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Wu J, Zhou D, Zhu X, Zhang Y, Xiao Y. Updates of primary central nervous system lymphoma. Ther Adv Hematol 2024; 15:20406207241259010. [PMID: 38883164 PMCID: PMC11177745 DOI: 10.1177/20406207241259010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Lymphoma occurring in the central nervous system is considered primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL), usually without systematic lesions. Over the last few decades, a deep understanding of PCNSL has been lacking due to the low incidence rate, and the overall survival and progression-free survival of patients with PCNSL are lower than those with other types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Recently, there have been several advancements in research on PCNSL. Advances in diagnosis of the disease are primarily reflected in the promising diagnostic efficiency of novel biomarkers. Pathogenesis mainly involves abnormal activation of nuclear factor kappa-B signaling pathways, copy number variations, and DNA methylation. Novel therapies such as Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors, immunomodulatory drugs, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors are being evaluated as possible treatment options for PCNSL, especially for relapsed/refractory (R/R) cases. Several clinical trials also indicated the promising feasibility and efficacy of chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy for selected R/R PCNSL patients. This review focuses on discussing recent updates, including the diagnosis, pathogenesis, and novel therapy of PCNSL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Wu
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Delian Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaojian Zhu
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology. No. 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Qiaokou District, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Yicheng Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology. No. 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Qiaokou District, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Yi Xiao
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology. No. 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Qiaokou District, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
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Hosokawa M, Tetsumoto S, Yasui M, Kono Y, Ogawara KI. 3-deazaneplanocin A, a histone methyltransferase inhibitor, improved the chemoresistance induced under hypoxia in melanoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 677:26-30. [PMID: 37542772 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
One of common characteristics of solid tumors is low O2 level, so-called hypoxia, which plays a critical role in chemoresistance. Epigenetic mechanism such as DNA methylation and histone modification is involved in cancer development and progression. There is ample evidence that epigenetic drugs reversed acquired chemoresistance in cancer cells under normal O2 level, normoxia. However, it remains unknown whether epigenetic drugs improve acquired chemoresistance under hypoxia. The aim of our study was to investigate whether epigenetic drugs can improve the chemoresistance induced under hypoxia in cancer cells. In murine melanoma B16-BL6 (B16) cells, the culture under hypoxia, 1%O2 caused the elevated expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and its target genes. The chemoresistance to 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin (SN-38, the active metabolite of irinotecan) was also acquired under hypoxia in B16 cells. In addition, as epigenetic mechanisms, the protein expression of the enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), histone methyltransferase and its target histone H3 trimethylation at lysine 27 (H3K27Me3) level increased under hypoxia. The induction of H3K27Me3 under hypoxia was suppressed by EZH2 siRNA and 3-deazaneplanocin A (DZNep), an EZH2 inhibitor. Furthermore, both EZH2 siRNA and DZNep significantly reduced the cell viability after SN-38 treatment and improved the chemoresistance to SN-38 under hypoxia. These results indicated that the chemoresistance to SN-38 under hypoxia would arise from epigenetic mechanism, H3K27Me3 elevation due to EZH2 induction. In conclusion, a histone methyltransferase EZH2 inhibitor, DZNep was capable of tackling acquired chemoresistance via the suppression of histone methylation induced under hypoxic tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Hosokawa
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, 658-8558, Japan.
