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Shen J, Wu W, Wang K, Wu J, Liu B, Li C, Gong Z, Hong X, Fang H, Zhang X, Xu X. Chloroflexus aurantiacus acetyl-CoA carboxylase evolves fused biotin carboxylase and biotin carboxyl carrier protein to complete carboxylation activity. mBio 2024; 15:e0341423. [PMID: 38572988 PMCID: PMC11077971 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03414-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Acetyl-CoA carboxylases (ACCs) convert acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA, a key step in fatty acid biosynthesis and autotrophic carbon fixation pathways. Three functionally distinct components, biotin carboxylase (BC), biotin carboxyl carrier protein (BCCP), and carboxyltransferase (CT), are either separated or partially fused in different combinations, forming heteromeric ACCs. However, an ACC with fused BC-BCCP and separate CT has not been identified, leaving its catalytic mechanism unclear. Here, we identify two BC isoforms (BC1 and BC2) from Chloroflexus aurantiacus, a filamentous anoxygenic phototroph that employs 3-hydroxypropionate (3-HP) bi-cycle rather than Calvin cycle for autotrophic carbon fixation. We reveal that BC1 possesses fused BC and BCCP domains, where BCCP could be biotinylated by E. coli or C. aurantiacus BirA on Lys553 residue. Crystal structures of BC1 and BC2 at 3.2 Å and 3.0 Å resolutions, respectively, further reveal a tetramer of two BC1-BC homodimers, and a BC2 homodimer, all exhibiting similar BC architectures. The two BC1-BC homodimers are connected by an eight-stranded β-barrel of the partially resolved BCCP domain. Disruption of β-barrel results in dissociation of the tetramer into dimers in solution and decreased biotin carboxylase activity. Biotinylation of the BCCP domain further promotes BC1 and CTβ-CTα interactions to form an enzymatically active ACC, which converts acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA in vitro and produces 3-HP via co-expression with a recombinant malonyl-CoA reductase in E. coli cells. This study revealed a heteromeric ACC that evolves fused BC-BCCP but separate CTα and CTβ to complete ACC activity.IMPORTANCEAcetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) catalyzes the rate-limiting step in fatty acid biosynthesis and autotrophic carbon fixation pathways across a wide range of organisms, making them attractive targets for drug discovery against various infections and diseases. Although structural studies on homomeric ACCs, which consist of a single protein with three subunits, have revealed the "swing domain model" where the biotin carboxyl carrier protein (BCCP) domain translocates between biotin carboxylase (BC) and carboxyltransferase (CT) active sites to facilitate the reaction, our understanding of the subunit composition and catalytic mechanism in heteromeric ACCs remains limited. Here, we identify a novel ACC from an ancient anoxygenic photosynthetic bacterium Chloroflexus aurantiacus, it evolves fused BC and BCCP domain, but separate CT components to form an enzymatically active ACC, which converts acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA in vitro and produces 3-hydroxypropionate (3-HP) via co-expression with recombinant malonyl-CoA reductase in E. coli cells. These findings expand the diversity and molecular evolution of heteromeric ACCs and provide a structural basis for potential applications in 3-HP biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiejie Shen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenping Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kangle Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingyi Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bing Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chunyang Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zijun Gong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin Hong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Han Fang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xingwei Zhang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoling Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Photosynthesis Research Center, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
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Wang R, Yan Q, Liu X, Wu J. Unraveling lipid metabolism reprogramming for overcoming drug resistance in melanoma. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 223:116122. [PMID: 38467377 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancer, and its incidence is continuing to increase worldwide in the last decades. Traditional therapies for melanoma can easily cause drug resistance, thus the treatment of melanoma remains a challenge. Various studies have focused on reversing the drug resistance. As tumors grow and progress, cancer cells face a constantly changing microenvironment made up of different nutrients, metabolites, and cell types. Multiple studies have shown that metabolic reprogramming of cancer is not static, but a highly dynamic process. There is a growing interest in exploring the relationship between melanoma andmetabolic reprogramming, one of which may belipid metabolism. This review frames the recent research progresses on lipid metabolism in melanoma.In addition, we emphasize the dynamic ability of metabolism during tumorigenesis as a target for improving response to different therapies and for overcoming drug resistance in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruilong Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin Yan
- Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jinfeng Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Wu D, Li J, Fan Z, Sun Z, Zheng X, Zhang H, Xu H, Wang L. Dietary Lycium barbarum Polysaccharide Modulates Growth Performance, Antioxidant Capacity, and Lipid Metabolism in Common Carp ( Cyprinus carpio) Fed with High-Fat Diet. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:540. [PMID: 38790645 PMCID: PMC11117823 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13050540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
To investigate the ameliorative effects and mechanism of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP) on growth performance, oxidative stress, and lipid deposition in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fed with high-fat diets, fish with an initial weight of 5.29 ± 0.12 g were divided into five experimental groups-including normal-fat diets, high-fat diets, and high-fat diets-supplemented with LBP (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 g/kg) for 8 weeks. The results showed that high-fat diets resulted in significant decreases in final body weight, weight gain rate, and specific growth rate of fish, as well as causing a significant decrease in hepatic total antioxidant capacity, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities. These changes were accompanied by a significant decrease in lipase activity and ATP level and a significant increase in malondialdehyde content. The expression levels of lipid metabolism-related genes (acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase 1, stearoyl coenzyme A desaturase 1, fat synthase, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, fructofuranose bisphosphatase, and glucose-6-phosphatase) were also markedly elevated by high-fat diets. Supplementation with 0.5-2.0 g/kg LBP in high-fat diets improved the reduced growth performance, increased hepatic total antioxidant enzymes, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities, and lowered malondialdehyde level in fish fed with high-fat diets. Additionally, dietary supplementation with LBP significantly downregulated hepatic gene expression levels of acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase 1, stearoyl coenzyme A desaturase 1, fat synthase, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, fructofuranose bisphosphatase, and glucose-6-phosphatase. In conclusion, fish fed with high-fat diets demonstrated impaired growth performance, antioxidant capacity, and lipid metabolism, and dietary supplementation with 0.5-2.0 g/kg LBP ameliorated the impairments induced by high-fat diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China; (D.W.); (J.L.); (Z.F.); (Z.S.)
| | - Jinnan Li
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China; (D.W.); (J.L.); (Z.F.); (Z.S.)
| | - Ze Fan
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China; (D.W.); (J.L.); (Z.F.); (Z.S.)
| | - Zhipeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China; (D.W.); (J.L.); (Z.F.); (Z.S.)
| | - Xianhu Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China; (D.W.); (J.L.); (Z.F.); (Z.S.)
| | - Haitao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic, Livestock and Poultry Feed Science and Technology in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Evergreen Feed Industry Co., Ltd., Zhanjiang 524000, China;
| | - Hong Xu
- College of Life Science, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China;
| | - Liansheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China; (D.W.); (J.L.); (Z.F.); (Z.S.)
