necessary. ELP may be regarded as a precancerous condition as transition to squamous cell carcinoma has been documented in literature. ELP is an underdiagnosed yet clinically important differential diagnosis for patients with unclear dysphagia or esophagitis. Timely diagnosis and therapy might prevent potential sequelae such as esophageal stenosis or development of invasive squamous cell carcinoma. Further studies are needed to gain more knowledge about the pathogenesis and treatment options.

Lipid Aberrations in Lichen Planus

Lichen planus (LP) is a dermatosis without a fully understood etiopathogenesis, the frequency of which is estimated to be less than 1% among the population. LP may involve the glabrous skin, mucosal membranes, scalp, nails and genital area. Nowadays, there are reports of its association with lipid homeostasis aberrations. In this review, we present the contemporary view of this matter. Dyslipidemia, especially hypertriglyceridemia, seems to be an actual problem in this group of patients, and along with abnormal arterial vessel parameters, indicates an increased risk of atherosclerosis in these subjects. Dermatologists should be attentive to this relationship and aware that the patients may develop different metabolic complications. More studies are required to establish clear guidelines on the management of lipid aberrations in lichen planus.

Lichen planus in Deutschland - Epidemiologie, Behandlung und Komorbidität. Eine retrospektive Krankenkassendatenanalyse

HINTERGRUND UND ZIELE

Lichen planus (LP) ist eine chronisch entzündliche Hauterkrankung, die eine große Belastung für die betroffenen Patienten darstellt. Es liegen jedoch nur wenige Daten zu dieser Erkrankung vor. Ziel dieser Studie ist es, das Wissen über die Epidemiologie und die Behandlungsmuster des LP anhand von Abrechnungsdaten deutscher Krankenkassen zu erweitern.

PATIENTEN UND METHODEN

Diese retrospektive Beobachtungsstudie nutzte die InGef-Forschungsdatenbank. Es wurden prävalente und inzidente LP-Patienten aus den Jahren 2015 und 2018 identifiziert. Für demografische Charakteristika, Behandlungsmuster und Komorbidität wurden deskriptive Statistiken berechnet.

ERGEBNISSE

Die Prävalenz des LP lag bei 95,9 und die Inzidenz bei 20,1 pro 100 000 Personen im Jahr 2018, was 79 605 prävalenten LP-Fällen in Deutschland entspricht. Die erste LP-Diagnose wurde in der Regel von einem Dermatologen oder Hausarzt gestellt. Drei Viertel der inzidenten und die Hälfte der prävalenten Patienten erhielten eine topische Therapie, meist ohne zusätzliche systemische Therapie. Die Komorbidität des LP stand im Einklang mit bereits bekannten Assoziationen.

SCHLUSSFOLGERUNGEN

Die verfügbaren Therapieoptionen sind nach wie vor begrenzt, was den ungedeckten Bedarf an sicheren und wirksamen systemischen Behandlungsmodalitäten unterstreicht. Der LP ist häufig mit klinisch relevanter systemischer Komorbidität verbunden. Zusammengenommen könnten diese Beobachtungen zu einem verbesserten Verständnis der Krankheitslast führen und das diagnostische Bewusstsein für diese Erkrankung unter Klinikern schärfen.

Lichen planus in Germany - epidemiology, treatment, and comorbidity. A retrospective claims data analysis

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

Lichen planus (LP) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease and is a major burden for affected patients. However, data on this condition are scarce. This study aims to expand the knowledge on the epidemiology and treatment patterns of LP using German health claims data.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

This retrospective observational study was based on the InGef research database. Prevalent and incident LP patients were identified in the years 2015 and 2018. Descriptive statistics were calculated for demographic characteristics, treatment patterns, and comorbidity.

RESULTS

The prevalence of LP was 95.9 and the incidence was 20.1 per 100,000 individuals in 2018, corresponding to 79,605 prevalent LP cases in Germany. The first LP diagnosis was generally documented by a dermatologist or a primary care physician. Three-quarters of the incident and half of the prevalent patients received topical therapy, mostly without further systemic therapy. Comorbidity in LP patients was consistent with previously known associations.

CONCLUSIONS

Available treatment options remain limited, underscoring the unmet need for safe and efficacious systemic treatment modalities. Lichen planus is frequently accompanied by clinically relevant systemic comorbidity. Taken together, these observations may improve our understanding of the burden of this disease and increase diagnostic awareness among clinicians.

