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Clark RP, Jiang KW, Gagnon E. Reinstatement of Ticanto (Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae) - the final piece in the Caesalpinia group puzzle. PHYTOKEYS 2022; 205:59-98. [PMID: 36762008 PMCID: PMC9849013 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.205.82300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A recent molecular phylogenetic analysis of the Caesalpinia group demonstrated that it comprises 26 genera, but the recognition of a putative 27th genus, Ticanto, remained in doubt. This study presents a phylogenetic analysis of ITS and five plastid loci revealing a robustly supported monophyletic group representing the Ticanto clade, sister to the morphologically distinct genus Pterolobium. Based upon this evidence, along with a morphological evaluation, the genus Ticanto is here reinstated. Descriptions are provided for all nine species of Ticanto, together with a key to the species, maps, and colour photographs. Nine new combinations are made: Ticantocaesia (Hand.-Mazz.) R. Clark & Gagnon, T.crista (L.) R. Clark & Gagnon, T.elliptifolia (S. J. Li, Z. Y. Chen & D. X. Zhang) R. Clark & Gagnon, T.magnifoliolata (Metcalf) R. Clark & Gagnon, T.rhombifolia R. Clark & Gagnon, T.sinensis (Hemsl.) R. Clark & Gagnon, T.szechuenensis (Craib) R. Clark & Gagnon, T.vernalis (Champion ex Benth.) R. Clark & Gagnon and T.yunnanensis (S. J. Li, D. X. Zhang & Z.Y. Chen) R. Clark & Gagnon. The final major question in the delimitation of segregate genera from within Caesalpinia sensu lato and the Caesalpinia group is thus resolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth P. Clark
- Accelerated Taxonomy Department, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AE, UKRoyal Botanic GardensRichmondUnited Kingdom
| | - Kai-Wen Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, ChinaSouth China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, ChinaUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Ningbo Botanical Garden, Ningbo 315201, ChinaNingbo Botanical GardenNingboChina
| | - Edeline Gagnon
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20a Inverleith Row, Edinburgh EH3 5LR, UKRoyal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20a Inverleith RowEdinburghUnited Kingdom
- Technical University of Munich, Chair of Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Emil-Ramman-St. 2, D-85354, Freising, Germanyechnical University of Munich, Chair of Phytopathology, TUM School of Life SciencesFreisingGermany
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Ram TS, Munikumar M, Raju VN, Devaraj P, Boiroju NK, Hemalatha R, Prasad PVV, Gundeti M, Sisodia BS, Pawar S, Prasad GP, Chincholikar M, Goel S, Mangal A, Gaidhani S, Srikanth N, Dhiman KS. In silico evaluation of the compounds of the ayurvedic drug, AYUSH-64, for the action against the SARS-CoV-2 main protease. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2021; 13:100413. [PMID: 33654345 PMCID: PMC7906523 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaim.2021.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Outbreak of Corona Virus Disease in late 2019 (COVID-19) has become a pandemic global Public health emergency. Since there is no approved anti-viral drug or vaccine declared for the disease and investigating existing drugs against the COVID-19. Objective AYUSH-64 is an Ayurvedic formulation, developed and patented by Central Council of Research in Ayurvedic Sciences, India, has been in clinical use as anti-malarial, anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic drug for few decades. Thus, the present study was undertaken to evaluate AYUSH-64 compounds available in this drug against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Corona Virus (SARS-CoV-2) Main Protease (Mpro; PDB ID: 6LU7) via in silico techniques. Materials and methods Different molecular docking software's of Discovery studio and Auto Dock Vina were used for drugs from selected AYUSH-64 compounds against SARS-CoV-2. We also conducted 100 ns period of molecular dynamics simulations with Desmond and further MM/GBSA for the best complex of AYUSH-64 with Mpro of SARS-CoV-2. Results Among 36 compounds of four ingredients of AYUSH-64 screened, 35 observed to exhibits good binding energies than the published positive co–crystal compound of N3 pepetide. The best affinity and interactions of Akuammicine N-Oxide (from Alstonia scholaris) towards the Mpro with binding energy (AutoDock Vina) of −8.4 kcal/mol and Discovery studio of Libdock score of 147.92 kcal/mol. Further, molecular dynamics simulations with MM-GBSA were also performed for Mpro– Akuammicine N-Oxide docked complex to identify the stability, specific interaction between the enzyme and the ligand. Akuammicine N-Oxide is strongly formed h-bonds with crucial Mpro residues, Cys145, and His164. Conclusion The results provide lead that, the presence of Mpro– Akuammicine N-Oxide with highest Mpro binding energy along with other 34 chemical compounds having similar activity as part of AYUSH-64 make it a suitable candidate for repurposing to management of COVID-19 by further validating through experimental, clinical studies. Main protease (Mpro) is a molecular drug target for the 2019-nCoV of epidemic disease of COVID-19. Docking strategies implemented to identify AUSH-64 having dual role as immunomodualtor and inhibition against Mpro of SARS-CoV-2. Molecular dynamics stability analysis revealed that 2019-nCoV Mpro – Akuammicine N-Oxide is stable. Akuammicine N-Oxide may represent potential treatment options against Mpro of 2019-nCoV.
