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Ma JQ, Ren YN, Wen SY, Dong AB, Xing WG, Jiang Y. Development and evaluation of serological screening based on one dried plasma spot for HIV, syphilis, and HCV. Virol J 2023; 20:293. [PMID: 38082318 PMCID: PMC10712157 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02225-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the effort to prevent and control HIV/AIDS, China has established a national sentinel surveillance system. However, some sentinel sites face limitations in environmental resources and accessibility, prompting the exploration of alternative sample strategies. Dried plasma spots (DPS) samples are viewed as promising alternatives to traditional plasma samples due to their advantages, including sample stability, easy storage, and convenient transport. This study aims to develop a method for screening HIV, Treponema pallidum (TP), and Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) using DPS samples and assess their performance. METHODS Based on existing commercial assay kits, a detection method was established through the optimization of experimental parameters, including the amount of plasma on filter paper, the volume of elution solution applied to dried plasma spots, the size of dried plasma spots, elution solution volume, elution solution components, elution temperature, and elution time. A series of laboratory evaluation panels were constructed for laboratory assessments, including the laboratory basic panel, laboratory interference panel, and laboratory precision panel. Additionally, clinical samples were used for evaluation. RESULTS Optimal conditions for DPS sample extraction were: plasma volume, 100 µL; DPS size, whole spot; eluent volume, 500 µL; eluent, PBS with 1‰ Tween20; elution time, 2 h; elution temperature, room temperature. A total of 619 paired plasma/DPS samples were tested by both methods. The DPS-based ELISA method exhibited 100% sensitivity/specificity for HIV, 98.6%/100% for TP, and 99.6%/100% for HCV. Kappa values between the plasma samples and DPS samples were 100% for HIV, 99% for TP, and 100% for HCV. The DPS-based ELISA method failed to detect 1 HCV mono-infected sample and TP in 1 HIV/HCV/TP co-infected sample. For the HIV/HCV/TP co-infected sample, the S/CO in the plasma sample was 2.143 and in the DPS sample was 0.5. For HCV, the S/CO (sample OD/cut-off) was 3.049 in the plasma sample and 0.878 in the DPS sample. CONCLUSIONS A single DPS, following one-time standardized processing, can be used to detect HIV, HCV, and TP. Researching and establishing laboratory testing methods better suited for China's sentinel surveillance have significant practical applications in improving HIV testing in resource-constrained environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Qiong Ma
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.
- National HIV/HCV Reference Laboratory, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China.
| | - Ya-Nan Ren
- Fangshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fangshan, Beijing, China
| | - Shi-Yuan Wen
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Ao-Bo Dong
- Third Hospital of Baotou City, Baotou, 014040, China
| | - Wen-Ge Xing
- National HIV/HCV Reference Laboratory, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- National HIV/HCV Reference Laboratory, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China.
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Fingerprick Microsampling Methods Can Replace Venepuncture for Simultaneous Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Tacrolimus, Mycophenolic Acid, and Prednisolone Concentrations in Adult Kidney Transplant Patients. Ther Drug Monit 2023; 45:69-78. [PMID: 36097333 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0000000000001024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kidney transplant patients undergo repeated and frequent venepunctures during allograft management. Microsampling methods that use a fingerprick draw of capillary blood, such as dried blood spots (DBS) and volumetric absorptive microsamplers (VAMS), have the potential to reduce the burden and volume of blood loss with venepuncture. METHODS This study aimed to examine microsampling approaches for the simultaneous measurement of tacrolimus, mycophenolic acid, mycophenolic acid glucuronide (MPAG), and prednisolone drug concentrations compared with standard venepuncture in adult kidney transplant patients. DBS and VAMS were simultaneously collected with venepuncture samples from 40 adult kidney transplant patients immediately before and 2 hours after immunosuppressant dosing. Method comparison was performed using Passing-Bablok regression, and bias was assessed using Bland-Altman analysis. Drug concentrations measured through microsampling and venepuncture were also compared by estimating the median prediction error (MPE) and median absolute percentage prediction error (MAPE). RESULTS Passing-Bablok regression showed a systematic difference between tacrolimus DBS and venepuncture [slope of 1.06 (1.01-1.13)] and between tacrolimus VAMS and venepuncture [slope of 1.08 (1.03-1.13)]. Tacrolimus values were adjusted for this difference, and the corrected values showed no systematic differences. Moreover, no systematic differences were observed when comparing DBS or VAMS with venepuncture for mycophenolic acid and prednisolone. Tacrolimus (corrected), mycophenolic acid, and prednisolone microsampling values met the MPE and MAPE predefined acceptability limits of <15% when compared with the corresponding venepuncture values. DBS and VAMS, collected in a controlled environment, simultaneously measured multiple immunosuppressants. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that accurate results of multiple immunosuppressant concentrations can be generated through the microsampling approach, with a preference for VAMS over DBS.
