1
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Rickli A, Hoener MC, Liechti ME. Pharmacological profiles of compounds in preworkout supplements ("boosters"). Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 859:172515. [PMID: 31265842 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Preworkout supplements ("boosters") are used to enhance physical and mental performance during workouts. These products may contain various chemical substances with undefined pharmacological activity. We investigated whether substances that are contained in commercially available athletic multiple-ingredient preworkout supplements exert amphetamine-type activity at norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin transporters (NET, DAT, and SERT, respectively). We assessed the in vitro monoamine transporter inhibition potencies of the substances using human embryonic kidney 293 cells that expressed the human NET, DAT, and SERT. The phenethylamines β-phenethylamine, N-methylphenethylamine, β-methylphenethylamine, N-benzylphenethylamine, N-methyl-β-methylphenethylamine, and methylsynephrine inhibited the NET and less potently the DAT similarly to D-amphetamine. β-phenethylamine was the most potent, with IC50 values of 0.05 and 1.8 μM at the NET and DAT, respectively. These IC50 values were comparable to D-amphetamine (IC50 = 0.09 and 1.3 μM, respectively). The alkylamines 1,3-dimethylbutylamine and 1,3-dimethylamylamine blocked the NET but not the DAT. Most of the phenethylamines interacted with trace amine-associated receptor 1, serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine-1A receptor, and adrenergic α1A and α2A receptors at submicromolar concentrations. None of the compounds blocked the SERT. In conclusion, products that are used by athletes may contain substances with mainly noradrenergic amphetamine-type properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rickli
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marius C Hoener
- Neuroscience Research, pRED, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthias E Liechti
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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2
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Skinner CM, Miousse IR, Ewing LE, Sridharan V, Cao M, Lin H, Williams DK, Avula B, Haider S, Chittiboyina AG, Khan IA, ElSohly MA, Boerma M, Gurley BJ, Koturbash I. Impact of obesity on the toxicity of a multi-ingredient dietary supplement, OxyELITE Pro™ (New Formula), using the novel NZO/HILtJ obese mouse model: Physiological and mechanistic assessments. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 122:21-32. [PMID: 30282009 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.09.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Herbal dietary supplement (HDS)-induced hepato- and cardiotoxicity is an emerging clinical problem. In this study, we investigated the liver and heart toxicity of HDS OxyELITE-PRO™ New Formula (OEP-NF), a dietary supplement marketed for weight loss and performance enhancement that was recently withdrawn from the market. Using a novel NZO/HlLtJ obese mouse model, we demonstrated that administration of clinically relevant mouse equivalent doses (MED) of OEP-NF produced cardio- and hepatotoxic risks following both short- and long-term administration schedules. Specifically, gavaging female NZO/HlLtJ with up to 2X MED of OEP-NF resulted in 40% mortality within two weeks. Feeding mice with either 1X or 3X MED of OEP-NF for eight weeks, while not exhibiting significant effects on body weights, significantly altered hepatic gene expression, increased the number of apoptotic and mast cells in the heart and affected cardiac function. The degree of toxicity in NZO/HlLtJ mice was higher than that observed previously in non-obese CD-1 and B6C3F1 strains, suggesting that an overweight/obese condition can sensitize mice to OEP-NF. Adverse health effects linked to OEP-NF, together with a number of other hepato- and cardiotoxicity cases associated with HDS ingestion, argue strongly for introduction of quality standards and pre-marketing safety assessments for multi-ingredient HDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles M Skinner
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA; Center for Dietary Supplement Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
| | - Isabelle R Miousse
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
| | - Laura E Ewing
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
| | - Vijayalakshmi Sridharan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72223, USA.
| | - Maohua Cao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72223, USA.
| | - Haixia Lin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
| | - D Keith Williams
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
| | - Bharathi Avula
- National Center for Natural Product Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA.
| | - Saqlain Haider
- National Center for Natural Product Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA.
| | - Amar G Chittiboyina
- National Center for Natural Product Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA.
| | - Ikhlas A Khan
- National Center for Natural Product Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA.
| | - Mahmoud A ElSohly
- ElSohly Laboratories, Inc. (ELI), Phyto Chemical Services, Inc. (PSI), 5 Industrial Park Drive, Oxford, MS 38655, USA.
