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Li J, Bai Y, Ma K, Ren Z, Li J, Zhang J, Shan A. Dihydroartemisinin alleviates deoxynivalenol induced liver apoptosis and inflammation in piglets. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 241:113811. [PMID: 35772362 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the mycotoxins that contaminate cereals and feed, thereby endangering human and animal health. Dihydroartemisinin (DHA), a derivative of artemisinin, has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant functions in addition to anti-malaria and anti-cancer. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of DHA on alleviating liver apoptosis and inflammation induced by DON in piglets. The experimental design followed a 2 (normal diet and DON-contaminated diet) × 2 (with and without supplementation of DHA) factorial arrangement. 36 weaned piglets were subjected to a 21-day experiment. Results showed that DON increased ALT activity, the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-2, and reduced the levels of total protein (TP) and albumin (ALB) in the serum. However, DHA decreased the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-2, and increased the levels of TP and ALB. Also, DON decreased glutathione (GSH) content and catalase (CAT) activity, and increased methane dicarboxylic aldehyde (MDA) content. But GSH content was increased by DHA. In addition, DHA decreased DON-induced increase in apoptosis rate of hepatocytes. Furthermore, DON activated death receptor pathway to promote apoptosis by up-regulating the protein expression of FasL and caspase-3, and the mRNA expression of FasL, TNFR1, caspase-8, Bid, Bax, CYC and caspase-3. However, DHA reduced caspase-3 protein expression, as well as the mRNA expression of FADD, Bid, Bax, CYC and caspase-3. Besides, DON also activated TNF/NF-κB pathway to induce an inflammatory response by up-regulating TNF-α protein expression, and the mRNA expression of TNFR1, RIP1, IKKβ, IκBα, IL-1β and IL-8. Nevertheless, DHA reduced the mRNA expression of RIP1, IκBα, NF-κB, IL-1β and IL-6, and the protein expression of TNF-α and NF-κB. In conclusion, DHA improved DON-induced negative effects on serum biochemical parameters and inflammatory cytokine levels, hepatic antioxidant capacity, hepatic apoptosis and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibo Li
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Yongsong Bai
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Kaidi Ma
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Zhongshuai Ren
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Changchun 130062, PR China
| | - Jianping Li
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Changchun 130062, PR China.
| | - Anshan Shan
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China.
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Deoxynivalenol: An Overview on Occurrence, Chemistry, Biosynthesis, Health Effects and Its Detection, Management, and Control Strategies in Food and Feed. MICROBIOLOGY RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/microbiolres13020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are fungi-produced secondary metabolites that can contaminate many foods eaten by humans and animals. Deoxynivalenol (DON), which is formed by Fusarium, is one of the most common occurring predominantly in cereal grains and thus poses a significant health risk. When DON is ingested, it can cause both acute and chronic toxicity. Acute signs include abdominal pain, anorexia, diarrhea, increased salivation, vomiting, and malaise. The most common effects of chronic DON exposure include changes in dietary efficacy, weight loss, and anorexia. This review provides a succinct overview of various sources, biosynthetic mechanisms, and genes governing DON production, along with its consequences on human and animal health. It also covers the effect of environmental factors on its production with potential detection, management, and control strategies.
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Hasuda AL, Person E, Khoshal AK, Bruel S, Puel S, Oswald IP, Bracarense APFL, Pinton P. Deoxynivalenol induces apoptosis and inflammation in the liver: Analysis using precision-cut liver slices. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 163:112930. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.112930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Novak B, Lopes Hasuda A, Ghanbari M, Mayumi Maruo V, Bracarense APFRL, Neves M, Emsenhuber C, Wein S, Oswald IP, Pinton P, Schatzmayr D. Effects of Fusarium metabolites beauvericin and enniatins alone or in mixture with deoxynivalenol on weaning piglets. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 158:112719. [PMID: 34843867 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The impact of the Fusarium-derived metabolites beauvericin, enniatin B and B1 (EB) alone or in combination with deoxynivalenol (DON) was investigated in 28-29 days old weaning piglets over a time period of 14 days. The co-application of EB and DON (EB + DON) led to a significant decrease in the weight gain of the animals. Liver enzyme activities in plasma were significantly decreased at day 14 in piglets receiving the EB + DON-containing diet compared to piglets receiving the control diet. All mycotoxin-contaminated diets led to moderate to severe histological lesions in the jejunum, the liver and lymph nodes. Shotgun metagenomics revealed a significant effect of EB-application on the gut microbiota. Our results provide novel insights into the harmful impact of emerging mycotoxins alone or with DON on the performance, gut health and immunological parameters in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Novak
- BIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430, Tulln, Austria.
| | - Amanda Lopes Hasuda
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, State University of Londrina, P.O. Box 10.011, Londrina, PR, 86057-970, Brazil; Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027, Toulouse, France.
| | - Mahdi Ghanbari
- BIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430, Tulln, Austria.
| | - Viviane Mayumi Maruo
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027, Toulouse, France; Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Araguaína, 77824-838, Brazil.
| | - Ana Paula F R L Bracarense
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, State University of Londrina, P.O. Box 10.011, Londrina, PR, 86057-970, Brazil.
| | - Manon Neves
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027, Toulouse, France.
| | | | - Silvia Wein
- BIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430, Tulln, Austria.
| | - Isabelle P Oswald
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027, Toulouse, France.
| | - Philippe Pinton
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027, Toulouse, France.
