1
|
Ito S, Kawaguchi N, Bosch J, Aguilar-Vega C, Sánchez-Vizcaíno JM. What can we learn from the five-year African swine fever epidemic in Asia? Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1273417. [PMID: 37841468 PMCID: PMC10569053 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1273417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Today's global swine industry is exposed to the unprecedented threat of African swine fever (ASF). Asia, the site of the most recent epidemics, could serve as a huge viral reservoir for the rest of the world given the severity of the damage, the huge swine industry, and the high volume of trade with other countries around the world. As the majority of ASF notifications in Asia today originate from pig farms, the movement of live pigs and associated pork products are considered critical control points for disease management. Particularly, small-scale or backyard farms with low biosecurity levels are considered major risk factors. Meanwhile, wild boars account for most notified cases in some countries and regions, which makes the epidemiological scenario different from that in other Asian countries. As such, the current epidemic situation and higher risk factors differ widely between these countries. A variety of studies on ASF control have been conducted and many valuable insights have been obtained in Asia; nevertheless, the overall picture of the epidemic is still unclear. The purpose of this review is to provide an accurate picture of the epidemic situation across Asia, focusing on each subregion to comprehensively explain the disease outbreak. The knowledge gained from the ASF epidemics experienced in Asia over the past 5 years would be useful for disease control in areas that are already infected, such as Europe, as well as for non-affected areas to address preventive measures. To this end, the review includes two aspects: a descriptive analytical review based on publicly available databases showing overall epidemic trends, and an individualized review at the subregional level based on the available literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Ito
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nijiho Kawaguchi
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Jaime Bosch
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cecilia Aguilar-Vega
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Manuel Sánchez-Vizcaíno
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cho KH, Hong SK, Kim DY, Jang MK, Kim JH, Lee H, Kim EM, Park JH, Suh TY, Choi JG, Yoo DS, Kang HE, Kim YH. Pathogenicity and Pathological Characteristics of African Swine Fever Virus Strains from Pig Farms in South Korea from 2022 to January 2023. Pathogens 2023; 12:1158. [PMID: 37764966 PMCID: PMC10534632 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12091158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the first African swine fever (ASF) outbreak occurred at a pig farm in South Korea in September 2019, as of 31 January 2023, 31 ASF cases have occurred at pig farms, while 2799 ASF virus (ASFV)-infected wild boars have been identified. The circulation of ASFV in wild boar populations poses a high risk of spillover to pig farms in the country. However, information on the changes in the pathogenicity of Korean ASFV strains from wild boars is not available. Investigating the pathogenicity of ASFV strains from pig farms is the only way to predict their alterations. In a previous study, no changes in the pathogenicity of ASFV strains circulating during 2019-2021 were identified through animal experiments. In this study, we chose two ASFV strains with potentially reduced pathogenicity among ten viruses obtained from pig premises from 2022 to January 2023 and estimated their pathogenicities and pathological characteristics. All the inoculated pigs died 8-10 days post-inoculation after showing pyrexia, depression, anorexia, and recumbency together with the common pathological lesions of enlarged hemorrhagic lymph nodes and splenomegaly with infarction. These results support that the pathogenicity among ASFV isolates in South Korea still remained unchanged during the study period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Hyun Cho
- Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (K.-H.C.); (S.-K.H.); (D.-Y.K.); (M.-K.J.); (J.-H.P.); (T.-Y.S.); (J.-G.C.); (H.-E.K.)
| | - Seong-Keun Hong
- Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (K.-H.C.); (S.-K.H.); (D.-Y.K.); (M.-K.J.); (J.-H.P.); (T.-Y.S.); (J.-G.C.); (H.-E.K.)
| | - Da-Young Kim
- Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (K.-H.C.); (S.-K.H.); (D.-Y.K.); (M.-K.J.); (J.-H.P.); (T.-Y.S.); (J.-G.C.); (H.-E.K.)
| | - Min-Kyung Jang
- Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (K.-H.C.); (S.-K.H.); (D.-Y.K.); (M.-K.J.); (J.-H.P.); (T.-Y.S.); (J.-G.C.); (H.-E.K.)