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de Medeiros WF, Gomes AFT, Aguiar AJFC, de Queiroz JLC, Bezerra IWL, da Silva-Maia JK, Piuvezam G, Morais AHDA. Anti-Obesity Therapeutic Targets Studied In Silico and In Vivo: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4699. [PMID: 38731918 PMCID: PMC11083175 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
In the age of information technology and the additional computational search tools and software available, this systematic review aimed to identify potential therapeutic targets for obesity, evaluated in silico and subsequently validated in vivo. The systematic review was initially guided by the research question "What therapeutic targets have been used in in silico analysis for the treatment of obesity?" and structured based on the acronym PECo (P, problem; E, exposure; Co, context). The systematic review protocol was formulated and registered in PROSPERO (CRD42022353808) in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items Checklist for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P), and the PRISMA was followed for the systematic review. The studies were selected according to the eligibility criteria, aligned with PECo, in the following databases: PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Web of Science, BVS, and EMBASE. The search strategy yielded 1142 articles, from which, based on the evaluation criteria, 12 were included in the systematic review. Only seven these articles allowed the identification of both in silico and in vivo reassessed therapeutic targets. Among these targets, five were exclusively experimental, one was exclusively theoretical, and one of the targets presented an experimental portion and a portion obtained by modeling. The predominant methodology used was molecular docking and the most studied target was Human Pancreatic Lipase (HPL) (n = 4). The lack of methodological details resulted in more than 50% of the papers being categorized with an "unclear risk of bias" across eight out of the eleven evaluated criteria. From the current systematic review, it seems evident that integrating in silico methodologies into studies of potential drug targets for the exploration of new therapeutic agents provides an important tool, given the ongoing challenges in controlling obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendjilla F. de Medeiros
- Nutrition Postgraduate Program, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-900, Brazil; (W.F.d.M.); (A.F.T.G.); (I.W.L.B.); (J.K.d.S.-M.)
| | - Ana Francisca T. Gomes
- Nutrition Postgraduate Program, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-900, Brazil; (W.F.d.M.); (A.F.T.G.); (I.W.L.B.); (J.K.d.S.-M.)
| | - Ana Júlia F. C. Aguiar
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Postgraduate Program, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, Brazil; (A.J.F.C.A.); (J.L.C.d.Q.)
| | - Jaluza Luana C. de Queiroz
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Postgraduate Program, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, Brazil; (A.J.F.C.A.); (J.L.C.d.Q.)
| | - Ingrid Wilza L. Bezerra
- Nutrition Postgraduate Program, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-900, Brazil; (W.F.d.M.); (A.F.T.G.); (I.W.L.B.); (J.K.d.S.-M.)
- Department of Nutrition, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-900, Brazil
| | - Juliana Kelly da Silva-Maia
- Nutrition Postgraduate Program, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-900, Brazil; (W.F.d.M.); (A.F.T.G.); (I.W.L.B.); (J.K.d.S.-M.)
- Department of Nutrition, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-900, Brazil
| | - Grasiela Piuvezam
- Public Health Postgraduate Program, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-400, Brazil;
- Public Health Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Heloneida de A. Morais
- Nutrition Postgraduate Program, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-900, Brazil; (W.F.d.M.); (A.F.T.G.); (I.W.L.B.); (J.K.d.S.-M.)
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Postgraduate Program, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, Brazil; (A.J.F.C.A.); (J.L.C.d.Q.)
- Department of Nutrition, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-900, Brazil
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Nadile M, Sze NSK, Fajardo VA, Tsiani E. Inhibition of Prostate Cancer Cell Survival and Proliferation by Carnosic Acid Is Associated with Inhibition of Akt and Activation of AMPK Signaling. Nutrients 2024; 16:1257. [PMID: 38732504 PMCID: PMC11085396 DOI: 10.3390/nu16091257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer, accounting for 375,304 deaths in 2020, is the second most prevalent cancer in men worldwide. While many treatments exist for prostate cancer, novel therapeutic agents with higher efficacy are needed to target aggressive and hormone-resistant forms of prostate cancer, while sparing healthy cells. Plant-derived chemotherapy drugs such as docetaxel and paclitaxel have been established to treat cancers including prostate cancer. Carnosic acid (CA), a phenolic diterpene found in the herb rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) has been shown to have anticancer properties but its effects in prostate cancer and its mechanisms of action have not been examined. CA dose-dependently inhibited PC-3 and LNCaP prostate cancer cell survival and proliferation (IC50: 64, 21 µM, respectively). Furthermore, CA decreased phosphorylation/activation of Akt, mTOR, and p70 S6K. A notable increase in phosphorylation/activation of AMP-activated kinase (AMPK), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and its upstream regulator sestrin-2 was seen with CA treatment. Our data indicate that CA inhibits AKT-mTORC1-p70S6K and activates Sestrin-2-AMPK signaling leading to a decrease in survival and proliferation. The use of inhibitors and small RNA interference (siRNA) approaches should be employed, in future studies, to elucidate the mechanisms involved in carnosic acid's inhibitory effects of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Nadile
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada; (M.N.); (N.S.K.S.); (V.A.F.)
| | - Newman Siu Kwan Sze
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada; (M.N.); (N.S.K.S.); (V.A.F.)
| | - Val A. Fajardo
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada; (M.N.); (N.S.K.S.); (V.A.F.)
| | - Evangelia Tsiani
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada; (M.N.); (N.S.K.S.); (V.A.F.)
- Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
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Cao M, Li X, Dong L, Wen H, Jiang M, Lu X, Huang F, Tian J. Molecular cloning and gene expression of acc2 from grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) and the regulation of glucose metabolism by ACCs inhibitor. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:402. [PMID: 38456942 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09286-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) catalyzes the carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA. Malonyl-CoA, which plays a key role in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism, is not only a substrate for fatty acid synthesis but also an inhibitor of the oxidation pathway. ACC exists as two isoenzymes that are encoded by two different genes. ACC1 in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) has been cloned and sequenced. However, studies on the cloning, tissue distribution, and function of ACC2 in grass carp were still rare. METHODS AND RESULTS The full-length cDNA of acc2 was 8537 bp with a 7146 bp open reading frame encoding 2381 amino acids. ACC2 had a calculated molecular weight of 268.209 kDa and an isoelectric point of 5.85. ACC2 of the grass carp shared the closest relationship with that of the common carp (Sinocyclocheilus grahami). The expressions of acc1 and acc2 mRNA were detected in all examined tissues. The expression level of acc1 was high in the brain and fat but absent in the midgut and hindgut. The expression level of acc2 in the kidney was significantly higher than in other tissues, followed by the heart, brain, muscle, and spleen. ACCs inhibitor significantly reduced the levels of glucose, malonyl-CoA, and triglyceride in hepatocytes. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that the function of ACC2 was evolutionarily conserved from fish to mammals. ACCs inhibitor inhibited the biological activity of ACCs, and reduced fat accumulation in grass carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manxia Cao
- Key Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Hubei Province, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, No. 8, Wudayuan 1st Road, Donghu Hi-tech Development Zone, Wuhan, 430223, China
| | - Xinyuan Li
- Key Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Hubei Province, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, No. 8, Wudayuan 1st Road, Donghu Hi-tech Development Zone, Wuhan, 430223, China
| | - Lixue Dong
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, No. 8, Wudayuan 1st Road, Donghu Hi-tech Development Zone, Wuhan, 430223, China
| | - Hua Wen
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, No. 8, Wudayuan 1st Road, Donghu Hi-tech Development Zone, Wuhan, 430223, China
| | - Ming Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, No. 8, Wudayuan 1st Road, Donghu Hi-tech Development Zone, Wuhan, 430223, China
| | - Xing Lu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, No. 8, Wudayuan 1st Road, Donghu Hi-tech Development Zone, Wuhan, 430223, China
| | - Feng Huang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Hubei Province, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China.
| | - Juan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, No. 8, Wudayuan 1st Road, Donghu Hi-tech Development Zone, Wuhan, 430223, China.
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Cai Y, Yang Q, Yu Y, Yang F, Bai R, Fan X. Efficacy and underlying mechanisms of berberine against lipid metabolic diseases: a review. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1283784. [PMID: 38034996 PMCID: PMC10684937 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1283784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid-lowering therapy is an important tool for the treatment of lipid metabolic diseases, which are increasing in prevalence. However, the failure of conventional lipid-lowering drugs to achieve the desired efficacy in some patients, and the side-effects of these drug regimens, highlight the urgent need for novel lipid-lowering drugs. The liver and intestine are important in the production and removal of endogenous and exogenous lipids, respectively, and have an important impact on circulating lipid levels. Elevated circulating lipids predisposes an individual to lipid deposition in the vascular wall, affecting vascular function. Berberine (BBR) modulates liver lipid production and clearance by regulating cellular targets such as cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTTP), scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SR-BI), low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), and ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1). It influences intestinal lipid synthesis and metabolism by modulating gut microbiota composition and metabolism. Finally, BBR maintains vascular function by targeting proteins such as endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1). This paper elucidates and summarizes the pharmacological mechanisms of berberine in lipid metabolic diseases from a multi-organ (liver, intestine, and vascular system) and multi-target perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Cai
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiaoning Yang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Clinical Research and Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yanqiao Yu
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Furong Yang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruina Bai
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodi Fan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing, China
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Zhao ZY, Tong YP, Jiang W, Zang Y, Xiong J, Li J, Hu JF. Structurally Diverse Triterpene-26-oic Acids as Potential Dual ACL and ACC1 Inhibitors from the Vulnerable Conifer Keteleeria fortunei. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2023; 86:1487-1499. [PMID: 37291059 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.3c00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A preliminary phytochemical investigation on the 90% MeOH extract from the twigs and needles of the vulnerable conifer Keteleeria fortunei led to the isolation and characterization of 17 structurally diverse triterpen-26-oic acids, including nine previously undescribed ones (fortunefuroic acids A-I, 1-9) featuring a rare furoic acid moiety in the lateral chain. Among them, 1-5 are uncommon 9βH-lanostane-type triterpenoic acids. Friedo-rearranged triterpenoids 6 and 7 feature a unique 17,14-friedo-lanostane skeleton, whereas 9 possesses a rare 17,13-friedo-cycloartane-type framework. Their structures and absolute configurations were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic (e.g., detailed 2D NMR) and computational (NMR/ECD) calculations and the modified Mosher's method. In addition, the absolute structure of compound 1 was ascertained by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. Fortunefuroic acids B (2), G (7), and I (9), along with isomangiferolic acid (12) and 3α,27-dihydroxycycloart-24E-en-26-oic acid (14), exhibited dual inhibitory effects against the adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-citrate lyase (ACL, IC50s: 5.7-11.4 μM) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC1, IC50s: 7.5-10.5 μM), both of which are key enzymes for glycolipid metabolism. The interactions of the bioactive triterpenoids with both enzymes were examined by molecular docking studies. The above findings reveal the important role of protecting plant species diversity in support of chemical diversity and potential sources of new therapeutics for ACL-/ACC1-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Yu Zhao
- Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Natural Medicine and Health Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Peng Tong
- Institute of Natural Medicine and Health Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Hubei 430023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Xiong
- Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Feng Hu
- Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Natural Medicine and Health Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, People's Republic of China
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Zhang L, Zhou X, Chen H, You L, Zhang T, Cheng M, Yao Y, Pan X, Yang X. Mulberry extract ameliorates T2DM-related symptoms via AMPK pathway in STZ-HFD-induced C57BL/6J mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 313:116475. [PMID: 37120060 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Mulberry (Morus alba L.) is not only a tasty food but also a beneficial medicinal substance that has been historically used to treat diabetes, as recorded in Tang Ben Cao. Recent research on animal models has shown that the ethyl acetate extract of Morus alba L. fruits (EMF) has hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic properties. However, there is a lack of documentation on the specific mechanisms through which EMF exerts its hypoglycemic effects. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY This study aimed to investigate the impact of EMF on L6 cells and C57/BL6J mice and to elucidate the potential mechanisms underlying its effects. The findings of this study can contribute to the existing evidence for the application of EMF as a therapeutic drug or dietary supplement in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). MATERIALS AND METHODS The UPLC-Q-TOF-MS technique was utilized to gather MS data. Masslynx 4.1 software in conjunction with the SciFinder database and other relevant references were used to analyze and identify the chemical composition of EMF. A series of in vitro investigations including MTT assay, glucose uptake assay and Western blot analysis were performed using an L6 cell model stably expressing IRAP-mOrange after EMF treatment. In vivo investigations were performed on a STZ-HFD co-induced T2DM mouse model, which included assessments of body composition, biochemical tests, histopathological analysis, and Western blot analysis. RESULTS MTT results revealed that EMF had no toxic effects on the cells at various concentrations. When EMF was administered to L6 cells, there was an increase in glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) translocation activity and a significant dose-dependent enhancement of glucose uptake by L6 myotubes. EMF treatment led to a marked increase in P-AMPK levels and GLUT4 expression in the cells, but these effects were reversed by an AMPK inhibitor (Compound C). In diabetic mice with STZ-HFD-induced diabetes, EMF treatment improved oral glucose tolerance, hyperglycemia, and hyperinsulinemia. Furthermore, EMF supplementation significantly reduced insulin resistance (IR) in diabetic mice, as evaluated using a steady-state model of the insulin resistance index. Histopathological sections demonstrated that acute EMF treatment reduced hepatic steatosis, pancreatic damage, and adipocyte hypertrophy. Western blot analysis demonstrated that EMF treatment also reduced abnormally high PPARγ expression, elevated the level of p-AMPK and p-ACC, and augmented the abundance of GLUT4 in insulin-sensitive peripheral tissues. SUMMARY The results suggest that EMF may exert beneficial effects on T2DM through the AMPK/GLUT4 and AMPK/ACC pathways, as well as by regulating PPARγ expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, 182 Min-Zu Road, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xiuteng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Huijian Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, 182 Min-Zu Road, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Liangzhen You
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, 182 Min-Zu Road, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Meng Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Yudi Yao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, 182 Min-Zu Road, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xin Pan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, 182 Min-Zu Road, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Xinzhou Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, 182 Min-Zu Road, Wuhan, 430074, China.
