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Karmoker JR, Bounds SE, Cai J. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-mediated immune responses to degeneration of the retinal pigment epithelium. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167351. [PMID: 39004382 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Injuries to the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) trigger immune responses, orchestrating interactions within the innate and adaptive immune systems in the outer retina and choroid. We previously reported that interleukin 17 (IL-17) is a pivotal signaling molecule originating from choroidal γδ T cells, exerting protective effects by mediating functional connections between the RPE and subretinal microglia. In this current study, we generated mice with aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) knockout specifically in IL-17-producing cells. These animals had deficiency in IL-17 production from γδ T cells, and exhibited increased sensitivity to both acute and chronic insults targeting the RPE. These findings imply that IL-17 plays a crucial role as a signaling cytokine in preserving the homeostasis of the outer retina and choroid.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Regun Karmoker
- Department of Biochemistry & Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
| | - Sarah E Bounds
- Department of Biochemistry & Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
| | - Jiyang Cai
- Department of Biochemistry & Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
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Chhatwal S, Antony H, Lamei S, Kovács-Öller T, Klettner AK, Zille M. A systematic review of the cell death mechanisms in retinal pigment epithelium cells and photoreceptors after subretinal hemorrhage - Implications for treatment options. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 167:115572. [PMID: 37742603 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans rely on vision as their most important sense. This is accomplished by photoreceptors (PRs) in the retina that detect light but cannot function without the support and maintenance of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). In subretinal hemorrhage (SRH), blood accumulates between the neurosensory retina and the RPE or between the RPE and the choroid. Blood breakdown products subsequently damage PRs and the RPE and lead to poor vision and blindness. Hence, there is a high need for options to preserve the retina and visual functions. We conducted a systematic review of the literature in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines to identify the cell death mechanisms in RPE and PRs after SRH to deepen our understanding of the pathways involved. After screening 736 publications published until November 8, 2022, we identified 19 records that assessed cell death in PRs and/or RPE in experimental models of SRH. Among the different cell death mechanisms, apoptosis was the most widely investigated mechanism (11 records), followed by ferroptosis (4), whereas necroptosis, pyroptosis, and lysosome-dependent cell death were only assessed in one study each. We discuss different therapeutic options that were assessed in these studies, including the removal of the hematoma/iron chelation, cytoprotection, anti-inflammatory agents, and antioxidants. Further systematic investigations will be necessary to determine the exact cell death mechanisms after SRH with respect to different blood breakdown components, cell types, and time courses. This will form the basis for the development of novel treatment options for SRH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirjan Chhatwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Henrike Antony
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Saman Lamei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Tamás Kovács-Öller
- János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; Institute of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Alexa Karina Klettner
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, University of Kiel, Quincke Research Center, Kiel, Germany
| | - Marietta Zille
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Austria.
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Hydrogel-mediated co-transplantation of retinal pigmented epithelium and photoreceptors restores vision in an animal model of advanced retinal degeneration. Biomaterials 2020; 257:120233. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Metabolic Deregulation of the Blood-Outer Retinal Barrier in Retinitis Pigmentosa. Cell Rep 2020; 28:1323-1334.e4. [PMID: 31365873 PMCID: PMC6693665 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.06.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) initiates with diminished rod photoreceptor function, causing peripheral and nighttime vision loss. However, subsequent loss of cone function and high-resolution daylight and color vision is most debilitating. Visual pigment-rich photoreceptor outer segments (OS) undergo phagocytosis by the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), and the RPE also acts as a blood-outer retinal barrier transporting nutrients, including glucose, to photoreceptors. We provide evidence that contact between externalized phosphatidylserine (PS) on OS tips and apical RPE receptors activates Akt, linking phagocytosis with glucose transport to photoreceptors for new OS synthesis. As abundant mutant rod OS tips shorten in RP, Akt activation is lost, and onset of glucose metabolism in the RPE and diminished glucose transport combine to cause photoreceptor starvation and accompanying retinal metabolome changes. Subretinal injection of OS tip mimetics displaying PS restores Akt activation, glucose transport, and cone function in end-stage RP after rods are lost. Wang et al. show that onset of glucose metabolism in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), which acts as the blood-outer retinal barrier, and inhibition of RPE glucose transport to photoreceptors combine to cause photoreceptor starvation and vision loss in retinitis pigmentosa.