| | - Jong-Ho Kim
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (J.-H.K.); (H.L.); (E.-M.K.)
| | - Hyunkyoung Lee
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (J.-H.K.); (H.L.); (E.-M.K.)
| | - Eun-Mi Kim
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (J.-H.K.); (H.L.); (E.-M.K.)
| | - Ji-Hoon Park
- Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (K.-H.C.); (S.-K.H.); (D.-Y.K.); (M.-K.J.); (J.-H.P.); (T.-Y.S.); (J.-G.C.); (H.-E.K.)
| | - Tae-Young Suh
- Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (K.-H.C.); (S.-K.H.); (D.-Y.K.); (M.-K.J.); (J.-H.P.); (T.-Y.S.); (J.-G.C.); (H.-E.K.)
| | - Jun-Gu Choi
- Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (K.-H.C.); (S.-K.H.); (D.-Y.K.); (M.-K.J.); (J.-H.P.); (T.-Y.S.); (J.-G.C.); (H.-E.K.)
| | - Dae-Sung Yoo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hae-Eun Kang
- Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (K.-H.C.); (S.-K.H.); (D.-Y.K.); (M.-K.J.); (J.-H.P.); (T.-Y.S.); (J.-G.C.); (H.-E.K.)
| | - Yeon-Hee Kim
- Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (K.-H.C.); (S.-K.H.); (D.-Y.K.); (M.-K.J.); (J.-H.P.); (T.-Y.S.); (J.-G.C.); (H.-E.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sykes AL, Galvis JA, O'Hara KC, Corzo C, Machado G. Estimating the effectiveness of control actions on African swine fever transmission in commercial swine populations in the United States. Prev Vet Med 2023; 217:105962. [PMID: 37354739 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.105962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Given the proximity of African swine fever (ASF) to the U.S., there is an urgent need to better understand the possible dissemination pathways of the virus within the U.S. swine industry and to evaluate mitigation strategies. Here, we extended PigSpread, a farm-level spatially-explicit stochastic compartmental transmission model incorporating six transmission routes including between-farm swine movements, vehicle movements, and local spread, to model the dissemination of ASF. We then examined the effectiveness of control actions similar to the ASF national response plan. The average number of secondary infections during the first 60 days of the outbreak was 49 finisher farms, 17 nursery farms, 5 sow farms, and less than one farm in other production types. The between-farm movements of swine were the predominant route of ASF transmission with an average contribution of 71.1%, while local spread and movement of vehicles were less critical with average contributions of 14.6% and 14.4%. We demonstrated that the combination of quarantine, depopulation, movement restrictions, contact tracing, and enhanced surveillance, was the most effective mitigation strategy, resulting in an average reduction of 79.0% of secondary cases by day 140 of the outbreak. Implementing these control actions led to a median of 495,619 depopulated animals, 357,789 diagnostic tests, and 54,522 movement permits. Our results suggest that the successful elimination of an ASF outbreak is likely to require the deployment of all control actions listed in the ASF national response plan for more than 140 days, as well as estimating the resources needed for depopulation, testing, and movement permits under these controls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abagael L Sykes
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Jason A Galvis
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Kathleen C O'Hara
- US Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Strategy and Policy, Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Cesar Corzo
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Gustavo Machado