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Xu L, Yang H, Xu H, Yang R, Fen L, Jiang D, Xu L, Xing Y. Efficacy and safety of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) inhibitors in the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH): A protocol for systematic review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e32357. [PMID: 36550852 PMCID: PMC9771159 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000032357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathological mechanism of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is closely related to abnormal lipid regulation in hepatocytes. Patients with NASH generally have a significant increase in de novo lipogenesis, which acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) catalyzes the first committed step. However, the treatment with ACC inhibitors remains controversial. Thus, our study will systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of ACC inhibitors for the treatment of NASH. METHODS We plan to search PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, EMBASE, Google Scholar, ClinicalTrials.gov, China Science and Technology Journal Database, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, Wan-fang Database and China National Knowledge Infrastructure to obtain literatures from January 2015 to January 2030 under the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and include randomized controlled trials containing intervention of ACC inhibitors for NASH. The proportion of patients with reduction in ballooning, inflammation and fibrosis will be accepted as the main outcome. RoB 2 will be used for the risk of bias, as well as Egger's test and funnel plot for reporting bias. We will adopt Review Manager 5.4.1 for data synthesis, subgroup analysis, meta-regression analysis and sensitivity analysis, and conduct trial sequential analysis and quality of evidence evaluation using trial sequential analysis 0.9.5.10 Beta software and GRADE Profiler 3.6.1 software respectively. RESULTS This systematic review will assess the proportion of patients with reduction of ballooning, inflammation and fibrosis, changes in hepatic steatosis, levels of liver enzymes and liver injury markers, metabolic parameters, safety and tolerability to measure the clinical benefits of ACC inhibitors for NASH. CONCLUSION The conclusion of this systematic review will achieve convincing evidence to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ACC inhibitors for NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liubin Xu
- Department of Hepatology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huili Yang
- Department of Hepatology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hongling Xu
- Department of Hepatology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Rong Yang
- Department of Hepatology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lian Fen
- Department of Hepatology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dansheng Jiang
- Department of Hepatology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Linyi Xu
- Department of Hepatology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yufeng Xing
- Department of Hepatology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
- * Correspondence: Yufeng Xing, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China (e-mail: )
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Liu Y, Liu C, Kou X, Wang Y, Yu Y, Zhen N, Jiang J, Zhaxi P, Xue Z. Synergistic Hypolipidemic Effects and Mechanisms of Phytochemicals: A Review. Foods 2022; 11:foods11182774. [PMID: 36140902 PMCID: PMC9497508 DOI: 10.3390/foods11182774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia, a chronic disorder of abnormal lipid metabolism, can induce obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases such as coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis, and hypertension. Increasing evidence indicates that phytochemicals may serve as a promising strategy for the prevention and management of hyperlipidemia and its complications. At the same time, the concept of synergistic hypolipidemic and its application in the food industry is rapidly increasing as a practical approach to preserve and improve the health-promoting effects of functional ingredients. The current review focuses on the effects of single phytochemicals on hyperlipidemia and its mechanisms. Due to the complexity of the lipid metabolism regulatory network, the synergistic regulation of different metabolic pathways or targets may be more effective than single pathways or targets in the treatment of hyperlipidemia. This review summarizes for the first time the synergistic hypolipidemic effects of different combinations of phytochemicals such as combinations of the same category of phytochemicals and combinations of different categories of phytochemicals. In addition, based on the different metabolic pathways or targets involved in synergistic effects, the possible mechanisms of synergistic hypolipidemic effects of the phytochemical combination are illustrated in this review. Hence, this review provides clues to boost more phytochemical synergistic hypolipidemic research and provides a theoretical basis for the development of phytochemicals with synergistic effects on hyperlipidemia and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazhou Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Food and Drug Inspection and Research Institute of Tibet Autonomous Region, Lhasa 850000, China
| | - Chunlong Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Dynamiker Biotechnology (Tianjin) Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300450, China
| | - Xiaohong Kou
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yumeng Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yue Yu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Ni Zhen
- Food and Drug Inspection and Research Institute of Tibet Autonomous Region, Lhasa 850000, China
| | - Jingyu Jiang
- Food and Drug Inspection and Research Institute of Tibet Autonomous Region, Lhasa 850000, China
| | - Puba Zhaxi
- Food and Drug Inspection and Research Institute of Tibet Autonomous Region, Lhasa 850000, China
- Correspondence: (P.Z.); (Z.X.)
| | - Zhaohui Xue
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Correspondence: (P.Z.); (Z.X.)
