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Nicosia L, Boffo FL, Ceccacci E, Conforti F, Pallavicini I, Bedin F, Ravasio R, Massignani E, Somervaille TCP, Minucci S, Bonaldi T. Pharmacological inhibition of LSD1 triggers myeloid differentiation by targeting GSE1 oncogenic functions in AML. Oncogene 2022; 41:878-894. [PMID: 34862459 PMCID: PMC8830420 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-02123-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The histone demethylase LSD1 is over-expressed in hematological tumors and has emerged as a promising target for anticancer treatment, so that several LSD1 inhibitors are under development and testing, in preclinical and clinical settings. However, the complete understanding of their complex mechanism of action is still unreached. Here, we unraveled a novel mode of action of the LSD1 inhibitors MC2580 and DDP-38003, showing that they can induce differentiation of AML cells through the downregulation of the chromatin protein GSE1. Analysis of the phenotypic effects of GSE1 depletion in NB4 cells showed a strong decrease of cell viability in vitro and of tumor growth in vivo. Mechanistically, we found that a set of genes associated with immune response and cytokine-signaling pathways are upregulated by LSD1 inhibitors through GSE1-protein reduction and that LSD1 and GSE1 colocalize at promoters of a subset of these genes at the basal state, enforcing their transcriptional silencing. Moreover, we show that LSD1 inhibitors lead to the reduced binding of GSE1 to these promoters, activating transcriptional programs that trigger myeloid differentiation. Our study offers new insights into GSE1 as a novel therapeutic target for AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Nicosia
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, 20139, Italy
- Leukaemia Biology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Oglesby Cancer Research Centre Building, Manchester, M20 4GJ, UK
| | - Francesca Ludovica Boffo
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, 20139, Italy
| | - Elena Ceccacci
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, 20139, Italy
| | - Fabio Conforti
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, 20139, Italy
| | - Isabella Pallavicini
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, 20139, Italy
| | - Fabio Bedin
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, 20139, Italy
| | - Roberto Ravasio
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, 20139, Italy
| | - Enrico Massignani
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, 20139, Italy
| | - Tim C P Somervaille
- Leukaemia Biology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Oglesby Cancer Research Centre Building, Manchester, M20 4GJ, UK
| | - Saverio Minucci
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, 20139, Italy
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Tiziana Bonaldi
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, 20139, Italy.
- Department of Oncology and Haemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, 20133, Italy.
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Delman M, Avcı ST, Akçok İ, Kanbur T, Erdal E, Çağır A. Antiproliferative activity of (R)-4'-methylklavuzon on hepatocellular carcinoma cells and EpCAM +/CD133 + cancer stem cells via SIRT1 and Exportin-1 (CRM1) inhibition. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 180:224-237. [PMID: 31306909 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic effects of (R)-4'-methylklavuzon were investigated on hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HuH-7 and HepG2) and HuH-7 EpCAM+/CD133+ cancer stem cells. IC50 of (R)-4'-methylklavuzon was found as 1.25 μM for HuH-7 parental cells while it was found as 2.50 μM for HuH-7 EpCAM+/CD133+ cancer stem cells. (R)-4'-methylklavuzon tended to show more efficient in vitro cytotoxicity with its lower IC50 values on hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines compared to its lead molecule, goniothalamin and FDA-approved drugs, sorafenib and regorafenib. Cell-based Sirtuin/HDAC enzyme activity measurements revealed that endogenous Sirtuin/HDAC enzymes were reduced by 40% compared to control. SIRT1 protein levels were upregulated indicating triggered DNA repair mechanism. p53 was overexpressed in HepG2 cells. (R)-4'-methylklavuzon inhibited CRM1 protein providing increased retention of p53 and RIOK2 protein in the nucleus. HuH-7 parental and EpCAM+/CD133+ cancer stem cell spheroids lost intact morphology. 3D HepG2 spheroid viabilities were decreased in a correlation with upregulation in p53 protein levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Delman
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, 35430, Urla, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Sanem Tercan Avcı
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, 35340, Balcova, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, 35340, Balcova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - İsmail Akçok
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Izmir Institute of Technology, 35430, Urla, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Tuğçe Kanbur
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Izmir Institute of Technology, 35430, Urla, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Esra Erdal
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, 35340, Balcova, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, 35340, Balcova, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Ali Çağır
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Izmir Institute of Technology, 35430, Urla, Izmir, Turkey.