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The Influence of Fusarium Mycotoxins on the Liver of Gilts and Their Suckling Piglets. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11092534. [PMID: 34573499 PMCID: PMC8469335 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites of fungi that frequently contaminate animal feed and human food in different combinations; therefore, it is of great importance to determine the effects of mycotoxin co-contamination. Pigs are one of the most sensitive animal species to Fusarium mycotoxins, and the liver is an important site of mycotoxin metabolism. The objective of the present research was to determine histopathological changes, apoptosis, and proliferation in the liver of gilts fed with Fusarium mycotoxin-contaminated feed for a prolonged time at the end of their pregnancy and until weaning of their piglets. Additionally, the same parameters were evaluated in the liver of their piglets to determine whether Fusarium mycotoxins would affect the offspring. The results revealed increased hepatocellular necrosis and apoptosis as well as sinusoidal leukocytosis with inflammatory infiltrates of hepatic lobules in experimental gilts, but no significant changes were observed in the piglet livers, implying that the utilized concentrations and duration of exposure did not cause detrimental effects on them. Interestingly, the amount of interlobular connective tissue in the liver of experimental gilts was significantly decreased. The obtained results emphasized the need to evaluate Fusarium mycotoxin concentrations in feed because even at low concentrations, they can cause adverse effects, but there is less concern for severe detrimental effects on the offspring. Abstract Mycotoxins are common fungal secondary metabolites in both animal feed and human food, representing widespread toxic contaminants that cause various adverse effects. Co-contamination with different mycotoxins is frequent; therefore, this study focused on feed contaminated with Fusarium mycotoxins, namely, deoxynivalenol (5.08 mg/kg), zearalenone (0.09 mg/kg), and fusaric acid (21.6 mg/kg). Their effects on the liver of gilts and their piglets were chosen as the research subject as pigs are one of the most sensitive animal species that are also physiologically very similar to humans. The gilts were fed the experimental diet for 54 ± 1 day, starting late in their pregnancy and continuing until roughly a week after weaning of their piglets. Livers of gilts and their piglets were assessed for different histopathological changes, apoptosis, and proliferation activity of hepatocytes. On histopathology, gilts fed the experimental diet had a statistically significant increase in hepatocellular necrosis and apoptosis (p = 0.0318) as well as sinusoidal leukocytosis with inflammatory infiltrates of hepatic lobules (p = 0.0004). The amount of interlobular connective tissue in the liver of experimental gilts was also significantly decreased (p = 0.0232), implying a disruption in the formation of fibrous connective tissue. Apoptosis of hepatocytes and of cells in hepatic sinusoids, further assessed by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labelling (TUNEL) assay, showed a statistically significant increase (p = 0.0224 and p = 0.0007, respectively). No differences were observed in piglet livers. These results indicated that Fusarium mycotoxins elicited increased apoptosis, necrosis, and inflammation in the liver of gilts, but caused no effects on the liver of piglets at these concentrations.
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Aflatoxin Biosynthesis, Genetic Regulation, Toxicity, and Control Strategies: A Review. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7080606. [PMID: 34436145 PMCID: PMC8397101 DOI: 10.3390/jof7080606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins (AFs) are highly toxic and cancer-causing compounds, predominantly synthesized by the Aspergillus species. AFs biosynthesis is a lengthy process that requires as minimum as 30 genes grouped inside 75 kilobytes (kB) of gene clusters, which are regulated by specific transcription factors, including aflR, aflS, and some general transcription factors. This paper summarizes the status of research on characterizing structural and regulatory genes associated with AF production and their roles in aflatoxigenic fungi, particularly Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus, and enhances the current understanding of AFs that adversely affect humans and animals with a great emphasis on toxicity and preventive methods.