Isolated Lichen Planus of the Lower Lip: Report of a Rare Case with an Updated Literature Review

Lichen planus (LP) is a chronic inflammatory, autoimmune entity typically affecting the skin, oral and genital mucosa, and skin appendages, with an underlying malignant potential. Oral lichen planus (OLP) represents the mucosal counterpart of the cutaneous LP and exhibits episodes of exacerbation and remissions. OLP typically manifests as bilateral symmetrical lesions on the buccal mucosa, followed by tongue, and gingiva. However, the occurrence of LP lesions solely on the lip is rarely reported in the literature. The altered clinical appearance of the lip lesions poses a diagnostic threat and raises the possibility of a misdiagnosis. Our aim was to report an unusual case of isolated lower lip LP, and also to carry out a literature review about isolated lip LP lesions, thus, emphasizing the demographic, clinicopathologic attributes, and therapeutic regimen. We report an uncommon occurrence of an isolated lichen planus on the lower lip in a 53-year-old male patient. Clinical evaluation revealed a diffuse erosive crusted lesion bordered by peripheral lacy radiating streaks on the lower lip. After a confirmed OLP histopathology, the patient was treated with low potency topical steroids and Vaseline therapy, with almost completely resolved lesions after 2 months of therapy. We report a rare case of isolated lip LP, and our detailed review revealed 44 reported cases of lip LP till date. The majority of the cases were seen on the lower lip and exhibited an age and gender affinity (mostly in middle-aged males). Significant healing was observed after topical steroid therapy.

Gold Dental Implant-Induced Oral Lichen Planus

Lichen planus is a chronic inflammatory cutaneous and mucosal disease mostly affecting middle-aged individuals. The etiology of lichen planus is unknown, but current literature suggests that it is an altered immune response characterized by dysregulated T-cell activation and subsequent inflammation which can be associated with conditions like allergic contact dermatitis and hepatitis C. Additionally, heavy metals like lead, tin, arsenic, and bismuth can create inflammatory and allergic reactions that can predispose to the formation of lichen planus. This report examines the case of a 64-year-old female with longstanding oral lichenoid lesions with superimposed Wickham's striae, allergic skin reactions to several medications, and a history of receiving gold-containing dental implants. As a result of her history and subsequent allergy testing, she was found to have a gold allergy. The constant mucosal irritation from her dental implants likely was associated with the development of her oral lesions, which were confirmed to be oral lichen planus. She was recommended to apply triamcinolone 0.1% ointment to her oral lesions and to follow up with her dentist for evaluation of her filings. Further, it was recommended she replaces the dental crowns with compounds lacking gold to decrease the persistent irritation. This case represents the first such instance of gold dental fillings directly having an appreciable role in the development of oral lichen planus. 

Intralesional and peripheral plasma of oral lichenoid reactions exhibit different cytokine profiles: A preliminary study

Background/purpose

Oral lichenoid reactions (OLRs) are commonly characterized by the infiltration and activation of inflammatory cells at the interface of the oral mucosa. This study aimed to compare the cytokine profiles between intralesional and peripheral plasma from patients with OLRs and elucidate the cytokine profile in the OLR microenvironment.

Materials and methods

A total of 26 paired intralesional and peripheral plasma samples were collected from patients with OLRs. A panel of 15 cytokines was measured using a Luminex assay. The reticular, erythema, and ulcerative score was used to evaluate the degree of OLR severity.

Results

IL-10 was detected in a fewer number of intralesional samples (19/26) compared to peripheral samples (26/26, p = 0.01). The intralesional plasma exhibited significantly elevated levels of granzyme B (median 108.94 vs. 16.00), TGF-β1 (mean 30448.92 vs. 10199.04), TGF-β2 (mean 1659.73 vs. 1308.49), and TGF-β3 (mean 914.33 vs. 573.13) compared to the peripheral plasma (p = 0.001, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, and p < 0.001, respectively). The levels of intralesional IL-2 (median 2.84 vs. 3.45, p = 0.019) and TNF-α (median 7.66 vs. 10.34, p = 0.048) were significantly lower in the intralesional plasma compared to the peripheral plasma.

Conclusion

The intralesional concentrations of granzyme B and TGF-β were elevated, whereas IL-2 and TNF-α were decreased in the OLR microenvironment compared to the peripheral plasma. These findings may contribute to establishing a panel of biomarkers that can be used to monitor the disease activity of OLRs in a large cohort study in future.