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Liu X, Chen F, Chen Y, Lu H, Lu X, Peng X, Kaplan HJ, Dean DC, Gao L, Liu Y. Paracrine effects of intraocularly implanted cells on degenerating retinas in mice. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:142. [PMID: 32234075 PMCID: PMC7326149 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01651-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinal degeneration is a leading cause of blindness in the world; its etiology is complex and involves genetic defects and stress-associated aging. In addition to gene therapies for known genetically defective retinal degeneration, cellular therapies have been widely explored for restoring vision in both preclinical animal models and clinical trials. Stem cells of distinct tissue sources and their derived lineages have been tested for treating retinal degeneration; most of them were reported to be effective to some extent in restoring/improving deteriorated vision. Whether this visual improvement is due to a functional integration of grafted cells to substitute for lost retinal neurons in recipients or due to their neuroprotective and neurotrophic effects to retain recipient functional neurons, or both, is still under debate. METHODS We compared the results of subretinal transplantation of various somatic cell types, such as stem cells and differentiated cells, into RhoP23H/+ mice, a retinal degeneration model for human retinitis pigmentosa (RP) by evaluating their optokinetic response (OKR) and retinal histology. We identified some paracrine factors in the media that cultured cells secreted by western blotting (WB) and functionally evaluated the vascular endothelial growth factor Vegfa for its potential neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects on the neuroretina of model animals by intravitreal injection of VEGF antibody. RESULTS We found that live cells, regardless of whether they were stem cells or differentiated cell types, had a positive effect on improving degenerating retinas after subretinal transplantation; the efficacy depended on their survival duration in the host tissue. A few paracrine factors were identified in cell culture media; Vegfa was the most relevant neurotrophic and neuroprotective factor identified by our experiments to extend neuron survival duration in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Cellular therapy-produced benefits for remediating retinal degeneration are mostly, if not completely, due to a paracrine effect of implanted cells on the remaining host retinal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 301 E Muhammad Ali Blvd, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fenghua Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 301 E Muhammad Ali Blvd, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 301 E Muhammad Ali Blvd, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Huayi Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 301 E Muhammad Ali Blvd, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
- Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xiaoqin Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 301 E Muhammad Ali Blvd, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Henry J Kaplan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 301 E Muhammad Ali Blvd, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Douglas C Dean
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 301 E Muhammad Ali Blvd, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Louisville, USA.
- Birth Defects Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.
| | - Ling Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Yongqing Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 301 E Muhammad Ali Blvd, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Louisville, USA.
- Birth Defects Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.
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Chen F, Liu X, Chen Y, Liu JY, Lu H, Wang W, Lu X, Dean KC, Gao L, Kaplan HJ, Dean DC, Peng X, Liu Y. Sphere-induced reprogramming of RPE cells into dual-potential RPE stem-like cells. EBioMedicine 2020; 52:102618. [PMID: 31982829 PMCID: PMC6994567 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.102618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) has the potential to regenerate the entire neuroretina upon retinal injury in amphibians. In contrast, this regenerative capacity has been lost in mammals. The reprogramming of differentiated somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by viral transduction of exogenous stem cell factors has triggered a revolution in regenerative medicine. However, the risks of potential mutation(s) caused by random viral vector insertion in host genomes and tumor formation in recipients hamper its clinical application. One alternative is to immortalize adult stem cells with limited potential or to partially reprogram differentiated somatic cells into progenitor-like cells through non-integration protocols. Methods Sphere-induced RPE stem cells (iRPESCs) were generated from adult mouse RPE cells. Their stem cell functionality was studied in a mouse model of retinal degeneration. The molecular mechanism underlying the sphere-induced reprogramming was investigated using microarray and loss-of-function approaches. Findings We provide evidence that our sphere-induced reprogramming protocol can immortalize and transform mouse RPE cells into iRPESCs with dual potential to differentiate into cells that express either RPE or photoreceptor markers both in vitro and in vivo. When subretinally transplanted into mice with retinal degeneration, iRPESCs can integrate to the RPE and neuroretina, thereby delaying retinal degeneration in the model animals. Our molecular analyses indicate