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Aira C, Monedero A, Hernández-Antón S, Martínez-Cano J, Camuñas A, Casado N, Nieto R, Gallardo C, García-Durán M, Rueda P, Fresco-Taboada A. Improving African Swine Fever Surveillance Using Fluorescent Rapid Tests. Pathogens 2023; 12:811. [PMID: 37375501 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12060811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a viral disease of swine with a huge impact due to its high mortality. Lately, the disease has actively spread around the world, affecting new areas from which it had been eradicated long ago. To date, ASF control is carried out by the implementation of strict biosecurity measures such as the early identification of infected animals. In this work, two fluorescent rapid tests were developed to improve the sensitivity of point-of-care diagnosis of ASF. For antigen (Ag) detection in blood, a double-antibody sandwich fluorescent lateral flow assay (LFA) was developed, employing a newly developed recombinant antibody to the VP72 of the virus. To complement the diagnosis, a double-recognition fluorescent LFA was developed using the VP72 for the detection of specific antibodies (Ab) in sera or blood. Both assays statistically improved the detection of the disease when compared to the commercial colorimetric assays INgezim® ASFV CROM Ag and INgezim® PPA CROM Anticuerpo, respectively, with higher statistical significance between 11 and 39 days post-infection. From the observation of results, it can be concluded that the combination of both Ag-LFA and Ab-LFA assays would facilitate the identification of infected animals, regardless of post-infection time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Aira
- Gold Standard Diagnostics Madrid (GSD Madrid), Calle de los Hermanos García Noblejas 39, 28037 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Monedero
- Gold Standard Diagnostics Madrid (GSD Madrid), Calle de los Hermanos García Noblejas 39, 28037 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonia Hernández-Antón
- Gold Standard Diagnostics Madrid (GSD Madrid), Calle de los Hermanos García Noblejas 39, 28037 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Martínez-Cano
- Gold Standard Diagnostics Madrid (GSD Madrid), Calle de los Hermanos García Noblejas 39, 28037 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Camuñas
- Gold Standard Diagnostics Madrid (GSD Madrid), Calle de los Hermanos García Noblejas 39, 28037 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nadia Casado
- European Union Reference Laboratory for ASF, Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA/CSIC), Carretera Algete-El Casar de Talamanca, Km. 8.1, 28130 Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Nieto
- European Union Reference Laboratory for ASF, Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA/CSIC), Carretera Algete-El Casar de Talamanca, Km. 8.1, 28130 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmina Gallardo
- European Union Reference Laboratory for ASF, Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA/CSIC), Carretera Algete-El Casar de Talamanca, Km. 8.1, 28130 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marga García-Durán
- Gold Standard Diagnostics Madrid (GSD Madrid), Calle de los Hermanos García Noblejas 39, 28037 Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Rueda
- Gold Standard Diagnostics Madrid (GSD Madrid), Calle de los Hermanos García Noblejas 39, 28037 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alba Fresco-Taboada
- Gold Standard Diagnostics Madrid (GSD Madrid), Calle de los Hermanos García Noblejas 39, 28037 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pathological Characteristics of Domestic Pigs Orally Infected with the Virus Strain Causing the First Reported African Swine Fever Outbreaks in Vietnam. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12030393. [PMID: 36986314 PMCID: PMC10058432 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12030393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is currently Vietnam’s most economically significant swine disease. The first ASF outbreak in Vietnam was reported in February 2019. In this study, VNUA/HY/ASF1 strain isolated from the first ASF outbreak was used to infect 10 eight-week-old pigs orally with 103 HAD50 per animal. The pigs were observed daily for clinical signs, and whole blood samples were collected from each animal for viremia detection. Dead pigs were subjected to full post-mortem analyses. All 10 pigs displayed acute or subacute clinical signs and succumbed to the infection between 10 to 27 (19.8 ± 4.66) days post-inoculation (dpi). The onset of clinical signs started around 4–14 dpi. Viremia was observed in pigs from 6–16 dpi (11.2 ± 3.55). Enlarged, hyperemic, and hemorrhagic lymph nodes, enlarged spleen, pneumonia, and hydropericardium were observed at post-mortem examinations.
