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Haque S, Hussain A, Almalki AH, Aldawsari MF, Lal B, Rai AK, Srivastava M, Fiołka M. Prospects of earthworm coelomic fluid as a potential therapeutic agent to treat cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2024; 43:621-637. [PMID: 37910294 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-023-10148-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a major public health concern because it is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. As a result, numerous studies have reported the development of new therapeutic compounds with the aim of selectively treating cancer while having little negative influence on healthy cells. In this context, earthworm coelomic fluid has been acknowledged as a rich source of several bioactive substances that may exhibit promising anticancer activity. Therefore, the objective of the present review is to evaluate the findings of the reported studies exploring the antitumor effects of coelomic fluid in the context of its possible utilization as a natural therapeutic agent to cure different types of cancer. The possible mechanisms underlying the coelomic fluid's anticancerous potential as well as the possibility for future development of cutting-edge therapeutic agents utilizing coelomic fluid-derived natural bioactive compounds to treat cancer disorders have been discussed along with future challenges. In addition, the feasibility of encapsulation of bioactive compounds derived from coelomic fluid with nanomaterials that could be further explored to attain more effective anticancer competence is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shafiul Haque
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
- Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Centre of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Arif Hussain
- School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, P.O. Box 345050, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Atiah H Almalki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
- Addiction and Neuroscience Research Unit, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Al-Hawiah, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed F Aldawsari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Basant Lal
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Applied Sciences and Humanities, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, 281406, India
| | - Ashutosh Kumar Rai
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manish Srivastava
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India.
- LCB Fertilizers Pvt. Ltd., Shyam Vihar Phase 2, Rani Sati Mandir Road, Lachchhipur, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, 273015, India.
| | - Marta Fiołka
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland.
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Ren M, Yang L, He L, Wang J, Zhao W, Yang C, Yang S, Cheng H, Huang M, Gou M. Non-viral Gene Therapy for Melanoma Using Lysenin from Eisenia Foetida. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2306076. [PMID: 38445883 PMCID: PMC11077637 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Earthworms, long utilized in traditional medicine, serve as a source of inspiration for modern therapeutics. Lysenin, a defensive factor in the coelom fluid of the earthworm Eisenia fetida, has multiple bioactivities. However, the inherent toxicity of Lysenin as a pore-forming protein (PFP) restricts its application in therapy. Here, a gene therapy strategy based on Lysenin for cancer treatment is presented. The formulation consists of polymeric nanoparticles complexed with the plasmid encoding Lysenin. After transfection in vitro, melanoma cells can express Lysenin, resulting in necrosis, autophagy, and immunogenic cell death. The secretory signal peptide alters the intracellular distribution of the expressed product of Lysenin, thereby potentiating its anticancer efficacy. The intratumor injection of Lysenin gene formulation can efficiently kill the transfected melanoma cells and activate the antitumor immune response. Notably, no obvious systemic toxicity is observed during the treatment. Non-viral gene therapy based on Lysenin derived from Eisenia foetida exhibits potential in cancer therapy, which can inspire future cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ren
- Department of BiotherapyCancer Center and State Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610041China
| | - Ling Yang
- Department of BiotherapyCancer Center and State Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610041China
| | - Liming He
- Department of BiotherapyCancer Center and State Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610041China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of BiotherapyCancer Center and State Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610041China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of BiotherapyCancer Center and State Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610041China
| | - Chunli Yang
- Department of BiotherapyCancer Center and State Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610041China
| | - Shuai Yang
- Department of BiotherapyCancer Center and State Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610041China
| | - Hao Cheng
- Huahang Microcreate Technology Co., LtdChengduSichuan610041China
| | - Meijuan Huang
- Division of Thoracic Tumor Multimodality Treatment and Department of Medical OncologyCancer CenterWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610041China
| | - Maling Gou
- Department of BiotherapyCancer Center and State Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610041China
