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XU WENHAO, LI HAOMING, HAMEED YASIR, ABDEL-MAKSOUD MOSTAFAA, ALMUTAIRI SAEEDAHMUSAED, MUBARAK AYMAN, AUFY MOHAMMED, ALTURAIKI WAEL, ALSHALANI ABDULAZIZJ, MAHMOUD AYMANM, LI CHEN. Elucidating the clinical and immunological value of m6A regulator-mediated methylation modification patterns in adrenocortical carcinoma. Oncol Res 2023; 31:819-831. [PMID: 37547754 PMCID: PMC10398396 DOI: 10.32604/or.2023.029414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine methylation (m6A) is a common type of epigenetic alteration that prominently affects the prognosis of tumor patients. However, it is unknown how the m6A regulator affects the tumor microenvironment (TME) cell infiltration in adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) and how it affects the prognosis of ACC patients yet. The m6A alteration patterns of 112 ACC patients were evaluated, furthermore, the association with immune infiltration cell features was investigated. The unsupervised clustering method was applied to typify the m6A alteration patterns of ACC patients. The principal component analysis (PCA) technique was taken to create the m6A score to assess the alteration pattern in specific malignancies. We found two independent patterns of m6A alteration in ACC patients. The TME cell infiltration features were significantly in accordance with phenotypes of tumor immune-inflamed and immune desert in both patterns. The m6Ascore also served as an independent predictive factor in ACC patients. The somatic copy number variation (CNV) and patients prognosis can be predicted by m6A alteration patterns. Moreover, the ACC patients with high m6A scores had better overall survival (OS) and higher efficiency in immune checkpoint blockade therapy. Our work demonstrated the significance of m6A alteration to the ACC patients immunotherapy. The individual m6A alteration patterns analysis might contribute to ACC patients prognosis prediction and immunotherapy choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- WENHAO XU
- Department of Urology, Urological Surgery Research Institute, First Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - HAOMING LI
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - YASIR HAMEED
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - MOSTAFA A. ABDEL-MAKSOUD
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - SAEEDAH MUSAED ALMUTAIRI
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - AYMAN MUBARAK
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - MOHAMMED AUFY
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - WAEL ALTURAIKI
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - ABDULAZIZ J. ALSHALANI
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - AYMAN M. MAHMOUD
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - CHEN LI
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Identification and Characterization of an Ageing-Associated 13-lncRNA Signature That Predicts Prognosis and Immunotherapy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2023; 2023:4615297. [PMID: 36844873 PMCID: PMC9957638 DOI: 10.1155/2023/4615297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Background In cancer pathology, cell senescence not only alters cell function but also reshapes the immune microenvironments in tumours. However, the association between cell senescence, tumour microenvironment, and disease progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is yet to be fully understood. Therefore, the role of cell senescence-related genes and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in evaluating the clinical prognosis and immune cell infiltration (ICI) of HCC patients requires further investigation. Methods The limma R package was utilised to investigate differentially expressed genes according to the multiomics data. The CIBERSORT R package was utilised to assess ICI, and unsupervised cluster analysis was conducted using the R software's ConsensusClusterPlus package. A polygenic prognostic model of lncRNAs was constructed by conducting univariate and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (Lasso) cox proportional-hazards regression analyses. The time-dependent receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used for validation. We utilised the survminer R package to evaluate the tumour mutational burden (TMB). Moreover, the gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) helped in pathway enrichment analysis, and the immune infiltration level of the model was evaluated using the IMvigor210 cohort. Results The identification of 36 prognosis-related genes was achieved based on their differential expression between healthy and liver cancer tissues. Liver cancer individuals were categorised into 3 independent senescence subtypes using the gene list, revealing considerable survival differences (variations). We observed that the prognosis of patients in the ARG-ST2 subtype was substantially better as compared to that in the ARG-ST3 subtype. Differences were observed in gene expression profiles among the three subtypes, with the differentially expressed genes predominantly associated with cell cycle control. The enrichment of upregulated genes in the ARG-ST3 subtype was observed in pathways related to biological processes, for instance, organelle fission, nuclear division, and chromosome recombination. ICI in the ARG-ST1 and ARG-ST2 subtypes, with relatively better prognosis, was substantially higher as compared to the ARG-ST3 subtype. Furthermore, a risk-score model, which can be employed as a reliable prognostic factor in an independent manner for individuals suffering from liver cancer, was constructed based on 13 cell senescence-related lncRNAs (MIR99AHG, LINC01224, LINC01138, SLC25A30AS1, AC006369.2, SOCS2AS1, LINC01063, AC006037.2, USP2AS1, FGF14AS2, LINC01116, KIF25AS1, and AC002511.2). The individuals with higher risk scores had noticeably poor prognoses in contrast with those having low-risk scores. Moreover, increased levels of TMB and ICI were observed in individuals with low-risk scores and gaining more benefit from immune checkpoint therapy. Conclusion Cell senescence is an essential factor in HCC onset and progression. We identified 13 senescence-related lncRNAs as HCC prognostic markers, which can help understand their function in the onset and progression of HCC and guide clinical diagnosis and treatment.