| | - Marjan Boerma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72223, USA; Center for Dietary Supplement Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
| | - Bill J Gurley
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72223, USA; Center for Dietary Supplement Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
| | - Igor Koturbash
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA; Center for Dietary Supplement Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
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3
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Dreher M, Ehlert T, Simon P, Neuberger EWI. Boost Me: Prevalence and Reasons for the Use of Stimulant Containing Pre Workout Supplements Among Fitness Studio Visitors in Mainz (Germany). Front Psychol 2018; 9:1134. [PMID: 30065677 PMCID: PMC6056667 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapidly increasing interest in fitness related sports over the past few years has been accompanied by a booming industry of nutritional supplements. Many of these substances have unproven benefits and are even potentially harmful to the user. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and reasons for nutritional supplement (NS) use among fitness studio visitors in Mainz (Germany), emphasizing new multi-ingredient based supplements such as pre workout boosters (PWBs). Some of the PWBs contain stimulants such as DMAA, N,α-DEPEA, DMAE and DMBA with so far unknown risks, harms and benefits. Four-Hundred and Ninety Two participants in 13 fitness studios completed a questionnaire on the use of nutritional supplements. Descriptive statistics and chi-square tests were used to examine differences in supplement use regarding training- and intake-reasons. About 57.0% of the participants reported the use of NS during the last 4 weeks. The all-time prevalence of creatine use was 28.7%, whereas 12.2% of the participants stated creatine use during the past 4 weeks. The all-time prevalence of PWB intake was 25.8%, whereas the last month prevalence was 11.8%. Among the group of PWB users, 20.5% stated to search specifically for substances such as DMAA, N,α-DEPEA, DMAE or DMBA. Logistic regression analysis showed positive relations between creatine use and the predictor variables gender, strength training and bodybuilding, as well as the stated exercisers' training reasons to increase physical- and sports-performance, and quality of life. PWB consumption was related to the variables gender, training frequency, and the reason for sports performance enhancement. Specific ingredient focus was related to the predictor variables competition participation and increase of mental performance. The results of the study show a high prevalence of PWB consumption among fitness studios visitors, which is comparable with creatine use. The predicting variables for consumption seem to be slightly different between the supplements, especially if the users are searching for stimulating agents. The current findings help to create preliminary consumption patterns and can help to identify potential endangered fitness studio visitors for prevention and risk communication, especially for PWBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Dreher
- Department of Sports Medicine, Rehabilitation and Disease Prevention, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tobias Ehlert
- Department of Sports Medicine, Rehabilitation and Disease Prevention, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Perikles Simon
- Department of Sports Medicine, Rehabilitation and Disease Prevention, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Elmo W I Neuberger
- Department of Sports Medicine, Rehabilitation and Disease Prevention, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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Bush JA, Ratamess NA, Stohs SJ, Ellis NL, Vought IT, O'Grady EA, Kuper JD, Kang J, Faigenbaum AD. Acute hematological and mood perception effects of bitter orange extract (p-synephrine) consumed alone and in combination with caffeine: A placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Phytother Res 2018; 32:1593-1607. [PMID: 29672965 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine acute hematological and mood perception responses to supplementation with p-synephrine alone and in combination with caffeine during quiet sitting. Sixteen subjects visited the laboratory on 6 occasions and were given (in randomized double-blind manner) 103-mg p-synephrine (S), 233-mg caffeine + 104-mg p-synephrine, 240-mg caffeine, 337-mg caffeine + 46-mg p-synephrine, 325-mg caffeine, or a placebo (PL). The subjects sat quietly for 3 hr while completing mood state questionnaires every 30 min. Venous blood samples were collected at baseline (pre) and 3 hr (post) to determine immune, lipid, and chemistry panels. Compared with PL, no significant supplement differences were observed during the S trial with the exception of differential time effects seen in hematocrit (decrease in PL, no change in S), triglycerides and very low-density lipoproteins (no changes in PL, significant decreases in S), and iron (no change in PL, significant elevation in S). Supplements containing caffeine showed increased feelings of attention, excitement, energy, and vigor. These data indicate that consumption of 103-mg p-synephrine does not negatively impact acute blood parameters, does not augment the effects of caffeine, or produce stimulant-like perceptual mood effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill A Bush
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ, 08628, USA
| | - Nicholas A Ratamess
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ, 08628, USA
| | - Sidney J Stohs
- School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, 68178, USA
| | - Nicole L Ellis
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ, 08628, USA
| | - Ira T Vought
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ, 08628, USA
| | - Elizabeth A O'Grady
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ, 08628, USA
| | - Jeremy D Kuper
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ, 08628, USA
| | - Jie Kang
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ, 08628, USA
| | - Avery D Faigenbaum
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ, 08628, USA
