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Partain BD, Bracho-Sanchez E, Farhadi SA, Yarmola EG, Keselowsky BG, Hudalla GA, Allen KD. Intra-articular delivery of an indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase galectin-3 fusion protein for osteoarthritis treatment in male Lewis rats. Arthritis Res Ther 2023; 25:173. [PMID: 37723593 PMCID: PMC10506271 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-023-03153-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Osteoarthritis (OA) is driven by low-grade inflammation, and controlling local inflammation may offer symptomatic relief. Here, we developed an indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and galectin-3 fusion protein (IDO-Gal3), where IDO increases the production of local anti-inflammatory metabolites and Gal3 binds carbohydrates to extend IDO's joint residence time. In this study, we evaluated IDO-Gal3's ability to alter OA-associated inflammation and pain-related behaviors in a rat model of established knee OA. METHODS Joint residence was first evaluated with an analog Gal3 fusion protein (NanoLuc™ and Gal3, NL-Gal3) that produces luminescence from furimazine. OA was induced in male Lewis rats via a medial collateral ligament and medial meniscus transection (MCLT + MMT). At 8 weeks, NL or NL-Gal3 were injected intra-articularly (n = 8 per group), and bioluminescence was tracked for 4 weeks. Next, IDO-Gal3s's ability to modulate OA pain and inflammation was assessed. Again, OA was induced via MCLT + MMT in male Lewis rats, with IDO-Gal3 or saline injected into OA-affected knees at 8 weeks post-surgery (n = 7 per group). Gait and tactile sensitivity were then assessed weekly. At 12 weeks, intra-articular levels of IL6, CCL2, and CTXII were assessed. RESULTS The Gal3 fusion increased joint residence in OA and contralateral knees (p < 0.0001). In OA-affected animals, both saline and IDO-Gal3 improved tactile sensitivity (p = 0.008), but IDO-Gal3 also increased walking velocities (p ≤ 0.033) and improved vertical ground reaction forces (p ≤ 0.04). Finally, IDO-Gal3 decreased intra-articular IL6 levels within the OA-affected joint (p = 0.0025). CONCLUSION Intra-articular IDO-Gal3 delivery provided long-term modulation of joint inflammation and pain-related behaviors in rats with established OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany D Partain
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, Biomedical Sciences Building, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Evelyn Bracho-Sanchez
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, Biomedical Sciences Building, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Shaheen A Farhadi
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, Biomedical Sciences Building, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Elena G Yarmola
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, Biomedical Sciences Building, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Benjamin G Keselowsky
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, Biomedical Sciences Building, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Gregory A Hudalla
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, Biomedical Sciences Building, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Kyle D Allen
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, Biomedical Sciences Building, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Kim S, Hwang J, Kim J, Lee SH, Cheong YE, Lee S, Kim KH, Cha HS. Metabolic discrimination of synovial fluid between rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis using gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Metabolomics 2022; 18:48. [PMID: 35781849 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-022-01893-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA) are clinicopathologically different. OBJECTIVES We aimed to assess the feasibility of metabolomics in differentiating the metabolite profiles of synovial fluid between RA and OA using gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry. METHODS We first compared the global metabolomic changes in the synovial fluid of 19 patients with RA and OA. Partial least squares-discriminant, hierarchical clustering, and univariate analyses were performed to distinguish metabolites of RA and OA. These findings were then validated using synovial fluid samples from another set of 15 patients with RA and OA. RESULTS We identified 121 metabolites in the synovial fluid of the first 19 samples. The score plot of PLS-DA showed a clear separation between RA and OA. Twenty-eight crucial metabolites, including hypoxanthine, xanthine, adenosine, citrulline, histidine, and tryptophan, were identified to be capable of distinguishing RA metabolism from that of OA; these were found to be associated with purine and amino acid metabolism. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrated that metabolite profiling of synovial fluid could clearly discriminate between RA and OA, suggesting that metabolomics may be a feasible tool to assist in the diagnosis and advance the comprehension of pathological processes for diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sooah Kim
- Department of Environment Science & Biotechnology, Jeonju University, Jeonju, 55069, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Hwang
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon, 51353, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungyeon Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Hee Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Eun Cheong
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Seulkee Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Heon Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Food Bioscience and Technology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hoon-Suk Cha
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea.