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Diep Vu T, Khoa Nguyen M, Thu Nguyen T, Hien Tran T, Tuan Nguyen H, Ha Do T. Identification and Cytotoxic Evaluation of Pregnane Saponins from the Twigs and Leaves of Dregea volubilis. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202301417. [PMID: 38018332 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202301417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Four new polyhydroxy pregnane glycosides, named volubilosides G-K (3, 5-7), along with three known secondary metabolites, dregeoside Da1 (1), dregeoside Ka1 (2), and volubiloside E (4) were isolated from the twigs and leaves of Dregea volubilis (DV). The chemical structures of these compounds (1-7) were elucidated using spectroscopic techniques (1D and 2D NMR and HR-ESI-MS analyses) and compared with those in the published literature. Compounds (1-7) were evaluated for cytotoxicity against eight cancer cell lines (MB49, K562, MKN-7, HT29, A549, MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, and HepG2), revealing varying levels of cytotoxic effects with IC50 values ranging from 4.29 to 21.05 μM. The results indicated that compounds 1-7 may serve as potential lead compounds for the discovery and development of novel anti-cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Diep Vu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Standardization, National Institute of Medicinal Materials (NIMM), Hanoi, 11022, Vietnam
| | - Manh Khoa Nguyen
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Standardization, National Institute of Medicinal Materials (NIMM), Hanoi, 11022, Vietnam
| | - Thi Thu Nguyen
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Standardization, National Institute of Medicinal Materials (NIMM), Hanoi, 11022, Vietnam
| | - Thi Hien Tran
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Box 117, SE-221 00, Sweden
- Thai Binh Medical University, Thaibinh, 410000, Vietnam
| | | | - Thi Ha Do
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Standardization, National Institute of Medicinal Materials (NIMM), Hanoi, 11022, Vietnam
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Xing M, Zhao R, Yang G, Li Z, Sun Y, Xue Z. Elimination of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and resistance genes by earthworms during vermifiltration treatment of excess sludge. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:7853-7871. [PMID: 38170354 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31287-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Vermifiltration (VF) and a conventional biofilter (BF, no earthworm) were investigated by metagenomics to evaluate the removal rates of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB), antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), and class 1 integron-integrase (intI1), as well as the impact mechanism in combination with the microbial community. According to the findings of qPCR and metagenomics, the VF facilitated greater removal rates of ARGs (78.83% ± 17.37%) and ARB (48.23% ± 2.69%) than the BF (56.33% ± 14.93%, 20.21% ± 6.27%). Compared to the control, the higher biological activity of the VF induced an increase of over 60% in the inhibitory effect of earthworm coelomic fluid on ARB. The removal rates of ARGs by earthworm guts also reached over 22%. In addition, earthworms enhanced the decomposition of refractory organics, toxic, and harmful organics, which led to a lower selective pressure on ARGs and ARB. It provides a strategy for reducing resistant pollution in sewage treatment plants and recognizing the harmless stability of sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyan Xing
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, No. 1239, Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Ran Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, No. 1239, Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Gege Yang
- Tongji Architectural Design (Group) Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Zhan Li
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, No. 1239, Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yuzhu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, No. 1239, Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Zitao Xue
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, No. 1239, Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
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Wasunan P, Maneewong C, Daengprok W, Thirabunyanon M. Bioactive Earthworm Peptides Produced by Novel Protease-Producing Bacillus velezensis PM 35 and Its Bioactivities on Liver Cancer Cell Death via Apoptosis, Antioxidant Activity, Protection Against Oxidative Stress, and Immune Cell Activation. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:892945. [PMID: 36033863 PMCID: PMC9399677 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.892945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Earthworms have long been used as traditional medicine. The purposes of this research were to create bioactive peptides from the unique Amynthas arenulus earthworm (PAAEs) and test their potentials on liver cancer bioprophylactic activity, antioxidant, oxidative stress protection, and immune cell activation. This earthworm had a high protein content ratio, at 55.39%. Besides, PM 35 is one out of 58 bacteria isolated from the earthworm carcasses that exhibited the highest protease and yield protein production which was chosen as the protease-producing bacteria to hydrolyze the protein. The genera were identified by 16S rRNA and 16S–23S rRNA comparison and confirmed as Bacillus velezensis PM 35. The response surface methodology was applied to optimize these hydrolysis parameters, i.e., the enzyme/substrate (E/S) concentration ratio [1%–3% (v/v)] and time (1–3 h) of the hydrolyzing earthworm’s proteins. The optimal hydrolyzing conditions were 3% (v/v) of E/S concentration ratio and 3 h of hydrolysis time, which found protein-hydrolysate yield (24.62%) and degree of hydrolysis (85.45%) as the highest. After being challenged in the gastrointestinal tract-resistant model, these PAAEs (MW <3 and 3–5 kDa) induced liver cancer cell (HepG2) death via apoptotic action modes (cell morphological change and DNA fragmentation). The PAAEs (MW <3 kDa) exhibited significant antioxidant activity via DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP with IC50 values of 0.94, 0.44, and 6.34 mg/ml, respectively. The PAAEs (MW < 3 kDa) were non-cytotoxic and protected the mouse fibroblast cells (L929) against oxidative stress. These PAAEs (MW < 3 kDa, 0.2 mg/ml) stimulated the B lymphocytes (122.3%), and T lymphocytes (126.7%) proliferation. This research suggests that PAAEs can be used in a variety of applications, especially in the food and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pimphan Wasunan
- Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Maejo University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Chutamas Maneewong
- Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Maejo University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Wichittra Daengprok
- Program in Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Agroindustry, Maejo University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Mongkol Thirabunyanon
- Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Maejo University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- *Correspondence: Mongkol Thirabunyanon,
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7
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Coelomic Fluid of Eisenia fetida Ameliorates Cetuximab to Reduce K-Ras and Vimentin Expression through Promoting RUNX3 in an AOM/DSS-Induced Colitis Associated Colon Cancer. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:9418520. [PMID: 32765634 PMCID: PMC7387963 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9418520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis is a major risk factor that increases the occurrence of colorectal cancer. In colorectal cancer due to colitis, intestinal inflammation plays an important role which causes DNA damage. The aim of this study is to investigate the anticancer effect of coelomic fluid of Eisenia fetida (CFEF) and cetuximab combinations. Colitis associated colon cancer was induced in BALB/c mice by DSS/AOM. The mice were randomly divided into six groups: group 1 received vehicle (control), groups 2–6 received DSS/AOM, groups 3–5 received cetuximab + CFEF (30, 60, or 120 mg/kgBW), and group 6 received CFEF only. After the 12th week of treatments, the colon tissues were removed for histological examination and immune-fluorescence. Intestinal Epithelial Cells (CECs) were analyzed by flow cytometer. Administration of CFEF significantly decreased the severity of DSS/AOM-induced CAC in a dose-dependent manner. The combinations of CFEF-cetuximab were revealed by histological change. The CFEF significantly reduced the severity scores (P < 0.05). The combinations of CFEF-cetuximab significantly inhibited K-Ras and vimentin expressions, whereas the percentage of RUNX3 significantly increased in CECs. The increasing of RUNX3 could prevent EMT, so that it can decrease K-Ras and vimentin to suppressed cell invasion and migration by CFEF. Our results suggest that CFEF has the therapeutic potential to CAC.
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Czerwonka A, Fiołka MJ, Jędrzejewska K, Jankowska E, Zając A, Rzeski W. Pro-apoptotic action of protein-carbohydrate fraction isolated from coelomic fluid of the earthworm Dendrobaena veneta against human colon adenocarcinoma cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 126:110035. [PMID: 32113054 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Earthworm coelomic fluid (CF) is known as a rich source of various bioactive compounds with promising anticancer features. However, it has been demonstrated that CF affects functionality of both, cancer and normal cells. This non-selective activity causes a major problem for medical application of CF. In this study, we present the anticancer activity of the active protein-carbohydrate fraction (AF) isolated from thermally treated CF of earthworm Dendrobaena veneta. The in vitro effect of the AF was examined in human colon model including normal human colon epithelium (CCD 841 CoTr) and human colon adenocarcinoma (HT-29 and LS180) cell lines. We investigated the impact of AF on cell viability neutral red and lactate dehydrogenase assays, morphology May-Grünwald-Giemsa staining assay proliferation MTT tetrazolium salt and BrdU incorporation assays as well as cell cycle progression propidium iodide/RNase staining and the activity of human 20S proteasome the hydrolysis of AMC from a Suc-LLVY-AMC peptide substrate. Additionally, the influence of AF on apoptosis was examined in HT-29 cells by Annexin V/PI, Hoechst 33342 staining and active caspase-3 assays. Our investigation demonstrated that AF at the tested concentration range does not affect the viability and morphology of CCD 841 CoTr cells. Simultaneously, AF inhibits human 20S proteasome activity as well as significantly decreases mitochondrial metabolism, disturbs cell cycle and induces apoptosis via activation of procaspase-3 in HT-29 cancer cells. Obtained results demonstrate the antiproliferative and proapoptotic activity of AF that can be useful in developing therapeutic strategies to treat human colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkadiusz Czerwonka
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin 20-033, Poland.
| | - Marta J Fiołka
- Department of Immunobiology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin 20-033, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Jędrzejewska
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk 80-308, Poland.
| | - Elżbieta Jankowska
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk 80-308, Poland.
| | - Adrian Zając
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Cytobiology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin 20-033, Poland.
| | - Wojciech Rzeski
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin 20-033, Poland; Department of Functional Anatomy and Cytobiology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin 20-033, Poland; Department of Medical Biology, Institute of Rural Health, Lublin 20-090, Poland.
