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Krumm B, Saugy JJ, Botrè F, Donati F, Faiss R. Indirect biomarkers of blood doping: A systematic review. Drug Test Anal 2024; 16:49-64. [PMID: 37160638 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The detection of blood doping represents a current major issue in sports and an ongoing challenge for antidoping research. Initially focusing on direct detection methods to identify a banned substance or its metabolites, the antidoping effort has been progressively complemented by indirect approaches. The longitudinal and individual monitoring of specific biomarkers aims to identify nonphysiological variations that may be related to doping practices. From this perspective, the identification of markers sensitive to erythropoiesis alteration is key in the screening of blood doping. The current Athlete Biological Passport implemented since 2009 is composed of 14 variables (including two primary markers, i.e., hemoglobin concentration and OFF score) for the hematological module to be used for indirect detection of blood doping. Nevertheless, research has continually proposed and investigated new markers sensitive to an alteration of the erythropoietic cascade and specific to blood doping. If multiple early markers have been identified (at the transcriptomic level) or developed directly in a diagnostics' kit (at a proteomic level), other target variables at the end of the erythropoietic process (linked with the red blood cell functions) may strengthen the hematological module in the future. Therefore, this review aims to provide a global systematic overview of the biomarkers considered to date in the indirect investigation of blood doping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastien Krumm
- REDs, Research & Expertise in AntiDoping Sciences, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jonas J Saugy
- REDs, Research & Expertise in AntiDoping Sciences, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Botrè
- REDs, Research & Expertise in AntiDoping Sciences, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Donati
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Rome, Italy
| | - Raphael Faiss
- REDs, Research & Expertise in AntiDoping Sciences, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Rana S, Prabhakar N. Iron disorders and hepcidin. Clin Chim Acta 2021; 523:454-468. [PMID: 34755647 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Iron is an essential element due to its role in a wide variety of physiological processes. Iron homeostasis is crucial to prevent iron overload disorders as well as iron deficiency anemia. The liver synthesized peptide hormone hepcidin is a master regulator of systemic iron metabolism. Given its role in overall health, measurement of hepcidin can be used as a predictive marker in disease states. In addition, hepcidin-targeting drugs appear beneficial as therapeutic agents. This review emphasizes recent development on analytical techniques (immunochemical, mass spectrometry and biosensors) and therapeutic approaches (hepcidin agonists, stimulators and antagonists). These insights highlight hepcidin as a potential biomarker as well as an aid in the development of new drugs for iron disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Rana
- Department of Biochemistry, Sector-25, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Nirmal Prabhakar
- Department of Biochemistry, Sector-25, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India.
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3
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Advancements in practical and scientific bioanalytical approaches to metabolism studies in drug development. Bioanalysis 2021; 13:913-930. [PMID: 33961500 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2021-0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Advancement in metabolism profiling approaches and bioanalytical techniques has been revolutionized over the last two decades. Different in vitro and in vivo approaches along with advanced bioanalytical techniques are enabling the accurate qualitative and quantitative analysis of metabolites. This review summarizes various modern in vitro and in vivo approaches for executing metabolism studies with special emphasis on the recent advancement in the field. Advanced bioanalytical techniques, which can be employed in metabolism studies, have been discussed suggesting their particular application based on specific study objectives. This article can efficiently guide the researchers to scientifically plan metabolism studies and their bioanalysis during drug development programs taking advantage of a detailed understanding of instances of failure in the past.
