1
|
More D, Khan N, Tekade RK, Sengupta P. An Update on Current Trend in Sample Preparation Automation in Bioanalysis: strategies, Challenges and Future Direction. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2024:1-25. [PMID: 38949910 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2024.2362707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Automation in sample preparation improves accuracy, productivity, and precision in bioanalysis. Moreover, it reduces resource consumption for repetitive procedures. Automated sample analysis allows uninterrupted handling of large volumes of biological samples originating from preclinical and clinical studies. Automation significantly helps in management of complex testing methods where generation of large volumes of data is required for process monitoring. Compared to traditional sample preparation processes, automated procedures reduce associated expenses and manual error, facilitate laboratory transfers, enhance data quality, and better protect the health of analysts. Automated sample preparation techniques based on robotics potentially increase the throughput of bioanalytical laboratories. Robotic liquid handler, an automated sample preparation system built on a robotic technique ensures optimal laboratory output while saving expensive solvents, manpower, and time. Nowadays, most of the traditional extraction processes are being automated using several formats of online techniques. This review covered most of the automated sample preparation techniques reported till date, which accelerated and simplified the sample preparation procedure for bioanalytical sample analysis. This article critically analyzed different developmental aspects of automated sample preparation techniques based on robotics as well as conventional sample preparation methods that are accelerated using automated technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dnyaneshwar More
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Opp. Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Nasir Khan
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Opp. Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Tekade
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Opp. Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Pinaki Sengupta
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Opp. Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Werth EG, Roos D, Philip ET. Immunocapture LC-MS methods for pharmacokinetics of large molecule drugs. Bioanalysis 2024; 16:165-177. [PMID: 38348660 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2023-0261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Implementation of immunocapture LC-MS methods to characterize the pharmacokinetic profile of large molecule drugs has become a widely used technique over the past decade. As the pharmaceutical industry strives for speediness into clinical development without jeopardizing quality, robust assays with generic application across the pipeline are becoming instrumental in bioanalysis, especially in early-stage development. This review highlights the capabilities and challenges involved in hybrid immunocapture LC-MS techniques and its continued applications in nonclinical and clinical pharmacokinetic assay design. This includes a comparison of LC-MS-based approaches to conventional ligand-binding assays and the driving demands in large molecule drug portfolios including growing sensitivity requirements and the unique challenges of new modalities requiring innovation in the bioanalytical laboratory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily G Werth
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT 06877, USA
| | - David Roos
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT 06877, USA
| | - Elsy T Philip
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT 06877, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Song JG, Baral KC, Kim GL, Park JW, Seo SH, Kim DH, Jung DH, Ifekpolugo NL, Han HK. Quantitative analysis of therapeutic proteins in biological fluids: recent advancement in analytical techniques. Drug Deliv 2023; 30:2183816. [PMID: 36880122 PMCID: PMC10003146 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2023.2183816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmaceutical application of therapeutic proteins has been continuously expanded for the treatment of various diseases. Efficient and reliable bioanalytical methods are essential to expedite the identification and successful clinical development of therapeutic proteins. In particular, selective quantitative assays in a high-throughput format are critical for the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation of protein drugs and to meet the regulatory requirements for new drug approval. However, the inherent complexity of proteins and many interfering substances presented in biological matrices have a great impact on the specificity, sensitivity, accuracy, and robustness of analytical assays, thereby hindering the quantification of proteins. To overcome these issues, various protein assays and sample preparation methods are currently available in a medium- or high-throughput format. While there is no standard or universal approach suitable for all circumstances, a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assay often becomes a method of choice for the identification and quantitative analysis of therapeutic proteins in complex biological samples, owing to its high sensitivity, specificity, and throughput. Accordingly, its application as an essential analytical tool is continuously expanded in pharmaceutical R&D processes. Proper sample preparation is also important since clean samples can minimize the interference from co-existing substances and improve the specificity and sensitivity of LC-MS/MS assays. A combination of different methods can be utilized to improve bioanalytical performance and ensure more accurate quantification. This review provides an overview of various protein assays and sample preparation methods, with particular emphasis on quantitative protein analysis by LC-MS/MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Geun Song
- BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Korea
| | - Kshitis Chandra Baral
- BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Korea
| | - Gyu-Lin Kim
- BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Korea
| | - Ji-Won Park
- BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Korea
| | - Soo-Hwa Seo
- BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Korea
| | - Da-Hyun Kim
- BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Korea
| | - Dong Hoon Jung
- BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Korea
| | - Nonye Linda Ifekpolugo
- BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Korea
| | - Hyo-Kyung Han
- BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Krug SA, Coutinho AL, Polli JE, Kane MA. Validation of a method for itraconazole and major metabolite hydroxyitraconazole for LC-MS/MS analysis with application in a formulation clinical study. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 234:115505. [PMID: 37393691 PMCID: PMC10529130 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
A high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed for the analysis of itraconazole (ITZ) and hydroxyitraconazole (ITZ-OH) as part of a human pharmacokinetic study of novel tablet formulations. We demonstrated that 100 µL of plasma sample can be used with a protein precipitation extraction by optimizing different composition of acid in organic solvent for the precipitation solvent, giving comparable recovery to more time-consuming liquid-liquid or solid phase extractions. Additionally, we have shown that by monitoring the halogen isotopic peak for ITZ as well as optimizing chromatographic conditions, we are able to avoid carryover and endogenous interferences, allowing for a lower limit of quantification for our study. We validated the method to quantify ITZ and ITZ-OH from 1 to 250 ng/mL in human plasma and applied this to a formulation research clinical study (NCT04035187). This is the first itraconazole study to demonstrate robustness of the assay by performing interference testing of over-the-counter and common co-administered medications. We are also the first publication to perform incurred sample reanalysis (ISR) at the conclusion of a 672 sample clinical study to show reproducibility of assay performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel A Krug
- University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ana Luisa Coutinho
- University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - James E Polli
- University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Maureen A Kane
- University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Noguez JH, Koch CD. Bridging the gap: The critical role of laboratory developed tests in clinical toxicology. J Mass Spectrom Adv Clin Lab 2023; 28:70-74. [PMID: 36872953 PMCID: PMC9982682 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmsacl.2023.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
•Toxicology testing provides valuable information for patient management.•Current in vitro diagnostics (IVDs) are unable to meet all clinical needs.•Lab-developed tests (LDTs) in toxicology can be used to close clinical care gaps.•LDTs in clinical toxicology are almost exclusively mass spectrometry-based methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaime H Noguez
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Christopher D Koch
- Department of Pathology, University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD, USA.,Sanford Laboratories, Sanford Health, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu LS, Mouallem A, Xiao KP. Method development on automated sample preparation system for content uniformity and assay testing in a product with multiple APIs and new strategy for quick development and application. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 208:114434. [PMID: 34740087 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Automation of analytical sample preparation and testing is always attractive due to its high efficiency and continuous operation, but it can also be very challenging due to the operational complexity and method development. Studies focused on method development in automated systems are extremely rare and little has been published on the subject. In this paper, we investigate several unique and advanced aspects of this subject. The example product is selected containing two APIs to be tested by a single method to be productive. The product strengths of the two APIs are significantly different, making development of a single method much more challenging. In addition, we use a "green chemistry" approach, avoiding any organic solvent in the dissolving media in order to achieve an environmentally friendly solution. The selection and optimization of several key operational parameters are then discussed. The successful method is achieved using a new strategy called "Automated Online Standard (AO-STD)" methodology. This novel approach is compared to the manual operation procedure. The proposed approach can substantially reduce the method transfer time, generally considered the biggest obstacle to practical deployment of automated systems. The automated system applied in this paper is most suitable for content uniformity testing, but is also applicable for potency assays, blend uniformity testing, and degradation product tests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Song Liu
- Bayer Healthcare, R&D Product Development Center, Morristown NJ 07960 USA.
