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Dreher M, Ehlert T, Simon P, Neuberger EWI. Boost Me: Prevalence and Reasons for the Use of Stimulant Containing Pre Workout Supplements Among Fitness Studio Visitors in Mainz (Germany). Front Psychol 2018; 9:1134. [PMID: 30065677 PMCID: PMC6056667 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapidly increasing interest in fitness related sports over the past few years has been accompanied by a booming industry of nutritional supplements. Many of these substances have unproven benefits and are even potentially harmful to the user. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and reasons for nutritional supplement (NS) use among fitness studio visitors in Mainz (Germany), emphasizing new multi-ingredient based supplements such as pre workout boosters (PWBs). Some of the PWBs contain stimulants such as DMAA, N,α-DEPEA, DMAE and DMBA with so far unknown risks, harms and benefits. Four-Hundred and Ninety Two participants in 13 fitness studios completed a questionnaire on the use of nutritional supplements. Descriptive statistics and chi-square tests were used to examine differences in supplement use regarding training- and intake-reasons. About 57.0% of the participants reported the use of NS during the last 4 weeks. The all-time prevalence of creatine use was 28.7%, whereas 12.2% of the participants stated creatine use during the past 4 weeks. The all-time prevalence of PWB intake was 25.8%, whereas the last month prevalence was 11.8%. Among the group of PWB users, 20.5% stated to search specifically for substances such as DMAA, N,α-DEPEA, DMAE or DMBA. Logistic regression analysis showed positive relations between creatine use and the predictor variables gender, strength training and bodybuilding, as well as the stated exercisers' training reasons to increase physical- and sports-performance, and quality of life. PWB consumption was related to the variables gender, training frequency, and the reason for sports performance enhancement. Specific ingredient focus was related to the predictor variables competition participation and increase of mental performance. The results of the study show a high prevalence of PWB consumption among fitness studios visitors, which is comparable with creatine use. The predicting variables for consumption seem to be slightly different between the supplements, especially if the users are searching for stimulating agents. The current findings help to create preliminary consumption patterns and can help to identify potential endangered fitness studio visitors for prevention and risk communication, especially for PWBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Dreher
- Department of Sports Medicine, Rehabilitation and Disease Prevention, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tobias Ehlert
- Department of Sports Medicine, Rehabilitation and Disease Prevention, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Perikles Simon
- Department of Sports Medicine, Rehabilitation and Disease Prevention, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Elmo W I Neuberger
- Department of Sports Medicine, Rehabilitation and Disease Prevention, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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Kendall KL, Hyde PN, Fairman CM, Hollaway KM, Mumford PW, Haun CT, Mobley B, Kephart WC, Tribby AC, Kimber D, Moon JR, Beck DT, Roberts MD, Young KC. A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial to Determine the Effectiveness and Safety of a Thermogenic Supplement in Addition to an Energy-Restricted Diet in Apparently Healthy Females. J Diet Suppl 2017; 14:653-666. [DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2017.1304484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Parker N. Hyde
- Department of Human Sciences, College of Education and Human Ecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ciaran M. Fairman
- Department of Human Sciences, College of Education and Human Ecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kaitlyn M. Hollaway
- Clinical Trials Unit, University of Kansas Medical Center - Wichita Campus, Wichita, KS, USA
| | - Petey W. Mumford
- Molecular and Applied Sciences Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Cody T. Haun
- Molecular and Applied Sciences Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Brooks Mobley
- Molecular and Applied Sciences Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Wesley C. Kephart
- Molecular and Applied Sciences Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | | | | | - Jordan R. Moon
- School of Health Sciences, American Public University System, Charles Town, WV, USA
| | - Darren T. Beck
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine - Auburn Campus, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Michael D. Roberts
- Molecular and Applied Sciences Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine - Auburn Campus, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Kaelin C. Young
- Molecular and Applied Sciences Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine - Auburn Campus, Auburn, AL, USA