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Pellegrinia M, Rotolo MC, Busardò FP, Pacifici R, Pichini S. Non-allowed Pharmacologically Active Substances in Physical and Sexual Performance Enhancing Products. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 15:724-730. [PMID: 27799033 PMCID: PMC5771048 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666161028125903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Revised: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Recently, a large amount of physical and sexual performance enhancing products have started to be freely sold mainly on internet web sites as dietary supplements. However, there a high suspicion that pharmacologically active substance, prohibited in these products, can be present to provide the expected effect. Methods: A simple and rapid systematic toxicological analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry has been applied after a liquid-liquid extraction at acidic, neutral and alkaline pH with chloroform-isopropanol (9:1 v/v). The assays were validated in the range from 10 mg to 250 mg/g products showing a good linearity for the calibration curves (r2 ≥0.99). Mean extraction recoveries of analytes from different products were always higher than 90% and intra-assay and inter-assay precision and accuracy were always better than 15%. Results: The developed method was applied to the analysis of products with a high percentage of sales in websites and smart and sexy shops. In twelve of eighty supplements, anabolic steroids, anti-estrogenic drugs, psychoactive substances and sildenafil and analogs were identified and quantified. Conclusion: Eventual health hazards caused by the hidden presence of pharmacologically active substances in physical and sexual performance enhancing products are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Pellegrinia
- Drug Abuse and Doping Unit, Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome. Italy
| | - Maria Concetta Rotolo
- Drug Abuse and Doping Unit, Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome. Italy
| | - Francesco Paolo Busardò
- Unit of Forensic Toxicology (UoFT), Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome. Italy
| | - Roberta Pacifici
- Drug Abuse and Doping Unit, Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome. Italy
| | - Simona Pichini
- Drug Abuse and Doping Unit, Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome. Italy
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6
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Have prohibition policies made the wrong decision? A critical review of studies investigating the effects of DMAA. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2017; 40:26-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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7
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Vaughan RA, White AC, Beam JR, Gannon NP, Garcia-Smith R, Salgado RM, Bisoffi M, Trujillo KA, Conn CA, Mermier CM. Effect of novel dietary supplement on metabolism in vitro and in vivo. J Tradit Complement Med 2017; 7:1-8. [PMID: 28053881 PMCID: PMC5198798 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is an increasingly prevalent and preventable morbidity with multiple behavioral, surgical and pharmacological interventions currently available. Commercial dietary supplements are often advertised to stimulate metabolism and cause rapid weight and/or fat loss, although few well-controlled studies have demonstrated such effects. We describe a commercially available dietary supplement (purportedly containing caffeine, catechins, and other metabolic stimulators) on resting metabolic rate in humans, and on metabolism, mitochondrial content, and related gene expression in vitro. Human males ingested either a placebo or commercially available supplement (RF) in a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over fashion. Metabolic rate, respiratory exchange ratio, and blood pressure were measured hourly for 3 h post-ingestion. To investigate molecular effects, human rhabdomyosarcoma cells (RD) and mouse myocytes (C2C12) were treated with various doses of RF for various durations. RF enhanced energy expenditure and systolic blood pressure in human males without altering substrate utilization. In myocytes, RF enhanced metabolism, metabolic gene expression, and mitochondrial content suggesting RF may target common energetic pathways which control mitochondrial biogenesis. RF appears to increase metabolism immediately following ingestion, although it is unclear if RF provides benefits beyond those provided by caffeine alone. Additional research is needed to examine safety and efficacy for human weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger A. Vaughan
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
- Department of Health, Exercise and Sports Science, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
- Department of Individual, Family, and Community Education: Nutrition, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Ailish C. White
- Department of Health, Exercise and Sports Science, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Jason R. Beam
- Department of Health, Exercise and Sports Science, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Nicholas P. Gannon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Randi Garcia-Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Roy M. Salgado
- Department of Health, Exercise and Sports Science, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Marco Bisoffi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
- University of New Mexico Cancer Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
- Biological Sciences, Chapman University, Orange, CA 92866, USA
| | - Kristina A. Trujillo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
- University of New Mexico Cancer Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Carole A. Conn
- Department of Individual, Family, and Community Education: Nutrition, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Christine M. Mermier
- Department of Health, Exercise and Sports Science, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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Zovico PVC, Curty VM, Leal MAS, Meira EF, Dias DV, Rodrigues LCDM, Meyrelles SDS, De Oliveira EM, Vassallo PF, Barauna VG. Effects of controlled doses of Oxyelite Pro on physical performance in rats. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2016; 13:90. [PMID: 27980599 PMCID: PMC5139112 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-016-0152-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND OxyElite Pro (OEP) is a dietary supplement to increase metabolism which contains as key stimulant the ingredient 1,3-dimethylamylamine (DMAA). Serious adverse effects have been reported after OEP consumption however, these effects are related to poisoning or overdose. To our knowledge, no one studied the effects of OEP at controlled doses. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate acute and chronic OEP affects, at controlled doses in Wistar rats, on physical performance, metabolic parameters, liver injury markers and oxidative stress markers and mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle. METHODS Rats were divided in control, 4.3 mg OEP/kg, 12.9 mg OEP/kg and 25.8 mg OEP/kg. All groups were submitted to supplementation with OEP for 4 weeks and the experimental protocols were performed 30 min after the first OEP administration (acute response) and 30 min after the last OEP administration at the end of the forth week (chronic response). RESULTS Running distance and running time increased after acute administration of 12.9 mg OEP/kg (2.6-fold) and 25.8 mg OEP/kg (2.8-fold). Since no effect on the exercise tolerance test was observed at the lower OEP dose (4.3 mg OEP/kg), this group was removed from further analyzes. On other hand, running distance and running time decreased after daily supplementation for 4 weeks also in both groups (64% in 12.9 mg OEP/kg and 72% in 25.8 mg OEP/kg). Chronic supplementation at both 12.9 and 25.8 mg OEP/kg decreased TBARS levels in soleus muscle (36 and 31%) and liver (43 and 25%). AOPP was also decreased by both doses in the liver (39 and 45%). Chronic administration of the highest dose, 25.8 mg OEP/kg, was able to reduce mRNA expression of PGC-1α in soleus muscle (25%). No effect was found in other analyses such as spontaneous physical activity, body weight, food and water intake, hepatic toxicity, cardiac oxidative stress and mitochondrial DNA amount. CONCLUSION Maximum and not recommended doses of OEP ingested acutely presented stimulating effect on the ability to exercise. However, its daily consumption for 4 weeks showed antioxidant effects in soleus muscle and liver which may have decreased the PGC-1α mRNA expression on soleus muscle and contributed to the impaired performance in the exercise tolerance test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Vinicios Camuzi Zovico