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Petrov VI, Anikeev IS, Zayachnikova TE, Strygin AV, Dotsenko AM. ADAPTATION OF “DRIED BLOOD DROP” METHOD FOR THERAPEUTIC DRUG MONITORING. PHARMACY & PHARMACOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.19163/2307-9266-2022-10-4-331-342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
To control the concentration of drugs with a narrow therapeutic range, and to conduct effective and safe treatments, Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) is carried out. However, to date, the implementation of TDM is associated with various difficulties, for the solution of which more convenient and less invasive methods for collecting biological material are being developed.The aim of the study was to develop protocols for the collection and storage of “dried blood spot” (DBS) samples, as well as protocols for the validation methods for the quantitative determination of drugs in whole blood, using this technology for subsequent therapeutic drug monitoring.Materials and methods. To analyze a “dried blood spot” method in detail and to identify the characteristic features of taking and storing biosamples, a collection and analysis of scientific literature over the past 10 years has been conducted. The search for literature materials has been carried out from open and accessible sources located in the scientific libraries of institutions, in electronic databases and search engines: Elibrary, PubMed, Scopus, Cyberleninka, Medline, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, Google Scholar. Primary protocols for taking, storing and analyzing samples of the “dried blood drop” have been prepared. To obtain the adequate quality samples, the developed protocols have been tested and optimized at the stages of selection and storage. By high-performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection (HPLC-MS/MS), using a “dried blood drop” as a sample preparation, drug validation protocols have been optimized to ensure that acceptable validation characteristics were achieved, and subsequent Therapeutic Drug Monitoring was performed.Results. The features of the collection, storage and analysis of the “dried blood spot” samples have been revealed. Such characteristics as a spot volume effect, a hematocrit effect, a droplet uniformity, which can affect the results of a quantitative HPLC-MS/MS analysis, have been determined. For a successful use of the new methods, appropriate protocols for taking samples of “dried blood spot” from the finger of adult patients and from the heel of newborns, as well as protocols for validating methods for the quantitative determination of drugs from these samples, have been developed.Conclusion. The application of the “dried blood spot” method using newly developed protocols for taking, storing and analyzing biological samples, relieves the existing constraints in conducting TDM, and can later become a promising method for conducting preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. I. Petrov
- Volgograd State Medical University
Institute for Continuing Medical and Pharmaceutical Education, Volgograd State Medical University
| | - I. S. Anikeev
- Volgograd State Medical University
Institute for Continuing Medical and Pharmaceutical Education, Volgograd State Medical University
| | - T. E. Zayachnikova
- Institute for Continuing Medical and Pharmaceutical Education, Volgograd State Medical University
| | - A. V. Strygin
- Volgograd State Medical University
Scientific Center of Innovative Medicines with Pilot Production, Volgograd State Medical University
Volgograd Medical Research Center
| | - A. M. Dotsenko
- Volgograd State Medical University
Volgograd Medical Research Center
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Handling unstable analytes: literature review and expert panel survey by Japan Bioanalysis Forum Discussion Group. Bioanalysis 2021; 14:169-185. [PMID: 34894755 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2021-0229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Analyzing unstable small molecule drugs and metabolites in blood continues to be challenging for bioanalysis. Although scientific countermeasures such as immediate cooling, immediate freezing, addition of enzyme inhibitors, pH adjustment, dried blood spot or derivatization have been developed, selecting the best practices has become an issue in the pharmaceutical industry as the number of drugs with such problems is increasing, even for generic drugs. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive literature review and a questionnaire survey to determine a suitable practice for evaluating instability and implementing countermeasures. Three areas of focus, matrix selection, effect of hemolysis and selection of esterase inhibitors, are discussed.