Collapse
|
6
|
Three Years of African Swine Fever in South Korea (2019–2021): A Scoping Review of Epidemiological Understanding. Transbound Emerg Dis 2023. [DOI: 10.1155/2023/4686980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious viral disease in domestic pigs and wild boar that causes tremendous socioeconomic damage in related industries. In 2019, the virus emerged in South Korea, which has since reported 21 outbreaks in domestic pig farms and over 2,600 cases in wild boar. In this review, we synthesize the epidemiological knowledge generated on ASF in South Korea during the first three years of the epidemic (2019–2021). We searched four international and one domestic Korean database to identify scientific articles published since 2019 and describing ASF epidemiology in South Korea. Fourteen articles met our selection criteria and were used to synthesize the origin of ASF in South Korea, the risk factors of disease occurrence, the effectiveness of the surveillance and intervention measures that were implemented, and the viral transmission dynamics. We found that timely intensive surveillance and interventions on domestic pig farms successfully blocked between-farm transmission. However, in wild boar, the ASF virus has spread massively towards the south primarily along the mountain ranges despite ongoing fence erection and intensive depopulation efforts, endangering domestic pig farms across the country. The current devastating epidemic is suspected to be the consequence of an ASF control strategy unaligned to the epidemiological context, the challenging implementation of control measures hindered by topological complexities, and inappropriate biosecurity by field workers. To improve our understanding of ASF epidemiology in South Korea and enhance disease management, future research studies should specify the ecological drivers of disease distribution and spread and devise effective control strategies, particularly in relation to Korean topography, and the latent spread of the virus in wild boar populations. Additionally, research studies should explore the psychosocial factors for ASF management, and develop tools to support evidence-based decision-making for managing ASFV in wild boar.
Collapse
|
7
|
Poolkhet C, Kasemsuwan S, Thongratsakul S, Warrasuth N, Pamaranon N, Nuanualsuwan S. Prediction of the spread of African swine fever through pig and carcass movements in Thailand using a network analysis and diffusion model. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15359. [PMID: 37187529 PMCID: PMC10178211 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background African swine fever (ASF) is a serious contagious viral disease of pigs that affects the pig industry. This study aimed to evaluate the possible African swine fever (ASF) distribution using network analysis and a diffusion model through live pig, carcass, and pig product movement data. Material and Methods Empirical movement data from Thailand for the year 2019 were used, and expert opinions were sought to evaluate network properties and the diffusion model. The networks were presented as live pig movement and carcass movement data at the provincial and district levels. For network analysis, a descriptive network analysis was performed using outdegree, indegree, betweenness, fragmentation, and power law distribution, and cutpoints were used to describe movement patterns. For the diffusion model, we simulated each network using spatially different infected locations, patterns, and initial infection sites. Based on expert opinions, the initial infection site, the probability of ASF occurrence, and the probability of the initial infected adopter were selected for the appropriated network. In this study, we also simulated networks under varying network parameters to predict the infection speed. Results and Conclusions The total number of movements recorded was 2,594,364. These were divided into 403,408 (403,408/2,594,364; 15.55%) for live pigs and 2,190,956 (2,190,956/2,594,364; 84.45%) for carcasses. We found that carcass movement at the provincial level showed the highest outdegree (mean = 342.554, standard deviation (SD) = 900.528) and indegree values (mean = 342.554, SD = 665.509). In addition, the outdegree and indegree presented similar mean values and the degree distributions of both district networks followed a power-law function. The network of live pigs at provincial level showed the highest value for betweenness (mean = 0.011, SD = 0.017), and the network of live pigs at provincial level showed the highest value for fragmentation (mean = 0.027, SD = 0.005). Our simulation data indicated that the disease occurred randomly due to live pig and carcass movements along the central and western regions of Thailand, causing the rapid spread of ASF. Without control measures, it could spread to all provinces within 5- and 3-time units and in all districts within 21- and 30-time units for the network of live pigs and carcasses, respectively. This study assists the authorities to plan control and preventive measures and limit economic losses caused by ASF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaithep Poolkhet
- Veterinary Public Health, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Suwicha Kasemsuwan
- Veterinary Public Health, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Sukanya Thongratsakul
- Veterinary Public Health, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Nattachai Warrasuth
- Department of Livestock Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nuttavadee Pamaranon
