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Magalhães ES, Zimmerman JJ, Thomas P, Moura CAA, Trevisan G, Schwartz KJ, Burrough E, Holtkamp DJ, Wang C, Rademacher CJ, Silva GS, Linhares DCL. Utilizing productivity and health breeding-to-market information along with disease diagnostic data to identify pig mortality risk factors in a U.S. swine production system. Front Vet Sci 2024; 10:1301392. [PMID: 38274655 PMCID: PMC10808511 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1301392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Aggregated diagnostic data collected over time from swine production systems is an important data source to investigate swine productivity and health, especially when combined with records concerning the pre-weaning and post-weaning phases of production. The combination of multiple data streams collected over the lifetime of the pigs is the essence of the whole-herd epidemiological investigation. This approach is particularly valuable for investigating the multifaceted and ever-changing factors contributing to wean-to-finish (W2F) swine mortality. The objective of this study was to use a retrospective dataset ("master table") containing information on 1,742 groups of pigs marketed over time to identify the major risk factors associated with W2F mortality. The master table was built by combining historical breed-to-market performance and health data with disease diagnostic records (Dx Codes) from marketed groups of growing pigs. After building the master table, univariate analyses were conducted to screen for risk factors to be included in the initial multivariable model. After a stepwise backward model selection approach, 5 variables and 2 interactions remained in the final model. Notably, the diagnosis variable significantly associated with W2F mortality was porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). Closeouts with clinical signs suggestive of Salmonella spp. or Escherichia coli infection were also associated with higher W2F mortality. Source sow farm factors that remained significantly associated with W2F mortality were the sow farm PRRS status, average weaning age, and the average pre-weaning mortality. After testing for the possible interactions in the final model, two interactions were significantly associated with wean-to-finish pig mortality: (1) sow farm PRRS status and a laboratory diagnosis of PRRSV and (2) average weaning age and a laboratory diagnosis of PRRS. Closeouts originating from PRRS epidemic or PRRS negative sow farms, when diagnosed with PRRS in the growing phase, had the highest W2F mortality rates. Likewise, PRRS diagnosis in the growing phase was an important factor in mortality, regardless of the average weaning age of the closeouts. Overall, this study demonstrated the utility of a whole-herd approach when analyzing diagnostic information along with breeding-to-market productivity and health information, to measure the major risk factors associated with W2F mortality in specified time frames and pig populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edison S. Magalhães
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Jeff J. Zimmerman
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Pete Thomas
- Iowa Select Farms, Iowa Falls, IA, United States
| | | | - Giovani Trevisan
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Kent J. Schwartz
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Eric Burrough
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Derald J. Holtkamp
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Chong Wang
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Department of Statistics, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Christopher J. Rademacher
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Gustavo S. Silva
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Daniel C. L. Linhares
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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Chae H, Roh HS, Jo YM, Kim WG, Chae JB, Shin SU, Kang JW. Development of a one-step reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay for the detection of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293042. [PMID: 37844073 PMCID: PMC10578580 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) caused by PRRS virus (PRRSV) is an important disease that severely affects the swine industry and, therefore, warrants rapid and accurate diagnosis for its control. Despite the progress in developing diagnostic tools, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods such as reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) to diagnose PRRSV infection, its diagnosis at the genetic level is challenging because of its high genetic variability. Nevertheless, RT-qPCR is the easiest and fastest method for diagnosing PRRSV. Therefore, this study aimed to develop an RT-qPCR assay for rapid and accurate diagnosis of PRRSV by encompassing all publicly available PRRSV sequences. The developed assay using highly specific primers and probes could detect up to 10 copies of PRRSV-1 and -2 subtypes. Furthermore, a comparison of the performance of the developed assay with those of two commercial kits widely used in South Korea demonstrated the higher efficiency of the developed assay in detecting PRRSV infections in field samples. For PRRSV-1 detection, the developed assay showed a diagnostic agreement of 97.7% with the results of ORF5 sequencing, while for commercial kits, it showed 95.3% and 72.1% agreement. For PRRSV-2, the developed assay showed a diagnostic agreement of 97.7%, whereas the commercial kits showed 93% and 90.7% agreement. In conclusion, we developed an assay with higher accuracy than those of the tested commercial kits, which will contribute markedly to global PRRSV control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansong Chae
- R&D Center of Animal Technology, Animal Industry Data Korea, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun Soo Roh
- R&D Center of Animal Technology, Animal Industry Data Korea, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young Mi Jo
- R&D Center of Animal Technology, Animal Industry Data Korea, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Won Gyeong Kim
- R&D Center of Animal Technology, Animal Industry Data Korea, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeong Byoung Chae
- R&D Center of Animal Technology, Animal Industry Data Korea, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung-Uk Shin
- R&D Center of Animal Technology, Animal Industry Data Korea, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung Won Kang