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Bergan S, Brunet M, Hesselink DA, Johnson-Davis KL, Kunicki PK, Lemaitre F, Marquet P, Molinaro M, Noceti O, Pattanaik S, Pawinski T, Seger C, Shipkova M, Swen JJ, van Gelder T, Venkataramanan R, Wieland E, Woillard JB, Zwart TC, Barten MJ, Budde K, Dieterlen MT, Elens L, Haufroid V, Masuda S, Millan O, Mizuno T, Moes DJAR, Oellerich M, Picard N, Salzmann L, Tönshoff B, van Schaik RHN, Vethe NT, Vinks AA, Wallemacq P, Åsberg A, Langman LJ. Personalized Therapy for Mycophenolate: Consensus Report by the International Association of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Clinical Toxicology. Ther Drug Monit 2021; 43:150-200. [PMID: 33711005 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0000000000000871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT When mycophenolic acid (MPA) was originally marketed for immunosuppressive therapy, fixed doses were recommended by the manufacturer. Awareness of the potential for a more personalized dosing has led to development of methods to estimate MPA area under the curve based on the measurement of drug concentrations in only a few samples. This approach is feasible in the clinical routine and has proven successful in terms of correlation with outcome. However, the search for superior correlates has continued, and numerous studies in search of biomarkers that could better predict the perfect dosage for the individual patient have been published. As it was considered timely for an updated and comprehensive presentation of consensus on the status for personalized treatment with MPA, this report was prepared following an initiative from members of the International Association of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Clinical Toxicology (IATDMCT). Topics included are the criteria for analytics, methods to estimate exposure including pharmacometrics, the potential influence of pharmacogenetics, development of biomarkers, and the practical aspects of implementation of target concentration intervention. For selected topics with sufficient evidence, such as the application of limited sampling strategies for MPA area under the curve, graded recommendations on target ranges are presented. To provide a comprehensive review, this report also includes updates on the status of potential biomarkers including those which may be promising but with a low level of evidence. In view of the fact that there are very few new immunosuppressive drugs under development for the transplant field, it is likely that MPA will continue to be prescribed on a large scale in the upcoming years. Discontinuation of therapy due to adverse effects is relatively common, increasing the risk for late rejections, which may contribute to graft loss. Therefore, the continued search for innovative methods to better personalize MPA dosage is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stein Bergan
- Department of Pharmacology, Oslo University Hospital and Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mercè Brunet
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Department, Biomedical Diagnostic Center, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Spain
| | - Dennis A Hesselink
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kamisha L Johnson-Davis
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center and ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Paweł K Kunicki
- Department of Drug Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Florian Lemaitre
- Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
| | - Pierre Marquet
- INSERM, Université de Limoges, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, CHU de Limoges, U1248 IPPRITT, Limoges, France
| | - Mariadelfina Molinaro
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacokinetics Lab, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Ofelia Noceti
- National Center for Liver Tansplantation and Liver Diseases, Army Forces Hospital, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | - Tomasz Pawinski
- Department of Drug Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland
| | | | - Maria Shipkova
- Synlab TDM Competence Center, Synlab MVZ Leinfelden-Echterdingen GmbH, Leinfelden-Echterdingen, Germany
| | - Jesse J Swen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Teun van Gelder
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Raman Venkataramanan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Department of Pathology, Starzl Transplantation Institute, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Eberhard Wieland
- Synlab TDM Competence Center, Synlab MVZ Leinfelden-Echterdingen GmbH, Leinfelden-Echterdingen, Germany
| | - Jean-Baptiste Woillard
- INSERM, Université de Limoges, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, CHU de Limoges, U1248 IPPRITT, Limoges, France
| | - Tom C Zwart
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Markus J Barten
- Department of Cardiac- and Vascular Surgery, University Heart and Vascular Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Klemens Budde
- Department of Nephrology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maja-Theresa Dieterlen
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Heart Center, HELIOS Clinic, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Laure Elens
- Integrated PharmacoMetrics, PharmacoGenomics and PharmacoKinetics (PMGK) Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vincent Haufroid
- Louvain Centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (LTAP), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, UCLouvain and Department of Clinical Chemistry, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Satohiro Masuda
- Department of Pharmacy, International University of Health and Welfare Narita Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Olga Millan
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Department, Biomedical Diagnostic Center, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Spain
| | - Tomoyuki Mizuno
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Dirk J A R Moes
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Oellerich
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nicolas Picard
- INSERM, Université de Limoges, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, CHU de Limoges, U1248 IPPRITT, Limoges, France
| | | | - Burkhard Tönshoff
- Department of Pediatrics I, University Children's Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ron H N van Schaik
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nils Tore Vethe
- Department of Pharmacology, Oslo University Hospital and Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alexander A Vinks
- Department of Pharmacy, International University of Health and Welfare Narita Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Pierre Wallemacq
- Clinical Chemistry Department, Cliniques Universitaires St Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, LTAP, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anders Åsberg
- Department of Transplantation Medicine, Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet and Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; and
| | - Loralie J Langman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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Tanathitiphuwarat N, Tanudechpong P, Chariyavilaskul P, Prompila N, Tansrisawad N, Tubtimrattana A, Wittayalertpanya S. Development and validation of an ultra-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry method for simultaneous quantification of total and free mycophenolic acid and its metabolites in human plasma. J Adv Pharm Technol Res 2020; 11:207-212. [PMID: 33425706 PMCID: PMC7784946 DOI: 10.4103/japtr.japtr_40_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