Rise and exacerbation of oral lichen planus in the background of SARS-CoV-2 infection

Oral Lichen Planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory disorder whose exact etiology remains unknown. Inflammatory mediators, cytotoxic CD8+ T cells and mast cells have been hypothesized to mediate the pathogenesis of OLP. COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 is marked by cytokine storms in the affected patients. Altered T-cell responses marked by exhaustion of T-cell count with hyperaggressive remaining T-cells and presence of cross-reactive antibodies render infected humans as fertile grounds for development of multisystem disorders. In addition, Vitamin D deficiency in COVID-19 patients can further modify the T cell mediated immunity. Increased circulating cytokines and hyperactive CD8+ T cells can alter the oral immune barriers rendering them susceptible to oral disorders. Due to the widespread immune dysregulation, it is possible that patients of COVID-19 may develop OLP in the aftermath or during recovery. The paper explores the pathogenic mechanism behind development OLP as post-COVID condition on account of their target receptor, T-cell responses, cytokine profile, mucosal immune barriers and nutrition deficiency.

The Influence of Hepatitis C Virus Infection on ORAL Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients with Oral Lichen Planus

Background: oral lichen planus (OLP) is a mucocutaneous disease that affects about 4% of the global population. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) was linked to lichen planus. The current study aimed to assess the impact of OLP associated or not with HCV infection on the oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL). Methods: The study included patients diagnosed with OLP who filled in the Romanian version of OHIP-14 questionnaire at their first appointment and 6 months later, after the OLP treatment. A control group of OLP-free subjects similar as age and sex was also included in the study. Results: 68 patients with OLP and 46 controls were included in the study. The OHIP scores are significantly higher on OLP group than controls (p-value < 0.0001) and significantly reduced at 6-month follow-up (p-values: < 0.0001 pre- vs. post-treatment in OLP group). Patients with and without HCV associated with OLP demonstrated a similar oral quality of life (p-values > 0.05). Conclusions: the OHRQoL for patients suffering from OLP is compromised but is improved after treatment. The HCV associated with OLP did not influence the overall OHRQoL, but the patients who associate HCV reported more frequently aching in the mouth and discomfort eating food at six-month follow-up.

Are oral lichen planus patients at high risk of hepatitis C? A case-control study

OBJECTIVE

To assess the correlation between oral lichen planus (OLP) and viral hepatitis C (HCV).

METHODS

This retrospective case-control study included a sample of OLP patients in a 3-year interval. The predictor variable was the presence of OLP (yes/no). The outcome variable was the diagnosis of HCV. Other study variables were grouped into demographic, anatomic, and clinical. Descriptive, bi- and multivariate statistics were computed with a significant level at P ≤ 0.05.

RESULTS

The sample was composed of 237 OLP patients (38.8% females) with a mean age of 59.9 ± 17.8 years (range, 17-96), and 948 age- and gender-matched control individuals. The significant higher frequency of HCV was identified in OLP patients (frequency: 19.8% vs. 2.1%; adjusted matched odds ratio [mOR_adj], 9.5; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 5.98 to 15.91; P < 0.0001; Pearson's Phi coefficient [r_phi], 0.307). In the adjusted model, OLP with HCV was associated with 1) oro-cutaneous manifestations (mOR_adj, 17.58; 95% CI, 1.92 to 161.26; P = 0.0059; Bayesian posterior probability of positive test [W_p], 96%), 2) any intraoral forms other than reticular/plaque-liked forms (mOR_adj, 0.09; 95% CI, 0.04 to 0.18; P < 0.0001; W_p, 52%), and 3) poor response to topical corticosteroids (mOR_adj, 0.05; 95% CI, 0.02 to 0.16; P < 0.0001; W_p, 88%).

CONCLUSIONS

OLP, especially oro-cutaneous disease or steroid-refractory OLP, are associated with an increased frequency of HCV. Not only HCV screening in OLP patients, but oral examination in HCV patients, are both recommended as primary preventive measures.

Diabetes mellitus and oral lichen planus: A systematic review and meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE

To undertake a meta-analysis of the association of Oral Lichen Planus (OLP) with diabetes, two diseases with an important impact on public health and the economy, but the evidence of which about their association is inconsistent.