- R&D Center of Animal Technology, Animal Industry Data Korea, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, South Korea
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Luo Q, Zheng Y, He Y, Li G, Zhang H, Sha H, Zhang Z, Huang L, Zhao M. Genetic variation and recombination analysis of the GP5 ( GP5a) gene of PRRSV-2 strains in China from 1996 to 2022. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1238766. [PMID: 37675419 PMCID: PMC10477998 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1238766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has been prevalent in China for more than 25 years and remains one of the most significant pathogens threatening the pig industry. The high rate of mutation and frequent recombination of PRRSV have exacerbated its prevalence, particularly with the emergence of highly pathogenic PRRSV (HP-PRRSV) has significantly increased the pathogenicity of PRRSV, posing a serious threat to the development of Chinese pig farming. To monitor the genetic variation of PRRSV-2 in China, the GP5 sequences of 517 PRRSV-2 strains from 1996 to 2022 were analyzed and phylogenetic trees were constructed. Furthermore, a total of 60 PRRSV strains, originating from various lineages, were carefully chosen for nucleotide and amino acid homologies analysis. The results showed that the nucleotide homologies of the PRRSV GP5 gene ranged from 81.4 to 100.0%, and the amino acid homologies ranged from 78.1 to 100.0%. Similarly, the PRRSV GP5a gene showed 78.0 ~ 100.0% nucleotide homologies and 70.2 ~ 100.0% amino acid homologies. Amino acid sequence comparisons of GP5 and GP5a showed that some mutations, such as substitutions, deletions, and insertions, were found in several amino acid sites in GP5, these mutations were primarily found in the signal peptide region, two highly variable regions (HVRs), and near two T-cell antigenic sites, while the mutation sites of GP5a were mainly concentrated in the transmembrane and intramembrane regions. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the prevalent PRRSV-2 strains in China were divided into lineages 1, 3, 5, and 8. Among these, strains from lineage 8 and lineage 1 are currently the main prevalent strains, lineage 5 and lineage 8 have a closer genetic distance. Recombination analysis revealed that one recombination event occurred in 517 PRRSV-2 strains, this event involved recombination between lineage 8 and lineage 1. In conclusion, this analysis enhances our understanding of the prevalence and genetic variation of PRRSV-2 in China. These findings provide significant insights for the development of effective prevention and control strategies for PRRS and serve as a foundation for future research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Liangzong Huang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
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Magalhaes ES, Zhang D, Wang C, Thomas P, Moura CAA, Holtkamp DJ, Trevisan G, Rademacher C, Silva GS, Linhares DCL. Field Implementation of Forecasting Models for Predicting Nursery Mortality in a Midwestern US Swine Production System. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2412. [PMID: 37570221 PMCID: PMC10417698 DOI: 10.3390/ani13152412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The performance of five forecasting models was investigated for predicting nursery mortality using the master table built for 3242 groups of pigs (~13 million animals) and 42 variables, which concerned the pre-weaning phase of production and conditions at placement in growing sites. After training and testing each model's performance through cross-validation, the model with the best overall prediction results was the Support Vector Machine model in terms of Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE = 0.406), Mean Absolute Error (MAE = 0.284), and Coefficient of Determination (R2 = 0.731). Subsequently, the forecasting performance of the SVM model was tested on a new dataset containing 72 new groups, simulating ongoing and near real-time forecasting analysis. Despite a decrease in R2 values on the new dataset (R2 = 0.554), the model demonstrated high accuracy (77.78%) for predicting groups with high (>5%) or low (<5%) nursery mortality. This study demonstrated the capability of forecasting models to predict the nursery mortality of commercial groups of pigs using pre-weaning information and stocking condition variables collected post-placement in nursery sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edison S. Magalhaes
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Danyang Zhang
- Department of Statistics, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Chong Wang
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Department of Statistics, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Pete Thomas
- Iowa Select Farms, Iowa Falls, IA 50126, USA
| | | | - Derald J. Holtkamp
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Giovani Trevisan
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Christopher Rademacher
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Gustavo S. Silva
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Daniel C. L. Linhares
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Hu R, Zhang T, Lai R, Ding Z, Zhuang Y, Liu H, Cao H, Gao X, Luo J, Chen Z, Zhang C, Liu P, Guo X, Hu G, Ding N, Deng S. PRRSV Elimination in a Farrow-to-Finish Pig Herd Using Herd Closure and Rollover Approach. Viruses 2023; 15:1239. [PMID: 37376538 DOI: 10.3390/v15061239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well established that PRRSV elimination is an effective strategy for PRRS control, but published reports concerning successful PRRSV elimination cases in farrow-to-finishing herds are rare. Here, we have reported a successful PRRSV elimination case in a farrow-to-finish herd by employing a "herd closure and rollover" approach with some modifications. Briefly, the introduction of pigs to the herd was stopped and normal production processes were maintained until the herd reached a PRRSV provisional negative status. During the herd closure, strict biosecurity protocols were implemented to prevent transmission between nursery pigs and sows. In the current case, introducing gilts before herd closure and live PRRSV exposure were skipped. In the 23rd week post-outbreak, the pre-weaning piglets started to show 100% PRRSV negativity in qPCR tests. In the 27th week, nursery and fattening barns fully launched depopulation. In the 28th week, nursery and fattening houses reopened and sentinel gilts were introduced into gestation barns. Sixty days post-sentinel gilt introduction, the sentinel pigs maintained being PRRSV antibody negative, manifesting that the herd matched the standard of the provisional negative status. The production performance of the herd took 5 months to bounce back to normal. Overall, the current study provided additional information for PRRSV elimination in farrow-to-finish pig herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiming Hu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Nanchang 330045, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Diagnosis and Control, Institute of Animal Population Health, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Tiansheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Swine Nutrition and Feed Science of Fujian Province, Aonong Group, Zhangzhou 363000, China