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Have prohibition policies made the wrong decision? A critical review of studies investigating the effects of DMAA. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2017; 40:26-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Vaughan RA, White AC, Beam JR, Gannon NP, Garcia-Smith R, Salgado RM, Bisoffi M, Trujillo KA, Conn CA, Mermier CM. Effect of novel dietary supplement on metabolism in vitro and in vivo. J Tradit Complement Med 2017; 7:1-8. [PMID: 28053881 PMCID: PMC5198798 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is an increasingly prevalent and preventable morbidity with multiple behavioral, surgical and pharmacological interventions currently available. Commercial dietary supplements are often advertised to stimulate metabolism and cause rapid weight and/or fat loss, although few well-controlled studies have demonstrated such effects. We describe a commercially available dietary supplement (purportedly containing caffeine, catechins, and other metabolic stimulators) on resting metabolic rate in humans, and on metabolism, mitochondrial content, and related gene expression in vitro. Human males ingested either a placebo or commercially available supplement (RF) in a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over fashion. Metabolic rate, respiratory exchange ratio, and blood pressure were measured hourly for 3 h post-ingestion. To investigate molecular effects, human rhabdomyosarcoma cells (RD) and mouse myocytes (C2C12) were treated with various doses of RF for various durations. RF enhanced energy expenditure and systolic blood pressure in human males without altering substrate utilization. In myocytes, RF enhanced metabolism, metabolic gene expression, and mitochondrial content suggesting RF may target common energetic pathways which control mitochondrial biogenesis. RF appears to increase metabolism immediately following ingestion, although it is unclear if RF provides benefits beyond those provided by caffeine alone. Additional research is needed to examine safety and efficacy for human weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger A. Vaughan
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
- Department of Health, Exercise and Sports Science, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
- Department of Individual, Family, and Community Education: Nutrition, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Ailish C. White
- Department of Health, Exercise and Sports Science, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Jason R. Beam
- Department of Health, Exercise and Sports Science, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Nicholas P. Gannon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Randi Garcia-Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Roy M. Salgado
- Department of Health, Exercise and Sports Science, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Marco Bisoffi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
- University of New Mexico Cancer Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
- Biological Sciences, Chapman University, Orange, CA 92866, USA
| | - Kristina A. Trujillo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
- University of New Mexico Cancer Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Carole A. Conn
- Department of Individual, Family, and Community Education: Nutrition, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Christine M. Mermier
- Department of Health, Exercise and Sports Science, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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Zovico PVC, Curty VM, Leal MAS, Meira EF, Dias DV, Rodrigues LCDM, Meyrelles SDS, De Oliveira EM, Vassallo PF, Barauna VG. Effects of controlled doses of Oxyelite Pro on physical performance in rats. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2016; 13:90. [PMID: 27980599 PMCID: PMC5139112 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-016-0152-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND OxyElite Pro (OEP) is a dietary supplement to increase metabolism which contains as key stimulant the ingredient 1,3-dimethylamylamine (DMAA). Serious adverse effects have been reported after OEP consumption however, these effects are related to poisoning or overdose. To our knowledge, no one studied the effects of OEP at controlled doses. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate acute and chronic OEP affects, at controlled doses in Wistar rats, on physical performance, metabolic parameters, liver injury markers and oxidative stress markers and mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle. METHODS Rats were divided in control, 4.3 mg OEP/kg, 12.9 mg OEP/kg and 25.8 mg OEP/kg. All groups were submitted to supplementation with OEP for 4 weeks and the experimental protocols were performed 30 min after the first OEP administration (acute response) and 30 min after the last OEP administration at the end of the forth week (chronic response). RESULTS Running distance and running time increased after acute administration of 12.9 mg OEP/kg (2.6-fold) and 25.8 mg OEP/kg (2.8-fold). Since no effect on the exercise tolerance test was observed at the lower OEP dose (4.3 mg OEP/kg), this group was removed from further analyzes. On other hand, running distance and running time decreased after daily supplementation for 4 weeks also in both groups (64% in 12.9 mg OEP/kg and 72% in 25.8 mg OEP/kg). Chronic supplementation at both 12.9 and 25.8 mg OEP/kg decreased TBARS levels in soleus muscle (36 and 31%) and liver (43 and 25%). AOPP was also decreased by both doses in the liver (39 and 45%). Chronic administration of the highest dose, 25.8 mg OEP/kg, was able to reduce mRNA expression of PGC-1α in soleus muscle (25%). No effect was found in other analyses such as spontaneous physical activity, body weight, food and water intake, hepatic toxicity, cardiac oxidative stress and mitochondrial DNA amount. CONCLUSION Maximum and not recommended doses of OEP ingested acutely presented stimulating effect on the ability to exercise. However, its daily consumption for 4 weeks showed antioxidant effects in soleus muscle and liver which may have decreased the PGC-1α mRNA expression on soleus muscle and contributed to the impaired performance in the exercise tolerance test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Vinicios Camuzi Zovico
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Espírito Santo, Av. Marechal Campos, 1468 - Maruípe, Vitória, 29043-900 Brazil
| | - Victor Magalhães Curty
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Espírito Santo, Av. Marechal Campos, 1468 - Maruípe, Vitória, 29043-900 Brazil
| | - Marcos André Soares Leal
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Espírito Santo, Av. Marechal Campos, 1468 - Maruípe, Vitória, 29043-900 Brazil
| | - Eduardo Frizzera Meira
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Espírito Santo, Av. Marechal Campos, 1468 - Maruípe, Vitória, 29043-900 Brazil
| | | | - Lívia Carla de Melo Rodrigues
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Espírito Santo, Av. Marechal Campos, 1468 - Maruípe, Vitória, 29043-900 Brazil
| | - Silvana Dos Santos Meyrelles
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Espírito Santo, Av. Marechal Campos, 1468 - Maruípe, Vitória, 29043-900 Brazil
| | | | - Paula Frizera Vassallo
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Espírito Santo, Av. Marechal Campos, 1468 - Maruípe, Vitória, 29043-900 Brazil
| | - Valério Garrone Barauna
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Espírito Santo, Av. Marechal Campos, 1468 - Maruípe, Vitória, 29043-900 Brazil
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Abstract
CONTEXT Concussion management has become an area of great concern in athletics, and neurocognitive tests, such as Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT), are commonly used as management tools. Given the restrictive nature of current management plans, anecdotal concerns have been raised about athletes trying to cheat the assessments and return to participation sooner. Stimulants have been shown to improve neurocognitive measures similar to those used in ImPACT. Therefore, they could possibly improve performance during baseline and postinjury testing. OBJECTIVE To examine the effects of a supplement containing stimulants on ImPACT performance. DESIGN Crossover study. SETTING Research laboratory. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS A total of 5 men (age = 20.6 ± 1.5 years, height = 176.3 ± 9.6 cm, mass = 76.9 ± 18.6 kg) and 7 women (age = 20.6 ± 1.1 years, height = 162.9 ± 7.8 cm, mass = 60.9 ± 8.2 kg) with no histories of physician-diagnosed head injury, learning disability, or attention-deficit disorder. INTERVENTION(S) Participants were assessed under supplement (5.5 g of Jacked 3D, which contains caffeine and 1,3-dimethylamylamine), placebo, and control conditions separated by 1 week. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) I compared ImPACT composite scores for verbal and visual memory, visual motor speed, reaction time, impulse control, and a cognitive-efficiency index under each of the 3 conditions and assessed them 30 minutes after ingestion. RESULTS I observed a difference when comparing reaction times, as the participants reacted faster during the supplement condition (0.53 ± 0.03 seconds) than during the placebo (0.55 ± 0.03 seconds) and control (0.55 ± 0.03 seconds) conditions (F2,22 = 4.31, P = .03). A difference also was observed for the cognitive-efficiency index, as participants scored higher during the supplement condition (0.49 ± 0.09) than during the placebo (0.41 ± 0.10) and control (0.41 ± 0.12) conditions (F2,22 = 4.07, P = .03). CONCLUSIONS Stimulant ingestion 30 minutes before testing resulted in improved memory, visual processing speed, and reaction time. However, the improvements were relatively nominal, and the question of clinical importance remains. Thus, it is unclear if stimulant ingestion would affect the return-to-participation progression.