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4
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Beccaria M, Cabooter D. Current developments in LC-MS for pharmaceutical analysis. Analyst 2020; 145:1129-1157. [DOI: 10.1039/c9an02145k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography (LC) based techniques in combination with mass spectrometry (MS) detection have had a large impact on the development of new pharmaceuticals in the past decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Beccaria
- KU Leuven
- Department for Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences
- Pharmaceutical Analysis
- Leuven
- Belgium
| | - Deirdre Cabooter
- KU Leuven
- Department for Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences
- Pharmaceutical Analysis
- Leuven
- Belgium
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Enko D, Zelzer S, Fauler G, Herrmann M. Evaluation of a commercial liquid-chromatography high-resolution mass-spectrometry method for the determination of hepcidin-25. Biochem Med (Zagreb) 2019; 29:020701. [PMID: 31015783 PMCID: PMC6457918 DOI: 10.11613/bm.2019.020701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Reliable determination of hepcidin-25, a key regulator of iron metabolism, is important. This study aimed at evaluating the performance of the Hepcidin-25 Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass-Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) Kit (Immundiagnostik AG, Bensheim, Germany) for quantification of the hepcidin-25 protein. Materials and methods Precision, accuracy, linearity, and preanalytical requirements of the liquid-chromatography high-resolution mass-spectrometry (LC-HR-MS) method were evaluated. The imprecision and bias acceptance criteria were defined ≤ 15%. We investigated sample stability at room temperature (RT) and after repeated freeze and thaw cycles. Additionally, we assessed serum hepcidin-25 concentrations of 165 healthy adults referred for a medical check-up. Results The hepcidin-25 LC-MS/MS assay was linear over the concentration range of 3 – 200 ng/mL. Within- and between-run precision ranged between 1.9 – 8.6% and 5.1 – 12.4%, respectively. The mean bias of the low and high control material was - 2.7% and 2.1%, respectively. At RT, serum samples were stable for 3 h (mean bias + 0.3%). After two and three freeze and thaw cycles, hepcidin-25 concentrations showed a bias of + 8.0 and + 20%, respectively. Of 165 healthy adults, 109 females had a significantly lower median of 8.42 (range: 1.00 – 60.10) ng/mL compared to 56 males with 15.76 (range: 1.50 – 60.50) ng/mL (P = 0.002). Conclusions The hepcidin-25 LC-MS/MS kit shows a broad analytical range and meets the imprecision and bias acceptance criteria of ≤ 15%. Serum samples can be stored at RT for 3 h and resist up to two freeze and thaw cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietmar Enko
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, General Hospital Steyr, Steyr, Austria.,Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sieglinde Zelzer
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Günter Fauler
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Markus Herrmann
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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6
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Instrumental and technical evolution over the past decade in bioanalysis. Bioanalysis 2019; 11:601-606. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2018-0327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Fully-automated systems and the need for global approaches should exhort clinical labs to reinvent routine MS analysis? Bioanalysis 2018; 10:1129-1141. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2018-0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Today, many LC–high-resolution MS instruments have become affordable, easy-to-use, sensitive and quantitative. Meanwhile, there is an increased need for more comprehensive approaches. However, omics analyses are still restricted to specialists whereas, in hospitals, routine analyses are targeted and quantitative and represent the main and heavy tasks. But the availability of fully automated LC–MS instruments that can handle independently from sample extraction to result reporting, as well as the increasing biomedical interest for global approaches, clinical analytical workflow should be reorganized. Bioanalysts are now in the position to develop/implement clinical metabolomics or proteomics as routine analyses. In this article, this coming evolution and the reasons to implement global/omics determinations as routine analysis, is described.
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Vialaret J, Picas A, Delaby C, Bros P, Lehmann S, Hirtz C. Nano-flow vs standard-flow: Which is the more suitable LC/MS method for quantifying hepcidin-25 in human serum in routine clinical settings? J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1086:110-117. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Schmitz EM, Leijten NM, van Dongen JL, Broeren MA, Milroy LG, Brunsveld L, Scharnhorst V, van de Kerkhof D. Optimizing charge state distribution is a prerequisite for accurate protein biomarker quantification with LC-MS/MS, as illustrated by hepcidin measurement. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 56:1490-1497. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2018-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background:
Targeted quantification of protein biomarkers with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has great potential, but is still in its infancy. Therefore, we elucidated the influence of charge state distribution and matrix effects on accurate quantification, illustrated by the peptide hormone hepcidin.
Methods:
An LC-MS/MS assay for hepcidin, developed based on existing literature, was improved by using 5 mM ammonium formate buffer as mobile phase A and as an elution solution for solid phase extraction (SPE) to optimize the charge state distribution. After extensive analytical validation, focusing on interference and matrix effects, the clinical consequence of this method adjustment was studied by performing receiving operating characteristic (ROC)-curve analysis in patients with iron deficiency anemia (IDA, n=44), anemia of chronic disease (ACD, n=42) and non-anemic patients (n=93).