that the Hippo signaling pathway is important in iRPESC reprogramming. Interpretation The Hippo factor Yap1 is activated in the nuclei of cells at the borders of spheres. The factors Zeb1 and P300 downstream of the Hippo pathway are shown to bind to the promoters of the stemness genes Oct4, Klf4 and Sox2, thereby likely transactivate them to reprogram RPE cells into iRPESCs. Fund National Natural Science Foundation of China and the National Institute of Health USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenghua Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 301 E Muhammad Ali Blvd, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 301 E Muhammad Ali Blvd, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yao Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 301 E Muhammad Ali Blvd, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - John Y Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 301 E Muhammad Ali Blvd, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
| | - Huayi Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 301 E Muhammad Ali Blvd, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA; Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 301 E Muhammad Ali Blvd, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
| | - Xiaoqin Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 301 E Muhammad Ali Blvd, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
| | - Kevin C Dean
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 301 E Muhammad Ali Blvd, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
| | - Ling Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Henry J Kaplan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 301 E Muhammad Ali Blvd, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
| | - Douglas C Dean
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 301 E Muhammad Ali Blvd, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA; James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA; Birth Defects Center; University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA.
| | - Xiaoyan Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100005, China.
| | - Yongqing Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 301 E Muhammad Ali Blvd, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA; James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA; Birth Defects Center; University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA.
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Sivandzade F, Bhalerao A, Cucullo L. Cerebrovascular and Neurological Disorders: Protective Role of NRF2. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20143433. [PMID: 31336872 PMCID: PMC6678730 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular defense mechanisms, intracellular signaling, and physiological functions are regulated by electrophiles and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Recent works strongly considered imbalanced ROS and electrophile overabundance as the leading cause of cellular and tissue damage, whereas oxidative stress (OS) plays a crucial role for the onset and progression of major cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative pathologies. These include Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Huntington’s disease (HD), stroke, and aging. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (NRF2) is the major modulator of the xenobiotic-activated receptor (XAR) and is accountable for activating the antioxidative response elements (ARE)-pathway modulating the detoxification and antioxidative responses of the cells. NRF2 activity, however, is also implicated in carcinogenesis protection, stem cells regulation, anti-inflammation, anti-aging, and so forth. Herein, we briefly describe the NRF2–ARE pathway and provide a review analysis of its functioning and system integration as well as its role in major CNS disorders. We also discuss NRF2-based therapeutic approaches for the treatment of neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzane Sivandzade
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Aditya Bhalerao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Luca Cucullo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA.
- Center for Blood Brain Barrier Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA.
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Liu Y, Wang C, Su G. Cellular Signaling in Müller Glia: Progenitor Cells for Regenerative and Neuroprotective Responses in Pharmacological Models of Retinal Degeneration. J Ophthalmol 2019; 2019:5743109. [PMID: 31016037 PMCID: PMC6444254 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5743109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal degenerative diseases are a leading cause of visual impairment or blindness. There are many therapies for delaying the progression of vision loss but no curative strategies currently. Stimulating intrinsic neuronal regeneration is a potential approach to therapy in retinal degenerative diseases. In contrast to stem cells, as embryonic/pluripotent stem cell-derived retinal progenitor cell or mesenchymal stem cells, Müller glia provided an endogenous cellular source for regenerative therapy in the retina. Müller glia are a major component of the retina and considerable evidence suggested these cells can be induced to produce the lost neurons in several species. Understanding the specific characteristic of Müller glia to generate lost neurons will inspire an attractive and alternative therapeutic strategy for treating visual impairment with regenerative research. This review briefly provides the different signal transduction mechanisms which are underlying Müller cell-mediated neuroprotection and neuron regeneration and discusses recent advances about regeneration from Müller glia-derived progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Eye Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Chenguang Wang