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Archer JR, Dargan PI, Lostia AM, van der Walt J, Henderson K, Drake N, Sharma S, Wood DM, Walker CJ, Kicman AT. Running an unknown risk: a marathon death associated with the use of 1,3-dimethylamylamine (DMAA). Drug Test Anal 2015; 7:433-8. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John R.H. Archer
- Clinical Toxicology; Guy's and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King's Health Partners; London UK
| | - Paul I. Dargan
- Clinical Toxicology; Guy's and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King's Health Partners; London UK
- Clinical Toxicology; King's College London; London UK
| | - Alfonso M. Lostia
- Drug Control Centre; Department of Forensic and Analytical Science, Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, King's College London; London UK
| | - Jon van der Walt
- Department of Histopathology; Guy's and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King's Health Partners; London UK
| | - Katherine Henderson
- Emergency Department; Guy's and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King's Health Partners; London UK
| | - Nicola Drake
- Emergency Department; Guy's and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King's Health Partners; London UK
| | - Sanjay Sharma
- Department of Cardiology; St George's Healthcare NHS Trust and St George's University of London; UK
| | - David M. Wood
- Clinical Toxicology; Guy's and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King's Health Partners; London UK
- Clinical Toxicology; King's College London; London UK
| | - Christopher J. Walker
- Drug Control Centre; Department of Forensic and Analytical Science, Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, King's College London; London UK
| | - Andrew T. Kicman
- Drug Control Centre; Department of Forensic and Analytical Science, Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, King's College London; London UK
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Schilling BK, Hammond KG, Bloomer RJ, Presley CS, Yates CR. Physiological and pharmacokinetic effects of oral 1,3-dimethylamylamine administration in men. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2013; 14:52. [PMID: 24090077 PMCID: PMC3852303 DOI: 10.1186/2050-6511-14-52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 1,3-dimethylamylamine (DMAA) has been a component of dietary supplements and is also used within "party pills," often in conjunction with alcohol and other drugs. Ingestion of higher than recommended doses results in untoward effects including cerebral hemorrhage. To our knowledge, no studies have been conducted to determine both the pharmacokinetic profile and physiologic responses of DMAA. METHODS Eight men reported to the lab in the morning following an overnight fast and received a single 25 mg oral dose of DMAA. Blood samples were collected before and through 24 hours post-DMAA ingestion and analyzed for plasma DMAA concentration using high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Resting heart rate, blood pressure, and body temperature was also measured. RESULTS One subject was excluded from the data analysis due to abnormal DMAA levels. Analysis of the remaining seven participants showed DMAA had an oral clearance of 20.02 ± 5 L∙hr⁻¹, an oral volume of distribution of 236 ± 38 L, and terminal half-life of 8.45 ± 1.9 hr. Lag time, the delay in appearance of DMAA in the circulation following extravascular administration, varied among participants but averaged approximately 8 minutes (0.14 ± 0.13 hr). The peak DMAA concentration for all subjects was observed within 3-5 hours following ingestion and was very similar across subjects, with a mean of ~70 ng∙mL⁻¹. Heart rate, blood pressure, and body temperature were largely unaffected by DMAA treatment. CONCLUSIONS These are the first data to characterize the oral pharmacokinetic profile of DMAA. These findings indicate a consistent pattern of increase across subjects with regards to peak DMAA concentration, with peak values approximately 15-30 times lower than those reported in case studies linking DMAA intake with adverse events. Finally, a single 25 mg dose of DMAA does not meaningfully impact resting heart rate, blood pressure, or body temperature. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT01765933.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian K Schilling
- Department of Health and Sport Sciences, The University of Memphis, 161 Roane Fieldhouse, 38152 Memphis, TN, USA.
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Vaughan RA, Garcia-Smith R, Barberena MA, Bisoffi M, Trujillo K, Conn CA. Treatment of human muscle cells with popular dietary supplements increase mitochondrial function and metabolic rate. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2012; 9:101. [PMID: 23148693 PMCID: PMC3545995 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-9-101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity is a common pathology with increasing incidence, and is associated with increased mortality and healthcare costs. Several treatment options for obesity are currently available ranging from behavioral modifications to pharmaceutical agents. Many popular dietary supplements claim to enhance weight loss by acting as metabolic stimulators, however direct tests of their effect on metabolism have not been performed. Purpose This work identified the effects popular dietary supplements on metabolic rate and mitochondrial biosynthesis in human skeletal muscle cells. Methods Human rhabdomyosarcoma cells were treated with popular dietary supplements at varied doses for 24 hours. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1α), an important stimulator of mitochondrial biosynthesis, was quantified using quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Mitochondrial content was measured using flow cytometry confirmed with confocal microscopy. Glycolytic metabolism was quantified by measuring extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) and oxidative metabolism was quantified by measuring oxygen consumption rate (OCR). Total relative metabolism was quantified using WST-1 end point assay. Results Treatment of human rhabdomyosarcoma cells with dietary supplements OxyElite Pro (OEP) or Cellucore HD (CHD) induced PGC-1α leading to significantly increased mitochondrial content. Glycolytic and oxidative capacities were also significantly increased following treatment with OEP or CHD. Conclusion This is the first work to identify metabolic adaptations in muscle cells following treatment with popular dietary supplements including enhanced mitochondrial biosynthesis, and glycolytic, oxidative and total metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger A Vaughan