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Suchard MS, Adu-Gyamfi CG, Cumming BM, Savulescu DM. Evolutionary Views of Tuberculosis: Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase Catalyzed Nicotinamide Synthesis Reflects Shifts in Macrophage Metabolism: Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase Reflects Altered Macrophage Metabolism During Tuberculosis Pathogenesis. Bioessays 2021; 42:e1900220. [PMID: 32301149 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201900220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is the rate-limiting enzyme in conversion of tryptophan to kynurenines, feeding de novo nicotinamide synthesis. IDO orchestrates materno-foetal tolerance, increasing human reproductive fitness. IDO mediates immune suppression through depletion of tryptophan required by T lymphocytes and other mechanisms. IDO is expressed by alternatively activated macrophages, suspected to play a key role in tuberculosis (TB) pathogenesis. Unlike its human host, Mycobacterium tuberculosis can synthesize tryptophan, suggesting possible benefit to the host from infection with the microbe. Intriguingly, nicotinamide analogues are used to treat TB. In reviewing this field, it is postulated that flux through the nicotinamide synthesis pathway reflects switching between aerobic glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation in M. tuberculosis-infected macrophages. The evolutionary cause of such shifts may be ancient mitochondrial behavior related to reproductive fitness. Evolutionary perspectives on the IDO pathway may elucidate why, after centuries of co-existence with the Tubercle bacillus, humans still remain susceptible to TB disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda S Suchard
- Centre for Vaccines and Immunology, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, 2192, South Africa.,Chemical Pathology, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa
| | - Clement G Adu-Gyamfi
- Centre for Vaccines and Immunology, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, 2192, South Africa.,Chemical Pathology, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa
| | | | - Dana M Savulescu
- Centre for Vaccines and Immunology, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, 2192, South Africa
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Suchard MS, Savulescu DM. Nicotinamide pathways as the root cause of sepsis - an evolutionary perspective on macrophage energetic shifts. FEBS J 2021; 289:955-964. [PMID: 33686748 PMCID: PMC9545938 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Divergent pathways of macrophage metabolism occur during infection, notably switching between oxidative phosphorylation and aerobic glycolysis (Warburg-like metabolism). Concurrently, macrophages shift between alternate and classical activation. A key enzyme upregulated in alternatively activated macrophages is indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, which converts tryptophan to kynurenine for de novo synthesis of nicotinamide. Nicotinamide can be used to replenish cellular NAD+ supplies. We hypothesize that an insufficient cellular NAD+ supply is the root cause of metabolic shifts in macrophages. We assert that manipulation of nicotinamide pathways may correct deleterious immune responses. We propose evaluation of nicotinamide (Vitamin B3) and analogues, including isoniazid, nicotinamide mononucleotide and nicotinamide riboside, as potential therapy for infectious causes of sepsis, including COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda S Suchard
- Chemical Pathology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Centre for Vaccines and Immunology, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Dana M Savulescu