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12
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Li ZY, Wu G, Qiu C, Zhou ZJ, Wang YP, Song GH, Xiao C, Zhang X, Deng GL, Wang RT, Yang YL, Wang XL. Mechanism and therapeutic strategy of hepatic TM6SF2-deficient non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases via in vivo and in vitro experiments. World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28:2937-2954. [PMID: 35978872 PMCID: PMC9280743 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i25.2937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lack of effective pharmacotherapies for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is mainly attributed to insufficient research on its pathogenesis. The pathogenesis of TM6SF2-efficient NAFLD remains unclear, resulting in a lack of therapeutic strategies for TM6SF2-deficient patients.
AIM To investigate the role of TM6SF2 in fatty acid metabolism in the context of fatty liver and propose possible therapeutic strategies for NAFLD caused by TM6SF2 deficiency.
METHODS Liver samples collected from both NAFLD mouse models and human participants (80 cases) were used to evaluate the expression of TM6SF2 by using western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RNA-seq data retrieved from the Gene Expression Omnibus database were used to confirm the over-expression of TM6SF2. Knockdown and overexpression of TM6SF2 were performed to clarify the mechanistic basis of hepatic lipid accumulation in NAFLD. MK-4074 administration was used as a therapeutic intervention to evaluate its effect on NAFLD caused by TM6SF2 deficiency.
RESULTS Hepatic TM6SF2 levels were elevated in patients with NAFLD and NAFLD mouse models. TM6SF2 overexpression can reduce hepatic lipid accumulation, suggesting a protective role for TM6SF2 in a high-fat diet (HFD). Downregulation of TM6SF2, simulating the TM6SF2 E167K mutation condition, increases intracellular lipid deposition due to dysregulated fatty acid metabolism and is characterized by enhanced fatty acid uptake and synthesis, accompanied by impaired fatty acid oxidation. Owing to the potential effect of TM6SF2 deficiency on lipid metabolism, the application of an acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibitor (MK-4074) could reverse the NAFLD phenotypes caused by TM6SF2 deficiency.
CONCLUSION TM6SF2 plays a protective role in the HFD condition; its deficiency enhanced hepatic lipid accumulation through dysregulated fatty acid metabolism, and MK-4074 treatment could alleviate the NAFLD phenotypes caused by TM6SF2 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zu-Yin Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, Henan Province, China
| | - Chen Qiu
- Institute of Gallstone Disease, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Zhi-Jie Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital North, Shanghai 201907, China
| | - Yu-Peng Wang
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Guo-He Song
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chao Xiao
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200041, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Qingpu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 201700, China
| | - Gui-Long Deng
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai 201600, China
| | - Rui-Tao Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai 201600, China
| | - Yu-Long Yang
- Institute of Gallstone Disease, Center of Gallbladder Disease, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Xiao-Liang Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Qingpu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 201700, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai 201399, China
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Fatty Acid Synthase Inhibitor Platensimycin Intervenes the Development of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in a Mouse Model. Biomedicines 2021; 10:biomedicines10010005. [PMID: 35052685 PMCID: PMC8773228 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic liver disease affecting about 25% of world population, while there are still no approved targeted therapies. Although platensimycin (PTM) was first discovered to be a broad-spectrum antibiotic, it was also effective against type II diabetes in animal models due to its ability to inhibit both bacterial and mammalian fatty acid synthases (FASN). Herein, we report the pharmacological effect and potential mode of action of PTM against NAFLD in a Western diet/CCI4-induced mouse model and a free fatty acids (FFAs)-induced HepG2 cell model. The proper dose of PTM and its liposome-based nano-formulations not only significantly attenuated the Western diet-induced weight gain and the levels of plasma total triglycerides and glucose, but reduced liver steatosis in mice according to histological analyses. Western blotting analysis showed a reduced protein level of FASN in the mouse liver, suggesting that PTM intervened in the development of NAFLD through FASN inhibition. PTM reduced both the protein and mRNA levels of FASN in FFAs-induced HepG2 cells, as well as the expression of several key proteins in lipogenesis, including sterol regulatory element binding protein-1, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, and stearoyl-CoA desaturase. The expression of lipid oxidation-related genes, including peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α and acyl-CoA oxidase 1, was significantly elevated. In conclusion, our study supports the reposition of PTM to intervene in NAFLD progression, since it could effectively inhibit de novo lipogenesis.
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Ree J, Kim JI, Lee CW, Lee J, Kim HJ, Kim SC, Sohng JK, Park YI. Quinizarin suppresses the differentiation of adipocytes and lipogenesis in vitro and in vivo via downregulation of C/EBP-beta/SREBP pathway. Life Sci 2021; 287:120131. [PMID: 34767806 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Potential anti-obesity effects of quinizarin, a plant anthraquinone, were investigated using 3 T3-L1 preadipocyte cells and high-fat diet (HD)-induced obese mice. MAIN METHOD Cell viability was determined using the MTT assay. Triglyceride (TG) and lipid accumulation were determined using a TG assay kit and Oil Red O staining, respectively. Adipogenic, lipogenic, and lipolytic gene and protein expression was measured by RT-PCR or Western blot. Serum biochemical indices, including cholesterol and blood glucose, in HD-fed obese mice were determined using corresponding assay kits. Histological analysis was performed with haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. RESULTS Quinizarin (0-10 μM) significantly reduced intracellular TG and lipid droplets during the differentiation of preadipocytes. Quinizarin significantly suppressed the expression of adipocyte differentiation marker proteins, such as CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β (C/EBP-β), C/EBP-α, PPAR-γ, and aP2, and lipogenic marker proteins, including SREBP1c, SREBP2, fatty acid synthase (FAS), and acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC1), reduced ACC2 expression and increased carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1) expression. Oral administration of quinizarin (15-30 mg/kg/day) to HD-fed mice for 6 weeks reduced the body weight gain and size of liver adipocytes and epididymal fat tissues, with significant reductions in liver TG and serum total cholesterol, blood glucose, LDL, and HDL levels. SIGNIFICANCE The results of this study indicated that quinizarin exerts anti-obesity effects by inhibiting both adipogenesis and lipogenesis and stimulating lipolysis in vitro and in vivo mainly by downregulating the SREBP signalling pathway; thus, it might be a potent candidate as a health-beneficial food or therapeutic agent to prevent or treat obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Ree
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Il Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Won Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisun Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Jeong Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Cheol Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Kyung Sohng