A reliable method has been validated using ultra-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (MS)/MS for simultaneous evaluation of human plasma concentration of mycophenolic acid (MPA) and its major metabolites both total and free form. All analytes were extracted from plasma by simple protein precipitation procedure with methanol. Samples for determination of their free form concentration require a preanalytic spin through an ultrafiltration system. The chromatographic separation was completed using C18column at 0.3 ml/min with a gradient condition. Method validation was performed as the United State Food and Drug Administration guidelines for bio-analytical methods concerning precision, accuracy, linearity, selectivity, recovery, and matrix effect. Linearity was obtained over concentration of 0.05–4, 0.5–60, and 0.025–3 μg/ml for total MPA, mycophenolic acid glucuronide (MPAG) and mycophenolic acid acyl-glucuronide (AcMPAG), respectively. The linearity of the method for free form of analytes was confirmed in the range of 10–500, 125–10,000, and 0.5–300 ng/ml for MPA, MPAG, and AcMPAG, respectively. The intra- and interday accuracy ranged from 85.73%–102.01% for total form, and 87.23%–111.89% for free form, and the precisions of all analytes were lower than 15%. The mean recoveries of the analytes ranged from 85.54% to 94.76% and the matrix factor ranged from 0.88–1.06. The developed method is rapid, sensitive and convenient for pharmacokinetic study or therapeutic drug monitoring in patients after oral administration of enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium or mycophenolate mofetil.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pannee Tanudechpong
- Interdisciplinary Program in Pharmacology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pajaree Chariyavilaskul
- Interdisciplinary Program in Pharmacology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacogenomics Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nantaporn Prompila
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nat Tansrisawad
- Chula Pharmacokinetic Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Apinya Tubtimrattana
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Supeecha Wittayalertpanya
- Interdisciplinary Program in Pharmacology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacogenomics Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Liu Y, Liu L, Li J, Fu Q, Zhang H, Wu C, Li J, Zhong G, Zheng Y, Chen X, Wang C, Chen P. Validated LC-MS/MS method for quantitation of total and free mycophenolic acid concentration and its application to a pharmacokinetic study in pediatric renal transplant recipients. Biomed Chromatogr 2020; 35:e4989. [PMID: 32959916 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A simple and sensitive LC-MS/MS method was established to quantify total and free mycophenolic acid (MPA) plasma concentrations during immunosuppressive medication for pediatric renal transplantation. The chromatographic separation was performed with the Hypersil GOLD C18 column, using a mobile phase consisting of 0.1% formic acid in water and acetonitrile (60:40, v/v) at an isocratic flow rate of 0.4 ml/min. An Agilent 6420 triple quadrupole mass spectrometer was operated via a positive electrospray ionization interface using the transitions m/z 321.14 → 206.9 for MPA and m/z 324.15 → 209.9 for MPA-d3 (internal standard). The linearity was 0.1-50 μg/ml for total MPA and 0.0025-0.5 μg/ml for free MPA. The within-run and between-run precisions were all <5% and accuracy was within 96.23-107.63%. The validated method was successfully aspplied to a pharmacokinetic study in 28 pediatric renal recipients. The mean free fraction of MPA in our patients was 0.89% (ranging from 0.62 to 1.25%) and albumin level played a major role in the variability of free fraction of MPA, thus, in pediatric patients with hypoproteinemia, close free drug monitoring and dose adjustments should be considered to prevent toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacy, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Longshan Liu
- Organ Transplant Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingjie Li
- Reproductive medicine center, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Fu
- Organ Transplant Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huanxi Zhang
- Organ Transplant Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chenglin Wu
- Organ Transplant Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Li
- Organ Transplant Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guoping Zhong
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yifan Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changxi Wang
- Organ Transplant Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pan Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Moat SJ, George RS, Carling RS. Use of Dried Blood Spot Specimens to Monitor Patients with Inherited Metabolic Disorders. Int J Neonatal Screen 2020; 6:26. [PMID: 33073023 PMCID: PMC7422991 DOI: 10.3390/ijns6020026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Monitoring of patients with inherited metabolic disorders (IMDs) using dried blood spot (DBS) specimens has been routinely used since the inception of newborn screening (NBS) for phenylketonuria in the 1960s. The introduction of flow injection analysis tandem mass spectrometry (FIA-MS/MS) in the 1990s facilitated the expansion of NBS for IMDs. This has led to increased identification of patients who require biochemical monitoring. Monitoring of IMD patients using DBS specimens is widely favoured due to the convenience of collecting blood from a finger prick onto filter paper devices in the patient's home, which can then be mailed directly to the laboratory. Ideally, analytical methodologies with a short analysis time and high sample throughput are required to enable results to be communicated to patients in a timely manner, allowing prompt therapy adjustment. The development of ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC-MS/MS), means that metabolic laboratories now have the capability to routinely analyse DBS specimens with superior specificity and sensitivity. This advancement in analytical technology has led to the development of numerous assays to detect analytes at low concentrations (pmol/L) in DBS specimens that can be used to monitor IMD patients. In this review, we discuss the pre-analytical, analytical and post-analytical variables that may affect the final test result obtained using DBS specimens used for monitoring of patients with an IMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J. Moat
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Immunology & Toxicology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff CF14 4XW, UK
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, University Hospital Wales, Cardiff CF14 4XW, UK
| | - Roanna S. George
- Derriford Combined Laboratory, University Hospitals Plymouth NHS Trust, Plymouth PL6 8DH, UK;
| | - Rachel S. Carling
- Biochemical Sciences, Viapath, Guys & St Thomas’ NHSFT, London SE1 7EH, UK;
- GKT School of Medical Education, King’s College, London SE1 1UH, UK
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Dried Blood Spot in Laboratory: Directions and Prospects. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:diagnostics10040248. [PMID: 32340321 PMCID: PMC7235996 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10040248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past few years, dried blood spot (DBS) technology has become a convenient tool in both qualitative and quantitative biological analysis. DBS technology consists of a membrane carrier (MC) on the surface of which a biomaterial sample becomes absorbed. Modern analytical, immunological or genomic methods can be employed for analysis after drying the sample. DBS has been described as the most appropriate method for biomaterial sampling due to specific associated inherent advantages, including the small volumes of biomaterials required, the absence of a need for special conditions for samples’ storage and transportation, improved stability of analytes and reduced risk of infection resulting from contaminated samples. This review illustrates information on the current state of DBS technology, which can be useful and helpful for biomedical researchers. The prospects of using this technology to assess the metabolomic profile, assessment, diagnosis of communicable diseases are demonstrated.