- Chemical Pathology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Williams AC, Hill LJ. The 4 D's of Pellagra and Progress. Int J Tryptophan Res 2020; 13:1178646920910159. [PMID: 32327922 PMCID: PMC7163231 DOI: 10.1177/1178646920910159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide homeostasis is a candidate common denominator to explain smooth transitions, whether demographic, epidemiological or economic. This 'NAD world', dependent on hydrogen-based energy, is not widely recognised as it is neither measured nor viewed from a sufficiently multi-genomic or historical perspective. Reviewing the importance of meat and nicotinamide balances during our co-evolution, recent history suggests that populations only modernise and age well with low fertility on a suitably balanced diet. Imbalances on the low meat side lead to an excess of infectious disease, short lives and boom-bust demographics. On the high side, meat has led to an excess of degenerative, allergic and metabolic disease and low fertility. A 'Goldilocks' diet derived from mixed and sustainable farming (preserving the topsoil) allows for high intellectual capital, height and good health with controlled population growth resulting in economic growth and prosperity. Implementing meat equity worldwide could lead to progress for future generations on 'spaceship' earth by establishing control over population quality, thermostat and biodiversity, if it is not already too late.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian C Williams
- Department of Neurology, University
Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Lisa J Hill
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute
of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Adu-Gyamfi CG, Savulescu D, George JA, Suchard MS. Indoleamine 2, 3-Dioxygenase-Mediated Tryptophan Catabolism: A Leading Star or Supporting Act in the Tuberculosis and HIV Pas-de-Deux? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:372. [PMID: 31737575 PMCID: PMC6828849 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Progression from latency to active Tuberculosis (TB) disease is mediated by incompletely understood host immune factors. The definitive characteristic of progressive human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease is a severe loss in number and function of T lymphocytes. Among the many possible mediators of T lymphocyte loss and ineffective function is the activity of the immune-modulatory enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). IDO is the rate-limiting enzyme converting tryptophan to kynurenine. IDO activity was initially recognized to mediate tolerance at the foeto-maternal interface. Recently, IDO activity has also been noted to play a critical role in immune tolerance to pathogens. Studies of host immune and metabolic mediators have found IDO activity significantly elevated in HIV and TB disease. In this review, we explore the link between IDO-mediated tryptophan catabolism and the presence of active TB disease in HIV-infected patients. We draw attention to increased IDO activity as a key factor marking the progression from latent to active TB disease in HIV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clement Gascua Adu-Gyamfi
- Centre for Vaccines and Immunology, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Department of Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Dana Savulescu
- Centre for Vaccines and Immunology, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jaya Anna George
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Melinda Shelley Suchard
- Centre for Vaccines and Immunology, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Department of Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Selected Psychological Aspects of Meat Consumption-A Short Review. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10091301. [PMID: 30223443 PMCID: PMC6165406 DOI: 10.3390/nu10091301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Eating meat is deeply entrenched in Western culture. It is often associated with wealth and a highly nutritional diet; and for many people it is also an established habit that is difficult to change. The second half of the 20th century was a period of rapid growth in meat consumption, which resulted in intensified meat production. At the same time, eating meat has recently become subject to criticism for health-related, environmental or humanitarian reasons. This review aims to signal the potential consequences of a change of diet or switching to diets that are rich/poor in certain ingredients on the functioning of the hormonal and nervous system, which translates into changes in mood and behavior. This paper discusses the psychological phenomena which underlie the difficulty of changing one's food preferences and problems encountered while adding new products to the daily diet. Finally, this study summarizes the limitations of modifying eating habits that have resulted from established attitudes and habits.