Results:
By using a buffered solution during sample preparation and chromatography, the most abundant charge state was shifted from 4+ to 3+ and the charge state distribution was strongly stabilized. The matrix effects which occurred in the 4+ state were therefore avoided, eliminating bias in the low concentration range of hepcidin. Consequently, sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value (PPV) for detection of IDA patients with the optimized assay (96%, 97%, 91%, respectively) were much better than for the original assay (73%, 70%, 44%, respectively).
Conclusions:
Fundamental improvements in LC-MS/MS assays greatly impact the accuracy of protein quantification. This is urgently required for improved diagnostic accuracy and clinical value, as illustrated by the validation of our hepcidin assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen M.H. Schmitz
- Expert Center Clinical Chemistry Eindhoven , Eindhoven , The Netherlands
- Catharina Hospital Eindhoven , Clinical Laboratory , Eindhoven , The Netherlands
- Eindhoven University of Technology , Department of Biomedical Engineering , Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems , Eindhoven , The Netherlands
- Máxima Medical Center Veldhoven , Clinical Laboratory , Veldhoven , The Netherlands
| | - Niels M. Leijten
- Expert Center Clinical Chemistry Eindhoven , Eindhoven , The Netherlands
- Catharina Hospital Eindhoven , Clinical Laboratory , Eindhoven , The Netherlands
- Eindhoven University of Technology , Department of Biomedical Engineering , Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems , Eindhoven , The Netherlands
| | - Joost L.J. van Dongen
- Expert Center Clinical Chemistry Eindhoven , Eindhoven , The Netherlands
- Eindhoven University of Technology , Department of Biomedical Engineering , Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems , Eindhoven , The Netherlands
| | - Maarten A.C. Broeren
- Expert Center Clinical Chemistry Eindhoven , Eindhoven , The Netherlands
- Máxima Medical Center Veldhoven , Clinical Laboratory , Veldhoven , The Netherlands
| | - Lech G. Milroy
- Eindhoven University of Technology , Department of Biomedical Engineering , Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems , Eindhoven , The Netherlands
| | - Luc Brunsveld
- Expert Center Clinical Chemistry Eindhoven , Eindhoven , The Netherlands
- Eindhoven University of Technology , Department of Biomedical Engineering , Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems , Eindhoven , The Netherlands
| | - Volkher Scharnhorst
- Expert Center Clinical Chemistry Eindhoven , Eindhoven , The Netherlands
- Catharina Hospital Eindhoven , Clinical Laboratory , Eindhoven , The Netherlands
- Eindhoven University of Technology , Department of Biomedical Engineering , Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems , Eindhoven , The Netherlands
| | - Daan van de Kerkhof
- Expert Center Clinical Chemistry Eindhoven , Eindhoven , The Netherlands
- Catharina Hospital Eindhoven , Clinical Laboratory , Eindhoven , The Netherlands
- Algemeen Klinisch Laboratorium Catharina Ziekenhuis , Michelangelolaan 2 , 5623 EJ Eindhoven , The Netherlands
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10
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Improved LC-MS/MS method for the quantification of hepcidin-25 in clinical samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:3835-3846. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1056-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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11
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Measurement of hepcidin isoforms in human serum by liquid chromatography with high resolution mass spectrometry. Bioanalysis 2017; 9:541-553. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2016-0286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Hepcidin-25 is the master regulator of iron homeostasis. N-truncated isoforms of hepcidin-25 have been identified (hepcidin-20, -22, -24), although data on the concentrations of these isoforms are sparse. Materials & methods: Serum was mixed with aqueous formic acid, and the supernatant loaded onto a 96-well-SPE-plate. Eluted analytes were analyzed using LC–HR-MS. Forty-seven paired dipotassium-EDTA human plasma and serum samples were analyzed. Results: The LLOQ was 1 μg/l (all analytes). Accuracy and precision were acceptable. There was a good correlation (R2 >0.90, all analytes) between matrices. The median (range) serum hepcidin-20, -22, -24 and -25 concentrations measured were 4 (1–40), 8 (2–20), 8 (1–50) and 39 (1–334) μg/l, respectively. Conclusion: LC–HR-MS is widely applicable to the measurement of hepcidin-25, and truncated isoforms.