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Glucose–Thymidine Ratio as a Metabolism Index Using 18F-FDG and 18F-FLT PET Uptake as a Potential Imaging Biomarker for Evaluating Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169273. [PMID: 36012530 PMCID: PMC9409370 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are widely used in cancer immunotherapy, requiring effective methods for response monitoring. This study evaluated changes in 18F-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) and 18F-fluorothymidine (FLT) uptake by tumors following ICI treatment as potential imaging biomarkers in mice. Tumor uptakes of 18F-FDG and 18F-FLT were measured and compared between the ICI treatment and control groups. A combined imaging index of glucose–thymidine uptake ratio (GTR) was defined and compared between groups. In the ICI treatment group, tumor growth was effectively inhibited, and higher proportions of immune cells were observed. In the early phase, 18F-FDG uptake was higher in the treatment group, whereas 18F-FLT uptake was not different. There was no difference in 18F-FDG uptake between the two groups in the late phase. However, 18F-FLT uptake of the control group was markedly increased compared with the ICI treatment group. GTR was consistently higher in the ICI treatment group in the early and late phases. After ICI treatment, changes in tumor cell proliferation were observed with 18F-FLT, whereas 18F-FDG showed altered metabolism in both tumor and immune cells. A combination of 18F-FLT and 18F-FDG PET, such as GTR, is expected to serve as a potentially effective imaging biomarker for monitoring ICI treatment.
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Candiota AP, Arús C. Establishing Imaging Biomarkers of Host Immune System Efficacy during Glioblastoma Therapy Response: Challenges, Obstacles and Future Perspectives. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12030243. [PMID: 35323686 PMCID: PMC8950145 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12030243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This hypothesis proposal addresses three major questions: (1) Why do we need imaging biomarkers for assessing the efficacy of immune system participation in glioblastoma therapy response? (2) Why are they not available yet? and (3) How can we produce them? We summarize the literature data supporting the claim that the immune system is behind the efficacy of most successful glioblastoma therapies but, unfortunately, there are no current short-term imaging biomarkers of its activity. We also discuss how using an immunocompetent murine model of glioblastoma, allowing the cure of mice and the generation of immune memory, provides a suitable framework for glioblastoma therapy response biomarker studies. Both magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance-based metabolomic data (i.e., magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging) can provide non-invasive assessments of such a system. A predictor based in nosological images, generated from magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging analyses and their oscillatory patterns, should be translational to clinics. We also review hurdles that may explain why such an oscillatory biomarker was not reported in previous imaging glioblastoma work. Single shot explorations that neglect short-term oscillatory behavior derived from immune system attack on tumors may mislead actual response extent detection. Finally, we consider improvements required to properly predict immune system-mediated early response (1–2 weeks) to therapy. The sensible use of improved biomarkers may enable translatable evidence-based therapeutic protocols, with the possibility of extending preclinical results to human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Candiota
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Unitat de Bioquímica de Biociències, Edifici Cs, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina (IBB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carles Arús
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Unitat de Bioquímica de Biociències, Edifici Cs, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina (IBB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Abstract
Traditionally, treatment responses to chemotherapy had been based on Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumours (RECIST) criteria evaluating tumor shrinkage, stabilization of disease, growth, or development of new metastatic lesions. Using the same criteria to determine response in patients on immunotherapy has proven difficult, as some patients have initial growth of disease or develop new small metastatic lesions. The phenomenon of pseudoprogression is the initial growth of a primary lesion followed by latent or delayed response. Advanced practitioners need to be aware of the possibility of pseudoprogression in order to educate patients and help them stay on effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Donna Lee Gerber
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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McCarthy CE, White JM, Viola NT, Gibson HM. In vivo Imaging Technologies to Monitor the Immune System. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1067. [PMID: 32582173 PMCID: PMC7280489 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The past two decades have brought impressive advancements in immune modulation, particularly with the advent of both cancer immunotherapy and biologic therapeutics for inflammatory conditions. However, the dynamic nature of the immune response often complicates the assessment of therapeutic outcomes. Innovative imaging technologies are designed to bridge this gap and allow non-invasive visualization of immune cell presence and/or function in real time. A variety of anatomical and molecular imaging modalities have been applied for this purpose, with each option providing specific advantages and drawbacks. Anatomical methods including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), and ultrasound provide sharp tissue resolution, which can be further enhanced with contrast agents, including super paramagnetic ions (for MRI) or nanobubbles (for ultrasound). Conjugation of the contrast material to an antibody allows for specific targeting of a cell population or protein of interest. Protein platforms including antibodies, cytokines, and receptor ligands are also popular choices as molecular imaging agents for positron emission tomography (PET), single-photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT), scintigraphy, and optical imaging. These tracers are tagged with either a radioisotope or fluorescent molecule for detection of the target. During the design process for immune-monitoring imaging tracers, it is important to consider any potential downstream physiologic impact. Antibodies may deplete the target cell population, trigger or inhibit receptor signaling, or neutralize the normal function(s) of soluble proteins. Alternatively, the use of cytokines or other ligands as tracers may stimulate their respective signaling pathways, even in low concentrations. As in vivo immune imaging is still in its infancy, this review aims to describe the modalities and immunologic targets that have thus far been explored, with the goal of promoting and guiding the future development and application of novel imaging technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E McCarthy
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Jordan M White
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Nerissa T Viola
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Heather M Gibson
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