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Espírito Santo, Av. Marechal Campos, 1468 - Maruípe, Vitória, 29043-900 Brazil
| | - Victor Magalhães Curty
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Espírito Santo, Av. Marechal Campos, 1468 - Maruípe, Vitória, 29043-900 Brazil
| | - Marcos André Soares Leal
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Espírito Santo, Av. Marechal Campos, 1468 - Maruípe, Vitória, 29043-900 Brazil
| | - Eduardo Frizzera Meira
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Espírito Santo, Av. Marechal Campos, 1468 - Maruípe, Vitória, 29043-900 Brazil
| | | | - Lívia Carla de Melo Rodrigues
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Espírito Santo, Av. Marechal Campos, 1468 - Maruípe, Vitória, 29043-900 Brazil
| | - Silvana Dos Santos Meyrelles
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Espírito Santo, Av. Marechal Campos, 1468 - Maruípe, Vitória, 29043-900 Brazil
| | | | - Paula Frizera Vassallo
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Espírito Santo, Av. Marechal Campos, 1468 - Maruípe, Vitória, 29043-900 Brazil
| | - Valério Garrone Barauna
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Espírito Santo, Av. Marechal Campos, 1468 - Maruípe, Vitória, 29043-900 Brazil
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9
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Joy JM, Vogel RM, Moon JR, Falcone PH, Mosman MM, Kim MP. Twelve weeks supplementation with an extended-release caffeine and ATP-enhancing supplement may improve body composition without affecting hematology in resistance-trained men. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2016; 13:25. [PMID: 27293386 PMCID: PMC4901467 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-016-0136-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increased ATP levels may enhance training-induced muscle accretion and fat loss, and caffeine is a known ergogenic aid. A novel supplement containing ancient peat and apple extracts has reported enhanced mitochondrial ATP production and it has been coupled with an extended-release caffeine. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of this supplement on body composition when used in conjunction with 12 weeks of resistance training. Methods Twenty-one resistance-trained subjects (27.2 ± 5.6y; 173.5 ± 5.7 cm; 82.8 ± 12.0 kg) completed this study. Subjects supplemented daily with either 1 serving of the supplement (TRT), which consisted of 150 mg ancient peat and apple extracts, 180 mg blend of caffeine anhydrous and pterostilbene-bound caffeine, and 38 mg B vitamins, or an equal-volume, visually-identical placebo (PLA) 45 min prior to training or at the same time of day on rest days. Supervised resistance training consisted of 8 weeks of daily undulating periodized training followed by a 2-week overreach and a 2-week taper phase. Body composition was assessed using DEXA and ultrasound at weeks 0, 4, 8, 10, and 12. Vital signs and blood markers were assessed at weeks 0, 8, and 12. Results Significant group x time (p < 0.05) interactions were present for cross-sectional area of the rectus femoris, which increased in TRT (+1.07 cm2) versus PLA (−0.08 cm2), as well as muscle thickness (TRT: +0.49 cm; PLA: +0.04 cm). A significant group x time (p < 0.05) interaction existed for creatinine (TRT: +0.00 mg/dL; PLA: +0.15 mg/dL) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (TRT: −0.70 mL/min/1.73; PLA: −14.6 mL/min/1.73), which remained within clinical ranges, but no other significant observations were observed. Conclusions Supplementation with a combination of extended-release caffeine and ancient peat and apple extracts may enhance resistance training-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy without adversely affecting blood chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan M Joy
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Texas Woman's University, 401 AME Drive #7101, Denton, TX 76207 USA
| | - Roxanne M Vogel
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Texas Woman's University, 401 AME Drive #7101, Denton, TX 76207 USA
| | - Jordan R Moon
- American Public University System, School of Health Sciences, Charles Town, WV USA
| | - Paul H Falcone
- MusclePharm Sports Science Institute, MusclePharm Corp., Denver, CO USA
| | | | - Michael P Kim
- MusclePharm Sports Science Institute, MusclePharm Corp., Denver, CO USA
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10
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Vogel RM, Joy JM, Falcone PH, Mosman MM, Kim MP, Moon JR. Consuming a multi-ingredient thermogenic supplement for 28 days is apparently safe in healthy adults. Food Nutr Res 2015. [PMID: 26205229 PMCID: PMC4513183 DOI: 10.3402/fnr.v59.27999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Thermogenic (TRM) supplements are often used by people seeking to decrease body weight. Many TRM supplements are formulated with multiple ingredients purported to increase energy expenditure and maximize fat loss. However, in the past some TRM ingredients have been deemed unsafe and removed from the market. Therefore, it is important to verify the safety of multi-ingredient TRM supplements with chronic consumption. Objective To assess the safety of daily consumption of a multi-ingredient TRM supplement over a 28-day period in healthy adults. Design Twenty-three recreationally active adults (11M, 12F; 27.1±5.4 years, 171.6±9.6 cm, 76.8±16.1 kg, 26±5 BMI) were randomly assigned either to consume a multi-ingredient TRM supplement (SUP; n=9) or remain unsupplemented (CRL; n=14) for 28 days. Participants maintained their habitual dietary and exercise routines for the duration of the study. Fasting blood samples, resting blood pressure, and heart rate were taken before and after the supplementation period. Samples were analyzed for complete blood counts, comprehensive metabolic, and lipid panels. Results Significant (p<0.05) group by time interactions were present for diastolic BP, creatinine, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), chloride, CO2, globulin, albumin:globulin (A/G), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Dependent t-tests conducted on significant variables revealed significant (p<0.05) within-group differences in SUP for diastolic BP (+6.2±5.3 mmHG), creatinine (+0.09±0.05 mg/dL), eGFR (−11.2±5.8 mL/min/1.73), globulin (−0.29±0.24 g/dL), A/G (+0.27±0.23), and HDL (−5.0±5.5 mg/dL), and in CRL for CO2 (−1.9±1.5 mmol/L) between time points. Each variable remained within the accepted physiological range. Conclusion Results of the present study support the clinical safety of a multi-ingredient TRM containing caffeine, green tea extract, and cayenne powder. Although there were statistically significant (p<0.05) intragroup differences in SUP from pre- to postsupplementation for diastolic BP, creatinine, eGFR, globulin, A/G, and HDL, all remained within accepted physiological ranges and were not clinically significant. In sum, it appears as though daily supplementation with a multi-ingredient TRM is safe for consumption by healthy adults for a 28-day period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxanne M Vogel