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Hosmani J, AlShahrani A, AlShahrani I, Togoo R, Sakinatulain T, Alam T, Hameed M. Anticancer activity of Juniperus procera grown in southwestern region of Saudi Arabia on human oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines. Pharmacogn Mag 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_28_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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10
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Deng Z, Gao S, Xiao X, Yin N, Ma S, Li W, Li Y. The effect of earthworm extract on mice S180 tumor growth and apoptosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 115:108979. [PMID: 31100538 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Great efforts have been made to explore the potential treatment for cancers, and the most common therapies include surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. As an alternative medication, earthworms have drawn increased attention considering its abundance in resource, easy access and minor side effects compared to traditional therapies. However, few studies had focused on the antitumor effect of earthworm-derived components. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether earthworm extract has an effect on tumor cell apoptosis and growth. Earthworm extract (EE) was purified through multiple steps of centrifugation and chromatography. Mice were inoculated with ascitic fluid derived from mice inoculated with S180 sarcoma tumor cells and fed orally with different amounts of EE for 25 days. Tumor samples were analyzed for size and cell apoptosis. And we found that the weight and sizes of tumor decreased gradually as the amount of EE administered increased. More apoptotic cells and lowered level of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), a biomarker of tumor invasiveness, was detected in EE-treated group than the untreated group. Our results suggested that EE could dramatically promote tumor apoptosis and reduce tumor size in vivo, suggesting a novel alternative therapy for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhan Deng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; Department of Sports Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518035, Guangdong, China
| | - Shanshan Gao
- Department of Cardiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora 800045, CO, USA
| | - Xiang Xiao
- The Animal Health Inspection Institute of Yuelu District, Changsha 410000, Hunan, China
| | - Ni Yin
- Department of Clinical Medicine (8-Year Program), Xiangya Medicine School, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Shiyang Ma
- Department of Clinical Medicine (8-Year Program), Xiangya Medicine School, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Wenping Li
- Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Yusheng Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China.
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Augustine D, Rao RS, Anbu J, Chidambara Murthy K. In vitro cytotoxic and apoptotic induction effect of earthworm coelomic fluid of Eudrilus eugeniae, Eisenia foetida, and Perionyx excavatus on human oral squamous cell carcinoma-9 cell line. Toxicol Rep 2019; 6:347-357. [PMID: 31061813 PMCID: PMC6488712 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The current protocol of cancer management includes surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. However, these modalities have significant adverse effects and affect the quality of life. Further intensification of treatment is hindered as maximal toxicity levels are reached impeding improvement. Hence researchers are in the quest for adjunctive naturally available therapies that can alter tumor proliferation without causing significant adverse reactions. The present study aims to explore the cytotoxic potential of earthworm coelomic fluid (ECF) of Eudrilus eugeniae (EE), Eisenia foetida (EF), and Perionyx excavatus (PE) on oral cancer cell line SCC-9. The effect of ECF on cell cycle analysis and mechanism of cell death have also been investigated. All experiments reported in this paper were performed as 3 replicates per experiment. The results indicated that ECF of EE, EF and PE have potent variable cytotoxic effect on SCC-9 cells demonstrated through LDH, clonogenic and comet assay. An effective cell cycle arrest was observed at the G2M phase of cell cycle with apoptotic induction that was observed through an Annexin V - FITC/PI assay. ECF of EE was found to be superior in its cytotoxic action closely followed by ECF of PE. The present findings provide evidence for the first time that ECF of EE, EF and PE have potent cytotoxic effect on oral cancer cells in vitro. They significantly induce G2M cell cycle arrest and promote apoptosis in SCC-9 cell line. Gene expression studies have been planned to ascertain the pathways of cell death.