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, Sun Moon University, Asan-si, Chungnam 31460, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Il Park
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea; Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Octave M, Pirotton L, Ginion A, Robaux V, Lepropre S, Ambroise J, Bouzin C, Guigas B, Giera M, Foretz M, Bertrand L, Beauloye C, Horman S. Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Inhibitor CP640.186 Increases Tubulin Acetylation and Impairs Thrombin-Induced Platelet Aggregation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222313129. [PMID: 34884932 PMCID: PMC8658010 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) is the first enzyme regulating de novo lipid synthesis via the carboxylation of acetyl-CoA into malonyl-CoA. The inhibition of its activity decreases lipogenesis and, in parallel, increases the acetyl-CoA content, which serves as a substrate for protein acetylation. Several findings support a role for acetylation signaling in coordinating signaling systems that drive platelet cytoskeletal changes and aggregation. Therefore, we investigated the impact of ACC inhibition on tubulin acetylation and platelet functions. Human platelets were incubated 2 h with CP640.186, a pharmacological ACC inhibitor, prior to thrombin stimulation. We have herein demonstrated that CP640.186 treatment does not affect overall platelet lipid content, yet it is associated with increased tubulin acetylation levels, both at the basal state and after thrombin stimulation. This resulted in impaired platelet aggregation. Similar results were obtained using human platelets that were pretreated with tubacin, an inhibitor of tubulin deacetylase HDAC6. In addition, both ACC and HDAC6 inhibitions block key platelet cytoskeleton signaling events, including Rac1 GTPase activation and the phosphorylation of its downstream effector, p21-activated kinase 2 (PAK2). However, neither CP640.186 nor tubacin affects thrombin-induced actin cytoskeleton remodeling, while ACC inhibition results in decreased thrombin-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation. We conclude that when using washed human platelets, ACC inhibition limits tubulin deacetylation upon thrombin stimulation, which in turn impairs platelet aggregation. The mechanism involves a downregulation of the Rac1/PAK2 pathway, being independent of actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Octave
- Pôle de Recherche Cardiovasculaire (CARD), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (M.O.); (L.P.); (A.G.); (V.R.); (S.L.); (L.B.); (C.B.)
| | - Laurence Pirotton
- Pôle de Recherche Cardiovasculaire (CARD), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (M.O.); (L.P.); (A.G.); (V.R.); (S.L.); (L.B.); (C.B.)
| | - Audrey Ginion
- Pôle de Recherche Cardiovasculaire (CARD), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (M.O.); (L.P.); (A.G.); (V.R.); (S.L.); (L.B.); (C.B.)
| | - Valentine Robaux
- Pôle de Recherche Cardiovasculaire (CARD), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (M.O.); (L.P.); (A.G.); (V.R.); (S.L.); (L.B.); (C.B.)
| | - Sophie Lepropre
- Pôle de Recherche Cardiovasculaire (CARD), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (M.O.); (L.P.); (A.G.); (V.R.); (S.L.); (L.B.); (C.B.)
| | - Jérôme Ambroise
- Centre de Technologies Moléculaires Appliquées, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Caroline Bouzin
- IREC Imaging Platform, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Bruno Guigas
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands;
| | - Martin Giera
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands;
| | - Marc Foretz
- CNRS, INSERM, Institut Cochin, Université de Paris, F-75014 Paris, France;
| | - Luc Bertrand
- Pôle de Recherche Cardiovasculaire (CARD), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (M.O.); (L.P.); (A.G.); (V.R.); (S.L.); (L.B.); (C.B.)
| | - Christophe Beauloye
- Pôle de Recherche Cardiovasculaire (CARD), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (M.O.); (L.P.); (A.G.); (V.R.); (S.L.); (L.B.); (C.B.)
- Division of Cardiology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sandrine Horman
- Pôle de Recherche Cardiovasculaire (CARD), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (M.O.); (L.P.); (A.G.); (V.R.); (S.L.); (L.B.); (C.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-2-764-55-66
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Cao H, Xi S, He W, Ma X, Liu L, Xu J, Zhang K, Li Y, Jin L. The effects of Gentiana dahurica Fisch on alcoholic liver disease revealed by RNA sequencing. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 279:113422. [PMID: 33007391 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The root of Gentiana dahurica Fisch (called Qin-Jiao in China), a traditional Chinese medicine, is used in China to treat alcoholic liver disease (ALD), but there has been no scientific report on the treatment of ALD. AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the therapeutic effects of Gentiana dahurica Fisch ethanol extract (GDEE) on ALD and to reveal its possible mechanism of action using RNA sequencing. MATERIALS AND METHODS The model of ALD was established by continuous gavage with alcohol in mice, and GDEE was used to treat ALD. Pathological observation (HE staining, oil red O staining) and biochemical indicators were performed to evaluate liver tissue lesions and efficacy of GDEE. RNA sequencing analysis of liver tissues was carried out to elucidate the pathogenesis of ALD and the mechanism of hepatoprotective effect by GDEE. The RNA sequencing results were verified by detecting mRNA and protein expressions of acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase α (Acacα), fatty acid synthase (Fasn) and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (Cpt1a) by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blot. RESULTS Measurements of biochemical parameters showed that GDEE could inhibit the increased transaminase activities in the serum and lipid levels in the liver caused by alcohol. It was observed that GDEE could alleviate fatty degeneration, edema and cell necrosis caused by alcohol in the liver tissue. RNA sequencing analysis of liver tissues found that 719 genes and 1137 genes were significantly changed by alcohol and GDEE, respectively. GDEE reversed most of the changes in triglycerides synthesis-related genes up-regulated by alcohol. GDEE up-regulated most of the genes involved in the fatty acid degradation in ALD mice, while alcohol had little effect on them. In addition, GDEE suppressed most of the genes involved in cholesterol synthesis that were up-regulated by alcohol. GDEE up-regulated genes related to bile acid synthesis in ALD mice, and down-regulated genes related to bile acid reabsorption, while alcohol had no significant effect on genes related to bile acid metabolism. In the validation experiments, the Acacα, Fasn and Cpt1a expressions quantified by real-time PCR and Western blot were consistent with the RNA sequencing results. CONCLUSIONS GDEE can alleviate liver damage and steatosis in ALD mice, and its mechanism of action may be related to the process of regulating triglycerides and cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houkang Cao
- College of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China.
| | - Shaoyang Xi
- College of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China.
| | - Weiwei He
- College of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China.
| | - Xiaohui Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China.
| | - Li Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China.
| | - Jie Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, 541004, PR China.
| | - Kefeng Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, 541004, PR China.
| | - Yingdong Li
- College of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China.
| | - Ling Jin
- College of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China.