- MusclePharm Sports Science Institute, Denver, CO, USA.,Department of Human Performance, Concordia University Chicago, River Forest, IL, USA
| | - Jordan M Joy
- MusclePharm Sports Science Institute, Denver, CO, USA.,Department of Human Performance, Concordia University Chicago, River Forest, IL, USA
| | | | - Matt M Mosman
- MusclePharm Sports Science Institute, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Michael P Kim
- MusclePharm Sports Science Institute, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Jordan R Moon
- MusclePharm Sports Science Institute, Denver, CO, USA.,Department of Sports Exercise Science, United States Sports Academy, Daphne, AL, USA;
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11
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Abstract
CONTEXT Concussion management has become an area of great concern in athletics, and neurocognitive tests, such as Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT), are commonly used as management tools. Given the restrictive nature of current management plans, anecdotal concerns have been raised about athletes trying to cheat the assessments and return to participation sooner. Stimulants have been shown to improve neurocognitive measures similar to those used in ImPACT. Therefore, they could possibly improve performance during baseline and postinjury testing. OBJECTIVE To examine the effects of a supplement containing stimulants on ImPACT performance. DESIGN Crossover study. SETTING Research laboratory. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS A total of 5 men (age = 20.6 ± 1.5 years, height = 176.3 ± 9.6 cm, mass = 76.9 ± 18.6 kg) and 7 women (age = 20.6 ± 1.1 years, height = 162.9 ± 7.8 cm, mass = 60.9 ± 8.2 kg) with no histories of physician-diagnosed head injury, learning disability, or attention-deficit disorder. INTERVENTION(S) Participants were assessed under supplement (5.5 g of Jacked 3D, which contains caffeine and 1,3-dimethylamylamine), placebo, and control conditions separated by 1 week. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) I compared ImPACT composite scores for verbal and visual memory, visual motor speed, reaction time, impulse control, and a cognitive-efficiency index under each of the 3 conditions and assessed them 30 minutes after ingestion. RESULTS I observed a difference when comparing reaction times, as the participants reacted faster during the supplement condition (0.53 ± 0.03 seconds) than during the placebo (0.55 ± 0.03 seconds) and control (0.55 ± 0.03 seconds) conditions (F2,22 = 4.31, P = .03). A difference also was observed for the cognitive-efficiency index, as participants scored higher during the supplement condition (0.49 ± 0.09) than during the placebo (0.41 ± 0.10) and control (0.41 ± 0.12) conditions (F2,22 = 4.07, P = .03). CONCLUSIONS Stimulant ingestion 30 minutes before testing resulted in improved memory, visual processing speed, and reaction time. However, the improvements were relatively nominal, and the question of clinical importance remains. Thus, it is unclear if stimulant ingestion would affect the return-to-participation progression.
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12
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Vogel RM, Joy JM, Falcone PH, Mosman MM, Kim MP, Moon JR. Safety of a dose-escalated pre-workout supplement in recreationally active females. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2015; 12:12. [PMID: 25762869 PMCID: PMC4355142 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-015-0074-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pre-workout supplements (PWS) have increased in popularity among athletic populations for their purported ergogenic benefits. Most PWS contain a "proprietary blend" of several ingredients, such as caffeine, beta-alanine, and nitrate in undisclosed dosages. Currently, little research exists on the safety and potential side effects of chronic consumption of PWS, and even less so involving female populations. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to examine the safety of consuming a dose-escalated PWS over a 28-day period among active adult females. METHODS 34 recreationally active, adult females (27.1 ± 5.4 years, 165.2 ± 5.7 cm, 68.2 ± 16.0 kg) participated in this study. Participants were randomly assigned to consume either 1 (G1) or 2 (G2) servings of a PWS daily or remain unsupplemented (CRL) for a period of 28 days. All were instructed to maintain their habitual dietary and exercise routines for the duration of the study. Fasting blood samples, as well as resting blood pressure and heart rate, were taken prior to and following the supplementation period. Samples were analyzed for hematological and clinical chemistry panels, including lipids. RESULTS Significant (p < 0.05) group by time interactions were present for absolute monocytes (CRL -0.10 ± 0.10; G1 + 0.03 ± 0.13; G2 + 0.01 ± 0.12×10E3/uL), MCH (CRL -0.13 ± 0.46; G1 + 0.36 ± 0.52; G2 -0.19 ± 0.39 pg), creatinine (CRL 0.00 ± 0.05; G1 -0.06 ± 0.13; G2 -0.14 ± 0.08 mg/dL), eGFR (CRL -0.69 ± 5.97; G1 + 6.10 ± 15.89; G2 + 14.63 ± 7.11 mL/min/1.73), and total cholesterol (CRL -2.44 ± 13.63; G1 + 14.40 ± 27.32; G2 -10.38 ± 15.39 mg/dL). Each of these variables remained within the accepted physiological range. No other variables had significant interactions. CONCLUSION The present study confirms the hypothesis that a PWS containing caffeine, beta-alanine, and nitrate will not cause abnormal changes in hematological markers or resting vital signs among adult females. Although there were statistically significant (p < 0.05) group by time interactions for absolute monocytes, MCH, creatinine, eGFR, and total cholesterol, all of the results remained well within accepted physiological ranges and were not clinically significant. In sum, it appears as though daily supplementation with up to 2 servings of the PWS under investigation, over an interval of 28 days, did not adversely affect markers of clinical safety among active adult females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxanne M Vogel
- MusclePharm Sports Science Institute, MusclePharm Corp., 4721 Ironton St. Building A, Denver, CO 80239 USA ; Metropolitan State University, Denver, CO USA