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10
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Microsampling: considerations for its use in pharmaceutical drug discovery and development. Bioanalysis 2019; 11:1015-1038. [PMID: 31218897 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2019-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing interest in the implementation of microsampling approaches for the quantitation of circulating concentrations of analytes in biological samples derived from nonclinical and clinical studies involved in drug development. This interest is partly due to the ethical advantages of taking smaller blood volumes, particularly for studies in rodents, children and the critically ill. In addition, these technologies facilitate sampling to be performed in previously intractable locations and occasions. Further, they enable the collection of samples for additional purposes (extra time points, biomarkers, sampling during a clinical event, etc). This article gives a comprehensive insight to the utilization of these approaches in drug discovery and development, and provides recommendations for best practice for nonclinical, clinical and bioanalytical aspects.
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APPROACHES TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF BIOANALYTICAL METHODS FOR DETERMINATION OF UNSTABLE SUBSTANCES IN BIOLOGICAL FLUIDS. ACTA BIOMEDICA SCIENTIFICA 2018. [DOI: 10.29413/abs.2018-3.5.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The approaches to bioanalytical method development for determination of substances which contain unstable functional groups in the structure are described. The oxidation and the hydrolysis are main causes of the decomposition of substances in biological fluids. Phenolic hydroxyls contain drugs were selected as examples of oxidable compounds, glucuronides of drugs were selected as examples of hydrolysable compounds. Determination of mycophenolic acid, which contains one phenolic hydroxyl and metabolized by formation of glucuronides, in plasma was performed using high performance liquid chromatography with mass-spectrometry and tandem mass-spectrometry detection. Methyldopa, which contains two phenolic hydroxyls, in stabilized plasma was assayed by high performance liquid chromatography – tandem mass-spectrometry in the range of 0.02–3.00 μg/ml. Concentrations of desmethyl mebeverine acid, which contains in the structure one phenolic hydroxyl and metabolized by formation of phenolic glucuronide, was measured simultaneously with mebeverine acid in the range of 10–2000 ng/ml. The influence of the ion source conversion of glucuronides on the quantitative determination of the substances was studied in the initial part of methods development. The next, selection of anticoagulants based on the study of short-term stability and freeze/thaw stability of the analytes and back conversion of their glucuronides was performed. The combination of anticoagulant K3EDTA and the antioxidant solution containing a mixture of ascorbic acid, sodium sulfite and sodium hydrogen carbonate in the concentrations of 5.0 %, 0.2 % and 2.4 %, respectively, was used to prevent degradation of methyldopa.
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Handling of highly coeluted chromatographic peaks by multivariate curve resolution for a complex bioanalytical problem: Quantitation of selected corticosteroids and mycophenolic acid in human plasma. Talanta 2018; 187:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.04.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Khokhlov AL, Yaichkov II, Dzhurko YA, Shitov LN, Shitova AA. Methodical approaches to bioassay of substances containing unstable functional groups. RESEARCH RESULTS IN PHARMACOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.3897/rrpharmacology.4.25253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: This article describes the method development approaches for bioassay of substances containing unstable functional groups and forming unstable metabolites using the example of mycophenolic acid, methyldopa and mebeverine metabolites.
Materials and Methods: The concentration of mycophenolic acid, which contains one phenolic hydroxyl and forms glucuronides during metabolism, was measured in plasma using HPLC-MS/MS, HPLC-MS and GC-MS. The determination of methyldopa, containing two phenolic hydroxyls, in stabilised plasma was performed by HPLC-MS/MS in the range of 0.02-3.00 μg/ml. Desmethyl mebeverine acid, which contains one phenolic hydroxyl and is metabolised by forming phenolic glucuronide, was assayed simultaneously with mebeverine acid in the range of 10-2000 ng/ml.
Results and Discussion: The selection of storage conditions of the samples containing unstable substances should begin with selecting an anticoagulant based on the study of its short-term stability and freeze/thaw stability. If an unacceptable result is obtained, a combination of the anticoagulant and a stabiliser solution, as well as a concentration of this solution and its volume ratio to the biological fluid should be titrated. After which, this method should be validated by using the selected anticoagulant or the combination of the anticoagulant and stabiliser solution.
Conclusion: The application of this approach to developing a bioanalytical method for determination of unstable compounds makes it possible to avoid obtaining false assay results.