| | - Rongbin Lai
- Key Laboratory of Swine Nutrition and Feed Science of Fujian Province, Aonong Group, Zhangzhou 363000, China
| | - Zhen Ding
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Nanchang 330045, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Diagnosis and Control, Institute of Animal Population Health, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Yu Zhuang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Nanchang 330045, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Diagnosis and Control, Institute of Animal Population Health, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Huabin Cao
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Nanchang 330045, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Diagnosis and Control, Institute of Animal Population Health, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Xiaona Gao
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Nanchang 330045, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Diagnosis and Control, Institute of Animal Population Health, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Junrong Luo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Nanchang 330045, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Diagnosis and Control, Institute of Animal Population Health, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Zheng Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Nanchang 330045, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Diagnosis and Control, Institute of Animal Population Health, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Caiying Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Nanchang 330045, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Diagnosis and Control, Institute of Animal Population Health, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Nanchang 330045, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Diagnosis and Control, Institute of Animal Population Health, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Xiaoquan Guo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Nanchang 330045, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Diagnosis and Control, Institute of Animal Population Health, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Guoliang Hu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Nanchang 330045, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Diagnosis and Control, Institute of Animal Population Health, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Nengshui Ding
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Nanchang 330045, China
- Key Laboratory of Swine Nutrition and Feed Science of Fujian Province, Aonong Group, Zhangzhou 363000, China
- State Key Laboratory for Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Shunzhou Deng
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Nanchang 330045, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Diagnosis and Control, Institute of Animal Population Health, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
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Xu H, Xiang L, Tang YD, Li C, Zhao J, Gong B, Sun Q, Leng C, Peng J, Wang Q, Zhou G, An T, Cai X, Tian ZJ, Zhang H, Song M. Genome-Wide Characterization of QYYZ-Like PRRSV During 2018–2021. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:945381. [PMID: 35847645 PMCID: PMC9280713 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.945381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, the emergence of QYYZ-like porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has attracted increasing attention due to the high incidence of PRRSV mutation and recombination. However, the endemic status and genomic characteristics of the QYYZ-like strains are unclear. From 2018 to October 2021, 24 QYYZ-like PRRSV isolates were obtained from 787 PRRSV-positive clinical samples. Only one QYYZ-like positive sample was from a northern province, and the rest were from central and southern provinces. We selected 9 samples for whole-genome sequencing, revealing genome lengths of 15,008–15,316 nt. We retrieved all the available whole-genome sequences of QYYZ-like PRRSVs isolated in China from 2010 to 2021 (n = 28) from GenBank and analyzed them together with the new whole-genome sequences (n = 9). Phylogenetic tree analysis based on the ORF5 gene showed that all QYYZ-like PRRSV strains belonged to sublineage 3.5 but were clustered into three lineages (sublineage 1.8, sublineage 3.5, and sublineage 8.7) based on whole-genome sequences. Genomic sequence alignment showed that QYYZ-like strains, have characteristic amino acids insertions or deletions in the Nsp2 region (same as NADC30, JXA1 and QYYZ) and that thirteen strains also had additional amino acid deletions, mostly between 468 and 518 aa. Moreover, QYYZ-like strains (sublineage 3.5) have seven identical characteristic amino acid mutations in ORF5. Recombination analysis revealed that almost all QYYZ-like complete genome sequences (36/37) were products of recombination and mainly provided structural protein fragments (GP2-N) for the recombinant strains. Overall, QYYZ-like strains were mainly prevalent in central and southern China from 2018 to 2021, and these strains provided recombinant fragments in the PRRSV epidemic in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Lirun Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yan-Dong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Chao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Bangjun Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Qi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Chaoliang Leng