| | - Jordan M Joy
- MusclePharm Sports Science Institute, MusclePharm Corp., 4721 Ironton St. Building A, Denver, CO 80239 USA
| | - Paul H Falcone
- MusclePharm Sports Science Institute, MusclePharm Corp., 4721 Ironton St. Building A, Denver, CO 80239 USA
| | - Matt M Mosman
- MusclePharm Sports Science Institute, MusclePharm Corp., 4721 Ironton St. Building A, Denver, CO 80239 USA
| | - Michael P Kim
- MusclePharm Sports Science Institute, MusclePharm Corp., 4721 Ironton St. Building A, Denver, CO 80239 USA
| | - Jordan R Moon
- MusclePharm Sports Science Institute, MusclePharm Corp., 4721 Ironton St. Building A, Denver, CO 80239 USA ; Department of Sports Exercise Science, United States Sports Academy, Daphne, AL USA
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13
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Archer JR, Dargan PI, Lostia AM, van der Walt J, Henderson K, Drake N, Sharma S, Wood DM, Walker CJ, Kicman AT. Running an unknown risk: a marathon death associated with the use of 1,3-dimethylamylamine (DMAA). Drug Test Anal 2015; 7:433-8. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John R.H. Archer
- Clinical Toxicology; Guy's and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King's Health Partners; London UK
| | - Paul I. Dargan
- Clinical Toxicology; Guy's and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King's Health Partners; London UK
- Clinical Toxicology; King's College London; London UK
| | - Alfonso M. Lostia
- Drug Control Centre; Department of Forensic and Analytical Science, Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, King's College London; London UK
| | - Jon van der Walt
- Department of Histopathology; Guy's and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King's Health Partners; London UK
| | - Katherine Henderson
- Emergency Department; Guy's and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King's Health Partners; London UK
| | - Nicola Drake
- Emergency Department; Guy's and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King's Health Partners; London UK
| | - Sanjay Sharma
- Department of Cardiology; St George's Healthcare NHS Trust and St George's University of London; UK
| | - David M. Wood
- Clinical Toxicology; Guy's and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King's Health Partners; London UK
- Clinical Toxicology; King's College London; London UK
| | - Christopher J. Walker
- Drug Control Centre; Department of Forensic and Analytical Science, Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, King's College London; London UK
| | - Andrew T. Kicman
- Drug Control Centre; Department of Forensic and Analytical Science, Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, King's College London; London UK
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14
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Smith TB, Staub BA, Natarajan GM, Lasorda DM, Poornima IG. Acute myocardial infarction associated with dietary supplements containing 1,3-dimethylamylamine and Citrus aurantium. Tex Heart Inst J 2014; 41:70-2. [PMID: 24512406 DOI: 10.14503/thij-12-2870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We describe the case of a previously healthy 22-year-old man who presented with anginal chest pain and was diagnosed with a non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction. For 3 weeks, he had been ingesting the dietary supplements Jack3d® (principal ingredient, 1,3-dimethylamylamine) and Phenorex™ (principal ingredient, Citrus aurantium) daily, before undertaking physical activity. Coronary angiograms revealed a proximal left anterior descending coronary artery thrombus with distal embolization. A combined medical regimen led to resolution of the thrombus. Three months later, the patient was asymptomatic with no evidence of ischemia. The primary ingredients in the sympathomimetic supplements taken by our patient are controversial in the medical community and have been individually associated with adverse cardiac events. There are no safety data on their simultaneous use. We discuss other reports of adverse effects associated with these supplements and recommend that the relevant safety guidelines be revised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Triston B Smith
- Divisions of Cardiology (Drs. Lasorda, Poornima, Smith, and Staub) and Internal Medicine (Dr. Natarajan), Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15212
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15
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Monakhova YB, Ilse M, Hengen J, El-Atma O, Kuballa T, Kohl-Himmelseher M, Lachenmeier DW. Rapid assessment of the illegal presence of 1,3-dimethylamylamine (DMAA) in sports nutrition and dietary supplements using 1H NMR spectroscopy. Drug Test Anal 2014; 6:944-8. [PMID: 24913715 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
1,3-Dimethylamylamine (DMAA) is a stimulant that can be found in pre-workout sports nutrition and dietary supplements. This practice is illegal because DMAA is not a safe food ingredient but rather an unapproved medicinal compound due to its pharmacological action. In order to determine the DMAA content in such products, a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic method was developed and validated (DMAA was quantified as DMAA-HCl). For quantification, the collective integral from two of the methyl groups of the molecule in the range δ 0.92-0.84 ppm was used. The method was linear over the examined range of 1-21 g/kg (R(2) = 0.9937). The recoveries from spiked concentrations (0.1-6 g/kg) ranged between 85% and 105% (96% on average), with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 1% for an authentic sample. The detection limit was 0.03 g/kg and the quantification limit was 0.08 g/kg (calculated for 75 mg sample weight). The actual DMAA-HCl content in the sample was quantified using calibration curves (external standardization) or 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid as single-point internal standard. The developed NMR methodology was applied for the analysis of 16 products, from which 9 samples were found positive (the DMAA-HCl concentration varied between 3.1 g/kg and 415 g/kg). The method can be recommended for routine use in food testing, customs or doping control laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia B Monakhova
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Weissenburger Strasse 3, 76187, Karlsruhe, Germany; Bruker Biospin GmbH, Silberstreifen, 76287, Rheinstetten, Germany
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16