| | - Ariel Mouallem
- Bayer Healthcare, R&D Product Development Center, Morristown NJ 07960 USA
| | - Kang Ping Xiao
- Bayer Healthcare, R&D Product Development Center, Morristown NJ 07960 USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Thakur A, Tan Z, Kameyama T, El-Khateeb E, Nagpal S, Malone S, Jamwal R, Nwabufo CK. Bioanalytical strategies in drug discovery and development. Drug Metab Rev 2021; 53:434-458. [PMID: 34310243 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2021.1959606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A reliable, rapid, and effective bioanalytical method is essential for the determination of the pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and toxicokinetic parameters that inform the safety and efficacy profile of investigational drugs. The overall goal of bioanalytical method development is to elucidate the procedure and operating conditions under which a method can sufficiently extract, qualify, and/or quantify the analyte(s) of interest and/or their metabolites for the intended purpose. Given the difference in the physicochemical properties of small and large molecule drugs, different strategies need to be adopted for the development of an effective and efficient bioanalytical method. Herein, we provide an overview of different sample preparation strategies, analytical platforms, as well as procedures for achieving high throughput for bioanalysis of small and large molecule drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aarzoo Thakur
- Innovations in Food and Chemical Safety, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore.,Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhiyuan Tan
- Department of Early Clinical Development, dMed-Clinipace, Shanghai, China
| | - Tsubasa Kameyama
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Eman El-Khateeb
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Shakti Nagpal
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Rohitash Jamwal
- College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Salvagno GL, Danese E, Lippi G. Mass spectrometry and total laboratory automation: opportunities and drawbacks. Clin Chem Lab Med 2021; 58:994-1001. [PMID: 32191622 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2019-0723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The diffusion of laboratory automation, initiated nearly 50 years ago with consolidation of preanalytical, clinical chemistry and immunochemistry workstations, is now also gradually embracing mass spectrometry (MS). As for other diagnostic disciplines, the automation of MS carries many advantages, such as efficient personnel management (i.e. improving working atmosphere by decreasing manual activities, lowering health risks, simplifying staff training), better organization (i.e. reducing workloads, improving inventory handling, increasing analytical process standardization) and the possibility to reduce the number of platforms. The development and integration of different technologies into automated MS analyzers will also generate technical and practical advantages, such as prepackaged and ready-to-use reagents, automated dispensing, incubation and measurement, automated sample processing (e.g. system fit for many models of laboratory automation, bar code readers), multiplex testing, automatic data processing, also including quality control assessment, and automated validation/interpretation (e.g. autoverification). A new generation of preanalytical workstations, which can be directly connected to MS systems, will allow the automation of manual extraction and elimination of time-consuming activities, such as tube labeling and capping/decapping. The use of automated liquid-handling platform for pipetting samples, along with addition of internal standards, may then enable the optimization of some steps of extraction and protein precipitation, thus decreasing turnaround time and increasing throughput in MS testing. Therefore, this focused review is aimed at providing a brief update on the importance of consolidation and integration of MS platforms in laboratory automation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Elisa Danese
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lippi
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Robin T, El Balkhi S, Dulaurent S, Marquet P, Saint-Marcoux F. First-Line Toxicological Screening with Fully Automated Extraction. J Anal Toxicol 2021; 45:252-268. [PMID: 32596736 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkaa075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In clinical toxicology, laboratories need screening methods allowing unambiguous identification of the compounds in a short turnaround time to either confirm or exclude the hypothesis of drug overdose or poisoning with a toxicant. We developed a fully automated screening procedure designed to identify and quantify in a single run 245 compounds of interest in clinical toxicology. Sample extraction was carried out by a programmable liquid handler directly coupled to a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) system. Data acquisition was performed in the positive and negative ionization modes with up to 15 multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) transitions per compound, each with optimized collision energy to enable both qualitative library searching and quantitation. The method was validated according to the ISO 15189 requirements and was applied to real patient samples (n = 127). The 15 MRM transitions per compound provided higher confidence for the identification of all the compounds. The quantitative method was fully validated with satisfactory intra- and inter-assay imprecision and inaccuracy with CV% lower than 20%. For only nine molecules, imprecision and inaccuracy were relatively high but never exceeded 31.7%. Comparison with dedicated quantitative methods using conventional MRM monitoring performed using 127 patient samples (n = 175 pairs of measured concentrations) showed excellent correlation (R2 = 0.96). A robustness study showed that calibration curves prepared for up to 1 month yielded uncertainty < 20%. Retention times ranged from 0.89 min for metformin to 9.72 min for difenacoum. The automated sample preparation required 8 min and was followed by 10 min chromatographic separation. This first-line screening procedure yields high confidence in compound detection and should be useful in core labs facing clinical toxicology situations where rapid and reliable results are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiphaine Robin