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Ujčič-Vrhovnik I, Švara T, Malovrh T, Jakovac-Strajn B. The effects of feed naturally contaminated with Fusarium mycotoxins on the thymus in suckling piglets. Acta Vet Hung 2020; 68:186-192. [PMID: 32877356 DOI: 10.1556/004.2020.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, feed naturally containing Fusarium mycotoxins was fed to gilts during the perinatal period, and the effects on the thymus were investigated in one-week-old piglets. Twenty gilts were divided into equal control (0.26 mg deoxynivalenol, DON) and experimental (5.08 mg DON, 0.09 mg zearalenone and 21.61 mg fusaric acid per kg of feed) groups. One suckling piglet from each litter (n = 20) was sacrificed at one week of age to obtain thymus samples for further analysis. The cortex to medulla ratio of the thymus was morphometrically analysed using NIS Elements BR (Nikon) software. Paraffin-embedded thymus sections were stained to quantify apoptosis (with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labelling - TUNEL method), cellular proliferation (Ki-67) and macrophages (MAC 387). The results showed that the thymus cortex (P = 0.023) to medulla (P = 0.023) ratio was significantly lower in the experimental group. The number of apoptotic cells (cortex, P = 0.010, medulla, P = 0.001) and the number of proliferating cells in the thymus cortex (P = 0.001) and medulla (P < 0.001) were significantly higher in the experimental group. Our results indicate that feeding Fusarium mycotoxins to a parent animal during the perinatal period induces significant alterations in the thymus of one-week-old piglets, which indicates an immunosuppressive effect in piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Ujčič-Vrhovnik
- 1Institute of Food Safety, Feed and Environment, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1115, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tanja Švara
- 2Institute of Pathology, Wild Animals, Fish and Bees, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tadej Malovrh
- 3Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Breda Jakovac-Strajn
- 1Institute of Food Safety, Feed and Environment, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1115, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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8
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Effects of Deoxynivalenol and Zearalenone on the Histology and Ultrastructure of Pig Liver. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12070463. [PMID: 32698427 PMCID: PMC7404993 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12070463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of single and combined administrations of deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) on the histology and ultrastructure of pig liver. The study was performed on immature gilts, which were divided into four equal groups. Animals in the experimental groups received DON at a dose of 12 μg/kg body weight (BW) per day, ZEN at 40 μg/kg BW per day, or a mixture of DON (12 μg/kg BW per day) and ZEN (40 μg/kg BW). The control group received vehicle. The animals were killed after 1, 3, and 6 weeks of experiment. Treatment with mycotoxins resulted in several changes in liver histology and ultrastructure, including: (1) an increase in the thickness of the perilobular connective tissue and its penetration to the lobules in gilts receiving DON and DON + ZEN; (2) an increase in the total microscopic liver score (histology activity index (HAI)) in pigs receiving DON and DON + ZEN; (3) dilatation of hepatic sinusoids in pigs receiving ZEN, DON and DON + ZEN; (4) temporary changes in glycogen content in all experimental groups; (5) an increase in iron accumulation in the hepatocytes of gilts treated with ZEN and DON + ZEN; (6) changes in endoplasmic reticulum organization in the hepatocytes of pigs receiving toxins; (7) changes in morphology of Browicz-Kupffer cells after treatment with ZEN, DON, and DON + ZEN. The results show that low doses of mycotoxins used in the present study, even when applied for a short period, affected liver morphology.
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9
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Effect of deoxynivalenol on the porcine acquired immune response and potential remediation by a novel modified HSCAS adsorbent. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 138:111187. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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10
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Bracarense APFL, Pierron A, Pinton P, Gerez JR, Schatzmayr G, Moll WD, Zhou T, Oswald IP. Reduced toxicity of 3-epi-deoxynivalenol and de-epoxy-deoxynivalenol through deoxynivalenol bacterial biotransformation: In vivo analysis in piglets. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 140:111241. [PMID: 32194137 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ingestion of deoxynivalenol (DON), one of the most common mycotoxin contaminants of cereals, leads to adverse effects for animal and human health. Bacterial biotransformation is a strategy to mitigate the toxicity of this mycotoxin. The present study aims to evaluate the toxicity of two bacterial biotranformation products of DON: 3-epi-deoxynivalenol (3-epi-DON) and de-epoxy-deoxynivalenol (DOM-1) through zootechnical, hematological, histological and immunological assays. Twenty-four 4-weeks-old piglets received a control diet or a diet contaminated with 3 mg kg-1 DON, DOM-1, or 3-epi-DON for 7 days. Sample tissues were collected for histomorphometrical analysis, expression of cytokines and cell protein junctions. The zootechnical and hematological parameters were not modulated by any treatment. Ingestion of DON induced histological alterations in the intestine, liver and lymphoid organs, as well as an overexpression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, E-cadherin and occludin. These changes were not observed in piglets receiving the DOM-1 and 3-epi-DON contaminated diets. Pigs fed 3-epi-DON contaminated diet showed an increase in IgM levels in comparison with other diets, while no change was observed in IgA and IgG levels among the diets. Our results indicate that DOM-1 and 3-epi-DON are not toxic for piglets; thus bacterial biotransformation seems to be a sustainable alternative to reduce mycotoxin toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula F L Bracarense
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Km 380, 86057-970, Londrina, PR, Brazil.