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Development of a Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometric Method for Quantification of Mycophenolic Acid and Its Glucuronides in Dried Blood Spot Samples. Ther Drug Monit 2017; 39:648-653. [DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0000000000000458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Dried Blood Spot Sampling for Tacrolimus and Mycophenolic Acid in Children: Analytical and Clinical Validation. Ther Drug Monit 2017; 39:412-421. [DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0000000000000422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Łuszczyńska P, Pawiński T, Kunicki PK, Sikorska K, Marszałek R. Free mycophenolic acid determination in human plasma ultrafiltrate by a validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. Biomed Chromatogr 2017; 31. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Łuszczyńska
- Department of Drug Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy; Medical University of Warsaw; Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw Poland
| | - Tomasz Pawiński
- Department of Drug Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy; Medical University of Warsaw; Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw Poland
| | - Paweł K. Kunicki
- Department of Drug Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy; Medical University of Warsaw; Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw Poland
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Department of Medical Biology, (previous name: Department of Clinical Biochemistry); Institute of Cardiology; Alpejska 42, 04-628 Warsaw Poland
| | - Katarzyna Sikorska
- Department of Drug Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy; Medical University of Warsaw; Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw Poland
| | - Ryszard Marszałek
- Department of Bioanalysis and Drugs Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy; Medical University of Warsaw; Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw Poland
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Shipkova M, Valbuena H. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for therapeutic drug monitoring of immunosuppressive drugs: Achievements, lessons and open issues. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Opening the toolbox of alternative sampling strategies in clinical routine: A key-role for (LC-)MS/MS. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Zhang D, Chow DSL, Renbarger JL. Simultaneous quantification of mycophenolic acid and its glucuronide metabolites in human plasma by an UPLC-MS/MS assay. Biomed Chromatogr 2016; 30:1648-55. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daping Zhang
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Houston College of Pharmacy; Houston TX 77030 USA
| | - Diana S-L. Chow
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Houston College of Pharmacy; Houston TX 77030 USA
| | - Jamie L. Renbarger
- Department of Medicine; Indiana University School of Medicine; Indianapolis IN 46202 USA
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Wagner M, Tonoli D, Varesio E, Hopfgartner G. The use of mass spectrometry to analyze dried blood spots. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2016; 35:361-438. [PMID: 25252132 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Dried blood spots (DBS) typically consist in the deposition of small volumes of capillary blood onto dedicated paper cards. Comparatively to whole blood or plasma samples, their benefits rely in the fact that sample collection is easier and that logistic aspects related to sample storage and shipment can be relatively limited, respectively, without the need of a refrigerator or dry ice. Originally, this approach has been developed in the sixties to support the analysis of phenylalanine for the detection of phenylketonuria in newborns using bacterial inhibition test. In the nineties tandem mass spectrometry was established as the detection technique for phenylalanine and tyrosine. DBS became rapidly recognized for their clinical value: they were widely implemented in pediatric settings with mass spectrometric detection, and were closely associated to the debut of newborn screening (NBS) programs, as a part of public health policies. Since then, sample collection on paper cards has been explored with various analytical techniques in other areas more or less successfully regarding large-scale applications. Moreover, in the last 5 years a regain of interest for DBS was observed and originated from the bioanalytical community to support drug development (e.g., PK studies) or therapeutic drug monitoring mainly. Those recent applications were essentially driven by improved sensitivity of triple quadrupole mass spectrometers. This review presents an overall view of all instrumental and methodological developments for DBS analysis with mass spectrometric detection, with and without separation techniques. A general introduction to DBS will describe their advantages and historical aspects of their emergence. A second section will focus on blood collection, with a strong emphasis on specific parameters that can impact quantitative analysis, including chromatographic effects, hematocrit effects, blood effects, and analyte stability. A third part of the review is dedicated to sample preparation and will consider off-line and on-line extractions; in particular, instrumental designs that have been developed so far for DBS extraction will be detailed. Flow injection analysis and applications will be discussed in section IV. The application of surface analysis mass spectrometry (DESI, paper spray, DART, APTDCI, MALDI, LDTD-APCI, and ICP) to DBS is described in section V, while applications based on separation techniques (e.g., liquid or gas chromatography) are presented in section VI. To conclude this review, the current status of DBS analysis is summarized, and future perspectives are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Wagner
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Life Sciences Mass Spectrometry, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - David Tonoli
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Life Sciences Mass Spectrometry, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Varesio
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Life Sciences Mass Spectrometry, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gérard Hopfgartner
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Life Sciences Mass Spectrometry, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
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Syed M, Srinivas NR. A comprehensive review of the published assays for the quantitation of the immunosuppressant drug mycophenolic acid and its glucuronidated metabolites in biological fluids. Biomed Chromatogr 2016; 30:721-48. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muzeeb Syed
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 2 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
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Alternative matrices for therapeutic drug monitoring of immunosuppressive agents using LC-MS/MS. Bioanalysis 2016; 7:1037-58. [PMID: 25966013 DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunosuppressive drugs used in solid organ transplants typically have narrow therapeutic windows and high intra- and intersubject variability. To ensure satisfactory exposure, therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) plays a pivotal role in any successful posttransplant maintenance therapy. Currently, recommendations for optimum immunosuppressant concentrations are based on blood/plasma measurements. However, they introduce many disadvantages, including poor prediction of allograft survival and toxicity, a weak correlation with drug concentrations at the site of action and the invasive nature of the sample collection. Thus, alternative matrices have been investigated. This paper reviews tandem-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods used for the quantification of immunosuppressant drugs utilizing nonconventional matrices, namely oral fluids, fingerprick blood and intracellular and intratissue sampling. The advantages, disadvantages and clinical application of such alternative mediums are discussed. Additionally, sample extraction techniques and basic chromatography information regarding these methods are presented in tabulated form.