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Schilling BK, Hammond KG, Bloomer RJ, Presley CS, Yates CR. Physiological and pharmacokinetic effects of oral 1,3-dimethylamylamine administration in men. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2013; 14:52. [PMID: 24090077 PMCID: PMC3852303 DOI: 10.1186/2050-6511-14-52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 1,3-dimethylamylamine (DMAA) has been a component of dietary supplements and is also used within "party pills," often in conjunction with alcohol and other drugs. Ingestion of higher than recommended doses results in untoward effects including cerebral hemorrhage. To our knowledge, no studies have been conducted to determine both the pharmacokinetic profile and physiologic responses of DMAA. METHODS Eight men reported to the lab in the morning following an overnight fast and received a single 25 mg oral dose of DMAA. Blood samples were collected before and through 24 hours post-DMAA ingestion and analyzed for plasma DMAA concentration using high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Resting heart rate, blood pressure, and body temperature was also measured. RESULTS One subject was excluded from the data analysis due to abnormal DMAA levels. Analysis of the remaining seven participants showed DMAA had an oral clearance of 20.02 ± 5 L∙hr⁻¹, an oral volume of distribution of 236 ± 38 L, and terminal half-life of 8.45 ± 1.9 hr. Lag time, the delay in appearance of DMAA in the circulation following extravascular administration, varied among participants but averaged approximately 8 minutes (0.14 ± 0.13 hr). The peak DMAA concentration for all subjects was observed within 3-5 hours following ingestion and was very similar across subjects, with a mean of ~70 ng∙mL⁻¹. Heart rate, blood pressure, and body temperature were largely unaffected by DMAA treatment. CONCLUSIONS These are the first data to characterize the oral pharmacokinetic profile of DMAA. These findings indicate a consistent pattern of increase across subjects with regards to peak DMAA concentration, with peak values approximately 15-30 times lower than those reported in case studies linking DMAA intake with adverse events. Finally, a single 25 mg dose of DMAA does not meaningfully impact resting heart rate, blood pressure, or body temperature. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT01765933.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian K Schilling
- Department of Health and Sport Sciences, The University of Memphis, 161 Roane Fieldhouse, 38152 Memphis, TN, USA.
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17
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Austin KG, Travis J, Pace G, Lieberman HR. Analysis of 1,3 dimethylamylamine concentrations inGeraniaceae, geranium oil and dietary supplements. Drug Test Anal 2013; 6:797-804. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Krista G. Austin
- US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine; Natick MA 01760 USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education; Belcamp MD 21017 USA
| | | | - Gerry Pace
- NSF International; Ann Arbor MI 48105 USA
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18
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Eudy AE, Gordon LL, Hockaday BC, Lee DA, Lee V, Luu D, Martinez CA, Ambrose PJ. Efficacy and safety of ingredients found in preworkout supplements. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2013; 70:577-88. [DOI: 10.2146/ajhp120118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anne E. Eudy
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Carlos A. Martinez
- Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA
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19
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Vaughan RA, Garcia-Smith R, Barberena MA, Bisoffi M, Trujillo K, Conn CA. Treatment of human muscle cells with popular dietary supplements increase mitochondrial function and metabolic rate. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2012; 9:101. [PMID: 23148693 PMCID: PMC3545995 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-9-101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity is a common pathology with increasing incidence, and is associated with increased mortality and healthcare costs. Several treatment options for obesity are currently available ranging from behavioral modifications to pharmaceutical agents. Many popular dietary supplements claim to enhance weight loss by acting as metabolic stimulators, however direct tests of their effect on metabolism have not been performed. Purpose This work identified the effects popular dietary supplements on metabolic rate and mitochondrial biosynthesis in human skeletal muscle cells. Methods Human rhabdomyosarcoma cells were treated with popular dietary supplements at varied doses for 24 hours. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1α), an important stimulator of mitochondrial biosynthesis, was quantified using quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Mitochondrial content was measured using flow cytometry confirmed with confocal microscopy. Glycolytic metabolism was quantified by measuring extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) and oxidative metabolism was quantified by measuring oxygen consumption rate (OCR). Total relative metabolism was quantified using WST-1 end point assay. Results Treatment of human rhabdomyosarcoma cells with dietary supplements OxyElite Pro (OEP) or Cellucore HD (CHD) induced PGC-1α leading to significantly increased mitochondrial content. Glycolytic and oxidative capacities were also significantly increased following treatment with OEP or CHD. Conclusion This is the first work to identify metabolic adaptations in muscle cells following treatment with popular dietary supplements including enhanced mitochondrial biosynthesis, and glycolytic, oxidative and total metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger A Vaughan
- Department of Health, Exercise and Sports Science, University of New Mexico, University Blvd, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
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20
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Forrester M. Exposures to 1,3-dimethylamylamine-containing products reported to Texas poison centers. Hum Exp Toxicol 2012; 32:18-23. [PMID: 23060409 DOI: 10.1177/0960327112454895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
1,3-Dimethylamylamine (DMAA) is an ingredient in a number of weight loss and exercise performance enhancing products. However, information on the safety of DMAA-containing products is limited. Exposures to DMAA-containing products reported to Texas poison centers during 2010-2011 were identified and selected factors were examined. A total of 56 exposures were found, of which 75.0% were reported during 2011. OxyElite Pro™ was the reported product in 80.4% of the exposures. The patients were 51.8% male and 55.4% age ≤5 years. The patient was managed on site (such as at home) in 57.1% of the cases, and the exposure was known or expected to result in an outcome that was classified as not serious in 80.4%. The most frequently reported clinical effects were tachycardia (28.6%), nausea (16.1%), and vomiting (12.5%). The most common treatments were dilution (41.1%), food (19.6%), and activated charcoal (14.3%). It should be noted that the adverse clinical effects may be due to other ingredients in the DMAA-containing products, such as caffeine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mb Forrester
- Epidemiology and Disease Surveillance Unit, Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin, Texas 78756, USA.