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12
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Rochat B. From targeted quantification to untargeted metabolomics: Why LC-high-resolution-MS will become a key instrument in clinical labs. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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13
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Salamin O, De Angelis S, Tissot JD, Saugy M, Leuenberger N. Autologous Blood Transfusion in Sports: Emerging Biomarkers. Transfus Med Rev 2016; 30:109-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tmrv.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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14
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Quantitative performance of a quadrupole-orbitrap-MS in targeted LC–MS determinations of small molecules. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 124:48-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Leuenberger N, Barras L, Nicoli R, Robinson N, Baume N, Lion N, Barelli S, Tissot JD, Saugy M. Hepcidin as a new biomarker for detecting autologous blood transfusion. Am J Hematol 2016; 91:467-72. [PMID: 26822428 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.24313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Autologous blood transfusion (ABT) is an efficient way to increase sport performance. It is also the most challenging doping method to detect. At present, individual follow-up of haematological variables via the athlete biological passport (ABP) is used to detect it. Quantification of a novel hepatic peptide called hepcidin may be a new alternative to detect ABT. In this prospective clinical trial, healthy subjects received a saline injection for the control phase, after which they donated blood that was stored and then transfused 36 days later. The impact of ABT on hepcidin as well as haematological parameters, iron metabolism, and inflammation markers was investigated. Blood transfusion had a particularly marked effect on hepcidin concentrations compared to the other biomarkers, which included haematological variables. Hepcidin concentrations increased significantly: 12 hr and 1 day after blood reinfusion, these concentrations rose by seven- and fourfold, respectively. No significant change was observed in the control phase. Hepcidin quantification is a cost-effective strategy that could be used in an "ironomics" strategy to improve the detection of ABT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Leuenberger
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine, Lausanne and Geneva, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne; Switzerland
| | - Laura Barras
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine, Lausanne and Geneva, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne; Switzerland
| | - Raul Nicoli
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine, Lausanne and Geneva, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne; Switzerland
| | - Neil Robinson
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine, Lausanne and Geneva, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne; Switzerland
| | - Norbert Baume
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine, Lausanne and Geneva, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne; Switzerland
| | - Niels Lion
- Transfusion Interrégionale CRS, site d'Epalinges; Switzerland
| | - Stefano Barelli
- Transfusion Interrégionale CRS, site d'Epalinges; Switzerland
| | | | - Martial Saugy
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine, Lausanne and Geneva, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne; Switzerland
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16
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Glauser G, Grund B, Gassner AL, Menin L, Henry H, Bromirski M, Schütz F, McMullen J, Rochat B. Validation of the Mass-Extraction-Window for Quantitative Methods Using Liquid Chromatography High Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2016; 88:3264-71. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gaétan Glauser
- Neuchâtel
Platform of Analytical Chemistry, Institut de Chimie, Université de Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Baptiste Grund
- Quantitative
Mass Spectrometry Facility, University Hospital of Lausanne, CHUV, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anne-Laure Gassner
- Institut
de Police Scientifique, University of Lausanne, Batochime, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laure Menin
- EPFL, Institut
of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Batochime, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hugues Henry
- BioID,
Department of Laboratories, University Hospital of Lausanne, CHUV, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Frédéric Schütz
- Swiss Institute
of Bioinformatics, Génopode, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Justin McMullen
- Quantitative
Mass Spectrometry Facility, University Hospital of Lausanne, CHUV, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bertrand Rochat
- Quantitative
Mass Spectrometry Facility, University Hospital of Lausanne, CHUV, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
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17
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Nicoli R, Guillarme D, Leuenberger N, Baume N, Robinson N, Saugy M, Veuthey JL. Analytical Strategies for Doping Control Purposes: Needs, Challenges, and Perspectives. Anal Chem 2015; 88:508-23. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raul Nicoli