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DBS direct elution: optimizing performance in high-throughput quantitative LC–MS/MS analysis. Bioanalysis 2015; 7:2003-17. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Automated DBS direct elution techniques eliminate the manual extraction burden of DBS bioanalysis, offer good quantitative performance, the ability to eliminate hematocrit-based assay bias, and, previous reports have demonstrated that significant increases in assay sensitivity compared with manual DBS extraction are possible. Results: An investigation into elucidating parameters for optimized generic DBS direct elution for high sample throughput quantitative bioanalytical applications is presented for the first time. Generic direct elution conditions were identified that enabled LC–MS/MS assay sensitivity to be maximized while retaining acceptable chromatographic performance. Conclusion: Compared with generic conventional DBS manual extraction, assay sensitivity was demonstrated to be increased up to 33-fold across four representative small molecule compounds, using the recommended direct elution conditions.
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Rainville PD, Simeone JL, Root DS, Mallet CR, Wilson ID, Plumb RS. A method for the direct injection and analysis of small volume human blood spots and plasma extracts containing high concentrations of organic solvents using revered-phase 2D UPLC/MS. Analyst 2015; 140:1921-31. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an02090a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This methodology provides increased assay sensitivity and facilitates small volume biofluid analysis in high percent organic samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D. Rainville
- Waters Corporation
- Milford
- USA
- King's College London
- Micro Separations Group
| | | | | | | | - Ian D. Wilson
- Imperial College
- Division of Surgery and Cancer
- London
- UK
| | - Robert S. Plumb
- Waters Corporation
- Milford
- USA
- Imperial College
- Division of Surgery and Cancer
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A device for dried blood microsampling in quantitative bioanalysis: overcoming the issues associated blood hematocrit. Bioanalysis 2014; 7:653-9. [PMID: 25514576 DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS A cross-laboratory experiment has been performed on a novel dried blood sampler in order to investigate whether it overcomes issues associated with blood volume and hematocrit (HCT) that are observed when taking a subpunch from dried blood spot samples. MATERIALS & METHODS An average blood volume of 10.6 μl was absorbed by the samplers across the different HCTs investigated (20-65%). RESULTS No notable change of volume absorbed was noted across the HCT range. Furthermore, the variation in blood sample volumes across six different laboratories was within acceptable limits. CONCLUSION The novel volumetric absorptive microsampling device has the potential to deliver the advantages of dried blood spot sampling while overcoming some of the issues associated with the technology.
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Sharma A, Jaiswal S, Shukla M, Lal J. Dried blood spots: Concepts, present status, and future perspectives in bioanalysis. Drug Test Anal 2014; 6:399-414. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abhisheak Sharma
- Pharmacokinetics & Metabolism Division; CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute; Lucknow 226031 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research; New Delhi India
| | - Swati Jaiswal
- Pharmacokinetics & Metabolism Division; CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute; Lucknow 226031 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research; New Delhi India
| | - Mahendra Shukla
- Pharmacokinetics & Metabolism Division; CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute; Lucknow 226031 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research; New Delhi India
| | - Jawahar Lal
- Pharmacokinetics & Metabolism Division; CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute; Lucknow 226031 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research; New Delhi India
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What are the challenges of stability investigations and sample stabilization in regulated bioanalysis? Bioanalysis 2013; 5:1811-4. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.13.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Upadhyay V, Trivedi V, Shah G, Yadav M, Shrivastav PS. Determination of mycophenolic acid in human plasma by ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Anal 2013; 4:205-216. [PMID: 29403884 PMCID: PMC5761118 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple, sensitive and high throughput ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method has been developed for the determination of mycophenolic acid in human plasma. The method involved simple protein precipitation of MPA along with its deuterated analog as an internal standard (IS) from 50 µL of human plasma. The chromatographic analysis was done on Acquity UPLC C18 (100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.7 µm) column under isocratic conditions using acetonitrile and 10 mM ammonium formate, pH 3.00 (75:25, v/v) as the mobile phase. A triple quadrupole mass spectrometer operating in the positive ionization mode was used for quantitation. In-source conversion of mycophenolic glucuronide metabolite to the parent drug was selectively controlled by suitable optimization of cone voltage, cone gas flow and desolvation temperature. The method was validated over a wide concentration range of 15-15000 ng/mL. The mean extraction recovery for the analyte and IS was >95%. Matrix effect expressed as matrix factors ranged from 0.97 to 1.02. The method was successfully applied to support a bioequivalence study of 500 mg mycophenolate mofetil tablet in 72 healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Upadhyay
- Chemistry Department, Kadi Sarva Vishwavidyalaya, Gandhinagar 382015, India
| | - Vikas Trivedi
- Chemistry Department, Kadi Sarva Vishwavidyalaya, Gandhinagar 382015, India
| | - Gaurang Shah
- Chemistry Department, Kadi Sarva Vishwavidyalaya, Gandhinagar 382015, India
| | - Manish Yadav
- Chemistry Department, Kadi Sarva Vishwavidyalaya, Gandhinagar 382015, India
| | - Pranav S. Shrivastav
- Chemistry Department, Kadi Sarva Vishwavidyalaya, Gandhinagar 382015, India
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad 380009, India
- Corresponding author at: Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad 380009, India. Tel.: +91 079 2630 0969; fax: +91 079 2630 8545.