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El Kaffas A, Hoogi A, Zhou J, Durot I, Wang H, Rosenberg J, Tseng A, Sagreiya H, Akhbardeh A, Rubin DL, Kamaya A, Hristov D, Willmann JK. Spatial Characterization of Tumor Perfusion Properties from 3D DCE-US Perfusion Maps are Early Predictors of Cancer Treatment Response. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6996. [PMID: 32332790 PMCID: PMC7181711 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63810-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a need for noninvasive repeatable biomarkers to detect early cancer treatment response and spare non-responders unnecessary morbidities and costs. Here, we introduce three-dimensional (3D) dynamic contrast enhanced ultrasound (DCE-US) perfusion map characterization as inexpensive, bedside and longitudinal indicator of tumor perfusion for prediction of vascular changes and therapy response. More specifically, we developed computational tools to generate perfusion maps in 3D of tumor blood flow, and identified repeatable quantitative features to use in machine-learning models to capture subtle multi-parametric perfusion properties, including heterogeneity. Models were developed and trained in mice data and tested in a separate mouse cohort, as well as early validation clinical data consisting of patients receiving therapy for liver metastases. Models had excellent (ROC-AUC > 0.9) prediction of response in pre-clinical data, as well as proof-of-concept clinical data. Significant correlations with histological assessments of tumor vasculature were noted (Spearman R > 0.70) in pre-clinical data. Our approach can identify responders based on early perfusion changes, using perfusion properties correlated to gold-standard vascular properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed El Kaffas
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. .,Department of Radiology, Integrative Biomedical Imaging Informatics at Stanford, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. .,Department of Radiology, Body Imaging, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Assaf Hoogi
- Department of Radiology, Integrative Biomedical Imaging Informatics at Stanford, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jianhua Zhou
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Isabelle Durot
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Huaijun Wang
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jarrett Rosenberg
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Albert Tseng
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Hersh Sagreiya
- Department of Radiology, Integrative Biomedical Imaging Informatics at Stanford, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Alireza Akhbardeh
- Department of Radiology, Integrative Biomedical Imaging Informatics at Stanford, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Daniel L Rubin
- Department of Radiology, Integrative Biomedical Imaging Informatics at Stanford, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Aya Kamaya
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Radiology, Body Imaging, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Dimitre Hristov
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jürgen K Willmann
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Radiology, Body Imaging, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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Kasten BB, Udayakumar N, Leavenworth JW, Wu AM, Lapi SE, McConathy JE, Sorace AG, Bag AK, Markert JM, Warram JM. Current and Future Imaging Methods for Evaluating Response to Immunotherapy in Neuro-Oncology. Theranostics 2019; 9:5085-5104. [PMID: 31410203 PMCID: PMC6691392 DOI: 10.7150/thno.34415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Imaging plays a central role in evaluating responses to therapy in neuro-oncology patients. The advancing clinical use of immunotherapies has demonstrated that treatment-related inflammatory responses mimic tumor growth via conventional imaging, thus spurring the development of new imaging approaches to adequately distinguish between pseudoprogression and progressive disease. To this end, an increasing number of advanced imaging techniques are being evaluated in preclinical and clinical studies. These novel molecular imaging approaches will serve to complement conventional response assessments during immunotherapy. The goal of these techniques is to provide definitive metrics of tumor response at earlier time points to inform treatment decisions, which has the potential to improve patient outcomes. This review summarizes the available immunotherapy regimens, clinical response criteria, current state-of-the-art imaging approaches, and groundbreaking strategies for future implementation to evaluate the anti-tumor and immune responses to immunotherapy in neuro-oncology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin B. Kasten
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Neha Udayakumar
- School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Jianmei W. Leavenworth
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Anna M. Wu
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Suzanne E. Lapi
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Jonathan E. McConathy
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Anna G. Sorace
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Asim K. Bag
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - James M. Markert
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Jason M. Warram
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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9
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Levi J, Lam T, Goth SR, Yaghoubi S, Bates J, Ren G, Jivan S, Huynh TL, Blecha JE, Khattri R, Schmidt KF, Jennings D, VanBrocklin H. Imaging of Activated T Cells as an Early Predictor of Immune Response to Anti-PD-1 Therapy. Cancer Res 2019; 79:3455-3465. [PMID: 31064845 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-0267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Compelling evidence points to immune cell infiltration as a critical component of successful immunotherapy. However, there are currently no clinically available, noninvasive methods capable of evaluating immune contexture prior to or during immunotherapy. In this study, we evaluate a T-cell-specific PET agent, [18F]F-AraG, as an imaging biomarker predictive of response to checkpoint inhibitor therapy. We determined the specificity of the tracer for activated T cells in vitro and in a virally induced model of rhabdomyosarcoma. Of all immune cells tested, activated human CD8+ effector cells showed the highest accumulation of [18F]F-AraG. Isolation of lymphocytes from the rhabdomyosarcoma tumors showed that more than 80% of the intratumoral signal came from accumulation of [18F]F-AraG in immune cells, primarily CD8+ and CD4+. Longitudinal monitoring of MC38 tumor-bearing mice undergoing anti-PD-1 treatment revealed differences in signal between PD-1 and isotype antibody-treated mice early into treatment. The differences in [18F]F-AraG signal were also apparent between responders and nonresponders to anti-PD-1 therapy. Importantly, we found that the signal in the tumor-draining lymph nodes provides key information about response to anti-PD-1 therapy. Overall, [18F]F-AraG has potential to serve as a much needed immunomonitoring clinical tool for timely evaluation of immunotherapy. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings reveal differences in T-cell activation between responders and nonresponders early into anti-PD-1 treatment, which may impact many facets of immuno-oncology, including patient selection, management, and development of novel combinatorial approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Levi
- CellSight Technologies Incorporated, San Francisco, California.
