1
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Baranac-Stojanović M, Aleksić J, Stojanović M. Theoretical investigation of tautomerism of 2- and 4-pyridones: origin, substituent and solvent effects. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 22:144-158. [PMID: 38051113 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01588b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Computational investigation at the BHandHLYP/6-311+G(d,p) level of theory of the gas-phase tautomerism of 2- and 4-pyridones confirmed the slight prevalence of lactim in the case of the former, but its dominance in the case of the latter, as shown previously. Examination of aromaticity by using HOMA, EDDB, NBOdel, NICS and AICD led to the conclusion that tautomerization of 4-pyridone results in greater aromaticity gain. It is also driven by the Pauli repulsion relief, which was revealed by the tautomerization energy decomposition analysis. By contrast, in the case of 2-pyridone, lactim is favoured by orbital and electrostatic interactions and disfavoured by the Pauli repulsion. Aromaticity gain in this case is smaller. The position of the tautomeric equilibrium can be modulated by substituent inductive effects (Cl and F), inductive and resonance effects (NH2 and NO2), hydrogen bonding (NO2), and medium polarity, the increase of which increases lactam population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Baranac-Stojanović
- University of Belgrade - Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski trg 12-16, P. O. Box 158, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Jovana Aleksić
- University of Belgrade - Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy - Center for Chemistry, Njegoševa 12, P. O. Box 473, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milovan Stojanović
- University of Belgrade - Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy - Center for Chemistry, Njegoševa 12, P. O. Box 473, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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2
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González S, Wall RJ, Thomas J, Braillard S, Brunori G, Díaz IC, Cantizani J, Carvalho S, Castañeda Casado P, Chatelain E, Cotillo I, Fiandor JM, Francisco AF, Grimsditch D, Keenan M, Kelly JM, Kessler A, Luise C, Lyon JJ, MacLean L, Marco M, Martin JJ, Martinez MS, Paterson C, Read KD, Santos-Villarejo A, Zuccotto F, Wyllie S, Miles TJ, De Rycker M. Short-course combination treatment for experimental chronic Chagas disease. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eadg8105. [PMID: 38091410 PMCID: PMC7615676 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adg8105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Chagas disease, caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, affects millions of people in the Americas and across the world, leading to considerable morbidity and mortality. Current treatment options, benznidazole (BNZ) and nifurtimox, offer limited efficacy and often lead to adverse side effects because of long treatment durations. Better treatment options are therefore urgently required. Here, we describe a pyrrolopyrimidine series, identified through phenotypic screening, that offers an opportunity to improve on current treatments. In vitro cell-based washout assays demonstrate that compounds in the series are incapable of killing all parasites; however, combining these pyrrolopyrimidines with a subefficacious dose of BNZ can clear all parasites in vitro after 5 days. These findings were replicated in a clinically predictive in vivo model of chronic Chagas disease, where 5 days of treatment with the combination was sufficient to prevent parasite relapse. Comprehensive mechanism of action studies, supported by ligand-structure modeling, show that compounds from this pyrrolopyrimidine series inhibit the Qi active site of T. cruzi cytochrome b, part of the cytochrome bc1 complex of the electron transport chain. Knowledge of the molecular target enabled a cascade of assays to be assembled to evaluate selectivity over the human cytochrome b homolog. As a result, a highly selective and efficacious lead compound was identified. The combination of our lead compound with BNZ rapidly clears T. cruzi parasites, both in vitro and in vivo, and shows great potential to overcome key issues associated with currently available treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia González
- Global Health Medicines R&D, GSK, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Richard J. Wall
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - John Thomas
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | | | | | | | - Juan Cantizani
- Global Health Medicines R&D, GSK, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Carvalho
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | | | | | - Ignacio Cotillo
- Global Health Medicines R&D, GSK, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose M. Fiandor
- Global Health Medicines R&D, GSK, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - John M. Kelly
- London School for Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Albane Kessler
- Global Health Medicines R&D, GSK, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Chiara Luise
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | | | - Lorna MacLean
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Maria Marco
- Global Health Medicines R&D, GSK, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - J. Julio Martin
- Global Health Medicines R&D, GSK, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Christy Paterson
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Kevin D. Read
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | | | - Fabio Zuccotto
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Susan Wyllie
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Tim J. Miles
- Global Health Medicines R&D, GSK, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manu De Rycker
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
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3
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Nguyen W, Dans MG, Currie I, Awalt JK, Bailey BL, Lumb C, Ngo A, Favuzza P, Palandri J, Ramesh S, Penington J, Jarman KE, Mukherjee P, Chakraborty A, Maier AG, van Dooren GG, Papenfuss T, Wittlin S, Churchyard A, Baum J, Winzeler EA, Baud D, Brand S, Jackson PF, Cowman AF, Sleebs BE. 7- N-Substituted-3-oxadiazole Quinolones with Potent Antimalarial Activity Target the Cytochrome bc1 Complex. ACS Infect Dis 2023; 9:668-691. [PMID: 36853190 PMCID: PMC10012268 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