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Key Words
- 2019 novel coronavirus, 2019-nCOV
- AYUSH-64
- Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicity, ADME/T
- COVID-19
- Coronavirus disease of 2019, COVID-19
- Coronavirus, CoV
- Dynamics simulations
- Main Protease
- Main protease, Mpro
- Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, MERS
- Molecular Docking
- Molecular Dynamics simulations, MD simulations
- Molecular Mechanics/Generalized Born Surface Area, MM/GBSA
- Number of atoms, Pressure, Temperature, NPT
- Protein Data Bank, PDB
- RNA‐dependent RNA polymerase, RdRp
- Radius of Gyration, rGyr
- Root Mean Square Deviation, RMSD
- Root Mean Square Fluctuation, RMSF
- SARS-CoV-2
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, SARS
- Simulation Event Analysis, SEA
- Simulation Quality Analysis, SQA
- World Health Organization, WHO
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Affiliation(s)
- Thrigulla Saketh Ram
- Research Officer (Ayurveda), CCRAS-National Institute of Indian Medical Heritage, Revenue Board Colony, Gaddiannaram, Hyderabad-500036, Telangana State, India
| | - Manne Munikumar
- Scientist-C (Bioinformatics), NIN-TATA Centre for Excellence in Public Health Nutrition, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad-500007, Telangana State, India
| | - Vankudavath Naik Raju
- Scientist-C (Programmer), Nutrition Information, Communication & Health Education (NICHE), ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad-500007, Telangana State, India
| | - Parasannanavar Devaraj
- Scientist-C, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad-500007, Telangana State, India
| | - Naveen Kumar Boiroju
- Scientist-C, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad-500007, Telangana State, India
| | - Rajkumar Hemalatha
- Scientist-G, Director, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad-500007, Telangana State, India
| | - P V V Prasad
- Assistant Director In-charge, CCRAS-National Institute of Indian Medical Heritage, Revenue Board Colony, Gaddiannaram, Hyderabad-500036, Telangana State, India
| | - Manohar Gundeti
- Research Officer (Ayurveda), CCRAS-Raja Ramdeo Anandilal Podar (RRAP) Central Ayurveda Research Institute for Cancer, Mumbai
| | - Brijesh S Sisodia
- Asst. Director (Biochemistry), CCRAS-Regional Ayurveda Research Institute for Drug Development, Gwalior
| | - Sharad Pawar
- Research Officer, Scientist-2 (Pharmacognosy), CCRAS-Regional Ayurveda Institute for Fundamental Research, Pune
| | - G P Prasad
- Assistant Director (Ayurveda), CCRAS-Regional Ayurveda Institute for Fundamental Research, Pune
| | - Mukesh Chincholikar
- Research Officer (Ayurveda), Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences, New Delhi
| | - Sumeet Goel
- Research Officer (Ayurveda), Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences, New Delhi
| | - Anupam Mangal
- Assistant Director (Pharmacognosy), Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences, New Delhi
| | - Sudesh Gaidhani
- Assistant Director (Pharmacology), Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences, New Delhi
| | - N Srikanth
- Deputy Director General, Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences, New Delhi
| | - K S Dhiman
- Director General, Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences, New Delhi
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