- Swiss
Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine,
Lausanne-Geneva, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Croisettes 22, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Boulevard d’Yvoy 20, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Leuenberger
- Swiss
Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine,
Lausanne-Geneva, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Croisettes 22, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Norbert Baume
- Swiss
Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine,
Lausanne-Geneva, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Croisettes 22, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Neil Robinson
- Swiss
Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine,
Lausanne-Geneva, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Croisettes 22, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Martial Saugy
- Swiss
Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine,
Lausanne-Geneva, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Croisettes 22, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Luc Veuthey
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Boulevard d’Yvoy 20, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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Waldvogel S, Rochat B, Peduzzi D, Vaucher P, Tissot JD, Favrat B. Effects of oral supplementation of iron on hepcidin blood concentrations among non-anaemic female blood donors: a randomized controlled trial. Vox Sang 2015; 110:166-71. [DOI: 10.1111/vox.12348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Waldvogel
- Division of Hematology; University Hospital of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
| | - B. Rochat
- Quantitative Mass Spectrometry Facility; University Hospital of Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - D. Peduzzi
- Quantitative Mass Spectrometry Facility; University Hospital of Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - P. Vaucher
- University Center of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva; University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV); Lausanne Switzerland
| | - J.-D. Tissot
- Blood Transfusion Service of the Swiss Red Cross; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - B. Favrat
- University Center of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva; University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV); Lausanne Switzerland
- Department of Ambulatory Care and Community Medicine; University Hospital of Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
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Cenci L, Andreetto E, Vestri A, Bovi M, Barozzi M, Iacob E, Busato M, Castagna A, Girelli D, Bossi AM. Surface plasmon resonance based on molecularly imprinted nanoparticles for the picomolar detection of the iron regulating hormone Hepcidin-25. J Nanobiotechnology 2015; 13:51. [PMID: 26311037 PMCID: PMC4549936 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-015-0115-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) technique is a powerful mean to produce tailor made synthetic recognition sites. Here precipitation polymerization was exploited to produce a library of MIP nanoparticles (NPs) targeting the N terminus of the hormone Hepcidin-25, whose serum levels correlate with iron dis-metabolisms and doping. Biotinylated MIP NPs were immobilized to NeutrAvidin™ SPR sensor chip. The response of the MIP NP sensor to Hepcidin-25 was studied. FINDINGS Morphological analysis showed MIP NPs of 20-50 nm; MIP NP exhibited high affinity and selectivity for the target analyte: low nanomolar Kds for the interaction NP/Hepcidin-25, but none for the NP/non regulative Hepcidin-20. The MIP NP were integrated as recognition element in SPR allowing the detection of Hepcidin-25 in 3 min. Linearity was observed with the logarithm of Hepcidin-25 concentration in the range 7.2-720 pM. LOD was 5 pM. The response for Hepcidin-20 was limited. Hepcidin-25 determination in real serum samples spiked with known analyte concentrations was also attempted. CONCLUSION The integration of MIP NP to SPR allowed the determination of Hepcidin-25 at picomolar concentrations in short times outperforming the actual state of art. Optimization is still needed for real sample measurements in view of future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Cenci
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy.
| | - Erika Andreetto
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy.
| | - Ambra Vestri
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy.
| | - Michele Bovi
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy.
| | - Mario Barozzi
- Center for Materials and Microsystems CMM-MNF, FBK Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Via Sommarive 18, 38123, Povo-Trento, Italy.
| | - Erica Iacob
- Center for Materials and Microsystems CMM-MNF, FBK Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Via Sommarive 18, 38123, Povo-Trento, Italy.
| | - Mirko Busato
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy.
| | - Annalisa Castagna
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Section of Internal Medicine B, 37134, Verona, Italy.
| | - Domenico Girelli
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Section of Internal Medicine B, 37134, Verona, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Maria Bossi
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy.