| | - Tina Lam
- CellSight Technologies Incorporated, San Francisco, California
| | - Samuel R Goth
- CellSight Technologies Incorporated, San Francisco, California
| | | | - Jennifer Bates
- CellSight Technologies Incorporated, San Francisco, California
| | - Gang Ren
- CellSight Technologies Incorporated, San Francisco, California
| | - Salma Jivan
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Tony L Huynh
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Joseph E Blecha
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | | | | | | | - Henry VanBrocklin
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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Beaton L, Bandula S, Gaze MN, Sharma RA. How rapid advances in imaging are defining the future of precision radiation oncology. Br J Cancer 2019; 120:779-790. [PMID: 30911090 PMCID: PMC6474267 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-019-0412-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Imaging has an essential role in the planning and delivery of radiotherapy. Recent advances in imaging have led to the development of advanced radiotherapy techniques—including image-guided radiotherapy, intensity-modulated radiotherapy, stereotactic body radiotherapy and proton beam therapy. The optimal use of imaging might enable higher doses of radiation to be delivered to the tumour, while sparing normal surrounding tissues. In this article, we review how the integration of existing and novel forms of computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography have transformed tumour delineation in the radiotherapy planning process, and how these advances have the potential to allow a more individualised approach to the cancer therapy. Recent data suggest that imaging biomarkers that assess underlying tumour heterogeneity can identify areas within a tumour that are at higher risk of radio-resistance, and therefore potentially allow for biologically focussed dose escalation. The rapidly evolving concept of adaptive radiotherapy, including artificial intelligence, requires imaging during treatment to be used to modify radiotherapy on a daily basis. These advances have the potential to improve clinical outcomes and reduce radiation-related long-term toxicities. We outline how recent technological advances in both imaging and radiotherapy delivery can be combined to shape the future of precision radiation oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Beaton
- Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Steve Bandula
- Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK.,NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mark N Gaze
- NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ricky A Sharma
- Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK. .,NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK.
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11
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Bridge JA, Lee JC, Daud A, Wells JW, Bluestone JA. Cytokines, Chemokines, and Other Biomarkers of Response for Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy in Skin Cancer. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5:351. [PMID: 30631766 PMCID: PMC6315146 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy for skin malignancies has ushered in a new era for cancer treatments by demonstrating unprecedented durable responses in the setting of metastatic Melanoma. Consequently, checkpoint inhibitors are now the first-line treatment of metastatic melanoma and widely used as adjuvant therapy for stage III disease. With the observation that higher tumor mutational burden correlates with a better response, checkpoint inhibitors are tested in other skin cancer types of known high tumor mutational burden with promising results and recently became the first-ever FDA-approved treatment for metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma. The emerging new standards-of-care will necessitate more precise biomarkers and predictors for treatment response and immune-related adverse events. Measurable immune-related mediators are currently under investigation as factors that promote or block the response to cancer immunotherapy and may provide insights into the underlying immune response to the tumor. Cytokines and chemokines are such mediators and are crucial for facilitating the recruitment and activation of specific subsets of leukocytes within the microenvironment of skin cancers. The exact mechanisms of how these meditators, both immunological and non-immunological, operate in the tumor microenvironment is an area of active research, so to reliable biomarkers of responses to cancer immunotherapy. Here, we will review and summarize the expanding body of literature for immune-related biomarkers pertaining to Melanoma, Basal cell carcinoma, Squamous cell carcinoma, and Merkel cell carcinoma, highlighting clinically relevant checkpoint inhibitor therapy biomarker advancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Bridge
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - James C Lee
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Adil Daud
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - James W Wells
- The Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jeffrey A Bluestone
- Sean N. Parker Autoimmune Research Laboratory, Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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12
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Mirzaei HR, Mirzaei H, Namdar A, Rahmati M, Till BG, Hadjati J. Predictive and therapeutic biomarkers in chimeric antigen receptor T‐cell therapy: A clinical perspective. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:5827-5841. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Reza Mirzaei
- Department of Medical Immunology School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Department of Medical Biotechnology School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashahd Iran
| | - Afshin Namdar
- Department of Dentistry Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta Edmonton Canada
| | - Majid Rahmati
- Cancer Prevention Research Center Shahroud University of Medical Sciences Shahroud Iran
| | - Brian G. Till
- Clinical Research Division Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Seattle WA United States
| | - Jamshid Hadjati
- Department of Medical Immunology School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
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13
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Auberson YP, Briard E, Rudolph B, Kaupmann K, Smith P, Oberhauser B. PET Imaging of T Cells: Target Identification and Feasibility Assessment. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:1566-1579. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yves P. Auberson
- Global Discovery Chemistry Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research 141 Klybeckstrasse 4057 Basel Switzerland
| | - Emmanuelle Briard
- Global Discovery Chemistry Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research 141 Klybeckstrasse 4057 Basel Switzerland
| | - Bettina Rudolph
- Translational Medicine, Pharmacokinetics Sciences Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Novartis Campus 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Klemens Kaupmann
- Autoimmunity, Transplantation & Inflammation Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Novartis Campus 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Paul Smith
- Autoimmunity, Transplantation & Inflammation Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Novartis Campus 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Berndt Oberhauser
- Global Discovery Chemistry Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research 141 Klybeckstrasse 4057 Basel Switzerland
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14
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Implementing liquid biopsies into clinical decision making for cancer immunotherapy. Oncotarget 2018; 8:48507-48520. [PMID: 28501851 PMCID: PMC5564665 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last decade, novel immunotherapeutic strategies, in particular antibodies directed against immune checkpoint inhibitors, have revolutionized the treatment of different malignancies leading to an improved survival of patients. Identification of immune-related biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, monitoring of immune responses and selection of patients for specific cancer immunotherapies is urgently required and therefore areas of intensive research. Easily accessible samples in particular liquid biopsies (body fluids), such as blood, saliva or urine, are preferred for serial tumor biopsies. Although monitoring of immune and tumor responses prior, during and post immunotherapy has led to significant advances of patients’ outcome, valid and stable prognostic biomarkers are still missing. This might be due to the limited capacity of the technologies employed, reproducibility of results as well as assay stability and validation of results. Therefore solid approaches to assess immune regulation and modulation as well as to follow up the nature of the tumor in liquid biopsies are urgently required to discover valuable and relevant biomarkers including sample preparation, timing of the collection and the type of liquid samples. This article summarizes our knowledge of the well-known liquid material in a new context as liquid biopsy and focuses on collection and assay requirements for the analysis and the technical developments that allow the implementation of different high-throughput assays to detect alterations at the genetic and immunologic level, which could be used for monitoring treatment efficiency, acquired therapy resistance mechanisms and the prognostic value of the liquid biopsies.