- Henan Key Laboratory of Insect Biology in Funiu Mountain, Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insect Bioreactors, China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Laboratory of Insect Biology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China
| | - Jinmei Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Guohui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Tongqing An
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xuehui Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- Hongliang Zhang
| | - Mingxin Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Mingxin Song
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Bai X, Plastow GS. Breeding for disease resilience: opportunities to manage polymicrobial challenge and improve commercial performance in the pig industry. CABI AGRICULTURE AND BIOSCIENCE 2022; 3:6. [PMID: 35072100 PMCID: PMC8761052 DOI: 10.1186/s43170-022-00073-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Disease resilience, defined as an animal's ability to maintain productive performance in the face of infection, provides opportunities to manage the polymicrobial challenge common in pig production. Disease resilience can deliver a number of benefits, including more sustainable production as well as improved animal health and the potential for reduced antimicrobial use. However, little progress has been made to date in the application of disease resilience in breeding programs due to a number of factors, including (1) confusion around definitions of disease resilience and its component traits disease resistance and tolerance, and (2) the difficulty in characterizing such a complex trait consisting of multiple biological functions and dynamic elements of rates of response and recovery from infection. Accordingly, this review refines the definitions of disease resistance, tolerance, and resilience based on previous studies to help improve the understanding and application of these breeding goals and traits under different scenarios. We also describe and summarize results from a "natural disease challenge model" designed to provide inputs for selection of disease resilience. The next steps for managing polymicrobial challenges faced by the pig industry will include the development of large-scale multi-omics data, new phenotyping technologies, and mathematical and statistical methods adapted to these data. Genome editing to produce pigs resistant to major diseases may complement selection for disease resilience along with continued efforts in the more traditional areas of biosecurity, vaccination and treatment. Altogether genomic approaches provide exciting opportunities for the pig industry to overcome the challenges provided by hard-to-manage diseases as well as new environmental challenges associated with climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuechun Bai
- Livestock Gentec, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - Graham S. Plastow
- Livestock Gentec, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada
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The Novel PRRSV Strain HBap4-2018 with a Unique Recombinant Pattern Is Highly Pathogenic to Piglets. Virol Sin 2021; 36:1611-1625. [PMID: 34635987 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-021-00453-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, various porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) variants emerged worldwide with different genetic characteristics and pathogenicity, increasing the difficulty of PRRS control. In this study, a PRRSV strain named HBap4-2018 was isolated from swine herds suffering severe respiratory disease with high morbidity in Hebei Province of China in 2018. The genome of HBap4-2018 is 15,003 nucleotides in length, and compared with NADC30-like PRRSV, nsp2 of HBap4-2018 has an additional continuous deletion of five amino acids. Phylogenetic analysis based on complete genome and ORF5 showed that HBap4-2018 belonged to lineage 8 of PRRSV-2, which was characterized by highly variable genome. However, HBap4-2018 was classified into lineage 1 based on phylogenetic analysis of nsp2, sharing higher amino acid homology (85.3%-85.5%) with NADC30-like PRRSV. Further analysis suggested that HBap4-2018 was a novel natural recombinant PRRSV with three recombinant fragments in the genome, of which highly pathogenic PRRSV (HP-PRRSV) served as the major parental strains, while NADC30-like PRRSV served as the minor parental strains. Five recombination break points were identified in nsp2, nsp3, nsp5, nsp9 and ORF6, respectively, presenting a novel recombinant pattern in the genome. Piglets inoculated with HBap4-2018 presented typical clinical signs with a mortality rate of 60%. High levels of viremia and obvious macroscopic and histopathological lesions in the lungs were observed, revealing the high pathogenicity of HBap4-2018 in piglets.
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Assessment of the Impact of the Recombinant Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Horsens Strain on the Reproductive Performance in Pregnant Sows. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9090772. [PMID: 32967283 PMCID: PMC7559163 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9090772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study assessed the impact of a PRRSV (porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus) recombinant strain (Horsens strain) on the reproductive performance of naïve pregnant sows in the last third of gestation. Fifteen sows were included: four negative reproductive controls (NTX), five infected with a PRRSV-1 field strain (Olot/91, T01), and six infected with the recombinant PRRSV-1 strain (Horsens strain, T02). Piglets were monitored until weaning. Reproductive performance was the primary variable. In sows, viremia and nasal shedding (T01 and T02 groups), and, in piglets, viral load in blood and in lungs, as well as macroscopic lung lesions (T01 and T02 groups), were the secondary variables. The reproductive performance results were numerically different between the two challenged groups. Moreover, viral loads in blood were 1.83 × 106 ± 9.05 × 106 copies/mL at farrowing, 1.05 × 107 ± 2.21 × 107 copies/mL at weaning from piglets born from T01 animals and 1.64 × 103 ± 7.62 × 103 copies/mL at farrowing, 1.95 × 103 ± 1.17 × 104 copies/mL at weaning from piglets born from T02 sows. Overall, 68.8% of T01 piglets and 38.1% of T02 piglets presented mild lung lesions. In conclusion, the results suggest that Horsens strain is less virulent than the field strain Olot/91 under these experimental conditions.