The development of new antimalarials is required because of the threat of resistance to current antimalarial therapies. To discover new antimalarial chemotypes, we screened the Janssen Jumpstarter library against the P. falciparum asexual parasite and identified the 7-N-substituted-3-oxadiazole quinolone hit class. We established the structure-activity relationship and optimized the antimalarial potency. The optimized analog WJM228 (17) showed robust metabolic stability in vitro, although the aqueous solubility was limited. Forward genetic resistance studies uncovered that WJM228 targets the Qo site of cytochrome b (cyt b), an important component of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) that is essential for pyrimidine biosynthesis and an established antimalarial target. Profiling against drug-resistant parasites confirmed that WJM228 confers resistance to the Qo site but not Qi site mutations, and in a biosensor assay, it was shown to impact the ETC via inhibition of cyt b. Consistent with other cyt b targeted antimalarials, WJM228 prevented pre-erythrocytic parasite and male gamete development and reduced asexual parasitemia in a P. berghei mouse model of malaria. Correcting the limited aqueous solubility and the high susceptibility to cyt b Qo site resistant parasites found in the clinic will be major obstacles in the future development of the 3-oxadiazole quinolone antimalarial class.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Nguyen
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Madeline G Dans
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Iain Currie
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Jon Kyle Awalt
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Brodie L Bailey
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Chris Lumb
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Australia
| | - Anna Ngo
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Australia
| | - Paola Favuzza
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Josephine Palandri
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Saishyam Ramesh
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra 2600, Australia
| | - Jocelyn Penington
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Kate E Jarman
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | | | | | - Alexander G Maier
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra 2600, Australia
| | - Giel G van Dooren
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra 2600, Australia
| | - Tony Papenfuss
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Sergio Wittlin
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland.,University of Basel, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alisje Churchyard
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington, SW7 2AZ U.K
| | - Jake Baum
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington, SW7 2AZ U.K.,School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2031, Australia
| | - Elizabeth A Winzeler
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive 0760, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Delphine Baud
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, Geneva 1215, Switzerland
| | - Stephen Brand
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, Geneva 1215, Switzerland
| | - Paul F Jackson
- Global Public Health, Janssen R&D LLC, La Jolla, California 92121, United States
| | - Alan F Cowman
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Brad E Sleebs
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
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4
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Manthalkar L, Bhattacharya S. Evidence-based capacity of natural cytochrome enzyme inhibitors to increase the effectivity of antineoplastic drugs. Discov Oncol 2022; 13:142. [PMID: 36571647 PMCID: PMC9792636 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-022-00605-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome (CYP) enzymes catalyze the metabolism of numerous exogenous and endogenous substrates in cancer therapy leading to significant drug interactions due to their metabolizing effect. CYP enzymes play an important role in the metabolism of essential anticancer medications. They are shown to be overexpressed in tumor cells at numerous locations in the body. This overexpression could be a result of lifestyle factors, presence of hereditary variants of CYP (Bio individuality) and multi-drug resistance. This finding has sparked an interest in using CYP inhibitors to lower their metabolizing activity as a result facilitating anti-cancer medications to have a therapeutic impact. As a result of the cytotoxic nature of synthetic enzyme inhibitors and the increased prevalence of herbal medication, natural CYP inhibitors have been identified as an excellent way to inhibit overexpression sighting their tendency to show less cytotoxicity, lesser adverse drug reactions and enhanced bioavailability. Nonetheless, their effect of lowering the hindrance caused in chemotherapy due to CYP enzymes remains unexploited to its fullest. It has been observed that there is a substantial decrease in first pass metabolism and increase in intestinal absorption of chemotherapeutic drugs like paclitaxel when administered along with flavonoids which help suppress certain specific cytochrome enzymes which play a role in paclitaxel metabolism. This review elaborates on the role and scope of phytochemicals in primary, secondary and tertiary care and how targeted prevention of cancer could be a breakthrough in the field of chemotherapy and oncology. This opens up a whole new area of research for delivery of these natural inhibitors along with anticancer drugs with the help of liposomes, micelles, nanoparticles, the usage of liquid biopsy analysis, artificial intelligence in medicine, risk assessment tools, multi-omics and multi-parametric analysis. Further, the site of action, mechanisms, metabolites involved, experimental models, doses and observations of two natural compounds, quercetin & thymoquinone, and two plant extracts, liquorice & garlic on CYP enzymes have been summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laxmi Manthalkar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS Deemed-to-be University, Shirpur, 425405, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sankha Bhattacharya
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS Deemed-to-be University, Shirpur, 425405, Maharashtra, India.