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Rabal O, San José-Enériz E, Agirre X, Sánchez-Arias JA, Vilas-Zornoza A, Ugarte A, de Miguel I, Miranda E, Garate L, Fraga M, Santamarina P, Fernandez Perez R, Ordoñez R, Sáez E, Roa S, García-Barchino MJ, Martínez-Climent JA, Liu Y, Wu W, Xu M, Prosper F, Oyarzabal J. Discovery of Reversible DNA Methyltransferase and Lysine Methyltransferase G9a Inhibitors with Antitumoral in Vivo Efficacy. J Med Chem 2018; 61:6518-6545. [PMID: 29953809 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Using knowledge- and structure-based approaches, we designed and synthesized reversible chemical probes that simultaneously inhibit the activity of two epigenetic targets, histone 3 lysine 9 methyltransferase (G9a) and DNA methyltransferases (DNMT), at nanomolar ranges. Enzymatic competition assays confirmed our design strategy: substrate competitive inhibitors. Next, an initial exploration around our hit 11 was pursued to identify an adequate tool compound for in vivo testing. In vitro treatment of different hematological neoplasia cell lines led to the identification of molecules with clear antiproliferative efficacies (GI50 values in the nanomolar range). On the basis of epigenetic functional cellular responses (levels of lysine 9 methylation and 5-methylcytosine), an acceptable therapeutic window (around 1 log unit) and a suitable pharmacokinetic profile, 12 was selected for in vivo proof-of-concept ( Nat. Commun. 2017 , 8 , 15424 ). Herein, 12 achieved a significant in vivo efficacy: 70% overall tumor growth inhibition of a human acute myeloid leukemia (AML) xenograft in a mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mario Fraga
- Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology Research Center (CINN-CSIC) , Universidad de Oviedo-Principado de Asturias , Avenida de la Vega, 4-6 , 33940 El Entrego , Spain
| | - Pablo Santamarina
- Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology Research Center (CINN-CSIC) , Universidad de Oviedo-Principado de Asturias , Avenida de la Vega, 4-6 , 33940 El Entrego , Spain
| | - Raul Fernandez Perez
- Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology Research Center (CINN-CSIC) , Universidad de Oviedo-Principado de Asturias , Avenida de la Vega, 4-6 , 33940 El Entrego , Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yingying Liu
- WuXi Apptec (Tianjin) Co. Ltd., TEDA , No. 111 HuangHai Road, Fourth Avenue , Tianjin 300456 , PR China
| | - Wei Wu
- WuXi Apptec (Tianjin) Co. Ltd., TEDA , No. 111 HuangHai Road, Fourth Avenue , Tianjin 300456 , PR China
| | - Musheng Xu
- WuXi Apptec (Tianjin) Co. Ltd., TEDA , No. 111 HuangHai Road, Fourth Avenue , Tianjin 300456 , PR China
| | - Felipe Prosper
- Departmento de Hematología, Clinica Universidad de Navarra , University of Navarra , Avenida Pio XII 36 , E-31008 Pamplona , Spain
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Lillico R, Lawrence CK, Lakowski TM. Selective DOT1L, LSD1, and HDAC Class I Inhibitors Reduce HOXA9 Expression in MLL-AF9 Rearranged Leukemia Cells, But Dysregulate the Expression of Many Histone-Modifying Enzymes. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:2657-2667. [PMID: 29972300 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mixed lineage leukemia results from chromosomal rearrangements of the gene mixed lineage leukemia (MLL). MLL-AF9 is one such rearrangement that recruits the lysine methyltransferase, human disruptor of telomere silencing 1-like (DOT1L) and lysine specific demethylase 1 (LSD1), resulting in elevated expression of the Homeobox protein A9 (HOXA9), and leukemia. Inhibitors of LSD1 or DOT1L reduce HOXA9 expression, kill MLL-rearranged cells, and may treat leukemia. To quantify their effects on histone modifying enzyme activity and expression in MLL-rearranged leukemia, we tested inhibitors of DOT1L (EPZ-5676), LSD1 (GSK2879552), and HDAC (mocetinostat), in the MLL-AF9 cell line MOLM-13. All inhibitors reduced MOLM-13 viability but only mocetinostat induced apoptosis. EPZ-5676 increased total histone lysine dimethylation, which was attributed to a reduction in LSD1 expression, and was indistinguishable from direct LSD1 inhibition by GSK2879552. All compounds directly inhibit, or reduce the expression of, HOXA9, DOT1L and LSD1 by qPCR, increase total histone lysine methylation and acetylation by LC-MS/MS, and specifically reduce H3K79Me2 and increase H3K14Ac. Each inhibitor altered the expression of many histone modifying enzymes which may precipitate additional changes in expression. To the extent that this decreases HOXA9 expression it benefits mixed lineage leukemia treatment, all other expression changes are off-target effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Lillico
- Rady Faculty of Health Science, College of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Analysis Laboratory , University of Manitoba , 750 McDermot Avenue , Winnipeg , Manitoba Canada , R3E 0T5
| | - Courtney K Lawrence
- Rady Faculty of Health Science, College of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Analysis Laboratory , University of Manitoba , 750 McDermot Avenue , Winnipeg , Manitoba Canada , R3E 0T5
| | - Ted M Lakowski
- Rady Faculty of Health Science, College of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Analysis Laboratory , University of Manitoba , 750 McDermot Avenue , Winnipeg , Manitoba Canada , R3E 0T5
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Lin H, Li Q, Li Q, Zhu J, Gu K, Jiang X, Hu Q, Feng F, Qu W, Chen Y, Sun H. Small molecule KDM4s inhibitors as anti-cancer agents. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2018; 33:777-793. [PMID: 29651880 PMCID: PMC6010108 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2018.1455676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone demethylation is a vital process in epigenetic regulation of gene expression. A number of histone demethylases are present to control the methylated states of histone. Among these enzymes, KDM4s are one subfamily of JmjC KDMs and play important roles in both normal and cancer cells. The discovery of KDM4s inhibitors is a potential therapeutic strategy against different diseases including cancer. Here, we summarize the development of KDM4s inhibitors and some related pharmaceutical information to provide an update of recent progress in KDM4s inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhi Lin