| | - Alix Pierron
- Toxalim, Research Center in Food Toxicology, Université de Toulouse, INRAe, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Philippe Pinton
- Toxalim, Research Center in Food Toxicology, Université de Toulouse, INRAe, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Juliana R Gerez
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Km 380, 86057-970, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ting Zhou
- Guelph Food Research Center Agriculture &Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 5C, Canada
| | - Isabelle P Oswald
- Toxalim, Research Center in Food Toxicology, Université de Toulouse, INRAe, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
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Zhou H, Guog T, Dai H, Yu Y, Zhang Y, Ma L. Deoxynivalenol: toxicological profiles and perspective views for future research. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2020. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2019.2462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a secondary metabolite mainly produced by the fungi Fusarium in agricultural crops, widely existing in feeds and cereal-based foodstuffs. Because of the high occurrence and potentials to induce a variety of toxic effects on animals and humans, DON has been a very harmful exogenous dietary toxicant threating public health. The focus of this review is to summarise the DON-induced broad spectrum of adverse health effects, to probe the current state of knowledge of combined toxicity of DON with other mycotoxins and its derivatives, and to put forward prospective ideas that multi-generational toxicity of DON and its overall impacts on intestinal-immuno-neuroendocrine system could receive more attention in future investigations. The general aim is to provide a scientific basis for the necessity to re-consider risk-assessment and regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Zhou
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Tiansheng Road #2, Chongqing 400715, China P.R
| | - T. Guog
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Tiansheng Road #2, Chongqing 400715, China P.R
| | - H. Dai
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Tiansheng Road #2, Chongqing 400715, China P.R
| | - Y. Yu
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Tiansheng Road #2, Chongqing 400715, China P.R
| | - Y. Zhang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Tiansheng Road #2, Chongqing 400715, China P.R
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 26463, China P.R
| | - L. Ma
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Tiansheng Road #2, Chongqing 400715, China P.R
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 26463, China P.R
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12
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Wang S, Yang J, Zhang B, Zhang L, Wu K, Yang A, Li C, Wang Y, Zhang J, Qi D. Potential Link between Gut Microbiota and Deoxynivalenol-Induced Feed Refusal in Weaned Piglets. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:4976-4986. [PMID: 30977367 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b01037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the potential link between gut microbiota and deoxynivalenol (DON)-induced feed refusal. A total of 24 barrows were randomly divided into one of three diets containing 0.61 (control diet), 1.28, or 2.89 mg DON/kg feed for 28 days. Dietary exposure to DON at 2.89 mg/kg significantly decreased the relative abundances of unclassified_f_Lachnospiraceae, Phascolarctobacterium and Ruminococcaceae_UCG-014, whereas it increased Prevotella_9 and norank_f_Prevotellaceae in the cecal digesta. Moreover, the decreased relative abundance of unclassified_f_Lachnospiraceae induced by DON exposure was positively correlated with average daily feed intake. Exposure to DON increased the serum concentrations of glucagon-like peptide-1 and peptide YY but reduced the levels of serum growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1. In summary, these findings suggest that chronic dietary exposure to DON induces disturbances of intestinal microbiota. Disturbed appetite-regulating hormones and somatotropic-axis-hormone secretion induced by negative microbial changes could be the potential mechanisms for DON-induced anorexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , Hubei 430070 , China
| | - Jiacheng Yang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , Hubei 430070 , China
| | - Beiyu Zhang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , Hubei 430070 , China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , Hubei 430070 , China
| | - Kuntan Wu
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , Hubei 430070 , China
| | - Ao Yang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , Hubei 430070 , China
| | - Chong Li
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , Hubei 430070 , China
| | - Yanan Wang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , Hubei 430070 , China
| | - Jiacai Zhang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , Hubei 430070 , China
| | - Desheng Qi
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , Hubei 430070 , China
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13