| | - Sekai Tetsumoto
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, 658-8558, Japan
| | - Mirano Yasui
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, 658-8558, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kono
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, 658-8558, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Ogawara
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, 658-8558, Japan
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Yang H, Xun Y, Ke C, Tateishi K, You H. Extranodal lymphoma: pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2023; 4:29. [PMID: 37718386 PMCID: PMC10505605 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-023-00141-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 30% of lymphomas occur outside the lymph nodes, spleen, or bone marrow, and the incidence of extranodal lymphoma has been rising in the past decade. While traditional chemotherapy and radiation therapy can improve survival outcomes for certain patients, the prognosis for extranodal lymphoma patients remains unsatisfactory. Extranodal lymphomas in different anatomical sites often have distinct cellular origins, pathogenic mechanisms, and clinical manifestations, significantly influencing their diagnosis and treatment. Therefore, it is necessary to provide a comprehensive summary of the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment progress of extranodal lymphoma overall and specifically for different anatomical sites. This review summarizes the current progress in the common key signaling pathways in the development of extranodal lymphomas and intervention therapy. Furthermore, it provides insights into the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment strategies of common extranodal lymphomas, including gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, mycosis fungoides (MF), natural killer/T-cell lymphoma (nasal type, NKTCL-NT), and primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL). Additionally, as PCNSL is one of the extranodal lymphomas with the worst prognosis, this review specifically summarizes prognostic indicators and discusses the challenges and opportunities related to its clinical applications. The aim of this review is to assist clinical physicians and researchers in understanding the current status of extranodal lymphomas, enabling them to make informed clinical decisions that contribute to improving patient prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yang
- Department of Basic Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, China
| | - Yang Xun
- Department of Basic Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, China
| | - Chao Ke
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neuro-Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Kensuke Tateishi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, 2360004, Japan
| | - Hua You
- Laboratory for Excellence in Systems Biomedicine of Pediatric Oncology, Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401122, China.
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Hernández-Verdin I, Morales-Martínez A, Hoang-Xuan K, Alentorn A. Primary central nervous system lymphoma: advances in its pathogenesis, molecular markers and targeted therapies. Curr Opin Neurol 2022; 35:779-786. [PMID: 36367044 DOI: 10.1097/wco.0000000000001115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare subtype of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) located in the CNS with a less favorable prognosis. Recent information addressing the disease molecular heterogeneity is paving the way for tailored treatment strategies. This article reviews current work on the pathogenesis of the disease, potential biomarkers, and treatments. RECENT FINDINGS Previous molecular classifications of PCNSL, built on DLBCL heterogeneity, did not properly address its intrinsic variability. Recent evidence has shown the existence of four different molecular PCNSL subtypes with associated multiomic characteristics, including prognostic relevance. Several studies have identified the tumor microenvironment (TME) as a driving prognostic factor in PCNSL. Therapy efforts continue mainly into targeting either the NF-κβ (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain enhancer of activated B cells) pathway or modulating the TME through immunomodulatory drugs (lenalidomide) or immunotherapy (antiprogrammed cell death 1/programmed cell death 1 ligand 1). SUMMARY Despite the increasing understanding of PCNSL pathogenesis with recent studies, future efforts are still needed to yield diagnostic biomarkers to detect either PCNSL or its molecular subtypes and hence ease routine clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Morales-Martínez
- Department of Neurology-2, Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Paris, France
| | - Khê Hoang-Xuan
- Institut du Cerveau-Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Inserm, Sorbonne Université, CNRS
- Department of Neurology-2, Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Paris, France
| | - Agustí Alentorn
- Institut du Cerveau-Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Inserm, Sorbonne Université, CNRS
- Department of Neurology-2, Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Paris, France
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Diagnostic and Therapeutic Perspectives Associated to Cobalamin-Dependent Metabolism and Transcobalamins’ Synthesis in Solid Cancers. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14102058. [PMID: 35631199 PMCID: PMC9145230 DOI: 10.3390/nu14102058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cobalamin or vitamin B12 (B12) is a cofactor for methionine synthase and methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, two enzymes implicated in key pathways for cell proliferation: methylation, purine synthesis, succinylation and ATP production. Ensuring these functions in cancer cells therefore requires important cobalamin needs and its uptake through the transcobalamin II receptor (TCII-R). Thus, both the TCII-R and the cobalamin-dependent metabolic pathways constitute promising therapeutic targets to inhibit cancer development. However, the link between cobalamin and solid cancers is not limited to cellular metabolism, as it also involves the circulating transcobalamins I and II (TCI or haptocorrin and TCII) carrier proteins, encoded by TCN1 and TCN2, respectively. In this respect, elevations of B12, TCI and TCII concentrations in plasma are associated with cancer onset and relapse, and with the presence of metastases and worse prognosis. In addition, TCN1 and TCN2 overexpressions are associated with chemoresistance and a proliferative phenotype, respectively. Here we review the involvement of cobalamin and transcobalamins in cancer diagnosis and prognosis, and as potential therapeutic targets. We further detail the relationship between cobalamin-dependent metabolic pathways in cancer cells and the transcobalamins’ abundancies in plasma and tumors, to ultimately hypothesize screening and therapeutic strategies linking these aspects.
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