- Eye Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Guanfang Su
- Eye Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
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Zhao Z, Liang Y, Liu Y, Xu P, Flamme-Wiese MJ, Sun D, Sun J, Mullins RF, Chen Y, Cai J. Choroidal γδ T cells in protection against retinal pigment epithelium and retinal injury. FASEB J 2017; 31:4903-4916. [PMID: 28729290 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700533r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
γδ T cells located near the epithelial barrier are integral components of local inflammatory and innate immune responses. We have previously reported the presence of choroidal γδ T cells in a model of chronic degeneration of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). The goals of the current study were to further define the functions of choroidal γδ T cells and to explore the underlying mechanisms of their action. Our data demonstrate that choroidal γδ T cells are activated by RPE injury in response to NaIO3 treatment, and that they express genes that encode immunosuppressive cytokines, such as IL-4 and IL-10. γδ-T-cell-deficient mice developed profound RPE and retinal damage at doses that caused minimal effects in wild-type mice, and adoptive transfer of γδ T cells prevented sensitization. Intravitreal injection of IL-4 and IL-10 ameliorated RPE toxicity that was induced by NaIO3Ex vivo coculture of γδ T cells with RPE explants activated the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines via an aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-dependent mechanism. AhR deficiency abolished the protective effects of γδ T cells after adoptive transfer. Collectively, these findings define important roles for choroid γδ T cells in maintaining tissue homeostasis in the outer retina.-Zhao, Z., Liang, Y., Liu, Y., Xu, P., Flamme-Wiese, M. J., Sun, D., Sun, J., Mullins, R. F., Chen, Y., Cai, J. Choroidal γδ T cells in protection against retinal pigment epithelium and retinal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyang Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Yuejin Liang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Yin Liu
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Pei Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Miles J Flamme-Wiese
- Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Deming Sun
- Doheny Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jiaren Sun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Robert F Mullins
- Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Jiyang Cai
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA;
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Zhao J, Kim HJ, Sparrow JR. Multimodal Fundus Imaging of Sodium Iodate-Treated Mice Informs RPE Susceptibility and Origins of Increased Fundus Autofluorescence. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 58:2152-2159. [PMID: 28395299 PMCID: PMC5389744 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-21557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose By multimodal imaging, and the use of mouse and in vitro models, we have addressed changes in fundus autofluorescence (488 and 790 nm) and observed interactions between the photooxidative stress imposed by RPE bisretinoid lipofuscin and the oxidative impact of systemic sodium iodate (NaIO3). Methods Abca4−/−, wild-type, and Rpe65rd12 mice were given systemic injections of NaIO3 (30 mg/kg). Analysis included noninvasive imaging of fundus autofluorescence (short-wavelength [SW-AF]; near-infrared excitation [NIR-AF]), quantitative fundus AF (qAF; 488 nm); light microscopy, RPE flat-mounts and measurements of outer nuclear layer (ONL) thickness. NaIO3 also was studied by using in vitro assays. Results In SW-AF and NIR-AF images, fundus mottling was visible 3 and 7 days after NaIO3 injection with changes being more pronounced in Abca4−/− mice that are characterized by an abundance of RPE bisretinoid lipofuscin. In Abca4−/− mice, qAF was elevated 3 and 7 days after NaIO3 administration. In light micrographs and RPE flat-mounts stained to reveal tight junctions (ZO-1) and nuclei, the RPE monolayer was disorganized, and clumping and loss of RPE was visible. ONL thinning was most pronounced in Abca4−/− mice. Treatment of ARPE-19 cells with NaIO3 together with the photooxidation of the bisretinoid A2E by exposure to 430-nm light produced an additive effect whereby loss of cell viability was greater than with either perturbation alone. Conclusions Elevations in SW-AF intensity can occur due to photoreceptor cell dysfunction as induced secondarily by NaIO3. Photooxidative stress associated with RPE cell bisretinoid lipofuscin may confer increased susceptibility to the oxidant NaIO3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States
| | - Hye Jin Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States
| | - Janet R Sparrow
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States 2Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States