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Ezhilarasan D. Mitochondria: A critical hub for hepatic stellate cells activation during chronic liver diseases. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2021; 20:315-322. [PMID: 33975780 DOI: 10.1016/j.hbpd.2021.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Upon liver injury, quiescent hepatic stellate cells (qHSCs), reside in the perisinusoidal space, phenotypically transdifferentiate into myofibroblast-like cells (MFBs). The qHSCs in the normal liver are less fibrogenic, migratory, and also have less proliferative potential. However, activated HSCs (aHSCs) are more fibrogenic and have a high migratory and proliferative MFBs phenotype. HSCs activation is a highly energetic process that needs abundant intracellular energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for the synthesis of extracellular matrix (ECM) in the injured liver to substantiate the injury. DATA SOURCES The articles were collected through PubMed and EMBASE using search terms "mitochondria and hepatic stellate cells", "mitochondria and HSCs", "mitochondria and hepatic fibrosis", "mitochondria and liver diseases", and "mitochondria and chronic liver disease", and relevant publications published before September 31, 2020 were included in this review. RESULTS Mitochondria homeostasis is affected during HSCs activation. Mitochondria in aHSCs are highly energetic and are in a high metabolically active state exhibiting increased activity such as glycolysis and respiration. aHSCs have high glycolytic enzymes expression and glycolytic activity induced by Hedgehog (Hh) signaling from injured hepatocytes. Increased glycolysis and aerobic glycolysis (Warburg effect) end-products in aHSCs consequently activate the ECM-related gene expressions. Increased Hh signaling from injured hepatocytes downregulates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ expression and decreases lipogenesis in aHSCs. Glutaminolysis and tricarboxylic acid cycle liberate ATPs that fuel HSCs to proliferate and produce ECM during their activation. CONCLUSIONS Available studies suggest that mitochondria functions can increase in parallel with HSCs activation. Therefore, mitochondrial modulators should be tested in an elaborate manner to control or prevent the HSCs activation during liver injury to subsequently regress hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devaraj Ezhilarasan
- Department of Pharmacology, the Blue Lab, Molecular Medicine and Toxicology Division, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai 600077, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Zhirnov VV, Velihina YS, Mitiukhin OP, Brovarets VS. Intrinsic drug potential of oxazolo[5,4-d]pyrimidines and oxazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidines. Chem Biol Drug Des 2021; 98:561-581. [PMID: 34148293 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The oxazole and pyrimidine rings are widely displayed in natural products and synthetic molecules. They are known as the prime skeletons for drug discovery. On the account of structural and chemical diversity, oxazole and pyrimidine-based molecules, as central scaffolds, not only provide different types of interactions with various receptors and enzymes, showing broad biological activities, but also occupy a core position in medicinal chemistry, showing their importance for development and discovery of newer potential therapeutic agents (Curr Top Med Chem, 16, 2016, 3133; Int J Pharm Pharm Sci, 8, 2016, 8; BMC Chem, 13, 2019, 44). For a long time, relatively little attention has been paid to their fused rings that are oxazolopyrimidines, whose chemical structure is similar to that of natural purines because probably none of these compounds were found in natural products or their biological activities turned out to be unexpressed (Bull Chem Soc Jpn, 43, 1970, 187). Recently, however, a significant number of studies have been published on the biological properties of oxazolo[5,4-d]pyrimidines, showing their significant activity as agonists and antagonists of signaling pathways involved in the regulation of the cell life cycle, whereas oxazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidines, on the contrary, represent a poorly studied class of compounds. Limited access to this scaffold has resulted in a corresponding lack of biological research (Eur J Organ Chem, 18, 2018, 2148). Actually, oxazolo[5,4-d]pyrimidine is a versatile scaffold used for the design of bioactive ligands against enzymes and receptors. This review focuses on biological targets and associated pathogenetic mechanisms, as well as pathological disorders that can be modified by well-known oxazolopyrimidines that have been proven to date. Many molecular details of these processes are omitted here, which the interested reader will find in the cited literature. This work also does not cover the methods for the synthesis of the oxazolopyrimidines, which are exhaustively described by De Coen et al. (Eur J Organ Chem, 18, 2018, 2148). The review as well does not discuss the structure-activity relationship, which is described in detail in the original works and deliberately, whenever possible, cites not primary sources, but mostly relevant review articles, so that the reader who wants to delve into a particular problem will immediately receive more complete information. It is expected that the information presented in this review will help readers better understand the purpose of the development of oxazolopyrimidines and the possibility of their development as drugs for the treatment of a wide range of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor V Zhirnov
- Department of Chemistry of Bioactive Nitrogen-Containing Heterocyclic Bases, Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Yevheniia S Velihina
- Department of Chemistry of Bioactive Nitrogen-Containing Heterocyclic Bases, Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Oleg P Mitiukhin
- Department of Chemistry of Bioactive Nitrogen-Containing Heterocyclic Bases, Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Volodymyr S Brovarets
- Department of Chemistry of Bioactive Nitrogen-Containing Heterocyclic Bases, Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
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Wu X, Yu Y, Huang T. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 4-phenoxy-phenyl isoxazoles as novel acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibitors. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 36:1236-1247. [PMID: 34100310 PMCID: PMC8205039 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2021.1936514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) is a crucial enzyme in fatty acid metabolism, which plays a major role in the occurrence and development of certain tumours. Herein, one potential ACC inhibitor (6a) was identified through high-throughput virtual screening (HTVS), and a series of 4-phenoxy-phenyl isoxazoles were synthesised for structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies. Among these compounds, 6g exhibited the most potent ACC inhibitory activity (IC50=99.8 nM), which was comparable to that of CP-640186. Moreover, the antiproliferation assay revealed that compound 6l exhibited the strongest cytotoxicity, with IC50 values of 0.22 µM (A549), 0.26 µM (HepG2), and 0.21 µM (MDA-MB-231), respectively. The preliminary mechanistic studies on 6g and 6l suggested that the compounds decreased the malonyl-CoA levels, arrested the cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase, and induced apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 cells. Overall, these results indicated that the 4-phenoxy-phenyl isoxazoles are potential for further study in cancer therapeutics as ACC inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yongbo Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Tonghui Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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20