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20
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Integration of microfluidic LC with HRMS for the analysis of analytes in biofluids: past, present and future. Bioanalysis 2015; 7:1397-411. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Capillary LC (cLC) coupled to MS has the potential to improve detection limits, address limited sample volumes and allow multiple analyses from one sample. This is particularly attractive in areas where ultrahigh assay sensitivity, low limits of detection and small sample volumes are becoming commonplace. However, implementation of cLC–MS in the bioanalytical–drug metabolism area had been hampered by the lack of commercial instrumentation and the need for experts to operate the system. Recent advances in microfabricated devices such as chip-cube and ion-key technologies offer the potential for true implementation of cLC in the modern laboratory including the benefits of the combination of this type of separation with high-resolution MS.
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21
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Abbatiello SE, Schilling B, Mani DR, Zimmerman LJ, Hall SC, MacLean B, Albertolle M, Allen S, Burgess M, Cusack MP, Gosh M, Hedrick V, Held JM, Inerowicz HD, Jackson A, Keshishian H, Kinsinger CR, Lyssand J, Makowski L, Mesri M, Rodriguez H, Rudnick P, Sadowski P, Sedransk N, Shaddox K, Skates SJ, Kuhn E, Smith D, Whiteaker JR, Whitwell C, Zhang S, Borchers CH, Fisher SJ, Gibson BW, Liebler DC, MacCoss MJ, Neubert TA, Paulovich AG, Regnier FE, Tempst P, Carr SA. Large-Scale Interlaboratory Study to Develop, Analytically Validate and Apply Highly Multiplexed, Quantitative Peptide Assays to Measure Cancer-Relevant Proteins in Plasma. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 14:2357-74. [PMID: 25693799 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m114.047050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing need in biology and clinical medicine to robustly and reliably measure tens to hundreds of peptides and proteins in clinical and biological samples with high sensitivity, specificity, reproducibility, and repeatability. Previously, we demonstrated that LC-MRM-MS with isotope dilution has suitable performance for quantitative measurements of small numbers of relatively abundant proteins in human plasma and that the resulting assays can be transferred across laboratories while maintaining high reproducibility and quantitative precision. Here, we significantly extend that earlier work, demonstrating that 11 laboratories using 14 LC-MS systems can develop, determine analytical figures of merit, and apply highly multiplexed MRM-MS assays targeting 125 peptides derived from 27 cancer-relevant proteins and seven control proteins to precisely and reproducibly measure the analytes in human plasma. To ensure consistent generation of high quality data, we incorporated a system suitability protocol (SSP) into our experimental design. The SSP enabled real-time monitoring of LC-MRM-MS performance during assay development and implementation, facilitating early detection and correction of chromatographic and instrumental problems. Low to subnanogram/ml sensitivity for proteins in plasma was achieved by one-step immunoaffinity depletion of 14 abundant plasma proteins prior to analysis. Median intra- and interlaboratory reproducibility was <20%, sufficient for most biological studies and candidate protein biomarker verification. Digestion recovery of peptides was assessed and quantitative accuracy improved using heavy-isotope-labeled versions of the proteins as internal standards. Using the highly multiplexed assay, participating laboratories were able to precisely and reproducibly determine the levels of a series of analytes in blinded samples used to simulate an interlaboratory clinical study of patient samples. Our study further establishes that LC-MRM-MS using stable isotope dilution, with appropriate attention to analytical validation and appropriate quality control measures, enables sensitive, specific, reproducible, and quantitative measurements of proteins and peptides in complex biological matrices such as plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Abbatiello
- From the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | | | - D R Mani
- From the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Lisa J Zimmerman
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, and the Jim Ayers Institute for Precancer Detection and Diagnosis, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Steven C Hall
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Brendan MacLean
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Matthew Albertolle
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Simon Allen
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Michael Burgess
- From the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | | | - Mousumi Gosh
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | | | - Jason M Held
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California 94945
| | | | - Angela Jackson
- University of Victoria-Genome BC Proteomics Centre, Victoria, British Columbia V8Z 7X8 CAN
| | - Hasmik Keshishian
- From the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | | | - John Lyssand
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
| | - Lee Makowski
- Argonne National Laboratory (currently at Northeastern University, Boston Massachusetts 02115
| | - Mehdi Mesri
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Henry Rodriguez
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Paul Rudnick
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