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10
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Gebhardt JT, Tokach MD, Dritz SS, DeRouchey JM, Woodworth JC, Goodband RD, Henry SC. Postweaning mortality in commercial swine production II: review of infectious contributing factors. Transl Anim Sci 2020; 4:txaa052. [PMID: 32705048 PMCID: PMC7277696 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txaa052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Postweaning mortality is extremely complex with a multitude of noninfectious and infectious contributing factors. In the current review, our objective is to describe the current state of knowledge regarding infectious causes of postweaning mortality, focusing on estimates of frequency and magnitude of effect where available. While infectious mortality is often categorized by physiologic body system affected, we believe the complex multifactorial nature is better understood by an alternative stratification dependent on intervention type. This category method subjectively combines disease pathogenesis knowledge, epidemiology, and economic consequences. These intervention categories included depopulation of affected cohorts of animals, elimination protocols using knowledge of immunity and epidemiology, or less aggressive interventions. The most aggressive approach to control infectious etiologies is through herd depopulation and repopulation. Historically, these protocols were successful for Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and swine dysentery among others. Additionally, this aggressive measure likely would be used to minimize disease spread if either a foreign animal disease was introduced or pseudorabies virus was reintroduced into domestic swine populations. Elimination practices have been successful for Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, coronaviruses, including transmissible gastroenteritis virus, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, and porcine deltacoronavirus, swine influenza virus, nondysentery Brachyspira spp., and others. Porcine circovirus type 2 can have a significant impact on morbidity and mortality; however, it is often adequately controlled through immunization. Many other infectious etiologies present in swine production have not elicited these aggressive control measures. This may be because less aggressive control measures, such as vaccination, management, and therapeutics, are effective, their impact on mortality or productivity is not great enough to warrant, or there is inadequate understanding to employ control procedures efficaciously and efficiently. Since there are many infectious agents and noninfectious contributors, emphasis should continue to be placed on those infectious agents with the greatest impact to minimize postweaning mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan T Gebhardt
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Mike D Tokach
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Steve S Dritz
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Joel M DeRouchey
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Jason C Woodworth
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Robert D Goodband
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
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11
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Chase-Topping M, Xie J, Pooley C, Trus I, Bonckaert C, Rediger K, Bailey RI, Brown H, Bitsouni V, Barrio MB, Gueguen S, Nauwynck H, Doeschl-Wilson A. New insights about vaccine effectiveness: Impact of attenuated PRRS-strain vaccination on heterologous strain transmission. Vaccine 2020; 38:3050-3061. [PMID: 32122719 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination is the main tool for controlling infectious diseases in livestock. Yet current vaccines only provide partial protection raising concerns about vaccine effectiveness in the field. Two successive transmission trials were performed involving 52 pigs to evaluate the effectiveness of a Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) vaccinal strain candidate against horizontal transmission of a virulent heterologous strain. PRRS virus, above the specified limit of detection, was observed in serum and nasal secretions for all but one pig (the exception only tested positive for serum), indicating that vaccination did not protect pigs from becoming infected and shedding the heterologous strain. However, vaccination delayed the onset of viraemia, reduced the duration of shedding and significantly decreased viral load throughout infection. Serum antibody profiles indicated that 4 out of 13 (31%) vaccinates in one trial had no serological response (NSR). A Bayesian epidemiological model was fitted to the data to assess the impact of vaccination and presence of NSRs on PRRS virus transmission dynamics. Despite little evidence for reduction in the transmission rate, vaccinated animals were on average slower to become infectious, experienced a shorter infectious period and recovered faster. The overall PRRSV transmission potential, represented by the reproductive ratio R0 was lower for the vaccinated animals, although there was substantial overlap in the credibility intervals for both groups. Model selection suggests that transmission parameters of vaccinated pigs with NSR were more similar to those of unvaccinated animals. The presence of NSRs in a population, however, seemed to only marginally affect the transmission dynamics. The results suggest that even when vaccination can't prevent infection, it can still have beneficial impacts on the transmission dynamics and contribute to reducing a herd's R0. However, biosecurity and other measures need to be considered to decrease contact rates and lower R0 below 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margo Chase-Topping
- Roslin Institute, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG Scotland, UK; Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG Scotland, UK.
