1
|
Aflouk Y, Saoud H, Inoubli O, Yacoub S, Zaafrane F, Gaha L, Bel Hadj Jrad B. TLR4 Polymorphisms (T399I/D299G) Association with Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder in a Tunisian Population. Biochem Genet 2024; 62:2418-2436. [PMID: 37947916 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-023-10553-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Immune dysregulation has been widely described in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia (SCZ) and bipolar disorder (BD). Particularly, TLR4-altered activation was proposed as one of the underlying processes of psychosis onset. Since TLR4 activation was altered by T399I and D299G polymorphisms, we hypothesized that those variants could present common genetic factors of SCZ and BD. A total of 293 healthy volunteers and 335 psychotic patients were genotyped using PCR-RFLP. Genotype, allele, and haplotype distribution between controls and patients were evaluated according to clinical parameters. Statistical analyses were adjusted by logistic regression. In dominant model, T399I CT + TT and allele frequency were significantly higher in controls compared to psychotic population (p = 0.004, p = 0.002, respectively), SCZ (p = 0.02, p = 0.01, respectively), and BD (p = 0.03, p = 0.02, respectively). Similarly, D299G AG + GG and allele frequency were significantly higher in controls compared to psychotic population (p = 0.04, p = 0.04, respectively) and SCZ (p = 0.04, p = 0.03, respectively). T399I CT + TT and T allele were overrepresented in controls compared to paranoid subgroup (Padjusted = 0.04, p = 0.04, respectively) and type I BD (p = 0.04). Moreover, T399I and D299G were less prevalent in SCZ late-onset age (p = 0.03, p = 0.02, respectively). TA haplotype was associated with protection from psychoses (p = 0.02) and particularly from schizophrenia (p = 0.04). In conclusion, TLR4 polymorphisms could present a preventive genetic background against psychoses onset in a Tunisian population. While T399I could be associated with protection against SCZ and BD, presenting an overlapping genetic factor between those psychoses, D299G was suggested to be associated with protection only from schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youssef Aflouk
- Laboratory of Genetics, Biodiversity and Valorization of Bioresources GBVB (LR11ES41), Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir (ISBM), University of Monastir, Avenue Taher Haded, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia.
| | - Hana Saoud
- Laboratory of Genetics, Biodiversity and Valorization of Bioresources GBVB (LR11ES41), Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir (ISBM), University of Monastir, Avenue Taher Haded, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Oumaima Inoubli
- Laboratory of Genetics, Biodiversity and Valorization of Bioresources GBVB (LR11ES41), Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir (ISBM), University of Monastir, Avenue Taher Haded, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Saloua Yacoub
- Regional Center of Blood Transfusion, University Hospital Farhat Hached, 4000, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Ferid Zaafrane
- Department of Psychiatry and Vulnerability to Psychoses Laboratory-CHU Fattouma Bourguiba Monastir, University of Monastir, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Lotfi Gaha
- Department of Psychiatry and Vulnerability to Psychoses Laboratory-CHU Fattouma Bourguiba Monastir, University of Monastir, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Besma Bel Hadj Jrad
- Laboratory of Genetics, Biodiversity and Valorization of Bioresources GBVB (LR11ES41), Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir (ISBM), University of Monastir, Avenue Taher Haded, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zajkowska I, Niczyporuk P, Urbaniak A, Tomaszek N, Modzelewski S, Waszkiewicz N. Investigating the Impacts of Diet, Supplementation, Microbiota, Gut-Brain Axis on Schizophrenia: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2024; 16:2228. [PMID: 39064675 PMCID: PMC11279812 DOI: 10.3390/nu16142228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Revised: 07/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a disease with a complex etiology that significantly impairs the functioning of patients. In recent years, there has been increasing focus on the importance of the gut microbiota in the context of the gut-brain axis. In our study, we analyzed data on the gut-brain axis in relation to schizophrenia, as well as the impacts of eating habits, the use of various supplements, and diets on schizophrenia. Additionally, the study investigated the impact of antipsychotics on the development of metabolic disorders, such as diabetes, dyslipidemia, and obesity. There may be significant clinical benefits to be gained from therapies supported by supplements such as omega-3 fatty acids, B vitamins, and probiotics. The results suggest the need for a holistic approach to the treatment of schizophrenia, incorporating both drug therapy and dietary interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Stefan Modzelewski
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Bialystok, pl. Wołodyjowskiego 2, 15-272 Białystok, Poland; (I.Z.); (N.W.)