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21
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Use of Recreational Drug 1,3-Dimethylethylamine (DMAA) Associated With Cerebral Hemorrhage. Ann Emerg Med 2012; 60:431-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2012.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Whitehead PN, Schilling BK, Farney TM, Bloomer RJ. Impact of a dietary supplement containing 1,3-dimethylamylamine on blood pressure and bloodborne markers of health: a 10-week intervention study. Nutr Metab Insights 2012; 5:33-9. [PMID: 23882146 PMCID: PMC3698473 DOI: 10.4137/nmi.s8885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: 1,3-dimethylamylamine is a commonly used ingredient within dietary supplements. Our prior work with this agent indicates a transient increase in blood pressure (systolic in particular) following oral ingestion of a single dosage, but no significant increase in resting blood pressure following chronic ingestion. Moreover, intervention studies involving both two and eight weeks of treatment with finished products containing 1,3-dimethylamylamine indicate minimal or no change in bloodborne markers of health. The present study sought to extend these findings by using a 10-week intervention trial to determine the change in selected markers of health in a sample of men. Methods: 25 healthy men were randomly assigned to either a placebo (n = 13) or to a supplement containing 1,3-dimethylamylamine (n = 12) for a period of 10 weeks. Before and after the intervention, resting blood pressure and heart rate were measured, and blood samples were collected for determination of complete blood count, metabolic panel, and lipid panel. Results: No significant differences were noted between conditions for blood pressure (P > 0.05), although systolic blood pressure increased approximately 6 mmHg with the supplement (diastolic blood pressure decreased approximately 4 mmHg). A main effect for time was noted for heart rate (P = 0.016), with values decreasing from pre to post intervention. There were significant main effects for time for creatinine (increased from pre to post intervention; P = 0.043) and alkaline phosphatase (decreased from pre to post intervention; P = 0.009), with no condition differences noted (P > 0.05). There was a significant interaction noted for low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (P = 0.043), with values decreasing in the supplement group from pre to post intervention approximately 7 mg · dL−1 (P = 0.034). No other effects of significance were noted for bloodborne variables. Conclusion: These data indicate that a dietary supplement containing 1,3-dimethylamylamine does not result in a statistically significant increase in resting heart rate or blood pressure (although systolic blood pressure is increased ∼6 mmHg with supplement use). The supplement does not negatively impact bloodborne markers of health. Further study is needed involving a longer intervention period, a larger sample size, and additional measures of health and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul N Whitehead
- Cardiorespiratory/Metabolic Laboratory, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
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McCarthy CG, Canale RE, Alleman RJ, Reed JP, Bloomer RJ. Biochemical and anthropometric effects of a weight loss dietary supplement in healthy men and women. Nutr Metab Insights 2011; 5:13-22. [PMID: 23882144 PMCID: PMC3698475 DOI: 10.4137/nmi.s8566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: We have recently noted an acute increase in circulating free fatty acids and glycerol, as well as resting metabolic rate, when men and women ingested the dietary supplement OxyELITE Pro™ in a single dose. We have also noted a reduction in appetite when subjects were treated with this supplement for 14 consecutive days. It is possible that such findings may favor body weight and fat loss over time. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of this dietary supplement on weight loss and associated markers using an eight week intervention. Methods: Exercise-trained subjects were randomly assigned in double blind manner to ingest either the dietary supplement (n = 16; aged 22.8 ± 0.7) or a placebo (n = 16; 22.5 ± 0.5) every day for eight weeks. Body weight, body composition, skinfold thickness, serum lipids, and appetite were measured as the primary outcome variables. As measures of supplement safety, a complete blood count and comprehensive metabolic panel were performed, and resting heart rate and blood pressure were measured (pre and post intervention). Results: No interactions or main effects were noted for our primary outcome measures (P > 0.05). However, when comparing pre and post intervention values for the supplement, significant decreases were noted in appetite, body weight, body fat percentage, and skinfold thickness (P < 0.05), while increases were noted for total and HDL-C, as well as for resting heart rate (P < 0.05). No changes were noted for placebo from pre to post intervention (P > 0.05), with the exception of an increase in HDL-C (P < 0.05). Blood pressure and bloodborne safety variables were not differently impacted by supplement or placebo (P > 0.05), with the exception of monocytes, for which an interaction effect was noted (P = 0.04). Conclusion: These data indicate that the dietary supplement OxyELITE Pro™ may assist in weight and body fat loss in a sample of exercise-trained men and women. The supplement does not result in any adverse effects pertaining to resting blood pressure or bloodborne markers of safety; however a small increase in resting heart rate is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron G McCarthy
- Cardiorespiratory/Metabolic Laboratory, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
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