- Department of Livestock Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suphachai Nuanualsuwan
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Food and Water Risk Analysis (FAWRA), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kim E, Lim JS, Pak SI. Mechanistic modelling for African swine fever transmission in the Republic of Korea. J Vet Sci 2023; 24:e21. [PMID: 37012030 PMCID: PMC10071282 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.22262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Under the current African swine fever (ASF) epidemic situation, a science-based ASF-control strategy is required. An ASF transmission mechanistic model can be used to understand the disease transmission dynamics among susceptible epidemiological units and evaluate the effectiveness of an ASF-control strategy by simulating disease spread results with different control options. The force of infection, which is the probability that a susceptible epidemiological unit becomes infected, could be estimated by applying an ASF transmission mechanistic model. The government needs to plan an ASF-control strategy based on an ASF transmission mechanistic model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eutteum Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Jun-Sik Lim
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse 31300, France
| | - Son-Il Pak
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Introduction African swine fever (ASF) is a lethal haemorrhagic disease of Suidae, present in Poland since 2014. The natural reservoir of ASF in Europe is the wild boar (Sus scrofa); however, human activity facilitates long-distance introductions of the disease. In ASF control it is important to identify areas at increased risk of infection. Such identification and estimation of the disease's progress and subsequent spread will help to identify the specific preventive action needs in given zones. Serving this purpose, this study is a spatial and statistical analysis of ASF spread through noted outbreak data. Material and Methods The spatial-temporal analysis was conducted on the basis of data including the time and location of all ASF outbreaks both in wild boars and domestic pigs in Poland in 2014-2021. Results The analysis indicates possible routes and directions for further ASF spread in Poland, estimates the annual increase of the affected area (approx. 25,000 km2 every year since 2017) and marks trends. The strong method-independent correlation between the year and the surface area affected by African swine fever indicated a near-linear generalised trend. Conclusion Given the growth trend, we can expect ASF to expand further into new territories of the country; however, it is important to realise that there is still a significant area to protect, because 60% of Poland remains ASF-free.
Collapse
|
10
|
Tiwari S, Dhakal T, Kim TS, Lee DH, Jang GS, Oh Y. Climate Change Influences the Spread of African Swine Fever Virus. Vet Sci 2022; 9:606. [PMID: 36356083 PMCID: PMC9698898 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9110606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate change is an inevitable and urgent issue in the current world. African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a re-emerging viral animal disease. This study investigates the quantitative association between climate change and the potential spread of ASFV to a global extent. ASFV in wild boar outbreak locations recorded from 1 January 2019 to 29 July 2022 were sampled and investigated using the ecological distribution tool, the Maxent model, with WorldClim bioclimatic data as the predictor variables. The future impacts of climate change on ASFV distribution based on the model were scoped with Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP 2.6, 4.5, 6.0, and 8.5) scenarios of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5 (CMIP5) bioclimatic data for 2050 and 2070. The results show that precipitation of the driest month (Bio14) was the highest contributor, and annual mean temperature (Bio1) was obtained as the highest permutation importance variable on the spread of ASFV. Based on the analyzed scenarios, we found that the future climate is favourable for ASFV disease; only quantitative ratios are different and directly associated with climate change. The current study could be a reference material for wildlife health management, climate change issues, and World Health Organization sustainability goal 13: climate action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shraddha Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Thakur Dhakal
- Department of Life Science, Yeungnam University, Daegu 38541, Korea
| | - Tae-Su Kim
- Department of Life Science, Yeungnam University, Daegu 38541, Korea
| | - Do-Hun Lee
- National Institute of Ecology (NIE), Seocheon 33657, Korea
| | - Gab-Sue Jang
- Department of Life Science, Yeungnam University, Daegu 38541, Korea
| | - Yeonsu Oh