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Aflouk Y, Inoubli O, Kenz A, Yacoub S, Zaafrane F, Gaha L, Bel Hadj Jrad B. Association between polymorphisms of TLR2-1-6 and bipolar disorder in a tunisian population. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:8877-8888. [PMID: 37688680 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08758-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bipolar disorder (BD) is a complex neuropsychiatric disease that has been strongly linked to immune dysregulation. In particular, an abnormal inflammatory response mediated by toll-like receptor 2 - 1/6 (TLR2-1/6) was described in BD. Nevertheless, genetic factors' contribution is still unknown. Thus, we suggested that functional polymorphisms of TLR2, 1 and 6 could be involved in BD predisposition. METHODS AND RESULTS TLR2, 1 and 6 polymorphisms were genotyped by PCR-RFLP in 292 controls and 131 patients from a Tunisian population. Polymorphisms and haplotype associations were explored in BD and binary logistic regression analysis was performed for more powerful associations. In dominant model, we found a significantly higher genotype and minor allele frequencies in healthy females compared to patients for TLR2-196-174Ins/Del (p = 0.04; OR = 0.3, p = 0.04; OR = 0.3, respectively) and for TLR6-S249P only with minor allele (p = 0.03; OR = 0.2). In contrast, TLR2-R677W CT + TT and T allele frequencies were significantly higher in BD (padjusted<10- 4; ORadjusted =46.6, p < 10- 4; OR = 6.3, respectively), specifically in females (CT + TT: 100%). Similarly, TLR1-R80T showed significantly increased GC + CC and C allele frequencies in patients compared to controls (padjusted=0.04; ORadjusted=4, p = 0.009; OR = 4.3, respectively). Moreover, haplotype investigation demonstrated that InsGTCGT (p < 10- 4, OR = 275) and delGCCGT (p = 0.03, OR = 18.5) were significantly overrepresented in BD patients compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that TLR2-196-174Ins/Del and TLR6-S249P could be protective factors of females against BD. However, TLR2-R677W and TLR1-R80T could be strongly associated with higher risk of BD. Interestingly, TLR2-R677W could be a genetic marker for BD in females. However, further studies with larger groups are needed to confirm these findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youssef Aflouk
- Laboratory of Genetics, Biodiversity, and Valorization of Bioresources GBVB (LR11ES41), Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir (ISBM), University of Monastir, Monastir, 5000, Tunisia.
| | - Oumaima Inoubli
- Laboratory of Genetics, Biodiversity, and Valorization of Bioresources GBVB (LR11ES41), Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir (ISBM), University of Monastir, Monastir, 5000, Tunisia
| | - Amira Kenz
- Laboratory of Genetics, Biodiversity, and Valorization of Bioresources GBVB (LR11ES41), Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir (ISBM), University of Monastir, Monastir, 5000, Tunisia
| | - Saloua Yacoub
- Regional Center of Blood Transfusion, University Hospital Farhat Hached, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Ferid Zaafrane
- Department of Psychiatry and Vulnerability to Psychoses Laboratory-CHU Fattouma Bourguiba Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Lotfi Gaha
- Department of Psychiatry and Vulnerability to Psychoses Laboratory-CHU Fattouma Bourguiba Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Besma Bel Hadj Jrad
- Laboratory of Genetics, Biodiversity, and Valorization of Bioresources GBVB (LR11ES41), Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir (ISBM), University of Monastir, Monastir, 5000, Tunisia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Góralczyk-Bińkowska A, Szmajda-Krygier D, Kozłowska E. The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in Psychiatric Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:11245. [PMID: 36232548 PMCID: PMC9570195 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Modulating the gut microbiome and its influence on human health is the subject of intense research. The gut microbiota could be associated not only with gastroenterological diseases but also with psychiatric disorders. The importance of factors such as stress, mode of delivery, the role of probiotics, circadian clock system, diet, and occupational and environmental exposure in the relationship between the gut microbiota and brain function through bidirectional communication, described as "the microbiome-gut-brain axis", is especially underlined. In this review, we discuss the link between the intestinal microbiome and the brain and host response involving different pathways between the intestinal microbiota and the nervous system (e.g., neurotransmitters, endocrine system, immunological mechanisms, or bacterial metabolites). We review the microbiota alterations and their results in the development of psychiatric disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD), schizophrenia (SCZ), bipolar disorder (BD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Góralczyk-Bińkowska