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Abstract
This article discusses the benefits of dried blood spot sampling and the recent issues that have emerged when this technique is used in the regulated quantitative bioanalytical environment. The author explores what the way forward might be for this important technique and what some of the unexpected benefits of this change in sampling methodologies have been.
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Automated dried blood spots standard and QC sample preparation using a robotic liquid handler. Bioanalysis 2012; 4:2795-804. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.12.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: A dried blood spot (DBS) bioanalysis assay involves many steps, such as the preparation of standard (STD) and QC samples in blood, the spotting onto DBS cards, and the cutting-out of the spots. These steps are labor intensive and time consuming if done manually, which, therefore, makes automation very desirable in DBS bioanalysis. Results: A robotic liquid handler was successfully applied to the preparation of STD and QC samples in blood and to spot the blood samples onto DBS cards using buspirone as the model compound. This automated preparation was demonstrated to be accurate and consistent. However the accuracy and precision of automated preparation were similar to those from manual preparation. The effect of spotting volume on accuracy was evaluated and a trend of increasing concentrations of buspirone with increasing spotting volumes was observed. Conclusion: The automated STD and QC sample preparation process significantly improved the efficiency, robustness and safety of DBS bioanalysis.
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Abstract
Background: Stabilization of phase II metabolites is an important consideration during bioanalytical method development, method validation and sample analysis. Generic approaches to stabilize these metabolites during storage in liquid-based matrices include pH adjustment of samples prior to storage and/or temperature control; although a variety of other compound-specific stabilization techniques exist. Dried blood spot (DBS) technology is becoming a popular alternative to liquid matrix sampling in many preclinical and clinical applications. However, concerns remain regarding the stability of metabolites stored under ambient conditions using DBS. Results: Experimental data have shown that, under ambient storage conditions, the stability of the glucuronides investigated herein stored as DBS is equivalent to that of liquid samples stored at -80°C. Conclusion: The decision to employ DBS technology for a given study needs to be considered on a case-by-case basis with an understanding of compound-specific metabolism characteristics and clinical study design.
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Dried blood spots, pharmacokinetic studies and better medicines for children. Bioanalysis 2011; 3:779-86. [PMID: 21452994 DOI: 10.4155/bio.11.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Determining circulating drug concentrations in children is an ongoing obstacle to the development of age-appropriate dosing regimens. The requirement for small blood sample volumes in children compared with adults is a significant barrier to obtaining age-specific pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic data for this population and hence optimizing the efficacy and safety profile of medicines used by this group. This article discusses the potential for dried blood spot sampling to offer a solution to this issue.
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Rago B, Liu J, Tan B, Holliman C. Application of the dried spot sampling technique for rat cerebrospinal fluid sample collection and analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 55:1201-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Revised: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Utilization of DBS within drug discovery: a simple 2D-LC–MS/MS system to minimize blood- and paper-based matrix effects from FTA elute™ DBS. Bioanalysis 2011; 3:1253-70. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.11.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Dried blood spot-based bioanalysis potentially introduces novel matrix effects that need to be eliminated or controlled. Within nonregulatory drug discovery these can be defined as ≤20% and ≤30% for nominal peak area, respectively. Results: Controlling matrix effects for a panel of compounds by simple 1D-HPLC–MS/MS was not achievable and the optimization of 2D-HPLC–MS/MS is reported here. Simple inclusion of a ‘trapping’ stage was not sufficient to improve matrix effects and optimization of the reconstitution solvent, reconstitution volume and injection volume was required for a generic system to be developed. Conclusion: A generic 2D-LC–MS/MS system has been developed that eliminates paper-based matrix effects and eliminates or controls dried blood spot matrix effects for a panel of compounds extracted from FTA Elute™ with methanol.
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GlaxoSmithKline’s experience of incurred sample reanalysis for dried blood spot samples. Bioanalysis 2011; 3:1025-30. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.11.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dried blood spots are becoming a popular alternative to plasma for many different applications. This has been driven by animal ethics but also by ease of use and cost savings. Recent regulatory guidance now has a requirement for incurred sample reanalysis. This article details three examples of incurred sample reanalysis using dried blood spot samples.
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