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Pierron A, Bracarense APFL, Cossalter AM, Laffitte J, Schwartz-Zimmermann HE, Schatzmayr G, Pinton P, Moll WD, Oswald IP. Deepoxy-deoxynivalenol retains some immune-modulatory properties of the parent molecule deoxynivalenol in piglets. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:3381-3389. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2293-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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14
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Wu Q, Wang X, Nepovimova E, Miron A, Liu Q, Wang Y, Su D, Yang H, Li L, Kuca K. Trichothecenes: immunomodulatory effects, mechanisms, and anti-cancer potential. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:3737-3785. [PMID: 29152681 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2118-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Paradoxically, trichothecenes have both immunosuppressive and immunostimulatory effects. The underlying mechanisms have not been fully explored. Early studies show that dose, exposure timing, and the time at which immune function is assessed influence whether trichothecenes act in an immunosuppressive or immunostimulatory fashion. Recent studies suggest that the immunomodulatory function of trichothecenes is also actively shaped by competing cell-survival and death-signaling pathways. Autophagy may also promote trichothecene immunosuppression, although the mechanism may be complicated. Moreover, trichothecenes may generate an "immune evasion" milieu that allows pathogens to escape host and vaccine immune defenses. Some trichothecenes, especially macrocyclic trichothecenes, also potently kill cancer cells. T-2 toxin conjugated with anti-cancer monoclonal antibodies significantly suppresses the growth of thymoma EL-4 cells and colon cancer cells. The type B trichothecene diacetoxyscirpenol specifically inhibits the tumor-promoting factor HIF-1 in cancer cells under hypoxic conditions. Trichothecin markedly inhibits the growth of multiple cancer cells with constitutively activated NF-κB. The type D macrocyclic toxin Verrucarin A is also a promising therapeutic candidate for leukemia, breast cancer, prostate cancer, and pancreatic cancer. The anti-cancer activities of trichothecenes have not been comprehensively summarized. Here, we first summarize the data on the immunomodulatory effects of trichothecenes and discuss recent studies that shed light on the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms. These mechanisms include autophagy and major signaling pathways and their crosstalk. Second, the anti-cancer potential of trichothecenes and the underlying mechanisms will be discussed. We hope that this review will show how trichothecene bioactivities can be exploited to generate therapies against pathogens and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Wu
- College of Life Science, Institute of Biomedicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China. .,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Xu Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Anca Miron
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Grigore T. Popa, Iasi, Romania
| | - Qianying Liu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yun Wang
- College of Life Science, Institute of Biomedicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Dongxiao Su
- College of Life Science, Institute of Biomedicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Hualin Yang
- College of Life Science, Institute of Biomedicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Li Li
- College of Life Science, Institute of Biomedicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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15
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Chen SS, Li YH, Lin MF. Chronic Exposure to the Fusarium Mycotoxin Deoxynivalenol: Impact on Performance, Immune Organ, and Intestinal Integrity of Slow-Growing Chickens. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:E334. [PMID: 29053594 PMCID: PMC5666380 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9100334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the long-term effects of deoxynivalenol (DON) consumption on avian growth performance, on the proliferation, apoptosis, and DNA damage of spleen cells, and on intestinal integrity. Two hundred and eight 5-day-old black-feathered Taiwan country chickens were fed diets containing 0, 2, 5, and 10 mg/kg of DON for 16 weeks. Body weight gain of male birds in the 2 mg/kg group was significantly lower than that in the 5 mg/kg group. At the end of trial, feeding DON-contaminated diets of 5 mg/kg resulted in heavier spleens. Moreover, the increase in DON induced cellular proliferation, apoptosis, and DNA damage signals in the spleen, the exception being female birds fed 10 mg/kg of DON showing reduced proliferation. Expression of claudin-5 was increased in jejunum of female birds fed 2 and 5 mg/kg of DON, whereas decreased expression levels were found in male birds. In conclusion, our results verified that DON may cause a disturbance to the immune system and alter the intestinal barrier in Taiwan country chickens, and may also lead to discrepancies in growth performances in a dose- and sex-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie S Chen
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10673, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Hung Li
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10673, Taiwan.