- Department of Microbiology and Experimental Immunology, MOLecoLAB: Lodz Centre of Molecular Studies on Civilisation Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 5 Street, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
| | - Dagmara Szmajda-Krygier
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Pharmacogenomics, Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1 Street, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Kozłowska
- Department of Microbiology and Experimental Immunology, MOLecoLAB: Lodz Centre of Molecular Studies on Civilisation Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 5 Street, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Brisch R, Wojtylak S, Saniotis A, Steiner J, Gos T, Kumaratilake J, Henneberg M, Wolf R. The role of microglia in neuropsychiatric disorders and suicide. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2022; 272:929-945. [PMID: 34595576 PMCID: PMC9388452 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-021-01334-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This narrative review examines the possible role of microglial cells, first, in neuroinflammation and, second, in schizophrenia, depression, and suicide. Recent research on the interactions between microglia, astrocytes and neurons and their involvement in pathophysiological processes of neuropsychiatric disorders is presented. This review focuses on results from postmortem, positron emission tomography (PET) imaging studies, and animal models of schizophrenia and depression. Third, the effects of antipsychotic and antidepressant drug therapy, and of electroconvulsive therapy on microglial cells are explored and the upcoming development of therapeutic drugs targeting microglia is described. Finally, there is a discussion on the role of microglia in the evolutionary progression of human lineage. This view may contribute to a new understanding of neuropsychiatric disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Brisch
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Szymon Wojtylak
- Department of Pathomorphology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Arthur Saniotis
- Department of Anthropology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
- Department of Pharmacy, Knowledge University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Johann Steiner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Tomasz Gos
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jaliya Kumaratilake
- Biological Anthropology and Comparative Anatomy Research Unit, Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Maciej Henneberg
- Biological Anthropology and Comparative Anatomy Research Unit, Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rainer Wolf
- Department of Nursing and Health, Hochschule Fulda, University of Applied Sciences, Fulda, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ding W, Wu F, Zhou S, Li H, Wang R, Ning Y. Increased plasma level of kynurenic acid in drug-free patients with first-episode schizophrenia compared to patients with chronic schizophrenia and healthy controls: preliminary data. Nord J Psychiatry 2022; 76:451-456. [PMID: 34928781 DOI: 10.1080/08039488.2021.1992647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kynurenic acid (KYNA) is a metabolite of tryptophan (TRP). KYNA levels have been reported with controversial findings in patients with schizophrenia. AIM This study aimed to investigate the probable effects of medication and illness chronicity on peripheral KYNA levels in schizophrenia. METHODS We assessed peripheral (plasma) TRP metabolite levels in 38 drug-free patients with first-episode schizophrenia (FES), 65 patients with chronic schizophrenia (CHS), and 70 healthy controls by using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The symptom severity of patients was evaluated by using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Finally, we analyzed the association of TRP metabolites with symptom severity. RESULTS We found significantly higher KYNA levels in FES patients than in both healthy controls (p < 0.01) and CHS patients (p < 0.05). No significant association was observed between plasma TRP metabolite levels and PANSS scores in either FES or CHS patients. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, elevated plasma KYNA levels may be a promising biomarker in FES patients. Medication and illness chronicity may affect peripheral KYNA levels with a currently unknown mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenhua Ding
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Fengchun Wu
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Sumiao Zhou
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hehua Li