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Muurinen J, Cairns J, Ekakoro JE, Wickware CL, Ruple A, Johnson TA. Biological units of antimicrobial resistance and strategies for their containment in animal production. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2022; 98:6589402. [PMID: 35587376 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiac060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistant bacterial infections has ushered in a major global public health crisis. Judicious or restricted antimicrobial use in animal agriculture, aiming to confine the use for the treatment of infections, is the most commonly proposed solution to reduce selection pressure for resistant bacterial strains and resistance genes. However, a multifaceted solution will likely be required to make acceptable progress in reducing antimicrobial resistance, due to other common environmental conditions maintaining antimicrobial resistance and limited executionary potential as human healthcare and agriculture will continue to rely heavily on antimicrobials in the foreseeable future. Drawing parallels from systematic approaches to the management of infectious disease agents and biodiversity loss, we provide examples that a more comprehensive approach is required, targeting antimicrobial resistance in agroecosystems on multiple fronts simultaneously. We present one such framework, based on nested biological units of antimicrobial resistance, and describe established or innovative strategies targeting units. Some of the proposed strategies are already in use or ready to be implemented, while some require further research and discussion among scientists and policymakers. We envision that antimicrobial resistance mitigation strategies for animal agriculture combining multiple tools would constitute powerful ecosystem-level interventions necessary to mitigate antimicrobial resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Muurinen
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Viikinkaari 9, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johannes Cairns
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme (OEB), Department of Computer Science, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - John Eddie Ekakoro
- Department of Public and Ecosystem Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Carmen L Wickware
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Audrey Ruple
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Timothy A Johnson
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara as a Potential Biosafety Level 2 Surrogate for African Swine Fever Virus in Disinfectant Efficacy Tests. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11030320. [PMID: 35335644 PMCID: PMC8949558 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11030320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In South Korea, despite the increase in emerging viral pathogens in the veterinary industry, only efficacy-tested, virus-specific disinfectants are allowed to be used. Moreover, domestic testing of disinfectants for their virucidal efficacies against foreign, malignant, infectious pathogens that are unreported within the country and/or contagious livestock diseases that require special attention regarding public hygiene are legally restricted. Therefore, the Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA) designed a study to select a potential biosafety level 2 surrogate of African swine fever virus (ASFV) for efficacy testing to improve the disinfectant approval procedures. For this, the modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) was compared to ASFV in terms of its susceptibility to disinfectants. Effective concentrations of active substances of disinfectants (potassium peroxymonosulfate, sodium dichloroisocyanurate, malic acid, citric acid, glutaraldehyde, and benzalkonium chloride) against ASFV and MVA were compared; similarly, efficacies of APQA-listed commercial disinfectants were examined. Tests were performed according to APQA guidelines, and infectivities of ASFV and MVA were confirmed by hemadsorption and cytopathic effect, respectively. The results reveal that the disinfectants are effective against MVA at similar or higher concentrations than those against ASFV, validating the use of MVA as a potential biosafety level 2 surrogate for ASFV in efficacy testing of veterinary disinfectants.
Collapse
|
13
|
Wu K, Zhang Y, Zeng S, Liu X, Li Y, Li X, Chen W, Li Z, Qin Y, Chen J, Fan S. Development and Application of RAA Nucleic Acid Test Strip Assay and Double RAA Gel Electrophoresis Detection Methods for ASFV and CSFV. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 8:811824. [PMID: 35174210 PMCID: PMC8841470 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.811824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is an acute, severe and hemorrhagic infectious disease caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV) infecting domestic pigs and wild boars. Since the outbreak of the disease in China in 2018, it has brought a great impact on China’s pig industry. Classical swine fever (CSF) is an acute contact infectious disease of pigs caused by classical swine fever virus (CSFV) infection. Clinically, acute CSF usually shows persistent high fever, anorexia, extensive congestion and bleeding of the skin and mucosa, which are similar to ASF. It is of great significance to prevent, control and accurately detect ASF and CSF in pig farms. In this study, Recombinase aided amplification (RAA) technology combined with a nucleic acid test strip (RAA-strip) was established for simple and specific detection of ASFV/CSFV. The sensitivity and preliminary clinical application results showed that the RAA test strip established in this study could detect recombinant plasmids containing ASFV/CSFV gene fragments as low as 103 copies/µL. The minimum detection limits of virus DNA/cDNA were 10 and 12 pg respectively, and there was no cross-reaction with other porcine viruses. The specificity of the method was good. We used 37–42 clinical samples to evaluate the performance of our established method, and the positive concordance rates with conventional PCR were 94.1 and 57.1%, respectively. In addition, ASFV and CSFV double RAA agarose gel electrophoresis detection methods were established. The results showed that the method had good specificity. The detection limit of this method is 106 copies for ASFV p72 gene recombinant plasmid and 105 copies for CSFV NS5B Gene recombinant plasmid. The use of this method for clinical material detection was consistent with the PCR method. In summary, the developed method of RAA-strip assay for ASFV and CSFV realized the visual detection of pathogens, and the developed method of dual RAA agarose gel electrophoresis assay for ASFV and CSFV realized the simultaneous detection of two pathogens in one reaction, with good specificity, high sensitivity and rapid reaction rate, which was expected to be clinically feasible for the differential diagnosis of ASF and CSF provided technical support.