| | - Mei-Fong Lin
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10673, Taiwan.
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16
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Bracarense A, Basso K, Da Silva E, Payros D, Oswald I. Deoxynivalenol in the liver and lymphoid organs of rats: effects of dose and duration on immunohistological changes. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2017. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2016.2094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the most prevalent type B trichothecenes present in food inducing adverse effects, including intestinal changes and immunosuppression. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of DON on rats exposed for 7, 14 and 28 days to mycotoxin-contaminated diets, using histological and immunohistochemical analyses on liver and lymphoid organs. Fifty rats received a control diet, or a diet contaminated with 1.75 mg/kg of DON for 30 days, or a diet contaminated with 11.4 mg/kg of DON for 7, 14 or 30 days. Ingestion of contaminated feed induced a significant increase in the lesional score in the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes. The main histological findings observed in the liver were cytoplasmic vacuolisation and hepatocelular megalocytosis. A significant increase in hepatocyte proliferation was observed in rats that received 1.75 mg/kg of DON. Lymphoid depletion was the main histological alteration observed in lymphoid organs, resulting in a significant increase in the lesional score in all groups that received the contaminated diets. The histological changes and lymphocyte apoptosis were more severe in lymph nodes of rats fed 11.4 mg/kg of DON during 30 days. The results of the morphological and immunohistochemical analyses suggest that the ingestion of DON can induce functional hepatic impairment and immunosuppression in a dose- and time-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.P.F.L. Bracarense
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, km 380, 86057-990 Londrina, Brazil
| | - K.M. Basso
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, km 380, 86057-990 Londrina, Brazil
| | - E.O. Da Silva
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, km 380, 86057-990 Londrina, Brazil
| | - D. Payros
- INRA, UMR 1331 Toxalim, Research Center in Food Toxicology, 31027 Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, INP, UMR 1331 Toxalim, 31076 Toulouse, France
| | - I.P. Oswald
- INRA, UMR 1331 Toxalim, Research Center in Food Toxicology, 31027 Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, INP, UMR 1331 Toxalim, 31076 Toulouse, France
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17
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Peng Z, Chen L, Nüssler AK, Liu L, Yang W. Current sights for mechanisms of deoxynivalenol-induced hepatotoxicity and prospective views for future scientific research: A mini review. J Appl Toxicol 2016; 37:518-529. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Peng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Hangkong Road 13 430030 Wuhan China
| | - Liangkai Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Hangkong Road 13 430030 Wuhan China
| | - Andreas K. Nüssler
- Department of Traumatology, BG Trauma center; University of Tübingen; Schnarrenbergstr. 95 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Liegang Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Hangkong Road 13 430030 Wuhan China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Hangkong Road 13 430030 Wuhan China
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Hangkong Road 13 430030 Wuhan China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Hangkong Road 13 430030 Wuhan China
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Yoshioka M, Takenouchi T, Kitani H, Okada H, Yamanaka N. Establishment of SV40 large T antigen-immortalized bovine liver sinusoidal cell lines and their immunological responses to deoxynivalenol and lipopolysaccharide. Cell Biol Int 2016; 40:1372-1379. [PMID: 27624824 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Immortalized bovine sinusoidal cell lines provide useful tools to study the immunological responses in the liver to the gastrointestinal tract-derived toxic substances, which may cause systemic symptoms in the affected livestock. Here, we established two immortalized bovine liver sinusoidal cell lines, endothelial-like B46, and myofibroblast-like A26, from primary cultures of bovine liver cells by the transfection with SV40 large T antigen. The pro-inflammatory cytokine responses in these cell lines to deoxynivalenol (DON) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were then compared to those in the primary bovine Kupffer cells (BKC). BKC were highly responsive to LPS, showing increased levels of IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α mRNA 3 h after stimulation. DON induced similar pro-inflammatory cytokine responses in BKC, except for IL-6. The endothelial B46 cells exhibited upregulation of IL-1α, IL-1β, and IL-6 3 h after stimulation by LPS. In contrast to the stimulation by LPS, B46 had relatively low pro-inflammatory cytokine responses to DON, except for IL-1α, which was moderately induced at 3 h and increased at 24 h after stimulation. The myofibroblast-like A26 cells exhibited low responses in the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines to LPS or DON; however, the expression of IL-6 was significantly observed 3 h after DON stimulation. Our results suggest that bovine liver sinusoidal cells have distinctive pro-inflammatory cytokine responses against harmful substances, and these immune responses might determine the consequence of systemic inflammations in the diseased animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyako Yoshioka
- National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Kitani
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Okada
- National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Noriko Yamanaka
- National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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19
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Han J, Wang QC, Zhu CC, Liu J, Zhang Y, Cui XS, Kim NH, Sun SC. Deoxynivalenol exposure induces autophagy/apoptosis and epigenetic modification changes during porcine oocyte maturation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 300:70-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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20
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Tsubone H, Hanafusa M. An overview of toxicity of trichothecene mycotoxins, T-2 toxin and deoxynivalenol: Involvements of their oxidative stress and apoptosis effects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.2520/myco.66.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Tsubone
- Research Center for Food Safety, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Masakazu Hanafusa
- Research Center for Food Safety, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
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21
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The Food Contaminant Mycotoxin Deoxynivalenol Inhibits the Swallowing Reflex in Anaesthetized Rats. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133355. [PMID: 26192767 PMCID: PMC4507856 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON), one of the most abundant mycotoxins found on cereals, is known to be implicated in acute and chronic illnesses in both humans and animals. Among the symptoms, anorexia, reduction of weight gain and decreased nutrition efficiency were described, but the mechanisms underlying these effects on feeding behavior are not yet totally understood. Swallowing is a major motor component of ingestive behavior which allows the propulsion of the alimentary bolus from the mouth to the esophagus. To better understand DON effects on ingestive behaviour, we have studied its effects on rhythmic swallowing in the rat, after intravenous and central administration. Repetitive electrical stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerve or of the tractus solitarius, induces rhythmic swallowing that can be recorded using electromyographic electrodes inserted in sublingual muscles. Here we provide the first demonstration that, after intravenous and central administration, DON strongly inhibits the swallowing reflex with a short latency and in a dose dependent manner. Moreover, using c-Fos staining, a strong neuronal activation was observed in the solitary tract nucleus which contains the central pattern generator of swallowing and in the area postrema after DON intravenous injection. Our data show that DON modifies swallowing and interferes with central neuronal networks dedicated to food intake regulation.
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22
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Deoxynivalenol Impairs Weight Gain and Affects Markers of Gut Health after Low-Dose, Short-Term Exposure of Growing Pigs. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:2071-95. [PMID: 26067367 PMCID: PMC4488690 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7062071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the major mycotoxins produced by Fusarium fungi, and exposure to this mycotoxin requires an assessment of the potential adverse effects, even at low toxin levels. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a short-term, low-dose DON exposure on various gut health parameters in pigs. Piglets received a commercial feed or the same feed contaminated with DON (0.9 mg/kg feed) for 10 days, and two hours after a DON bolus (0.28 mg/kg BW), weight gain was determined and samples of different segments of the intestine were collected. Even the selected low dose of DON in the diet negatively affected weight gain and induced histomorphological alterations in the duodenum and jejunum. The mRNA expression of different tight junction (TJ) proteins, especially occludin, of inflammatory markers, like interleukin-1 beta and interleukin-10 and the oxidative stress marker heme-oxigenase1, were affected along the intestine by low levels of DON in the diet. Taken together, our results indicate that even after low-level exposure to DON, which has been generally considered as acceptable in animal feeds, clinically-relevant changes are measurable in markers of gut health and integrity.