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacovigilance, Limoges University Hospital, Rue du Pr Descottes, 87270 Limoges, France
| | - Souleiman El Balkhi
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacovigilance, Limoges University Hospital, Rue du Pr Descottes, 87270 Limoges, France
| | - Sylvain Dulaurent
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacovigilance, Limoges University Hospital, Rue du Pr Descottes, 87270 Limoges, France
| | - Pierre Marquet
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacovigilance, Limoges University Hospital, Rue du Pr Descottes, 87270 Limoges, France
| | - Franck Saint-Marcoux
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacovigilance, Limoges University Hospital, Rue du Pr Descottes, 87270 Limoges, France
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hurst EA, Homer NZ, Mellanby RJ. Vitamin D Metabolism and Profiling in Veterinary Species. Metabolites 2020; 10:E371. [PMID: 32942601 PMCID: PMC7569877 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10090371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The demand for vitamin D analysis in veterinary species is increasing with the growing knowledge of the extra-skeletal role vitamin D plays in health and disease. The circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin-D (25(OH)D) metabolite is used to assess vitamin D status, and the benefits of analysing other metabolites in the complex vitamin D pathway are being discovered in humans. Profiling of the vitamin D pathway by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) facilitates simultaneous analysis of multiple metabolites in a single sample and over wide dynamic ranges, and this method is now considered the gold-standard for quantifying vitamin D metabolites. However, very few studies report using LC-MS/MS for the analysis of vitamin D metabolites in veterinary species. Given the complexity of the vitamin D pathway and the similarities in the roles of vitamin D in health and disease between humans and companion animals, there is a clear need to establish a comprehensive, reliable method for veterinary analysis that is comparable to that used in human clinical practice. In this review, we highlight the differences in vitamin D metabolism between veterinary species and the benefits of measuring vitamin D metabolites beyond 25(OH)D. Finally, we discuss the analytical challenges in profiling vitamin D in veterinary species with a focus on LC-MS/MS methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma A. Hurst
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Edinburgh, Scotland EH25 9RG, UK;
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, Scotland EH16 4TJ, UK;
| | - Natalie Z. Homer
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, Scotland EH16 4TJ, UK;
| | - Richard J. Mellanby
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Edinburgh, Scotland EH25 9RG, UK;
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Robin T, Saint-Marcoux F, Toinon D, Tafzi N, Marquet P, El Balkhi S. Automatic quantification of uracil and dihydrouracil in plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1142:122038. [PMID: 32169798 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Fluoropyrimidines-based chemotherapies are the backbone in the treatment of many cancers. However, the use of 5-fluorouracil and its oral pre-prodrug, capecitabine, is associated with an important risk of toxicity. This toxicity is mainly due to a deficiency of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD). This deficiency may be detected by using a phenotypic approach that consists in the measurement of uracilemia or the calculation of dihydrouracil (UH2)/uracil (U) ratio. For uracilemia, a threshold value of 16 ng/ml has been proposed for partial deficiency, while a value of 150 ng/ml has been proposed for complete deficiency. We have developed a rapid, accurate and fully-automated procedure for the quantification of U and UH2 in plasma. Sample extraction was carried out by a programmable liquid handler directly coupled to a liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) system. The method was validated according to the EMA guidelines and ISO 15189 requirements and was applied to real patient samples (n = 64). The limit of quantification was 5 and 10 ng/ml for U and UH2 respectively. Imprecision and inaccuracy were less than 15% for inter and intra-assay tests. Comparison with dedicated routine method showed excellent correlation. An automated procedure perfectly fulfills the need of low inaccuracy and CVs at the threshold values (less than 5% at 16 ng/ml) and is highly suitable for the characterization of DPD deficiency. Automatization should guaranty reliable and robust performances by minimizing the sources of variation such as volume inaccuracies, filtration or manual extraction related errors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiphaine Robin
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacovigilance, Limoges University Hospital, France
| | - Franck Saint-Marcoux
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacovigilance, Limoges University Hospital, France; INSERM UMR 1248, France.