- Department of Health, Exercise and Sports Science, University of New Mexico, University Blvd, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
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Use of Recreational Drug 1,3-Dimethylethylamine (DMAA) Associated With Cerebral Hemorrhage. Ann Emerg Med 2012; 60:431-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2012.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Whitehead PN, Schilling BK, Farney TM, Bloomer RJ. Impact of a dietary supplement containing 1,3-dimethylamylamine on blood pressure and bloodborne markers of health: a 10-week intervention study. Nutr Metab Insights 2012; 5:33-9. [PMID: 23882146 PMCID: PMC3698473 DOI: 10.4137/nmi.s8885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: 1,3-dimethylamylamine is a commonly used ingredient within dietary supplements. Our prior work with this agent indicates a transient increase in blood pressure (systolic in particular) following oral ingestion of a single dosage, but no significant increase in resting blood pressure following chronic ingestion. Moreover, intervention studies involving both two and eight weeks of treatment with finished products containing 1,3-dimethylamylamine indicate minimal or no change in bloodborne markers of health. The present study sought to extend these findings by using a 10-week intervention trial to determine the change in selected markers of health in a sample of men. Methods: 25 healthy men were randomly assigned to either a placebo (n = 13) or to a supplement containing 1,3-dimethylamylamine (n = 12) for a period of 10 weeks. Before and after the intervention, resting blood pressure and heart rate were measured, and blood samples were collected for determination of complete blood count, metabolic panel, and lipid panel. Results: No significant differences were noted between conditions for blood pressure (P > 0.05), although systolic blood pressure increased approximately 6 mmHg with the supplement (diastolic blood pressure decreased approximately 4 mmHg). A main effect for time was noted for heart rate (P = 0.016), with values decreasing from pre to post intervention. There were significant main effects for time for creatinine (increased from pre to post intervention; P = 0.043) and alkaline phosphatase (decreased from pre to post intervention; P = 0.009), with no condition differences noted (P > 0.05). There was a significant interaction noted for low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (P = 0.043), with values decreasing in the supplement group from pre to post intervention approximately 7 mg · dL−1 (P = 0.034). No other effects of significance were noted for bloodborne variables. Conclusion: These data indicate that a dietary supplement containing 1,3-dimethylamylamine does not result in a statistically significant increase in resting heart rate or blood pressure (although systolic blood pressure is increased ∼6 mmHg with supplement use). The supplement does not negatively impact bloodborne markers of health. Further study is needed involving a longer intervention period, a larger sample size, and additional measures of health and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul N Whitehead
- Cardiorespiratory/Metabolic Laboratory, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
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McCarthy CG, Canale RE, Alleman RJ, Reed JP, Bloomer RJ. Biochemical and anthropometric effects of a weight loss dietary supplement in healthy men and women. Nutr Metab Insights 2011; 5:13-22. [PMID: 23882144 PMCID: PMC3698475 DOI: 10.4137/nmi.s8566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: We have recently noted an acute increase in circulating free fatty acids and glycerol, as well as resting metabolic rate, when men and women ingested the dietary supplement OxyELITE Pro™ in a single dose. We have also noted a reduction in appetite when subjects were treated with this supplement for 14 consecutive days. It is possible that such findings may favor body weight and fat loss over time. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of this dietary supplement on weight loss and associated markers using an eight week intervention. Methods: Exercise-trained subjects were randomly assigned in double blind manner to ingest either the dietary supplement (n = 16; aged 22.8 ± 0.7) or a placebo (n = 16; 22.5 ± 0.5) every day for eight weeks. Body weight, body composition, skinfold thickness, serum lipids, and appetite were measured as the primary outcome variables. As measures of supplement safety, a complete blood count and comprehensive metabolic panel were performed, and resting heart rate and blood pressure were measured (pre and post intervention). Results: No interactions or main effects were noted for our primary outcome measures (P > 0.05). However, when comparing pre and post intervention values for the supplement, significant decreases were noted in appetite, body weight, body fat percentage, and skinfold thickness (P < 0.05), while increases were noted for total and HDL-C, as well as for resting heart rate (P < 0.05). No changes were noted for placebo from pre to post intervention (P > 0.05), with the exception of an increase in HDL-C (P < 0.05). Blood pressure and bloodborne safety variables were not differently impacted by supplement or placebo (P > 0.05), with the exception of monocytes, for which an interaction effect was noted (P = 0.04). Conclusion: These data indicate that the dietary supplement OxyELITE Pro™ may assist in weight and body fat loss in a sample of exercise-trained men and women. The supplement does not result in any adverse effects pertaining to resting blood pressure or bloodborne markers of safety; however a small increase in resting heart rate is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron G McCarthy
- Cardiorespiratory/Metabolic Laboratory, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
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