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Qihang Li
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Qi Li
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Jie Zhu
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Kai Gu
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Xueyang Jiang
- b Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Qianqian Hu
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Feng Feng
- b Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Wei Qu
- b Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Yao Chen
- c School of Pharmacy , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , China
| | - Haopeng Sun
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
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8
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Lillico R, Zhou T, Khorshid Ahmad T, Stesco N, Gozda K, Truong J, Kong J, Lakowski TM, Namaka M. Increased Post-Translational Lysine Acetylation of Myelin Basic Protein Is Associated with Peak Neurological Disability in a Mouse Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Model of Multiple Sclerosis. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:55-62. [PMID: 29111742 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Citrullination of arginine residues is a post-translational modification (PTM) found on myelin basic protein (MBP), which neutralizes MBPs positive charge, and is implicated in myelin damage and multiple sclerosis (MS). Here we identify lysine acetylation as another neutralizing PTM to MBP that may be involved in myelin damage. We quantify changes in lysine and arginine PTMs on MBP derived from mice induced with an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of MS using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The changes in PTMs are correlated to changes in neurological disability scoring (NDS), as a marker of myelin damage. We found that lysine acetylation increased by 2-fold on MBP during peak NDS post-EAE induction. We also found that mono- and dimethyl-lysine, as well as asymmetric dimethyl-arginine residues on MBP were elevated at peak EAE disability. These findings suggest that the acetylation and methylation of lysine on MBP are PTMs associated with the neurological disability produced by EAE. Since histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors have been previously shown to improve neurological disability, we also show that treatment with trichostatin A (a HDAC inhibitor) improves the NDS of EAE mice but does not change MBP acetylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Lillico
- The Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Analysis Laboratory, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Ting Zhou
- The Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Tina Khorshid Ahmad
- The Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Nicholas Stesco
- The Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Analysis Laboratory, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Kiana Gozda
- The Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Jessica Truong
- The Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Jiming Kong
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Ted M Lakowski
- The Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Analysis Laboratory, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Michael Namaka
- The Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
- Joint Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry Between Shantou University Medical College and College of Medicine, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Health Sciences Centre (HSC) , Winnipeg, Manitoba R3A 1R9, Canada
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Pan MR, Hsu MC, Chen LT, Hung WC. Orchestration of H3K27 methylation: mechanisms and therapeutic implication. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:209-223. [PMID: 28717873 PMCID: PMC5756243 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2596-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Histone proteins constitute the core component of the nucleosome, the basic unit of chromatin. Chemical modifications of histone proteins affect their interaction with genomic DNA, the accessibility of recognized proteins, and the recruitment of enzymatic complexes to activate or diminish specific transcriptional programs to modulate cellular response to extracellular stimuli or insults. Methylation of histone proteins was demonstrated 50 years ago; however, the biological significance of each methylated residue and the integration between these histone markers are still under intensive investigation. Methylation of histone H3 on lysine 27 (H3K27) is frequently found in the heterochromatin and conceives a repressive marker that is linked with gene silencing. The identification of enzymes that add or erase the methyl group of H3K27 provides novel insights as to how this histone marker is dynamically controlled under different circumstances. Here we summarize the methyltransferases and demethylases involved in the methylation of H3K27 and show the new evidence by which the H3K27 methylation can be established via an alternative mechanism. Finally, the progress of drug development targeting H3K27 methylation-modifying enzymes and their potential application in cancer therapy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Ren Pan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chuan Hsu
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, 704, Taiwan
| | - Li-Tzong Chen
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, 704, Taiwan
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, 704, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chun Hung
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, 704, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan.