METHODS

Relevant studies were localized by searching MEDLINE, EMBASE, Conference Proceedings, and other databases from inception to October 2020, without restrictions. The reference lists of included studies and of related reviews were also inspected. Global pooled odds ratios were calculated, and predefined subgroup analyses were performed. The heterogeneity between studies and publication bias was assessed and sensitivity analysis was carried out.

RESULTS

Thirty-two studies were included in the meta-analysis. Pooled ORs showed a moderate association between diabetes and OLP [OR: 1.87 (95%CI: 1.57, 2.34)]. The association is limited to studies carried out on adults only [OR: 2.12 (95%CI: 1.75, 2.57)] and is observed in all study designs. Globally, the heterogeneity was low to moderate. Studies carried out in European populations show a stronger association of diabetes and OLP than Asiatic studies [OR: 2.49 (95%CI: 1.87, 3.32) and 1.60 (95%CI: 1.25, 2.03), respectively].

CONCLUSIONS

Diabetes and OLP are moderately associated. Systematic diagnosis of diabetes in OLP patients could prove useful.

Impact of Oral Lichen Planus on Oral Health-Related Quality of Life: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Oral health-related quality of life (OR-QoL) measurement in patients with oral lichen planus (OLP) can provide valuable information for the optimal management of their clinical conditions. The main objective of the present study was to assess the OR-QoL of patients with OLP as measured by the short-form Oral Health Impact profile-14 (OHIP-14) questionnaire. PubMed/MEDLINE, ISI/Web of Science, clinical trial registry, Embase, Scopus, and grey literature (via Google Scholar and Scilit) were searched. Reviewers independently screened titles/abstracts, assessed full-text articles, extracted data, and appraised their quality. Random effect analysis along with subgroup analysis for age, gender, and clinical type was performed. Seventeen studies were included. Mean overall OH-QoL was 15.20, [95% CI 12.176, 18.231]; a higher OHIP-14 score was seen in OLP patients, resulting in poor OH-QoL. The impact of OLP on OH-QoL life was moderate as compared to healthy subjects. However, medical treatment of the disease improved the OH-QoL and thus reduced the impact of OLP on it. OH-QoL among patients with OLP is generally poor. Clinicians and physicians should consider the OH-QoL of these patients as part of patients’ evaluation and modulate the administered treatment based on the OH-QoL response.

Combination Therapy with 1% Nanocurcumin Gel and 0.1% Triamcinolone Acetonide Mouth Rinse for Oral Lichen Planus: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo Controlled Clinical Trial

Objectives

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a combination of 1% nanocurcumin gel with 0.1% triamcinolone acetonide mouth rinse for oral lichen planus (OLP).

Materials and Methods

This double-blind randomized clinical trial was conducted on 31 patients with erosive or ulcerative OLP. All patients received 0.1% triamcinolone mouth rinse and were then randomly divided into two groups for combination therapy with (I) %1 nanocurcumin gel or (II) placebo gel. The reticular-erosive-ulcerative (REU) score was calculated at baseline and at two and four weeks after the intervention. The changes in the mean REU score and the efficacy index were calculated to determine the level of improvement after two and four weeks. Data were analyzed using independent t-test, repeated measures ANCOVA, Mann–Whitney test, and chi-square test. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

There were 14 patients in the nanocurcumin and 17 patients in the placebo group. A significantly higher decrease in the mean REU score was observed in the nanocurcumin compared with the placebo group (P < 0.001). The efficacy index was significantly higher in the nanocurcumin group (P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Application of 1% nanocurcumin in combination with 0.1% triamcinolone acetonide can serve as an effective treatment strategy to enhance the level of improvement of lesions compared with the use of triamcinolone acetonide alone.

Oral lichen planus: a novel staging and algorithmic approach and all that is essential to know

Lichen planus (LP) is a chronic autoimmune disease. Oral lesions may occur in isolation or in combination with other affected muco-cutaneous sites. Oral LP (OLP) may present as one of the various manifestations of LP or may present as a disease sui generis with a broad range of severity. Despite this disease targeting the oral mucosa, its great impact on quality of life is underrated. In this article, we provide an updated review of the pathophysiology and epidemiology of OLP and offer guidance for its diagnosis and management. We also propose an algorithmic approach to the clinical forms of OLP and a novel staging system to facilitate management decisions.