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15
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Zini C, Venneri MA, Miglietta S, Caruso D, Porta N, Isidori AM, Fiore D, Gianfrilli D, Petrozza V, Laghi A. USPIO‐labeling in M1 and M2‐polarized macrophages: An in vitro study using a clinical magnetic resonance scanner. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:5823-5828. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Zini
- Faculty of Medicine and DentistryDepartment of Radiological SciencesOncology and PathologyUniversity of Rome “Sapienza”LatinaItaly
| | - Mary A. Venneri
- Faculty of Medicine and DentistryDepartment of Experimental MedicineUniversity of Rome “Sapienza”RomeItaly
| | - Selenia Miglietta
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and OrthopaedicsElectron Microscopy Unit, Laboratory “Pietro M. Motta”University of Rome “Sapienza”RomeItaly
| | - Damiano Caruso
- Faculty of Medicine and DentistryDepartment of Radiological SciencesOncology and PathologyUniversity of Rome “Sapienza”LatinaItaly
| | - Natale Porta
- Faculty of Pharmacy and MedicineDepartment of Medico‐Surgical Sciences and BiotechnologiesUniversity of Rome “Sapienza”LatinaItaly
| | - Andrea M. Isidori
- Faculty of Medicine and DentistryDepartment of Experimental MedicineUniversity of Rome “Sapienza”RomeItaly
| | - Daniela Fiore
- Faculty of Medicine and DentistryDepartment of Experimental MedicineUniversity of Rome “Sapienza”RomeItaly
| | - Daniele Gianfrilli
- Faculty of Medicine and DentistryDepartment of Experimental MedicineUniversity of Rome “Sapienza”RomeItaly
| | - Vincenzo Petrozza
- Faculty of Pharmacy and MedicineDepartment of Medico‐Surgical Sciences and BiotechnologiesUniversity of Rome “Sapienza”LatinaItaly
| | - Andrea Laghi
- Faculty of Medicine and DentistryDepartment of Radiological SciencesOncology and PathologyUniversity of Rome “Sapienza”LatinaItaly
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16
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Jaffee EM, Dang CV, Agus DB, Alexander BM, Anderson KC, Ashworth A, Barker AD, Bastani R, Bhatia S, Bluestone JA, Brawley O, Butte AJ, Coit DG, Davidson NE, Davis M, DePinho RA, Diasio RB, Draetta G, Frazier AL, Futreal A, Gambhir SS, Ganz PA, Garraway L, Gerson S, Gupta S, Heath J, Hoffman RI, Hudis C, Hughes-Halbert C, Ibrahim R, Jadvar H, Kavanagh B, Kittles R, Le QT, Lippman SM, Mankoff D, Mardis ER, Mayer DK, McMasters K, Meropol NJ, Mitchell B, Naredi P, Ornish D, Pawlik TM, Peppercorn J, Pomper MG, Raghavan D, Ritchie C, Schwarz SW, Sullivan R, Wahl R, Wolchok JD, Wong SL, Yung A. Future cancer research priorities in the USA: a Lancet Oncology Commission. Lancet Oncol 2017; 18:e653-e706. [PMID: 29208398 PMCID: PMC6178838 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(17)30698-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We are in the midst of a technological revolution that is providing new insights into human biology and cancer. In this era of big data, we are amassing large amounts of information that is transforming how we approach cancer treatment and prevention. Enactment of the Cancer Moonshot within the 21st Century Cures Act in the USA arrived at a propitious moment in the advancement of knowledge, providing nearly US$2 billion of funding for cancer research and precision medicine. In 2016, the Blue Ribbon Panel (BRP) set out a roadmap of recommendations designed to exploit new advances in cancer diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. Those recommendations provided a high-level view of how to accelerate the conversion of new scientific discoveries into effective treatments and prevention for cancer. The US National Cancer Institute is already implementing some of those recommendations. As experts in the priority areas identified by the BRP, we bolster those recommendations to implement this important scientific roadmap. In this Commission, we examine the BRP recommendations in greater detail and expand the discussion to include additional priority areas, including surgical oncology, radiation oncology, imaging, health systems and health disparities, regulation and financing, population science, and oncopolicy. We prioritise areas of research in the USA that we believe would accelerate efforts to benefit patients with cancer. Finally, we hope the recommendations in this report will facilitate new international collaborations to further enhance global efforts in cancer control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chi Van Dang
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research New York, NY; Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - David B Agus
- University of Southern California, Beverly Hills, CA, USA
| | - Brian M Alexander
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Alan Ashworth
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Roshan Bastani
- Fielding School of Public Health and the Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sangeeta Bhatia
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Bluestone
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Atul J Butte
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Daniel G Coit
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nancy E Davidson
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mark Davis
- California Institute for Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Giulio Draetta
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - A Lindsay Frazier
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew Futreal
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Patricia A Ganz
- Fielding School of Public Health and the Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Levi Garraway
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; The Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA; Eli Lilly and Company, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Sumit Gupta
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, Hospital for Sick Children, Faculty of Medicine and IHPME, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - James Heath
- California Institute for Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Ruth I Hoffman
- American Childhood Cancer Organization, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Cliff Hudis
- Breast Cancer Medicine Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chanita Hughes-Halbert
- Medical University of South Carolina and the Hollings Cancer Center, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Ramy Ibrahim
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hossein Jadvar
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Brian Kavanagh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Rick Kittles
- College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Scott M Lippman
- University of California San Diego Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - David Mankoff
- Department of Radiology and Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elaine R Mardis
- The Institute for Genomic Medicine at Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, OH, USA; College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Deborah K Mayer
- University of North Carolina Lineberger Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kelly McMasters
- The Hiram C Polk Jr MD Department of Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | | | | | - Peter Naredi
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Dean Ornish