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Disposition, Metabolism and Histone Deacetylase and Acetyltransferase Inhibition Activity of Tetrahydrocurcumin and Other Curcuminoids. Pharmaceutics 2017; 9:pharmaceutics9040045. [PMID: 29023392 PMCID: PMC5750651 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics9040045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetrahydrocurcumin (THC), curcumin and calebin-A are curcuminoids found in turmeric (Curcuma longa). Curcuminoids have been established to have a variety of pharmacological activities and are used as natural health supplements. The purpose of this study was to identify the metabolism, excretion, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties of these curcuminoids and to determine disposition of THC in rats after oral administration. We developed a UHPLC-MS/MS assay for THC in rat serum and urine. THC shows multiple redistribution phases with corresponding increases in urinary excretion rate. In-vitro antioxidant activity, histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity, histone acetyltransferase (HAT) activity and anti-inflammatory inhibitory activity were examined using commercial assay kits. Anticancer activity was determined in Sup-T1 lymphoma cells. Our results indicate THC was poorly absorbed after oral administration and primarily excreted via non-renal routes. All curcuminoids exhibited multiple pharmacological effects in vitro, including potent antioxidant activity as well as inhibition of CYP2C9, CYP3A4 and lipoxygenase activity without affecting the release of TNF-α. Unlike curcumin and calebin-A, THC did not inhibit HDAC1 and PCAF and displayed a weaker growth inhibition activity against Sup-T1 cells. We show evidence for the first time that curcumin and calebin-A inhibit HAT and PCAF, possibly through a Michael-addition mechanism.
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Castillo-Aguilera O, Depreux P, Halby L, Arimondo PB, Goossens L. DNA Methylation Targeting: The DNMT/HMT Crosstalk Challenge. Biomolecules 2017; 7:biom7010003. [PMID: 28067760 PMCID: PMC5372715 DOI: 10.3390/biom7010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromatin can adopt a decondensed state linked to gene transcription (euchromatin) and a condensed state linked to transcriptional repression (heterochromatin). These states are controlled by epigenetic modulators that are active on either the DNA or the histones and are tightly associated to each other. Methylation of both DNA and histones is involved in either the activation or silencing of genes and their crosstalk. Since DNA/histone methylation patterns are altered in cancers, molecules that target these modifications are interesting therapeutic tools. We present herein a vast panel of DNA methyltransferase inhibitors classified according to their mechanism, as well as selected histone methyltransferase inhibitors sharing a common mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Castillo-Aguilera
- Univ. Lille, ICPAL, EA 7365-GRITA-Groupe de Recherche sur les formes Injectables et les Technologies Associées, 3 rue du Pr. Laguesse, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Patrick Depreux
- Univ. Lille, ICPAL, EA 7365-GRITA-Groupe de Recherche sur les formes Injectables et les Technologies Associées, 3 rue du Pr. Laguesse, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Ludovic Halby
- FRE3600 Epigenetic Targeting of Cancer, CNRS, 31035 Toulouse, France.
| | - Paola B Arimondo
- FRE3600 Epigenetic Targeting of Cancer, CNRS, 31035 Toulouse, France.
- Churchill College, Cambridge CB3 0DS, UK.
| | - Laurence Goossens
- Univ. Lille, ICPAL, EA 7365-GRITA-Groupe de Recherche sur les formes Injectables et les Technologies Associées, 3 rue du Pr. Laguesse, F-59000 Lille, France.
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