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Cuenca N, Fernández-Sánchez L, Campello L, Maneu V, De la Villa P, Lax P, Pinilla I. Cellular responses following retinal injuries and therapeutic approaches for neurodegenerative diseases. Prog Retin Eye Res 2014; 43:17-75. [PMID: 25038518 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Retinal neurodegenerative diseases like age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy and retinitis pigmentosa each have a different etiology and pathogenesis. However, at the cellular and molecular level, the response to retinal injury is similar in all of them, and results in morphological and functional impairment of retinal cells. This retinal degeneration may be triggered by gene defects, increased intraocular pressure, high levels of blood glucose, other types of stress or aging, but they all frequently induce a set of cell signals that lead to well-established and similar morphological and functional changes, including controlled cell death and retinal remodeling. Interestingly, an inflammatory response, oxidative stress and activation of apoptotic pathways are common features in all these diseases. Furthermore, it is important to note the relevant role of glial cells, including astrocytes, Müller cells and microglia, because their response to injury is decisive for maintaining the health of the retina or its degeneration. Several therapeutic approaches have been developed to preserve retinal function or restore eyesight in pathological conditions. In this context, neuroprotective compounds, gene therapy, cell transplantation or artificial devices should be applied at the appropriate stage of retinal degeneration to obtain successful results. This review provides an overview of the common and distinctive features of retinal neurodegenerative diseases, including the molecular, anatomical and functional changes caused by the cellular response to damage, in order to establish appropriate treatments for these pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Cuenca
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain; Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies "Ramon Margalef", University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain.
| | - Laura Fernández-Sánchez
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Laura Campello
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Victoria Maneu
- Department of Optics, Pharmacology and Anatomy, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Pedro De la Villa
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Pedro Lax
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Isabel Pinilla
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lozano Blesa University Hospital, Aragon Institute of Health Sciences, Zaragoza, Spain
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Zhong Y, Li J, Wang JJ, Chen C, Tran JTA, Saadi A, Yu Q, Le YZ, Mandal MNA, Anderson RE, Zhang SX. X-box binding protein 1 is essential for the anti-oxidant defense and cell survival in the retinal pigment epithelium. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38616. [PMID: 22715395 PMCID: PMC3371004 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Damage to the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is an early event in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) is a key transcription factor that regulates endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis and cell survival. This study aimed to delineate the role of endogenous XBP1 in the RPE. Our results show that in a rat model of light-induced retinal degeneration, XBP1 activation was suppressed in the RPE/choroid complex, accompanied by decreased anti-oxidant genes and increased oxidative stress. Knockdown of XBP1 by siRNA resulted in reduced expression of SOD1, SOD2, catalase, and glutathione synthase and sensitized RPE cells to oxidative damage. Using Cre/LoxP system, we generated a mouse line that lacks XBP1 only in RPE cells. Compared to wildtype littermates, RPE-XBP1 KO mice expressed less SOD1, SOD2, and catalase in the RPE, and had increased oxidative stress. At age 3 months and older, these mice exhibited apoptosis of RPE cells, decreased number of cone photoreceptors, shortened photoreceptor outer segment, reduced ONL thickness, and deficit in retinal function. Electron microscopy showed abnormal ultrastructure, Bruch's membrane thickening, and disrupted basal membrane infolding in XBP1-deficient RPE. These results indicate that XBP1 is an important gene involved in regulation of the anti-oxidant defense in the RPE, and that impaired activation of XBP1 may contribute to RPE dysfunction and cell death during retinal degeneration and AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Zhong
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Harold Hamm Diabetes Center at University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingming Li
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Harold Hamm Diabetes Center at University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Joshua J. Wang
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Harold Hamm Diabetes Center at University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Harold Hamm Diabetes Center at University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Julie-Thu A. Tran
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Dean A. McGee Eye Institute, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Anisse Saadi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Dean A. McGee Eye Institute, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Qiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yun-zheng Le
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Harold Hamm Diabetes Center at University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Md Nawajes A. Mandal
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Dean A. McGee Eye Institute, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Robert E. Anderson
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Dean A. McGee Eye Institute, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Sarah X. Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Harold Hamm Diabetes Center at University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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