| | - Jiexiong Xie
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Christopher Pooley
- Roslin Institute, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG Scotland, UK; Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland (BIOSS), The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD Scotland, UK
| | - Ivan Trus
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Caroline Bonckaert
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Kelly Rediger
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Richard I Bailey
- Roslin Institute, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG Scotland, UK
| | - Helen Brown
- Roslin Institute, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG Scotland, UK
| | | | - Maria Belén Barrio
- INRAE Département Santé Animale, UAR 0564 - ISP Bât 213, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Sylvie Gueguen
- Biological Development Department, VIRBAC, 13ème rue, LID, BP27, 06511 Carros cedex, France
| | - Hans Nauwynck
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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12
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Han G, Lei K, Xu H, He F. Genetic characterization of a novel recombinant PRRSV2 from lineage 8, 1 and 3 in China with significant variation in replication efficiency and cytopathic effects. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:1574-1584. [PMID: 31975574 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There are four major porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 2 (PRRSV2) lineages circulating in China based on classification system, including lineages 1 (NADC30-like), 3 (QYYZ-like), 5.1 (VR2332-like) and 8 (JXA1-like/CH-1a-Like), which leads to the potential recombination. In the present study, a novel variant of PRRSV2 strain named JS18-3 was isolated from piglets suffering severe breathing difficulties in Jiangsu Province of China in 2018. Full-length genome analysis indicated that JS18-3 shared 86.5%, 87.9%, 84.2%, 82.2% and 86.4% nucleotide similarity with PRRSVs CH-1a, JXA1, VR2332, QYYZ and NADC30, respectively. 4871-6635 of JS18-3 shared the highest identity of 99.3% in nucleotide sequence with HP-PRRSV representative strain JXA1 indicating ongoing evolution to HP-PRRSV. JS18-3 was classified into classical lineage 8 of PRRSV2 based on phylogenetic analysis of complete genome and ORF5. Genomic break points in structural (ORF3) and non-structural (NSP2, NSP3) regions of genomes were detected in recombination analysis. JS18-3 is a recombinant isolate from lineages 8, 1 and 3. Replication enhancement and severe cytopathic effects caused by JS18-3 were observed in Marc-145 cells and porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) as compared to JX07, a typical strain of lineage 8. Pathogenicity results indicated that piglets inoculated with JS18-3 presented persistent fever, dyspnoea, serious microscopic lung lesions and lymph node congestion. The study suggests that lineage 8 of PRRSV2 is involved in continuing evolution by genetic recombination and mutation leading to outbreaks in vaccinated pigs in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangwei Han
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kaixia Lei
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huiling Xu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fang He
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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13
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Zhang WL, Zhang HL, Xu H, Tang YD, Leng CL, Peng JM, Wang Q, An TQ, Cai XH, Fan JH, Tian ZJ. Two novel recombinant porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses belong to sublineage 3.5 originating from sublineage 3.2. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:2592-2600. [PMID: 31379138 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an agent of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), which causes substantial economic losses to the swine industry. PRRSV displays rapid variation, and five lineages coexist in mainland China. Lineage 3 PRRSVs emerged in mainland China in 2005 and prevailed in southern China after 2010. In the present study, two lineage 3 PRRSV strains, which are named SD110-1608 and SDWH27-1710, were isolated from northern China in 2017. To explore the characteristics and origins of the two strains, we divided lineage 3 into five sublineages (3.1-3.5) based on 146 open reading frame (ORF) 5 sequences. Both strains and the strains isolated from mainland China were classified into sublineage 3.5. Lineage 3 PRRSVs isolated from Taiwan and Hong Kong were classified into sublineages 3.1-3.3 and sublineage 3.4, respectively. Recombination analysis revealed that SD110-1608 and SDWH27-1710 were derived from recombination of QYYZ (major parent strain) and JXA1 (minor parent strain). Sequence alignment showed that SD110-1608 and SDWH27-1710 shared a 36-aa insertion in Nsp2 with QYYZ isolated from Guangdong Province in 2010. Based on the evolutionary relationship among GP2a, GP3, GP4, GP5 and N proteins between sublineages 3.2 (FJ-1) and 3.5 (FJFS), we speculated that sublineage 3.5 (mainland China) originated from sublineage 3.2 (Taiwan, China). This study provides important information regarding the classification and transmission of lineage 3 PRRSVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Hong-Liang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Hu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yan-Dong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Chao-Liang Leng
- Henan Key Laboratory of Insect Biology in Funiu Mountain, Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Laboratory of Insect Biology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China
| | - Jin-Mei Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Tong-Qing An
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xue-Hui Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jing-Hui Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
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14
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Emergence of Two different recombinant PRRSV strains with low neutralizing antibody susceptibility in China. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2490. [PMID: 30792441 PMCID: PMC6385303 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39059-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PRRSV causes major economic loss in global swine industry. 41 of 131 (31.29%) tissue samples collected from pig farms in central and east China from 2016 to 2017 were confirmed as PRRSV positive in RT-PCR. Base on phylogenetic analysis for ORF5 and ORF6, 3 isolates closely related to QYYZ strain form a new subgroup IV, while 3 other ones were clustered into subgroup III, represented by NADC30. Numerous amino acid substitutions involved in viral neutralization susceptibility were identified in GP5 among these isolates. Two emerging PRRSV strains (ZJnb16-2, SDbz16-2) were successfully isolated and sequenced. ZJnb16-2 was identified as a recombinant virus between strain QYYZ and JXA1 while SDbz16-2 was an inter-subgenotype recombinant virus of strains NADC30 and JXA1. As shown in the pathogenicity evaluation in piglets, ZJnb16-2 is highly pathogenic while SDbz16-2 is mild. Hyper-immune sera against major vaccine strains HUN4-F112 and JK-100 failed to neutralize either ZJnb16-2 or SDbz16-2. Only 0.8–2.0% of pig serum samples which were confirmed as PRRSV-positive with commercial ELISA kits presented neutralization reactivity against either ZJnb16-2 or SDbz16-2. The study confirmed that the viral genomic recombination contributes to the emergence of new pathogenic PRRSVs in China, which may escape from the protective immunity elicited by the conventional vaccines, highlighting the necessity in updates of vaccine strains and the need for a universal vaccine against PRRSV.