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Runhua Wang
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuping Ning
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Serum kynurenine metabolites might not be associated with risk factors of treatment-resistant schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 145:339-346. [PMID: 34776248 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND About a third of patients with schizophrenia do not respond adequately to currently available antipsychotics and thus experiences symptoms of greater severity, known as treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS). Some evidence suggests that the tryptophan (TRP) pathway (comprising 5-HT and kynurenine sub-pathways) has an important influence on response to antipsychotics. We therefore hypothesized that TRS is linked to metabolites of TRP pathway. METHODS We measured TRP metabolites in 54 patients with TRS and compared them to 49 age- and sex-matched patients who responded to antipsychotics (NTRS), and 62 healthy controls using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Psychopathology and clinical symptoms were assessed by means of schizophrenia positive and negative scales. Working memory abilities, cortical thickness and white matter diffusion tensor imaging fractional anisotropy were appraised in enrolled subjects by neurophysiological tests, as spatial span and digital sequencing tests, and 3T magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS Patients with TRS had a significantly higher 5-HT/TRP ratio (p = 0.009) than patients with NTRS. However, the two groups did not differ in kynurenine-pathway metabolites or ratios. Additionally, 5-HT/TRP was positively correlated with disorganized symptoms in TRS (r = 0.59, p < 0.001), and negatively correlated with digit-sequencing test scores (r = -0.34, p = 0.02). These correlations were insignificant among patients with NTRS and healthy controls. In patients with TRS, 5-HT/TRP was strongly linked to the right supramarginal cortex (t = -3.2, p = 0.003), and in healthy controls, to the right transverse temporal (t = 3.40, p = 0.001), but significance disappeared after FDR correction. CONCLUSIONS Present results indicate that an upregulated 5-HT biosynthetic pathway can be associated to TRS, suggesting that targeting mechanisms of 5-HT conversion from tryptophan could shed light on the development of new pharmacological approaches of TRS.
Collapse
|
8
|
Aflouk Y, Inoubli O, Saoud H, Zaafrane F, Gaha L, Bel Hadj Jrad B. Association between TLR2 polymorphisms (- 196-174 Ins/Del, R677W, R753Q, and P631H) and schizophrenia in a Tunisian population. Immunol Res 2021; 69:541-552. [PMID: 34546527 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-021-09238-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Since immune dysregulation has been well studied in schizophrenia pathophysiology, recent studies showed a potent role of TLR2 in neuroinflammation process underlying schizophrenia pathogenesis. However, the genetic predisposition is still unclear. Thus, we hypothesized that TLR2 polymorphisms - 196-174 Ins/Del (rs111200466), R753Q (rs5743708), R677W (rs121917864), and P631H (rs5743704) could be involved in schizophrenia predisposition. A case-control study was performed on a Tunisian population composed of 250 healthy controls and 250 patients genotyped by PCR-RFLP. Genotype and allele distribution were evaluated with sex, schizophrenia subtypes, and other clinical features. We also assessed a haplotype analysis for TLR2 polymorphisms with schizophrenia. Our results showed higher ins/del genotype frequency in healthy women compared to patients (p = 0.006; OR = 0.2). In the other hand, logistic regression showed higher ins/del genotype frequency in controls compared to paranoid patients (p = 0.05; OR = 0.48, adjusted). Frequencies of CT and T allele of R677W were significantly higher in patients compared to controls (p < 10-4, OR = 10.39; p < 10-4, OR = 4, adjusted, respectively). R753Q polymorphism was exclusively detected in patients (GA + AA = 2.5%) particularly in men with disorganized subtype. P631H did not show any association with schizophrenia. Finally, haplotype analysis showed that InsGTC and delGTC were associated with higher risk of schizophrenia (p = 0.0001, OR = 8.58; p = 0.04, OR = 5.01, respectively). In the Tunisian population, our results suggested that TLR2 R677W could be associated with susceptibility for schizophrenia, while - 196-174 Ins/Del suggested a trend of protection in women. Otherwise, R753Q could have an effect on schizophrenia especially for disorganized subgroup.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youssef Aflouk
- Laboratory of Genetics, Biodiversity and Valorization of Bioresources GBVB (LR11ES41), Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir (ISBM), University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia.