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8
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Tripp L, Sawchuk LA. Insights into secular trends of respiratory tuberculosis: The 20th century Maltese experience. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183296. [PMID: 28817714 PMCID: PMC5560548 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Over half a century ago, McKeown and colleagues proposed that economics was a major contributor to the decline of infectious diseases, including respiratory tuberculosis, during the 19th and 20th centuries. Since then, there is no consensus among researchers as to the factors responsible for the mortality decline. Using the case study of the islands of Malta and Gozo, we examine the relationship of economics, in particular, the cost of living (Fisher index) and its relationship to the secular trends of tuberculosis mortality. Notwithstanding the criticism that has been directed at McKeown, we present results that improvement in economics is the most parsimonious explanation for the decline of tuberculosis mortality. We reaffirmed that the reproductively aged individuals were most at risk of dying of tuberculosis, seeing that 70 to 90% of all deaths due to tuberculosis occurred between the ages of 15 and 45. There was a clear sex differential in deaths in that, prior to 1930, rates in females were generally higher than males. During times of extreme hardship, the sex differential was exacerbated. Over the course of World War I, the sex gap in tuberculosis rates increased until peaking in 1918 when there was also the influenza pandemic. The heightened differential was most likely a result of gendered roles as opposed to biological differences since female tuberculosis rates again surpassed male rates in 1945 during World War II. Respiratory tuberculosis in both urban and rural settlements (in Malta proper) was significantly influenced by the Fisher index, which explains approximately 61% of the variation in TB death rates (R = 0.78; p<0.0001). In Gozo, there was no significant impact on respiratory tuberculosis (R = 0.23; p = 0.25), most likely a consequence of the island’s isolation, a self-sufficient economy and limited exposure to tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianne Tripp
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto at Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Larry A. Sawchuk
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto at Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Griffin SM, Pickard MR, Orme RP, Hawkins CP, Williams AC, Fricker RA. Nicotinamide alone accelerates the conversion of mouse embryonic stem cells into mature neuronal populations. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183358. [PMID: 28817722 PMCID: PMC5560552 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Vitamin B3 has been shown to play an important role during embryogenesis. Specifically, there is growing evidence that nicotinamide, the biologically active form of vitamin B3, plays a critical role as a morphogen in the differentiation of stem cells to mature cell phenotypes, including those of the central nervous system (CNS). Detailed knowledge of the action of small molecules during neuronal differentiation is not only critical for uncovering mechanisms underlying lineage-specification, but also to establish more effective differentiation protocols to obtain clinically relevant cells for regenerative therapies for neurodegenerative conditions such as Huntington’s disease (HD). Thus, this study aimed to investigate the potential of nicotinamide to promote the conversion of stem cells to mature CNS neurons. Methods Nicotinamide was applied to differentiating mouse embryonic stem cells (mESC; Sox1GFP knock-in 46C cell line) during their conversion towards a neural fate. Cells were assessed for changes in their proliferation, differentiation and maturation; using immunocytochemistry and morphometric analysis methods. Results Results presented indicate that 10 mM nicotinamide, when added at the initial stages of differentiation, promoted accelerated progression of ESCs to a neural lineage in adherent monolayer cultures. By 14 days in vitro (DIV), early exposure to nicotinamide was shown to increase the numbers of differentiated βIII-tubulin-positive neurons. Nicotinamide decreased the proportion of pluripotent stem cells, concomitantly increasing numbers of neural progenitors at 4 DIV. These progenitors then underwent rapid conversion to neurons, observed by a reduction in Sox 1 expression and decreased numbers of neural progenitors in the cultures at 14 DIV. Furthermore, GABAergic neurons generated in the presence of nicotinamide showed increased maturity and complexity of neurites at 14 DIV. Therefore, addition of nicotinamide alone caused an accelerated passage of pluripotent cells through lineage specification and further to non-dividing mature neurons. Conclusions Our results show that, within an optimal dose range, nicotinamide is able to singly and selectively direct the conversion of embryonic stem cells to mature neurons, and therefore may be a critical factor for normal brain development, thus supporting previous evidence of the fundamental role of vitamins and their metabolites during early CNS development. In addition, nicotinamide may offer a simple effective supplement to enhance the conversion of stem cells to clinically relevant neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Síle M. Griffin
- Keele Medical School and Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, England, United Kingdom
| | - Mark R. Pickard
- Chester Centre for Stress Research, Institute of Medicine, University of Chester, Chester, United Kingdom
| | - Rowan P. Orme
- Keele Medical School and Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, England, United Kingdom
| | - Clive P. Hawkins
- Keele Medical School and Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, England, United Kingdom