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15
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Zhu B, He T, Gao X, Shi M, Sun H. Evaluation and characteristics of immunological adjuvant activity of purified fraction of Albizia julibrissin saponins. Immunol Invest 2018; 48:283-302. [DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2018.1523923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Binnian Zhu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Tianyu He
- College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Xiangyun Gao
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Minghua Shi
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Hongxiang Sun
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
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16
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Zhou L, Kang R, Yu J, Xie B, Chen C, Li X, Xie J, Ye Y, Xiao L, Zhang J, Yang X, Wang H. Genetic Characterization and Pathogenicity of a Novel Recombined Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus 2 among Nadc30-Like, Jxa1-Like, and Mlv-Like Strains. Viruses 2018; 10:v10100551. [PMID: 30304818 PMCID: PMC6213465 DOI: 10.3390/v10100551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombination among porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses (PRRSVs), coupled with point mutations, insertions, and deletions occurring in the genome, is considered to contribute to the emergence of new variants. Here, we report the complete genome sequences of a PRRSV field strain, designated SCN17, isolated from a RespPRRS MLV-vaccinated piglet in China in 2017. Sequence alignment revealed that SCN17 had discontinuous 131-amino acid (111 + 1 + 19-aa) deletion in the NSP2-coding region identical to that of NADC30 when compared to VR-2332. Notably, the strain, SCN17, contained an additional 1-aa deletion in NSP2, a 1-aa deletion in ORF5, and a unique 3-nt deletion in the 3′-UTR. Phylogenetic analysis showed that SCN17 clustered into NADC30-like lineage based on ORF5 genotyping, whereas it belonged to an inter-lineage between the NADC30-like and VR-2332-like lineages as established based on the full-length genome. Importantly, the SCN17 was identified as a novel virus recombined between a NADC30-like (moderately pathogenic), a JXA1-like (highly pathogenic), and an attenuated vaccine strain, RespPRRS MLV (parental strain VR-2332). Furthermore, we tested its pathogenicity in piglets. SCN17 infection caused a persistent fever, moderate interstitial pneumonia, and increased the viremia and antibody levels in the inoculated piglets. Of note, all SCN17-infected piglets survived throughout the study. The new virus was showed to be a moderately virulent isolate and have lower pathogenicity than HP-PRRSV strain, SCwhn09CD. Our results provide evidence for the continuing evolution of PRRSV field strain by genetic recombination and mutation leading to outbreaks in the vaccinated pig populations in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhou
- School of Life Science, Sichuan University, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China.
| | - Runmin Kang
- Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Sichuan Provincial Key laboratory of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Chengdu 610066, Sichuan, China.
| | - Jifeng Yu
- Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Sichuan Provincial Key laboratory of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Chengdu 610066, Sichuan, China.
| | - Bo Xie
- Chengdu Chia Tai Agro-industry & Food, Animal healthy disease service, Chengdu 610081, Sichuan, China.
| | - Changying Chen
- Chengdu Chia Tai Agro-industry & Food, Animal healthy disease service, Chengdu 610081, Sichuan, China.
| | - Xingyu Li
- Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Sichuan Provincial Key laboratory of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Chengdu 610066, Sichuan, China.
| | - Jing Xie
- Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Sichuan Provincial Key laboratory of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Chengdu 610066, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yonggang Ye
- Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Sichuan Provincial Key laboratory of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Chengdu 610066, Sichuan, China.
| | - Lu Xiao
- Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Sichuan Provincial Key laboratory of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Chengdu 610066, Sichuan, China.
| | - Jinling Zhang
- Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Sichuan Provincial Key laboratory of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Chengdu 610066, Sichuan, China.
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Life Science, Sichuan University, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China.
| | - Hongning Wang
- School of Life Science, Sichuan University, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China.