| | - Oumaima Inoubli
- Laboratory of Genetics, Biodiversity and Valorization of Bioresources GBVB (LR11ES41), Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir (ISBM), University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Hana Saoud
- Laboratory of Genetics, Biodiversity and Valorization of Bioresources GBVB (LR11ES41), Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir (ISBM), University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Ferid Zaafrane
- Department of Psychiatry and Vulnerability to Psychoses Laboratory-CHU Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Lotfi Gaha
- Department of Psychiatry and Vulnerability to Psychoses Laboratory-CHU Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Besma Bel Hadj Jrad
- Laboratory of Genetics, Biodiversity and Valorization of Bioresources GBVB (LR11ES41), Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir (ISBM), University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tsai SJ. Role of interleukin 8 in depression and other psychiatric disorders. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 106:110173. [PMID: 33186640 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Low grade neuroinflammation has been suggested as one of the underlying mechanisms of many psychiatric diseases as well as cognitive disorders. Interleukin 8 (IL-8), a proinflammatory cytokine produced by many cell types including macrophage and microglia, mainly functions as a neutrophil chemoattractant in the bloodstream. IL-8 is also found in the brain, where it is released from microglia in response to proinflammatory stimuli. In this review, we highlight studies focusing on the role of IL-8 in psychiatric diseases such as major depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, sleep disorder, autism spectrum disorder, anxiety disorders and dementia. Increased peripheral IL-8 levels have been reported in these diseases, particularly in schizophrenic disorder, bipolar disorder, obstructive sleep apnea and autism spectrum disorder. The literature on IL-8 and major depression is inconsistent. IL-8 has been found to be a factor associated with schizophrenic prognosis and therapeutic response, and may affect a wide range of symptomatology. Considering that the exact role of immune alterations is still under research, the success of immune-based therapies in psychiatric diseases is limited for the time being.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Jen Tsai
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Stanisavljević A, Perić I, Gass P, Inta D, Lang UE, Borgwardt S, Filipović D. Fluoxetine modulates neuronal activity in stress-related limbic areas of adult rats subjected to the chronic social isolation. Brain Res Bull 2020; 163:95-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
11
|
Todorović N, Mićić B, Schwirtlich M, Stevanović M, Filipović D. Subregion-specific Protective Effects of Fluoxetine and Clozapine on Parvalbumin Expression in Medial Prefrontal Cortex of Chronically Isolated Rats. Neuroscience 2018; 396:24-35. [PMID: 30448452 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of GABAergic system is becoming increasingly associated with depression, psychiatric disorder that imposes severe clinical, social and economic burden. Special attention is paid to the fast-spiking parvalbumin-positive (PV+) interneurons, GABAergic neurons which are highly susceptible to redox dysregulation and oxidative stress and implicated in a variety of psychiatric diseases. Here we analyzed the number of PV+ and cleaved caspase-3-positive (CC3+) cells in the rat medial prefrontal cortical (mPFC) subregions following chronic social isolation (CSIS), an animal model of depression and schizophrenia. Also, we examined potential protective effects of antidepressant fluoxetine (FLX) and atypical antipsychotic clozapine (CLZ) on the number of these cells in mPFC subregions, when applied parallel with CSIS in doses that correspond to therapeutically effective ones in patients. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed decreased number of PV+ cells in cingulate cortex area 1, prelimbic area (PrL), infralimbic area (IL) and dorsal peduncular cortex of the mPFC in isolated rats, which coincided with depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors. In addition, CSIS-induced increase in the number of CC3+ cells was detected in aforementioned subregions of mPFC. Treatments with either FLX or CLZ prevented behavioral changes, decrease in PV+ and increase in CC3+ cell numbers in PrL and IL subregions in isolated rats. These results indicate the importance of intact GABAergic signaling in these areas for resistance against CSIS-induced behavioral changes, as well as subregion-specific protective effects of FLX and CLZ in mPFC of CSIS rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nevena Todorović
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, Institute of Nuclear Sciences "Vinča", University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Bojana Mićić
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, Institute of Nuclear Sciences "Vinča", University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Schwirtlich
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milena Stevanović
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Belgrade, Serbia; Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dragana Filipović
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, Institute of Nuclear Sciences "Vinča", University of Belgrade, Serbia. http://www.vinca.rs