| | - Pawel Sadowski
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
| | - Nell Sedransk
- National Institute of Statistical Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Kent Shaddox
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, and the Jim Ayers Institute for Precancer Detection and Diagnosis, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Stephen J Skates
- Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Eric Kuhn
- From the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Derek Smith
- University of Victoria-Genome BC Proteomics Centre, Victoria, British Columbia V8Z 7X8 CAN
| | | | - Corbin Whitwell
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, and the Jim Ayers Institute for Precancer Detection and Diagnosis, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Shucha Zhang
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Christoph H Borchers
- University of Victoria-Genome BC Proteomics Centre, Victoria, British Columbia V8Z 7X8 CAN
| | - Susan J Fisher
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
| | | | - Daniel C Liebler
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, and the Jim Ayers Institute for Precancer Detection and Diagnosis, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Michael J MacCoss
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Thomas A Neubert
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
| | | | | | - Paul Tempst
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | - Steven A Carr
- From the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142;
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Gelderman MP, Baek JH, Yalamanoglu A, Puglia M, Vallelian F, Burla B, Vostal J, Schaer DJ, Buehler PW. Reversal of hemochromatosis by apotransferrin in non-transfused and transfused Hbbth3/+ (heterozygous B1/B2 globin gene deletion) mice. Haematologica 2015; 100:611-22. [PMID: 25616571 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2014.117325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Intermediate beta-thalassemia has a broad spectrum of sequelae and affected subjects may require occasional blood transfusions over their lifetime to correct anemia. Iron overload in intermediate beta-thalassemia results from a paradoxical intestinal absorption, iron release from macrophages and hepatocytes, and sporadic transfusions. Pathological iron accumulation in parenchyma is caused by chronic exposure to non-transferrin bound iron in plasma. The iron scavenger and transport protein transferrin is a potential treatment being studied for correction of anemia. However, transferrin may also function to prevent or reduce iron loading of tissues when exposure to non-transferrin bound iron increases. Here we evaluate the effects of apotransferrin administration on tissue iron loading and early tissue pathology in non-transfused and transfused Hbb(th3/+) mice. Mice with the Hbb(th3/+) phenotype have mild to moderate anemia and consistent tissue iron accumulation in the spleen, liver, kidneys and myocardium. Chronic apotransferrin administration resulted in normalization of the anemia. Furthermore, it normalized tissue iron content in the liver, kidney and heart and attenuated early tissue changes in non-transfused Hbb(th3/+) mice. Apotransferrin treatment was also found to attenuate transfusion-mediated increases in plasma non-transferrin bound iron and associated excess tissue iron loading. These therapeutic effects were associated with normalization of transferrin saturation and suppressed plasma non-transferrin bound iron. Apotransferrin treatment modulated a fundamental iron regulatory pathway, as evidenced by decreased erythroid Fam132b gene (erythroferrone) expression, increased liver hepcidin gene expression and plasma hepcidin-25 levels and consequently reduced intestinal ferroportin-1 in apotransferrin-treated thalassemic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique P Gelderman
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Vascular Biology, Center of Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), FDA, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Jin Hyen Baek
- Laboratory of Cellular Hematology, Center of Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), FDA, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Ayla Yalamanoglu
- Laboratory of Cellular Hematology, Center of Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), FDA, Silver Spring, MD, USA Division of Internal Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michele Puglia
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich / University of Zurich, Switzerland Division of Internal Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Bo Burla
- Division of Internal Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jaroslav Vostal
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Vascular Biology, Center of Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), FDA, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Dominik J Schaer
- Division of Internal Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland Center of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paul W Buehler