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17
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Zhou L, Kang R, Zhang Y, Ding M, Xie B, Tian Y, Wu X, Zuo L, Yang X, Wang H. Whole Genome Analysis of Two Novel Type 2 Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Viruses with Complex Genome Recombination between Lineage 8, 3, and 1 Strains Identified in Southwestern China. Viruses 2018; 10:v10060328. [PMID: 29914134 PMCID: PMC6024730 DOI: 10.3390/v10060328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombination among porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses (PRRSVs) is thought to contribute to the emergence of new PRRSV variants. In this study, two newly emerged PRRSV strains, designated SCcd16 and SCya17, are isolated from lung tissues of piglets in Southwestern China. Genome comparative analysis reveals that SCcd16/SCya17 exhibit 93.1%/93.2%, 86.9%/87.0%, 85.3%/85.7%, and 83.6%/82.0% nucleotide similarity to PRRSVs JXA1, VR-2332, QYYZ and NADC30, respectively. They only exhibit 44.8%/45.1% sequence identity with LV (PRRSV-1), indicating that both emergent strains belong to the PRRSV-2 genotype. Genomic sequence alignment shows that SCcd16 and SCya17 have the same discontinuous 30-amino acid (aa) deletion in Nsp2 of the highly pathogenic Chinese PRRSV strain JXA1, when compared to strain VR-2332. Notably, SCya17 shows a unique 5-nt deletion in its 3’-UTR. Phylogenetic analysis shows that both of the isolates are classified in the QYYZ-like lineage based on ORF5 genotyping, whereas they appear to constitute an inter-lineage between JXA1-like and QYYZ-like lineages based on their genomic sequences. Furthermore, recombination analyses reveal that the two newly emerged PRRSV isolates share the same novel recombination pattern. They have both likely originated from multiple recombination events between lineage 8 (JXA1-like), lineage 1 (NADC30-like), and lineage 3 (QYYZ-like) strains that have circulated in China recently. The genomic data from SCcd16 and SCya17 indicate that there is on going evolution of PRRSV field strains through genetic recombination, leading to outbreaks in the pig populations in Southwestern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhou
- School of Life Science, Sichuan University, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, 29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Runmin Kang
- Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Sichuan Provincial Key laboratory of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Chengdu 610066, China.
| | - Yi Zhang
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhou District, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Mengdie Ding
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhou District, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Bo Xie
- Chengdu Chia Tai Agro-industry & Food Co., Ltd., Animal Healthy Disease Service, Gongping Town, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 610081, China.
| | - Yiming Tian
- School of Life Science, Sichuan University, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, 29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Xuan Wu
- School of Life Science, Sichuan University, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, 29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Lei Zuo
- School of Life Science, Sichuan University, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, 29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Life Science, Sichuan University, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, 29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Hongning Wang
- School of Life Science, Sichuan University, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, 29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China.
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18
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Wang HM, Liu YG, Tang YD, Liu TX, Zheng LL, Wang TY, Liu SG, Wang G, Cai XH. A natural recombinant PRRSV between HP-PRRSV JXA1-like and NADC30-like strains. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H.-M. Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology; Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Harbin China
| | - Y.-G. Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology; Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Harbin China
| | - Y.-D. Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology; Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Harbin China
| | - T.-X. Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology; Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Harbin China
| | - L.-L. Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology; Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Harbin China
| | - T.-Y. Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology; Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Harbin China
| | - S.-G. Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology; Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Harbin China
| | - G. Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology; Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Harbin China
| | - X.-H. Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology; Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Harbin China
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19
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Sun YF, Zhou L, Bian T, Tian XX, Ren WK, Lu C, Zhang L, Li XL, Cui MS, Yang HC, Yu H. Efficacy evaluation of two commercial modified-live virus vaccines against a novel recombinant type 2 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Vet Microbiol 2018. [PMID: 29519513 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
NADC30-like porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causing clinical disease outbreaks has been recently reported in China. The recombination occurring among PRRSV strains could lead to the emergence of novel and more virulent viruses. In our previous study, a novel recombinant type 2 PRRSV (TJnh1501) between NADC30-like and modified-live virus (MLV)-like derived from the Chinese highly pathogenic PRRSV was shown to have higher pathogenicity than NADC30-like PRRSV. It remains unknown whether the emergence of the novel recombinant PRRSV strain can lead to variable protection efficacy of the MLV vaccines. In this paper, two typical commercial MLV vaccines were used to evaluate their efficacy to block TJnh1501 infection and onset of clinical symptoms. Our results showed that both MLV vaccines could shorten the period of fever and reduce viral loads in sera, but were not able to reduce the clinical signs and lung lesions indicating that the two commercial MLV vaccines provide limited cross-protection efficacy against the novel recombinant type 2 PRRSV infection. This study gives valuable suggestions for the use of MLV vaccines to control PRRSV infection in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Feng Sun
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ting Bian
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiang-Xue Tian
- Tianjin Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Research Institute, Tianjin 300381, China
| | - Wei-Ke Ren
- Tianjin Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Research Institute, Tianjin 300381, China
| | - Chao Lu
- Tianjin Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Research Institute, Tianjin 300381, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Tianjin Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Research Institute, Tianjin 300381, China
| | - Xiu-Li Li
- Tianjin Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Research Institute, Tianjin 300381, China
| | - Mao-Sheng Cui
- Tianjin Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Research Institute, Tianjin 300381, China
| | - Han-Chun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Hai Yu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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