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Timothy M Pawlik
- Department of Surgery, Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Martin G Pomper
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Derek Raghavan
- Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas HealthCare, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | | | - Sally W Schwarz
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Richard Wahl
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jedd D Wolchok
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sandra L Wong
- Department of Surgery, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Alfred Yung
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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17
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Zanganeh S, Spitler R, Hutter G, Ho JQ, Pauliah M, Mahmoudi M. Tumor-associated macrophages, nanomedicine and imaging: the axis of success in the future of cancer immunotherapy. Immunotherapy 2017; 9:819-835. [DOI: 10.2217/imt-2017-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The success of any given cancer immunotherapy relies on several key factors. In particular, success hinges on the ability to stimulate the immune system in a controlled and precise fashion, select the best treatment options and appropriate therapeutic agents, and use highly effective tools to accurately and efficiently assess the outcome of the immunotherapeutic intervention. Furthermore, a deep understanding and effective utilization of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), nanomedicine and biomedical imaging must be harmonized to improve treatment efficacy. Additionally, a keen appreciation of the dynamic interplay that occurs between immune cells and the tumor microenvironment (TME) is also essential. New advances toward the modulation of the immune TME have led to many novel translational research approaches focusing on the targeting of TAMs, enhanced drug and nucleic acid delivery, and the development of theranostic probes and nanoparticles for clinical trials. In this review, we discuss the key cogitations that influence TME, TAM modulations and immunotherapy in solid tumors as well as the methods and resources of tracking the tumor response. The vast array of current nanomedicine technologies can be readily modified to modulate immune function, target specific cell types, deliver therapeutic payloads and be monitored using several different imaging modalities. This allows for the development of more effective treatments, which can be specifically designed for particular types of cancer or on an individual basis. Our current capacities have allowed for greater use of theranostic probes and multimodal imaging strategies that have led to better image contrast, real-time imaging capabilities leveraging targeting moieties, tracer kinetics and enabling more detailed response profiles at the cellular and molecular levels. These novel capabilities along with new discoveries in cancer biology should drive innovation for improved biomarkers for efficient and individualized cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Zanganeh
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ryan Spitler
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Gregor Hutter
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Jim Q Ho
- Department of Biology, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT 05753, USA
| | - Mohan Pauliah
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Morteza Mahmoudi
- Department of Nanotechnology, Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 14155–6451, Iran
- Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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18
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Shields AF, Jacobs PM, Sznol M, Graham MM, Germain RN, Lum LG, Jaffee EM, de Vries EGE, Nimmagadda S, Van den Abbeele AD, Leung DK, Wu AM, Sharon E, Shankar LK. Immune Modulation Therapy and Imaging: Workshop Report. J Nucl Med 2017; 59:410-417. [PMID: 28818991 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.117.195610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A workshop at the National Cancer Institute on May 2, 2016, considered the current state of imaging in assessment of immunotherapy. Immunotherapy has shown some remarkable and prolonged responses in the treatment of tumors. However, responses are variable and frequently delayed, complicating the evaluation of new immunotherapy agents and customizing treatment for individual patients. Early anatomic imaging may show that a tumor has increased in size, but this could represent pseudoprogression. On the basis of imaging, clinicians must decide if they should stop, pause, or continue treatment. Other imaging technologies and approaches are being developed to improve the measurement of response in patients receiving immunotherapy. Imaging methods that are being evaluated include radiomic methods using CT, MRI, and 18F-FDG PET, as well as new radiolabeled small molecules, antibodies, and antibody fragments to image the tumor microenvironment, immune status, and changes over the course of therapy. Current studies of immunotherapy can take advantage of these available imaging options to explore and validate their use. Collection of CT, PET, and MR images along with outcomes from trials is critical to develop improved methods of assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony F Shields
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan .,National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Annick D Van den Abbeele
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Anna M Wu
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Elad Sharon
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
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19
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Economopoulou P, Kotsantis I, Psyrri A. Checkpoint Inhibitors in Head and Neck Cancer: Rationale, Clinical Activity, and Potential Biomarkers. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2017; 17:40. [PMID: 27315066 DOI: 10.1007/s11864-016-0419-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT The discovery and antibody targeting of immune regulatory molecules such as programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) pathways have led to clinically meaningful anti-cancer results. Rapid advances are being made in a variety of tumor types resulting in regulatory approvals in melanoma, non small cell lung cancer, and renal cell cancer. Numerous ongoing studies are expected to establish the worth of PD-1 pathway inhibitors in other tumor types as well as in combinations with approved agents. Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) represents a complex group of malignancies characterized by profound immunosuppression and is an excellent candidate for investigation in this exciting field. However, given the fact that a subset of patients will likely benefit, it is critical to focus on biomarker development for appropriate patient selection and facilitation of trial design. As immunotherapy is settling in cancer treatment, immune checkpoint inhibitors are emerging as one of the most promising agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Economopoulou
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Medical Oncology, Attikon University Hospital, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, 1St Rimini St, 12462, Haidari, Athens, Greece.