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23
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Gerez JR, Pinton P, Callu P, Grosjean F, Oswald IP, Bracarense APF. Deoxynivalenol alone or in combination with nivalenol and zearalenone induce systemic histological changes in pigs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 67:89-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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24
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de Souza A, Borsato D, Lofrano A, de Oliveira A, Ono M, Bordini J, Hirozawa M, Yabe M, Ono E. In vitro removal of deoxynivalenol by a mixture of organic and inorganic adsorbents. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2015. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2013.1666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a mixture of inorganic (activated carbon) and organic (yeast cell wall) adsorbents on in vitro removal of deoxynivalenol (DON). The study was carried out using a 24 incomplete factorial design with three replications at the central point, totalling 11 experiments. The independent variables were pH (3.0, 5.0 and 7.0), adsorbent concentration (0.2, 1.1 and 2.0%), DON concentration (2,500, 5,000 and 7,500 ng/ml) and ratio of activated carbon and yeast cell wall (0:100, 15:85 and 30:70), evaluated at 30, 60 and 90 min incubation periods. The highest percentage of adsorption occurred with 2.0% activated carbon and yeast cell wall at 30:70 ratio (≯95.6%) for 30, 60 and 90 min. The lowest adsorption was detected using 0.2% of activated carbon and yeast cell wall at 0:100 ratio (from 14.4 to 77.3%). The pH values (3.0, 5.0 and 7.0) showed no influence on the adsorption of DON in vitro only at 2.0% inclusion level. The predictive model of integrated optimisation of the independent variables of in vitro DON adsorption describes that the maximum adsorption (100%) occurs when the variables pH and adsorbent concentration are set at +1 coded level (pH 7.0 and 2.0%, respectively) and the toxin concentration and the ratio of activated carbon and yeast cell wall at -1 coded level (2,500 ng/ml and 30:70, respectively) for 30, 60 and 90 min. Statistical analysis showed that the equation model obtained can be applied to predict the adsorption percentage of DON in vitro and that the mixture of activated carbon and yeast cell wall at a 2.0% concentration was effective from pH 3.0 to 7.0, which is the range found in the gastrointestinal tract of monogastric animals, thus indicating its potential to minimise the contamination risk by DON. Nevertheless, in vivo efficacy of activated carbon and yeast cell wall at 30:70 ratio should be confirmed with animal experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.F. de Souza
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, State University of Londrina, P.O. Box 10.011, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - D. Borsato
- Department of Chemistry, State University of Londrina, P.O. Box 10.011, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - A.D. Lofrano
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, State University of Londrina, P.O. Box 10.011, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - A.S. de Oliveira
- SLO Agropecuary and Biotechnology Ltd., P.O. Box 226, 86180-970, Cambé, Paraná, Brazil
| | - M.A. Ono
- Department of Pathological Sciences, State University of Londrina, P.O. Box 10.011, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - J.G. Bordini
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, State University of Londrina, P.O. Box 10.011, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - M.T. Hirozawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, State University of Londrina, P.O. Box 10.011, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - M.J.S. Yabe
- Department of Chemistry, State University of Londrina, P.O. Box 10.011, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - E.Y.S. Ono
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, State University of Londrina, P.O. Box 10.011, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
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Shimada N, Yoshioka M, Mikami O, Tanimura N, Yamanaka N, Hanazumi M, Kojima F, Miyazaki S. Toxicological evaluation and bioaccumulation potential of lolitrem B, endophyte mycotoxin in Japanese black steers. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 30:1402-6. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.790090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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26
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Trichothecene toxicity in eukaryotes: cellular and molecular mechanisms in plants and animals. Toxicol Lett 2012; 217:149-58. [PMID: 23274714 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Trichothecenes are sesquiterpenoid mycotoxins commonly found as contaminants in cereal grains and are a major health and food safety concern due to their toxicity to humans and farm animals. Trichothecenes are predominantly produced by the phytopathogenic Fusarium fungus, and in plants they act as a virulence factor aiding the spread of the fungus during disease development. Known for their inhibitory effect on eukaryotic protein synthesis, trichothecenes also induce oxidative stress, DNA damage and cell cycle arrest and affect cell membrane integrity and function in eukaryotic cells. In animals, trichothecenes can be either immunostimulatory or immunosuppressive and induce apoptosis via mitochondria-mediated or -independent pathway. In plants, trichothecenes induce programmed cell death via production of reactive oxygen species. Recent advances in molecular techniques have led to the elucidation of signal transduction pathways that manifest trichothecene toxicity in eukaryotes. In animals, trichothecenes induce mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling cascades via ribotoxic stress response and/or endoplasmic reticulum stress response. The upstream signalling events that lead to the activation trichothecene-induced ribotoxic stress response are discussed. In plants, trichothecenes exhibit elicitor-like activity leading to the inductions MAPKs and genes involved in oxidative stress, cell death and plant defence response. Trichothecenes might also modulate hormone-mediated defence signalling and abiotic stress signalling in plants.
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Stanek C, Reinhardt N, Diesing AK, Nossol C, Kahlert S, Panther P, Kluess J, Rothkötter HJ, Kuester D, Brosig B, Kersten S, Dänicke S. A chronic oral exposure of pigs with deoxynivalenol partially prevents the acute effects of lipopolysaccharides on hepatic histopathology and blood clinical chemistry. Toxicol Lett 2012; 215:193-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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28