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Key Words
- ATCC, American Type Culture Collection
- Annexin V – FITC/PI
- Apoptosis
- CCD, charged coupled device
- Cell cycle analysis
- Cytotoxicity
- DMEM, Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium
- DNA, deoxy ribose nucleic acid
- ECF, earthworm coelomic fluid
- EE, Eudrilus eugeniae
- EF, Eisenia foetida
- Earthworm coelomic fluid
- Eisenia foetida
- Eudrilus eugeniae
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate
- HEPES, 4-2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid
- LDH, lactate dehydrogenase
- LMPA, low melting point agarose
- MEM, Minimal Essential Medium
- NAE’s, naturally available extracts
- NMA, normal melting agarose
- PE, Perionyx excavatus
- PS, phosphatidylserine
- Perionyx excavatus
- SCC, squamous cell carcinoma
- SCC-9 cell line
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Augustine
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, New Bel Road, MSR Nagar, Bangalore, 560054, India
| | - Roopa S. Rao
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, New Bel Road, MSR Nagar, Bangalore, 560054, India
| | - Jayaraman Anbu
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, New Bel Road, MSR Nagar, Bangalore, 560054, India
| | - K.N. Chidambara Murthy
- Central Research Laboratory, Ramaiah Medical College, MSR Nagar, MSRIT Post, Bangalore, 560054, India
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Coelomic Fluid of Lumbricus rubellus Synergistically Enhances Cytotoxic Effect of 5-Fluorouracil through Modulation of Focal Adhesion Kinase and p21 in HT-29 Cancer Cell Line. ScientificWorldJournal 2019; 2019:5632859. [PMID: 31097925 PMCID: PMC6487099 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5632859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Coelomic fluid of Lumbricus rubellus (CFL) has attracted interest due to its pharmacological properties, including antitumor effect. Furthermore, it is necessary to evaluate the response to treatment with new cancer therapeutic agents. This study aims to investigate whether the combination of CFL and 5-fluorouracil could reduce FAK protein level and iCa2+ and enhance p21 level. Furthermore, it is necessary to evaluate the response to treatment with new cancer therapeutic agents. After 24 hours of treatment, it was necessary to assess the percentage of apoptosis, FAK, and p21 protein expression by flow cytometry. iCa2+ concentration was measured using immunofluorescence. The combination therapy of CFL with 5-fluorouracil potently suppressed six treatment groups were included in this study. HT-29 cell lines were cultured and divided into six groups: group 1 was treated with vehicle (negative control), groups 2-5 were treated with 5-fluorouracil, groups 3-5 were treated with either CFL 5, 10, or 20 µg/ml immediately after 5-fluorouracil, and group 6 was treated with CFL 20 µg/ml, the progression of colorectal cancer. Combination of CFL and 5-fluorouracil significantly decreased FAK expression (p<0.05), iCa2+ (p<0.05), and increased p21 expression (p<0.05) in HT-29 cells. Our results suggest that CFL has an anticancer potential in colorectal cancer when combined with 5-fluorouracil.
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Fiołka MJ, Rzymowska J, Bilska S, Lewtak K, Dmoszyńska-Graniczka M, Grzywnowicz K, Kaźmierski W, Urbanik-Sypniewska T. Antitumor activity and apoptotic action of coelomic fluid from the earthworm Dendrobaena veneta against A549 human lung cancer cells. APMIS 2019; 127:435-448. [PMID: 30803036 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
It is known that earthworm coelomic fluid (CF) can affect not only cancer but also normal cells. The study demonstrated that the CF of the earthworm Dendrobaena veneta exhibited cytotoxicity against A549 lung cancer cells but did not toward the bronchial epithelial cell line BEAS-2B. The selective effect on the tumor cells was achieved after a short-term CF heat pre-treatment at 70 °C. The cytotoxic effect of the CF was time- and concentration-dependent. The CF noticeably decreased the viability and affected the morphology of the A549 cells. Scanning electron microscopy revealed a different degree of destruction of the nucleus and cytoplasm of A549 cells. As determined by atomic force microscopy, the cell surface roughness increased while the cell stiffness was reduced upon the CF treatment. A twofold increase in the caspase 3, 4, 5, and 10 levels was observed in the A549 cells after the incubation with the CF. The results obtained by flow cytometry using Annexin V confirmed the proapoptotic effect of the earthworm CF on A549 lung cancer cells. The D. veneta CF and active fraction obtained with cytotoxicity toward A549 lung cancer is an interesting and promising preparation for further biological, chemical, and biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta J Fiołka
- Department of Immunobiology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Jolanta Rzymowska
- Department of Biology and Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Sylwia Bilska
- Department of Haematooncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Kinga Lewtak
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
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