| | - Ioannis Kotsantis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Medical Oncology, Attikon University Hospital, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, 1St Rimini St, 12462, Haidari, Athens, Greece
| | - Amanda Psyrri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Medical Oncology, Attikon University Hospital, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, 1St Rimini St, 12462, Haidari, Athens, Greece.
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20
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Kamta J, Chaar M, Ande A, Altomare DA, Ait-Oudhia S. Advancing Cancer Therapy with Present and Emerging Immuno-Oncology Approaches. Front Oncol 2017; 7:64. [PMID: 28459041 PMCID: PMC5394116 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Immuno-oncology (I-O) is a young and growing field on the frontier of cancer therapy. Contrary to cancer therapies that directly target malignant cells, I-O therapies stimulate the body’s immune system to target and attack the tumor, which is otherwise invisible to, or inhibiting the immune response. To this end, several methods have been developed: First, passive therapies that enable T-cells to fight the tumor without direct manipulation, typically through binding and modifying the intracellular signaling of surface receptors. Checkpoint inhibitors, perhaps the most well known of I-O therapies; are an example of such. These are monoclonal antibodies that block binding of the tumor cell at receptors that inactivate the T-cell. A variety of small molecules can achieve the same effect by affecting metabolic or signaling pathways to boost the immune response or prevent its attenuation. Drugs originally formulated for unrelated disease states are now being used to treat cancer under the I-O approach. Second, active therapies which often involve direct manipulations that occur in vitro and once introduced to the patient will directly attack the tumor. Adoptive cell transfer is the oldest of these methods. It involves the removal of T-cells from the body, which are then expanded and genetically modified for specificity toward tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), and then reintroduced to the patient. A similar approach is taken with cancer vaccines, where TAAs are identified and reintroduced with adjuvants to stimulate an immune response, sometimes in the context of antigen-presenting cells or viral vectors. Oncolytic viruses are genetically modified natural viruses for selectivity toward tumor cells. The resulting cytotoxicity has the potential to elicit an immune response that furthers tumor cell killing. A final active approach is bi-specific T-cell engagers. These modified antibodies act to link a T-cell and tumor cell through surface receptors and thereby forcibly generate immune recognition. The therapies in each of these subfields are all still very new and ongoing clinical trials could provide even further additions. The full therapeutic potential of the aforementioned therapies, alone or in combination, has yet to be realized, but holds great promise for the future of cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Kamta
- Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Maher Chaar
- Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Anusha Ande
- Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Deborah A Altomare
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Sihem Ait-Oudhia
- Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
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21
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Miyahira AK, Roychowdhury S, Goswami S, Ippolito JE, Priceman SJ, Pritchard CC, Sfanos KS, Subudhi SK, Simons JW, Pienta KJ, Soule HR. Beyond Seed and Soil: Understanding and Targeting Metastatic Prostate Cancer; Report From the 2016 Coffey-Holden Prostate Cancer Academy Meeting. Prostate 2017; 77:123-144. [PMID: 27679977 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The 2016 Coffey-Holden Prostate Cancer Academy (CHPCA) Meeting, "Beyond Seed and Soil: Understanding and Targeting Metastatic Prostate Cancer," was held from June 23 to June 26, 2016, in Coronado, California. METHODS For the 4th year in a row, the Prostate Cancer Foundation (PCF) hosted the CHPCA Meeting, a think tank-structured scientific conference, which focuses on a specific topic of critical unmet need on the biology and treatment of advanced prostate cancer. The 2016 CHPCA Meeting was attended by 71 investigators from prostate cancer and other fields, who discussed the biology, study methodologies, treatment strategies, and critical unmet needs concerning metastatic prostate cancer, with the ultimate goal of advancing strategies to treat and eliminate this disease. RESULTS The major topics of discussion included: the molecular landscape and molecular heterogeneity of metastatic prostate cancer, the role of the metastatic microenvironment, optimizing immunotherapy in metastatic prostate cancer, learning from exceptional responders and non-responders, targeting DNA repair deficiency in advanced prostate cancer, developing and applying novel biomarkers and imaging techniques, and potential roles for the microbiome in prostate cancer. DISCUSSION This article reviews the topics presented and discussions held at the CHPCA Meeting, with a focus on the unknowns and next steps needed to advance our understanding of the biology and most effective treatment strategies for metastatic prostate cancer. Prostate 77:123-144, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sameek Roychowdhury
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- Division of Medical Oncology, Ohio State University, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Sangeeta Goswami
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Joseph E Ippolito
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Saul J Priceman
- Departments of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, and Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute at City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Colin C Pritchard
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Karen S Sfanos
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Urology, The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sumit K Subudhi
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Kenneth J Pienta
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Urology, The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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22