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Law CSW, Yeong KY. Benzimidazoles in Drug Discovery: A Patent Review. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:1861-1877. [PMID: 33646618 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Benzimidazole is a heterocyclic ring system that has been widely studied in the pharmaceutical field. For the past decade, numerous benzimidazole derivatives have been synthesized and evaluated for their wide range of pharmacological activities, which are beneficial for drug development. This article presents the biological effects of benzimidazole derivatives in each invention from 2015 to 2020. Two patent databases, Google Patents and Lens, were used to locate relevant granted patent applications. Specifically, this review delineates the role of patented benzimidazoles from a disease-centric perspective and examines the mechanisms of action of these compounds in related diseases. Most of the benzimidazoles have shown good activities against various target proteins. Whilst several of them have progressed into clinical trials, most patents presented novel therapeutic approaches for respective target diseases. Hence, their potential in being developed into clinical drugs are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine S W Law
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan Bandar Sunway, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Keng Y Yeong
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan Bandar Sunway, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia.,Tropical Medicine and Biology (TMB) multidisciplinary platform, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan Bandar Sunway, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
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21
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Mizojiri R, Tomita D, Sasaki M, Satoh Y, Yamamoto Y, Sumi H, Maezaki H. Design and synthesis of a monocyclic derivative as a selective ACC1 inhibitor by chemical modification of biphenyl ACC1/2 dual inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 35:116056. [PMID: 33607488 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A structure-activity relationship (SAR) study towards novel ACC1-selective inhibitors was carried out by modifying the molecular length of the linker in biaryl derivative 1 g, an ACC1/2 dual inhibitor. Ultimately, this leads us to discover novel phenoxybenzyloxy derivative 1i as a potent ACC1-selective inhibitor. Further chemical modification of this scaffold to improve cellular potency as well as physicochemical and pharmacokinetic (PK) properties produced N-2-(pyridin-2-ylethyl)acetamide derivative 1n, which showed highly potent ACC1-selective inhibition as well as sufficient PK profile for further in vivo evaluations. Oral administration of 1n significantly reduced the concentration of malonyl-CoA in HCT-116 xenograft tumors at doses of 100 mg/kg. Accordingly, our novel series of potent ACC1-selective inhibitors represents a set of useful orally-available research tools, as well as potential therapeutic agents for cancer and fatty acid-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Mizojiri
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Tomita
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Masako Sasaki
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Satoh
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yukiko Yamamoto
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sumi
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Hironobu Maezaki
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
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Beysen C, Schroeder P, Wu E, Brevard J, Ribadeneira M, Lu W, Dole K, O'Reilly T, Morrow L, Hompesch M, Hellerstein MK, Li K, Johansson L, Kelly PF. Inhibition of fatty acid synthase with FT-4101 safely reduces hepatic de novo lipogenesis and steatosis in obese subjects with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Results from two early-phase randomized trials. Diabetes Obes Metab 2021; 23:700-710. [PMID: 33289350 PMCID: PMC7898808 DOI: 10.1111/dom.14272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To assess the therapeutic potential of fatty acid synthase (FASN) inhibition with FT-4101, a potent, selective, orally bioavailable, small-molecule by (a) evaluating the dose-response of single FT-4101 doses (3, 6 and 9 mg) on hepatic de novo lipogenesis (DNL) in healthy participants (Study 1) and (b) demonstrating the safety, tolerability and efficacy on hepatic steatosis after 12 weeks of FT-4101 dosing in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD; Study 2). MATERIALS AND METHODS In Study 1, three sequential cohorts of healthy men (n = 10/cohort) were randomized to receive a single dose of FT-4101 (n = 5/cohort) or placebo (n = 5/cohort) followed by crossover dosing after 7 days. Hepatic DNL was assessed during fructose stimulation from 13 C-acetate incorporation. In Study 2, men and women with NAFLD (n = 14) randomly received 12 weeks of intermittent once-daily dosing (four cycles of 2 weeks on-treatment, followed by 1 week off-treatment) of 3 mg FT-4101 (n = 9) or placebo (n = 5). Steady-state DNL based on deuterated water labelling, hepatic steatosis using magnetic resonance imaging-proton density fat fraction and sebum lipids and circulating biomarkers were assessed. RESULTS Single and repeat dosing of FT-4101 were safe and well tolerated. Single FT-4101 doses inhibited hepatic DNL dose-dependently. Twelve weeks of 3 mg FT-4101 treatment improved hepatic steatosis and inhibited hepatic DNL. Decreases in sebum sapienate content with FT-4101 at week 11 were not significant compared to placebo and rebounded at week 12. Biomarkers of liver function, glucose and lipid metabolism were unchanged. CONCLUSIONS Inhibition of FASN with 3 mg FT-4101 safely reduces hepatic DNL and steatosis in NAFLD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Beysen
- FluxBioSan MateoCalifornia
- ProSciento IncChula VistaCalifornia
| | | | - Eric Wu
- Forma TherapeuticsWatertownMassachusetts
| | | | | | - Wei Lu
- Forma TherapeuticsWatertownMassachusetts
| | - Kiran Dole
- Forma TherapeuticsWatertownMassachusetts
| | | | | | | | - Marc K. Hellerstein
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and ToxicologyUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCalifornia
| | - Kelvin Li
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and ToxicologyUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCalifornia
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Huang T, Wu X, Yan S, Liu T, Yin X. Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of novel spiroketopyrazoles as acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibitors and potential antitumor agents. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 212:113036. [PMID: 33276990 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.113036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) is a rate-limiting enzyme in de novo fatty acid synthesis, which plays a critical role in the growth and survival of cancer cells. In this study, a series of spiroketopyrazole derivatives bearing quinoline moieties were synthesized, and in vitro anticancer activities of these compounds as ACC inhibitors were evaluated. The biological evaluation showed that compound 7j exhibited the strongest enzyme inhibitory activity (IC50 = 1.29 nM), while compound 7m displayed the most potent anti-proliferative activity against A549, HepG2, and MDA-MB-231 cells with corresponding IC50 values of 0.55, 0.38, and 1.65 μM, respectively. The preliminary pharmacological studies confirmed that compound 7m reduced the intracellular malonyl-CoA and TG levels in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, it could down-regulate cyclin D1 and CDK4 to disturb the cell cycle and up-regulate Bax, caspase-3, and PARP along with the suppression of Bcl-2 to induce apoptosis. Notably, the combination of 7m with doxorubicin synergistically decreased the HepG2 cell viability. These results indicated that compound 7m as a single agent, or in combination with other antitumor drugs, might be a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonghui Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 221004, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Xuzhou Medical University Science Park, 221000, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xin Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 221004, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shirong Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 221004, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tianya Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 221002, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoxing Yin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 221004, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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