| | | | - Naïma Tafzi
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacovigilance, Limoges University Hospital, France
| | - Pierre Marquet
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacovigilance, Limoges University Hospital, France; INSERM UMR 1248, France
| | - Souleiman El Balkhi
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacovigilance, Limoges University Hospital, France; INSERM UMR 1248, France
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gu H, Zhao Y, DeMichele M, Zheng N, Zhang YJ, Pillutla R, Zeng J. Eliminating Preparation of Multisample External Calibration Curves and Dilution of Study Samples Using the Multiple Isotopologue Reaction Monitoring (MIRM) Technique in Quantitative LC-MS/MS Bioanalysis. Anal Chem 2019; 91:8652-8659. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huidong Gu
- Bioanalytical Sciences, Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Yue Zhao
- Bioanalytical Sciences, Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Marissa DeMichele
- Bioanalytical Sciences, Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Naiyu Zheng
- Bioanalytical Sciences, Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Yan J. Zhang
- Bioanalytical Sciences, Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Renuka Pillutla
- Bioanalytical Sciences, Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Jianing Zeng
- Bioanalytical Sciences, Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Mikhail IE, Tehranirokh M, Gooley AA, Guijt RM, Breadmore MC. In-Syringe Electrokinetic Ampholytes Focusing Coupled with Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2019; 91:8259-8266. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ibraam E. Mikhail
- ARC Training Centre for Portable
Analytical Separation Technologies (ASTech)
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences (Chemistry), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura City 35516, Egypt
| | - Masoomeh Tehranirokh
- ARC Training Centre for Portable
Analytical Separation Technologies (ASTech)
- Trajan Scientific and Medical, Ringwood, Victoria 3134, Australia
| | - Andrew A. Gooley
- ARC Training Centre for Portable
Analytical Separation Technologies (ASTech)
- Trajan Scientific and Medical, Ringwood, Victoria 3134, Australia
| | - Rosanne M. Guijt
- ARC Training Centre for Portable
Analytical Separation Technologies (ASTech)
- Deakin University, Centre for Regional and Rural Futures, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Michael C. Breadmore
- ARC Training Centre for Portable
Analytical Separation Technologies (ASTech)
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences (Chemistry), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Guerra A, von Stosch M, Glassey J. Toward biotherapeutic product real-time quality monitoring. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2019; 39:289-305. [DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2018.1524362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- André Guerra
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Moritz von Stosch
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Jarka Glassey
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
LC-MS/MS bioanalysis of plasma 1, 14-tetradecanedioic acid and 1, 16-hexadecanedioic acid as candidate biomarkers for organic anion-transporting polypeptide mediated drug-drug interactions. Bioanalysis 2018; 10:1473-1485. [PMID: 30215261 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2018-0170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM A robust LC-MS/MS assay was developed to quantify endogenous 1, 14-tetradecanedioic acid (TDA) and 1, 16-hexadecanedioic acid (HDA) in human plasma as potential biomarkers for evaluating drug-drug interactions mediated by the hepatic drug transporters, organic anion-transporting polypeptides. RESULTS This assay was validated using fit-for-purpose approach over standard curve range of 2.5-1000 nM for TDA and HDA using analyte-free charcoal-stripped human plasma as the surrogate matrix. Chromatographic separation condition was successfully optimized to separate TDA from an interference peak while maintaining both analytes in neutral forms to minimize carryover issue. CONCLUSION The described assay is currently applied to a clinical study for evaluating TDA/HDA as potential substitute biomarkers for drug-drug interaction studies.