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chronic Treatment with Fluoxetine or Clozapine of Socially Isolated Rats Prevents Subsector-Specific Reduction of Parvalbumin Immunoreactive Cells in the Hippocampus. Neuroscience 2018; 371:384-394. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
13
|
Todorović N, Filipović D. The antidepressant- and anxiolytic-like effects of fluoxetine and clozapine in chronically isolated rats involve inhibition of hippocampal TNF-α. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2017; 163:57-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|
14
|
Preferential Disruption of Prefrontal GABAergic Function by Nanomolar Concentrations of the α7nACh Negative Modulator Kynurenic Acid. J Neurosci 2017; 37:7921-7929. [PMID: 28729445 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0932-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased concentrations of kynurenic acid (KYNA) in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) are thought to contribute to the development of cognitive deficits observed in schizophrenia. Although this view is consistent with preclinical studies showing a negative impact of prefrontal KYNA elevation on executive function, the mechanism underlying such a disruption remains unclear. Here, we measured changes in local field potential (LFP) responses to ventral hippocampal stimulation in vivo and conducted whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in brain slices to reveal how nanomolar concentrations of KYNA alter synaptic transmission in the PFC of male adult rats. Our data show that prefrontal infusions of KYNA attenuated the inhibitory component of PFC LFP responses, a disruption that resulted from local blockade of α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7nAChR). At the cellular level, we found that the inhibitory action exerted by KYNA in the PFC occurred primarily at local GABAergic synapses through an α7nAChR-dependent presynaptic mechanism. As a result, the excitatory-inhibitory ratio of synaptic transmission becomes imbalanced in a manner that correlates highly with the level of GABAergic suppression by KYNA. Finally, prefrontal infusion of a GABAAR positive allosteric modulator was sufficient to overcome the disrupting effect of KYNA and normalized the pattern of LFP inhibition in the PFC. Thus, the preferential inhibitory effect of KYNA on prefrontal GABAergic transmission could contribute to the onset of cognitive deficits observed in schizophrenia because proper GABAergic control of PFC output is one key mechanism for supporting such cortical functions.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Brain kynurenic acid (KYNA) is an astrocyte-derived metabolite and its abnormal elevation in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is thought to impair cognitive functions in individuals with schizophrenia. However, the mechanism underlying the disrupting effect of KYNA remains unclear. Here we found that KYNA biases the excitatory-inhibitory balance of prefrontal synaptic activity toward a state of disinhibition. Such disruption emerges as a result of a preferential suppression of local GABAergic transmission by KYNA via presynaptic inhibition of α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor signaling. Therefore, the degree of GABAergic dysregulation in the PFC could be a clinically relevant contributing factor for the onset of cognitive deficits resulting from abnormal increases of cortical KYNA.
Collapse
|
15
|
Prefrontal cortical glutathione-dependent defense and proinflammatory mediators in chronically isolated rats: Modulation by fluoxetine or clozapine. Neuroscience 2017; 355:49-60. [PMID: 28499974 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronic psychosocial stress modulates brain antioxidant systems and causes neuroinflammation that plays a role in the pathophysiology of depression. Although the antidepressant fluoxetine (FLX) represents the first-line treatment for depression and the atypical antipsychotic clozapine (CLZ) is considered as a second-line treatment for psychotic disorders, the downstream mechanisms of action of these treatments, beyond serotonergic or dopaminergic signaling, remain elusive. We examined behavioral changes, glutathione (GSH)-dependent defense and levels of proinflammatory mediators in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of adult male Wistar rats exposed to 21days of chronic social isolation (CSIS). We also tested the ability of FLX (15mg/kg/day) or CLZ (20mg/kg/day), applied during CSIS, to prevent stress-induced changes. CSIS caused depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors, compromised GSH-dependent defense, and induced nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation with a concomitant increase in cytosolic levels of proinflammatory mediators cyclooxigenase-2, interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the PFC. NF-κB activation and proinflammatory response in the PFC were not found in CSIS rats treated with FLX or CLZ. In contrast, only FLX preserved GSH content in CSIS rats. CLZ not only failed to protect against CSIS-induced GSH depletion, but it diminished its levels when applied to non-stressed rats. In conclusion, prefrontal cortical GSH depletion and the proinflammatory response underlying depressive- and anxiety-like states induced by CSIS were prevented by FLX. The protective effect of CLZ, which was equally effective as FLX on the behavioral level, was limited to proinflammatory components. Hence, different mechanisms underlie the protective effects of these two drugs in CSIS rats.
Collapse
|