- Laboratory of Cellular Hematology, Center of Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), FDA, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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Delaby C, Vialaret J, Bros P, Gabelle A, Lefebvre T, Puy H, Hirtz C, Lehmann S. Clinical measurement of Hepcidin-25 in human serum: Is quantitative mass spectrometry up to the job? EUPA OPEN PROTEOMICS 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.euprot.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Waldvogel-Abramowski S, Waeber G, Gassner C, Buser A, Frey BM, Favrat B, Tissot JD. Physiology of iron metabolism. Transfus Med Hemother 2014; 41:213-21. [PMID: 25053935 DOI: 10.1159/000362888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A revolution occurred during the last decade in the comprehension of the physiology as well as in the physiopathology of iron metabolism. The purpose of this review is to summarize the recent knowledge that has accumulated, allowing a better comprehension of the mechanisms implicated in iron homeostasis. Iron metabolism is very fine tuned. The free molecule is very toxic; therefore, complex regulatory mechanisms have been developed in mammalian to insure adequate intestinal absorption, transportation, utilization, and elimination. 'Ironomics' certainly will be the future of the understanding of genes as well as of the protein-protein interactions involved in iron metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gérard Waeber
- Service de médecine interne, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Bernard Favrat
- Department of Ambulatory Care and Community Medicine, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Daniel Tissot
- Service régional vaudois de transfusion sanguine, Epalinges, Switzerland
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25
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Carr SA, Abbatiello SE, Ackermann BL, Borchers C, Domon B, Deutsch EW, Grant RP, Hoofnagle AN, Hüttenhain R, Koomen JM, Liebler DC, Liu T, MacLean B, Mani DR, Mansfield E, Neubert H, Paulovich AG, Reiter L, Vitek O, Aebersold R, Anderson L, Bethem R, Blonder J, Boja E, Botelho J, Boyne M, Bradshaw RA, Burlingame AL, Chan D, Keshishian H, Kuhn E, Kinsinger C, Lee JS, Lee SW, Moritz R, Oses-Prieto J, Rifai N, Ritchie J, Rodriguez H, Srinivas PR, Townsend RR, Van Eyk J, Whiteley G, Wiita A, Weintraub S. Targeted peptide measurements in biology and medicine: best practices for mass spectrometry-based assay development using a fit-for-purpose approach. Mol Cell Proteomics 2014; 13:907-17. [PMID: 24443746 PMCID: PMC3945918 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m113.036095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 431] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoption of targeted mass spectrometry (MS) approaches such as multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) to study biological and biomedical questions is well underway in the proteomics community. Successful application depends on the ability to generate reliable assays that uniquely and confidently identify target peptides in a sample. Unfortunately, there is a wide range of criteria being applied to say that an assay has been successfully developed. There is no consensus on what criteria are acceptable and little understanding of the impact of variable criteria on the quality of the results generated. Publications describing targeted MS assays for peptides frequently do not contain sufficient information for readers to establish confidence that the tests work as intended or to be able to apply the tests described in their own labs. Guidance must be developed so that targeted MS assays with established performance can be made widely distributed and applied by many labs worldwide. To begin to address the problems and their solutions, a workshop was held at the National Institutes of Health with representatives from the multiple communities developing and employing targeted MS assays. Participants discussed the analytical goals of their experiments and the experimental evidence needed to establish that the assays they develop work as intended and are achieving the required levels of performance. Using this "fit-for-purpose" approach, the group defined three tiers of assays distinguished by their performance and extent of analytical characterization. Computational and statistical tools useful for the analysis of targeted MS results were described. Participants also detailed the information that authors need to provide in their manuscripts to enable reviewers and readers to clearly understand what procedures were performed and to evaluate the reliability of the peptide or protein quantification measurements reported. This paper presents a summary of the meeting and recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A. Carr
- From the ‡Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | | | | | - Bruno Domon
- ‖Luxembourg Clinical Proteomics Center, Luxembourg
| | | | | | | | - Ruth Hüttenhain
- ¶¶Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- ‖‖University of California San Francisco, California
| | | | | | - Tao Liu
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington
| | | | - DR Mani
- From the ‡Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ruedi Aebersold
- ¶¶Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Emily Boja
- National Cancer Institute, NIH Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | | | | | | | - Daniel Chan
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hasmik Keshishian
- From the ‡Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Eric Kuhn
- From the ‡Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - Jerry S.H. Lee
- National Cancer Institute, NIH Bethesda, Maryland
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Robert Moritz
- **Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gordon Whiteley
- Liedos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research
| | - Arun Wiita
- ‖‖University of California San Francisco, California
| | - Susan Weintraub
- University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
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