Collapse
|
16
|
Wilkinson DJ. Historical and contemporary stable isotope tracer approaches to studying mammalian protein metabolism. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2018; 37:57-80. [PMID: 27182900 PMCID: PMC5763415 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Over a century ago, Frederick Soddy provided the first evidence for the existence of isotopes; elements that occupy the same position in the periodic table are essentially chemically identical but differ in mass due to a different number of neutrons within the atomic nucleus. Allied to the discovery of isotopes was the development of some of the first forms of mass spectrometers, driven forward by the Nobel laureates JJ Thomson and FW Aston, enabling the accurate separation, identification, and quantification of the relative abundance of these isotopes. As a result, within a few years, the number of known isotopes both stable and radioactive had greatly increased and there are now over 300 stable or radioisotopes presently known. Unknown at the time, however, was the potential utility of these isotopes within biological disciplines, it was soon discovered that these stable isotopes, particularly those of carbon (13 C), nitrogen (15 N), oxygen (18 O), and hydrogen (2 H) could be chemically introduced into organic compounds, such as fatty acids, amino acids, and sugars, and used to "trace" the metabolic fate of these compounds within biological systems. From this important breakthrough, the age of the isotope tracer was born. Over the following 80 yrs, stable isotopes would become a vital tool in not only the biological sciences, but also areas as diverse as forensics, geology, and art. This progress has been almost exclusively driven through the development of new and innovative mass spectrometry equipment from IRMS to GC-MS to LC-MS, which has allowed for the accurate quantitation of isotopic abundance within samples of complex matrices. This historical review details the development of stable isotope tracers as metabolic tools, with particular reference to their use in monitoring protein metabolism, highlighting the unique array of tools that are now available for the investigation of protein metabolism in vivo at a whole body down to a single protein level. Importantly, it will detail how this development has been closely aligned to the technological development within the area of mass spectrometry. Without the dedicated development provided by these mass spectrometrists over the past century, the use of stable isotope tracers within the field of protein metabolism would not be as widely applied as it is today, this relationship will no doubt continue to flourish in the future and stable isotope tracers will maintain their importance as a tool within the biological sciences for many years to come. © 2016 The Authors. Mass Spectrometry Reviews Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel James Wilkinson
- MRC‐ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular PhysiologyUniversity of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital CentreDerbyUnited Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Drouin N, Rudaz S, Schappler J. Sample preparation for polar metabolites in bioanalysis. Analyst 2018; 143:16-20. [DOI: 10.1039/c7an01333g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Sample preparation is a primary step of any bioanalytical workflow, especially in metabolomics where maximum information has to be obtained without spoiling the analytical instrument. The sample extraction of polar metabolites is still challenging but strategies exist to enable the phase transfer of hydrophilic metabolites from the biological phase to a clean interference-free phase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Drouin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Geneva
- University of Lausanne
- 1211 Geneva 4
- Switzerland
| | - Serge Rudaz
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Geneva
- University of Lausanne
- 1211 Geneva 4
- Switzerland
| | - Julie Schappler
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Geneva
- University of Lausanne
- 1211 Geneva 4
- Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Automation in Chinese bioanalytical CROs for sustained competitiveness and growth. Bioanalysis 2016; 8:941-3. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.16.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
|
19
|
Hare DJ, New EJ. On the outside looking in: redefining the role of analytical chemistry in the biosciences. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:8918-34. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc00128a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Analytical chemistry has much to offer to an improved understanding of biological systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominic J. Hare
- Elemental Bio-imaging Facility
- University of Technology Sydney
- Broadway
- Australia
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
The high throughput is routinely used for the first steps of drug development such as drug discovery screening and toxicity. However, for PK analysis of regulated studies, the requirements and difficulties to achieve high-throughput analysis are more demanding due to regulatory guidelines that are not needed for early steps of drug discovery. High-throughput analysis can be required for any drug type from small molecules to larger ones. Contract research organizations must be prepared to deliver the results associated to these studies in a fast turnaround. Herein, we will describe the challenges encountered by a laboratory in order to go from low- to high-throughput analysis.
Collapse
|
21
|
Development of an Excel-based laboratory information management system for improving workflow efficiencies in early ADME screening. Bioanalysis 2015; 8:99-110. [PMID: 26653172 DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a clear requirement for enhancing laboratory information management during early absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) screening. The application of a commercial laboratory information management system (LIMS) is limited by complexity, insufficient flexibility, high costs and extended timelines. RESULTS An improved custom in-house LIMS for ADME screening was developed using Excel. All Excel templates were generated through macros and formulae, and information flow was streamlined as much as possible. This system has been successfully applied in task generation, process control and data management, with a reduction in both labor time and human error rates. CONCLUSION An Excel-based LIMS can provide a simple, flexible and cost/time-saving solution for improving workflow efficiencies in early ADME screening.