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Ramamonjisoa N, Ackerstaff E. Characterization of the Tumor Microenvironment and Tumor-Stroma Interaction by Non-invasive Preclinical Imaging. Front Oncol 2017; 7:3. [PMID: 28197395 PMCID: PMC5281579 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumors are often characterized by hypoxia, vascular abnormalities, low extracellular pH, increased interstitial fluid pressure, altered choline-phospholipid metabolism, and aerobic glycolysis (Warburg effect). The impact of these tumor characteristics has been investigated extensively in the context of tumor development, progression, and treatment response, resulting in a number of non-invasive imaging biomarkers. More recent evidence suggests that cancer cells undergo metabolic reprograming, beyond aerobic glycolysis, in the course of tumor development and progression. The resulting altered metabolic content in tumors has the ability to affect cell signaling and block cellular differentiation. Additional emerging evidence reveals that the interaction between tumor and stroma cells can alter tumor metabolism (leading to metabolic reprograming) as well as tumor growth and vascular features. This review will summarize previous and current preclinical, non-invasive, multimodal imaging efforts to characterize the tumor microenvironment, including its stromal components and understand tumor-stroma interaction in cancer development, progression, and treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirilanto Ramamonjisoa
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ellen Ackerstaff
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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23
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Liu X, Cho WC. Precision medicine in immune checkpoint blockade therapy for non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Transl Med 2017; 6:7. [PMID: 28108884 PMCID: PMC5250626 DOI: 10.1186/s40169-017-0136-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade therapy by targeting the programmed death protein 1/programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) axis using antibodies has yielded promising clinical responses in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, owing to the dynamic expression of PD-L1, degree of mutational/neoantigen load, intratumoral heterogeneity, infiltrated immune cells of tumor microenvironment of NSCLC, the response rates to these agents are limited, despite several companion diagnostic assays by detecting PD-L1 in tumor cells have been introduced into clinical practice. Therefore, in this era of precision medicine, there is an urgent need for predictive biomarkers to identify NSCLC patients likely to benefit from this novel therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Liu
- Human Stem Cell Institute, General Hospital, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China.
| | - William C Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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Catani JPP, Riechelmann RP, Adjemian S, Strauss BE. Near future of tumor immunology: Anticipating resistance mechanisms to immunotherapies, a big challenge for clinical trials. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 13:1109-1111. [PMID: 28059608 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2016.1269046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The success of immunotherapies brings hope for the future of cancer treatment. Even so, we are faced with a new challenge, that of understanding which patients will respond initially and, possibly, develop resistance. The examination of the immune profile, especially approaches related to the immunoscore, may foretell which tumors will have a positive initial response. Ideally, the mutation load would also be analyzed, helping to reveal tumor associated antigens that are predictive of an effective cytolytic attack. However, the response may be hindered by changes induced in the tumor and its microenvironment during treatment, perhaps stemming from the therapy itself. To monitor such alterations, we suggest that minimally invasive approaches should be explored, such as the analysis of circulating tumor DNA. When testing new drugs, the data collected from each patient would initially represent an N of 1 clinical trial that could then be deposited in large databases and mined retrospectively for trends and correlations between genetic alterations and response to therapy. We expect that the investment in personalized approaches that couple molecular analysis during clinical trials will yield critical data that, in the future, may be used to predict the outcome of novel immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo Portela Catani
- a Viral Vector Laboratory, Center for Translational Investigation in Oncology , Cancer Institute of Sao Paulo/LIM 24, University of São Paulo School of Medicine , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Rachel P Riechelmann
- b Cancer Institute of Sao Paulo , University of São Paulo School of Medicine , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Sandy Adjemian
- c Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Departament of Immunology , Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Bryan E Strauss
- a Viral Vector Laboratory, Center for Translational Investigation in Oncology , Cancer Institute of Sao Paulo/LIM 24, University of São Paulo School of Medicine , São Paulo , Brazil
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El-Osta H, Shahid K, Mills GM, Peddi P. Immune checkpoint inhibitors: the new frontier in non-small-cell lung cancer treatment. Onco Targets Ther 2016; 9:5101-16. [PMID: 27574451 PMCID: PMC4993420 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s111209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the major cause for cancer-related death in the US. Although advances in chemotherapy and targeted therapy have improved the outcome of metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer, its prognosis remains dismal. A deeper understanding of the complex interaction between the immune system and tumor microenvironment has identified immune checkpoint inhibitors as new avenue of immunotherapy. Rather than acting directly on the tumor, these therapies work by removing the inhibition exerted by tumor cell or other immune cells on the immune system, promoting antitumoral immune response. To date, two programmed death-1 inhibitors, namely nivolumab and pembrolizumab, have received the US Food and Drug Administration approval for the treatment of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer that failed platinum-based chemotherapy. This manuscript provides a brief overview of the pathophysiology of cancer immune evasion, summarizes pertinent data on completed and ongoing clinical trials involving checkpoint inhibitors, discusses the different strategies to optimize their function, and outlines various challenges that are faced in this promising yet evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazem El-Osta
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Kamran Shahid
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Glenn M Mills
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Prakash Peddi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
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