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of North Staffordshire, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, England, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian C. Williams
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Rosemary A. Fricker
- Keele Medical School and Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, England, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Hill LJ, Williams AC. Meat Intake and the Dose of Vitamin B 3 - Nicotinamide: Cause of the Causes of Disease Transitions, Health Divides, and Health Futures? Int J Tryptophan Res 2017; 10:1178646917704662. [PMID: 28579801 PMCID: PMC5419340 DOI: 10.1177/1178646917704662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Meat and vitamin B3 - nicotinamide - intake was high during hunter-gatherer times. Intake then fell and variances increased during and after the Neolithic agricultural revolution. Health, height, and IQ deteriorated. Low dietary doses are buffered by 'welcoming' gut symbionts and tuberculosis that can supply nicotinamide, but this co-evolved homeostatic metagenomic strategy risks dysbioses and impaired resistance to pathogens. Vitamin B3 deficiency may now be common among the poor billions on a low-meat diet. Disease transitions to non-communicable inflammatory disorders (but longer lives) may be driven by positive 'meat transitions'. High doses of nicotinamide lead to reduced regulatory T cells and immune intolerance. Loss of no longer needed symbiotic 'old friends' compounds immunological over-reactivity to cause allergic and auto-immune diseases. Inhibition of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide consumers and loss of methyl groups or production of toxins may cause cancers, metabolic toxicity, or neurodegeneration. An optimal dosage of vitamin B3 could lead to better health, but such a preventive approach needs more equitable meat distribution. Some people may require personalised doses depending on genetic make-up or, temporarily, when under stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa J Hill
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Adrian C Williams
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
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Hujoel PP. Handedness and lower face variability: Findings in three national surveys. Laterality 2017; 23:113-128. [PMID: 28446069 DOI: 10.1080/1357650x.2017.1317265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Lower face variability in modern humans has been associated with a series of phenotypic characteristics including body architecture and handedness. The aim of this study was to provide a systematic review of lower face variability and handedness in national health surveys conducted in the United States. Three informative surveys with a total of 13,663 participants were identified. Lower face variability was described as one of six facial phenotypes and related to handedness using logistic regression models while adjusting for sex, ancestry, geography, and income. The results on 13,536 participants with complete information showed that bilateral retrognathism-a marker for a lower face phenotype characterized by a convex facial profile and slender jaws-was associated with a 25% increased odds for non-right-handedness (odds ratio, 1.250; 95% confidence interval: 1.076-1.453, p-value < .004). This association between non-right-handedness and a convex facial profile may unexpectedly find its origin in the genetic polymorphisms which determine tuberculosis susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe P Hujoel
- a Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA.,b Department of Oral Health Sciences, School of Dentistry , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
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Hujoel P, Bollen AM, Yuen K, Hujoel I. Phenotypic characteristics of adolescents with concave and convex facial profiles – The National Health Examination Survey. HOMO-JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE HUMAN BIOLOGY 2016; 67:417-432. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchb.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Abstract
The causative agent of human tuberculosis (TB), Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is an obligate pathogen that evolved to exclusively persist in human populations. For M. tuberculosis to transmit from person to person, it has to cause pulmonary disease. Therefore, M. tuberculosis virulence has likely been a significant determinant of the association between M. tuberculosis and humans. Indeed, the evolutionary success of some M. tuberculosis genotypes seems at least partially attributable to their increased virulence. The latter possibly evolved as a consequence of human demographic expansions. If co-evolution occurred, humans would have counteracted to minimize the deleterious effects of M. tuberculosis virulence. The fact that human resistance to infection has a strong genetic basis is a likely consequence of such a counter-response. The genetic architecture underlying human resistance to M. tuberculosis remains largely elusive. However, interactions between human genetic polymorphisms and M. tuberculosis genotypes have been reported. Such interactions are consistent with local adaptation and allow for a better understanding of protective immunity in TB. Future 'genome-to-genome' studies, in which locally associated human and M. tuberculosis genotypes are interrogated in conjunction, will help identify new protective antigens for the development of better TB vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Brites
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Leroy F, Praet I. Meat traditions. The co-evolution of humans and meat. Appetite 2015; 90:200-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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