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Gaigé S, Bonnet MS, Tardivel C, Pinton P, Trouslard J, Jean A, Guzylack L, Troadec JD, Dallaporta M. c-Fos immunoreactivity in the pig brain following deoxynivalenol intoxication: focus on NUCB2/nesfatin-1 expressing neurons. Neurotoxicology 2012; 34:135-49. [PMID: 23164930 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2012.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Revised: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON), produced by the cereal-contaminating Fusarium fungi, is a major trichothecene responsible for mycotoxicoses in farm animals, including swine. The main effect of DON-intoxication is food intake reduction and the consequent body weight loss. The present study aimed to identify brain structures activated during DON intoxication in pigs. To this goal, we used c-Fos staining which constitutes a useful approach to identify activated neurons. We showed that per os administration of Fusarium graminearum extracts (containing the equivalent of 1mg DON per kg of body weight) induced an increase in c-Fos immunoreactivity in several central structures, including the ventrolateral medulla (VLM), dorsal vagal complex (DVC), paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), arcuate nucleus (Arc), supraoptic nucleus (SON) and amygdala (CeA). Moreover, we coupled c-Fos staining with phenotypic markers detection in order to specify the neuronal populations activated during DON intoxication. This phenotypic characterization revealed the activation of catecholaminergic but not of serotoninergic neurons in response to the toxin. In this context, we also paid a particular attention to NUCB2/nesfatin-1 positive cells, since nesfatin-1 is known to exert a satiety effect. We report here, for the first time in the pig brain, the presence of NUCB2/nesfatin-1 neurons in the VLM, DVC, PVN, Arc and SON, and their activation during DON intoxication. Taken together, these data show that DON stimulates the main structures involved in food intake in pigs and suggest that catecholaminergic and NUCB2/nesfatin-1 neurons could contribute in the anorexigenic effects of the mycotoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Gaigé
- EA 4674, Laboratoire de Physiologie et Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux Somato-Moteur et Neurovégétatif, FST St. Jérôme, Aix-Marseille Université, 13013 Marseille, France
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29
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Bonnet MS, Roux J, Mounien L, Dallaporta M, Troadec JD. Advances in deoxynivalenol toxicity mechanisms: the brain as a target. Toxins (Basel) 2012. [PMID: 23202308 PMCID: PMC3509700 DOI: 10.3390/toxins4111120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON), mainly produced by Fusarium fungi, and also commonly called vomitoxin, is a trichothecene mycotoxin. It is one of the most abundant trichothecenes which contaminate cereals consumed by farm animals and humans. The extent of cereal contamination is strongly associated with rainfall and moisture at the time of flowering and with grain storage conditions. DON consumption may result in intoxication, the severity of which is dose-dependent and may lead to different symptoms including anorexia, vomiting, reduced weight gain, neuroendocrine changes, immunological effects, diarrhea, leukocytosis, hemorrhage or circulatory shock. During the last two decades, many studies have described DON toxicity using diverse animal species as a model. While the action of the toxin on peripheral organs and tissues is well documented, data illustrating its effect on the brain are significantly less abundant. Yet, DON is known to affect the central nervous system. Recent studies have provided new evidence and detail regarding the action of the toxin on the brain. The purpose of the present review is to summarize critical studies illustrating this central action of the toxin and to suggest research perspectives in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion S. Bonnet
- Laboratory of Physiology and Pathophysiology of Somatomotor and Autonomic Nervous System, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Escadrille Normandie-Niemen Avenue, Aix-Marseilles University, Marseilles 13397, France; (M.S.B.); (L.M.); (M.D.)
| | - Julien Roux
- Biomeostasis, Contract Research Organization, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Escadrille Normandie-Niemen Avenue, Marseilles 13397, France;
| | - Lourdes Mounien
- Laboratory of Physiology and Pathophysiology of Somatomotor and Autonomic Nervous System, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Escadrille Normandie-Niemen Avenue, Aix-Marseilles University, Marseilles 13397, France; (M.S.B.); (L.M.); (M.D.)
| | - Michel Dallaporta
- Laboratory of Physiology and Pathophysiology of Somatomotor and Autonomic Nervous System, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Escadrille Normandie-Niemen Avenue, Aix-Marseilles University, Marseilles 13397, France; (M.S.B.); (L.M.); (M.D.)
| | - Jean-Denis Troadec
- Laboratory of Physiology and Pathophysiology of Somatomotor and Autonomic Nervous System, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Escadrille Normandie-Niemen Avenue, Aix-Marseilles University, Marseilles 13397, France; (M.S.B.); (L.M.); (M.D.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel: +33-491-288-948; Fax: +33-491-288-885
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Mikami O, Kubo M, Murata H, Muneta Y, Nakajima Y, Miyazaki S, Tanimura N, Katsuda K. The effects of acute exposure to deoxynivalenol on some inflammatory parameters in miniature pigs. J Vet Med Sci 2011; 73:665-71. [PMID: 21224530 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.10-0461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Seven miniature pigs were injected intravenously with deoxynivalenol (DON) at 1 mg/kg body weight; afterward, the number of leukocytes in peripheral blood, the luminol-dependent chemiluminescence of neutrophils, the serum or plasma concentration of cytokines and acute-phase proteins were evaluated to determine the effects of acute exposure to DON on inflammatory responses. White blood cell counts were transiently increased at 3, 6, and 12 hr post-injection (PI) due to the increased number of neutrophils. The luminol-dependent chemiluminescence value of neutrophils was significantly elevated at 24 hr PI, indicating the activation of the bactericidal function of neutrophils. Significant increases of interleukin (IL)-8 and tumor necrosis factor-α at 3 hr PI and IL-6 at 6 hr PI were detected in the serum. The concentration of haptoglobin and serum amyloid A was significantly increased at 24 hr PI. These results suggest that acute exposure to DON induced a temporary recruitment of neutrophils in the peripheral blood by IL-8 and subsequent activation of the bactericidal function, and a transient increase of proinflammatory cytokines and acute-phase proteins, indicating the immunomodulatory effects of DON in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Mikami
- Safety Research Team, National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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MURATA H, YAMAGUCHI D, NAGAI A, SHIMADA N. Reduction of Deoxynivalenol Contaminating Corn Silage by Short-Term Ultraviolet Irradiation: A Pilot Study. J Vet Med Sci 2011; 73:1059-60. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.10-0409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hideo MURATA
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University
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