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keke Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sen Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaodi Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuwan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenxian Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaoyao Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuwei Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinding Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jinding Chen, ; Shuangqi Fan,
| | - Shuangqi Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jinding Chen, ; Shuangqi Fan,
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Han JH, Yoo DS, Pak SI, Kim ET. Understanding the transmission of African swine fever in wild boars of South Korea: A simulation study for parameter estimation. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:e1101-e1112. [PMID: 34821474 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Since the introduction of African swine fever (ASF) to Georgia in 2007, the disease has spread to many other countries including South Korea. Initial detection of ASF from wild boars (WB) in South Korea was reported in early October 2019. Since then, more than a thousand WB samples collected from the northern part of the country have been confirmed as ASF positive (2.9% of ASF positivity among WB samples collected until June 2020), indicating that the disease is endemic in the WB populations. To control the disease, multiple layers of fence-lines have been erected. Nevertheless, outbreaks continuously occurred across the fence, requiring a better understanding of the spatial transmission mechanism of ASF in WBs. Hence, we developed a novel ASF transmission model to estimate ecological and epidemiological parameters related to the spread of the disease in the WB population of South Korea. The results showed that roads and rivers were effective to prevent the spread, reducing the transmission rate to approximately 37% on average. Only a limited level of reduction was indicated via fence-lines, implying erection of fences might be considered as a temporary measure to delay the spread. This study also revealed that the probability of ASF transmission to adjacent habitats considerably decreased with increasing distance, supporting the slow spatial transmission speed reported from other European countries. Considering that elucidation of ASF dynamics in WB is crucial to mitigate the impact of the disease, we believe this study provides some useful ecological and epidemiological implications to control the disease in future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hee Han
- EpiCentre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Dae-Sung Yoo
- Veterinary Epidemiology Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Son-Il Pak
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eu-Tteum Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Yoon H, Hong SK, Lee I, Choi DS, Lee JH, Lee E, Wee SH. Arthropods as potential vectors of African swine fever virus outbreaks in pig farms in the Republic of Korea. Vet Med Sci 2021; 7:1841-1844. [PMID: 34085400 PMCID: PMC8464277 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The seasonality of African swine fever (ASF) in the summers and outbreaks in farms with high biosecurity levels suggest that the ASF virus (ASFV) may be transmitted by arthropod vectors. Arthropods were collected in this study from 14 pig farms with ASF outbreaks in Korea in 2019 to explore the role of arthropods as potential ASFV vectors. A total of 28,729 arthropods, including 28,508 (99.2%) Diptera, were collected using blacklight traps, insect nets and yellow sticky strips. All arthropod samples were negative for ASFV genomic DNA according to laboratory tests using real‐time polymerase chain reaction. This result may reflect the effects of immediate control measures following the detection of farms with ASF outbreaks in the early phase of infection in Korea. We collected 28,729 arthropods in 14 outbreaks pig farms in Korea to know the possibility that ASF may be transmitted by arthropod vector.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hachung Yoon
- Veterinary Epidemiology Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Keun Hong
- Veterinary Epidemiology Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ilseob Lee
- Veterinary Epidemiology Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Deuk-Soo Choi
- Plant Quarantine Technology Center, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Ho Lee
- Plant Pest Control Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunesub Lee
- Veterinary Epidemiology Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Wee
- Department of Animal Disease Control and Quarantine, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|