Collapse
|
22
|
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Biogen, Inc, 250 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Gong C, Zheng N, Zeng J, Aubry AF, Arnold ME. Post-pellet-digestion precipitation and solid phase extraction: A practical and efficient workflow to extract surrogate peptides for ultra-high performance liquid chromatography--tandem mass spectrometry bioanalysis of a therapeutic antibody in the low ng/mL range. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1424:27-36. [PMID: 26525666 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The current LC-MS/MS approach for bioanalysis of protein therapeutics requires generating peptides from protein molecules via trypsin digestion, followed by sensitive detection of these surrogate peptides by multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). However, the presence of huge amount of matrix-related interference peptides generated from trypsin digestion often causes substantial matrix effect or isobaric interferences during LC-MS/MS analysis. Solid phase extraction (SPE) exhibits great potential in sample extraction to overcome these challenges due to its characteristic features of high selectivity, reproducibility, cost-effectiveness and potential to be automated. Here, we report an effective SPE methodology for the bioanalysis of protein therapeutics involving post-pellet-digestion precipitation and SPE cleanup prior to UHPLC-MS/MS analysis. Specifically, proteins in serum samples were first precipitated with methanol to enrich the protein analyte in the pellet prior to trypsin digestion of the pellet (pellet-digestion). The trypsin digest was further processed by a post-pellet-digestion precipitation (second precipitation) to remove matrix-related clog-causing components prior to SPE on OASIS™ MAX (Mixed-Mode Anion-Exchange) SPE plate. This methodology successfully overcame SPE clogging issue and enabled extraction of 100μL of monkey serum on SPE with significant sensitivity improvement to achieve a lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) of 50ng/mL for a human monoclonal antibody of the IgG4 subclass. This UHPLC-MS/MS assay was validated in a concentration range of 50-5000ng/mL with intra- and inter-assay precisions of within 9.6% CV, and assay accuracy of within ±2.9% Dev of their nominal concentrations. To our best knowledge, this is the pellet digestion with SPE method for LC-MS/MS bioanalysis of a monoclonal antibody for the first time to achieve a LLOQ in the low ng/mL concentration range.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Gong
- Analytical & Bioanalytical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Naiyu Zheng
- Analytical & Bioanalytical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA.
| | - Jianing Zeng
- Analytical & Bioanalytical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA.
| | - Anne-Françoise Aubry
- Analytical & Bioanalytical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Mark E Arnold
- Analytical & Bioanalytical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Beyond classical derivatization: analyte ‘derivatives’ in the bioanalysis of endogenous and exogenous compounds. Bioanalysis 2015; 7:2501-13. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The analysis of endogenous and exogenous analytes in biological matrices presents several challenges to the bioanalyst. These analytes are often present at low concentrations, typically in complex matrices, and may have physicochemical properties that are not amenable to LC–MS analysis. The bioanalyst thus relies heavily on the formation of analyte derivatives for the efficient quantification of these compounds. These derivatives are also critically employed to derive information on the biology of living systems, potential drug or disease targets, and biomarkers of drug efficacy, safety, or disease progression. In this perspective, we demonstrate how analyte derivatives are applied in modern bioanalytical workflows and we discuss the potential use of these derivatives in the future.
Collapse
|
25
|
Small-molecule bioanalytical sample preparation method development starting from the BASICS. Bioanalysis 2015; 7:2331-2343. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To develop a robust small-molecule bioanalytical sample preparation method, systematic investigations of the bioanalytical handling conditions of analytes and IS of interest are preferred. So far, such investigations are done manually and are labor-intensive and error-prone. Result: An automation-assisted system has been developed to facilitate such systematic investigations. The system takes experimental design and automates the majority of the wet laboratory work. In addition, the system also automates the data extraction, recovery/loss computation, graphing and reporting. Conclusion: The automation-assisted system greatly reduces errors and labor involved in the systematic investigation of analytes and IS both for wet chemistry experiments and for data extraction and processing, enhances data processing efficiency and overall sample preparation method development productivity.
Collapse
|
26
|
|