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5
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Berg A, Swartchick CB, Forrest N, Chavarria M, Deem MC, Sillin AN, Li Y, Riscoe TM, Nilsen A, Riscoe MK, Wood WJL. 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinones with 3-alkyldiarylether groups: synthesis and Plasmodium falciparum inhibitory activity. Future Med Chem 2022; 14:1611-1620. [PMID: 36349868 PMCID: PMC9832320 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2022-0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In 1948, the synthesis and Plasmodium lophurae activity of 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinones containing 3-alkyldiarylether side chains was reported. Method/results: The synthesis of five related compounds, designed to be more metabolically stable, was pursued. The compounds were synthesized using a radical alkylation reaction with naphthoquinones. One compound had a lower IC50 value against various strains of Plasmodium falciparum and assay data indicate that it binds to the Qo site of cytochrome bc1. With a low yield for the radical alkylation of the most active compound, a reductive alkylation method with used to improve reaction yields. Conclusion: Further synthetic knowledge was obtained, and the assay data indicate that there are sensitivity differences between avian and human malarial parasites for these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Berg
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Portland, 5000 N. Willamette Blvd., Portland, OR 97203, USA
| | - Chelsea B Swartchick
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Portland, 5000 N. Willamette Blvd., Portland, OR 97203, USA
| | - Noah Forrest
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Portland, 5000 N. Willamette Blvd., Portland, OR 97203, USA
| | - Matthew Chavarria
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Portland, 5000 N. Willamette Blvd., Portland, OR 97203, USA
| | - Madeleine C Deem
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Portland, 5000 N. Willamette Blvd., Portland, OR 97203, USA
| | - Alyson N Sillin
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Portland, 5000 N. Willamette Blvd., Portland, OR 97203, USA
| | - Yuexin Li
- Portland VA Medical Center, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Teresa M Riscoe
- Portland VA Medical Center, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Aaron Nilsen
- Portland VA Medical Center, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Michael K Riscoe
- Portland VA Medical Center, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 Sam Jackson Boulevard, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Warren JL Wood
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Portland, 5000 N. Willamette Blvd., Portland, OR 97203, USA
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6
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Alday PH, Nilsen A, Doggett JS. Structure-activity relationships of Toxoplasma gondii cytochrome bc1 inhibitors. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2022; 17:997-1011. [PMID: 35772172 PMCID: PMC9561756 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2022.2096588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Toxoplasma gondii is a prolific apicomplexan parasite that infects human and nonhuman animals worldwide and can cause severe brain and eye disease. Safer, more effective therapies for toxoplasmosis are needed. Cytochrome bc1 inhibitors are remarkably effective against toxoplasmosis and other apicomplexan-caused diseases. AREAS COVERED This work reviews T. gondii cytochrome bc1 inhibitors. Emphasis is placed on the structure-activity relationships of these inhibitors with regard to efficacy, pharmacokinetics, selectivity of T. gondii cytochrome bc1 over host, safety, and potential therapeutic strategies. EXPERT OPINION Cytochrome bc1 inhibitors are highly promising compounds for toxoplasmosis that have been effective in clinical and preclinical studies. Clinical experience with atovaquone previously validated cytochrome bc1 as a tractable drug target and, over the past decade, optimization of cytochrome bc1 inhibitors has resulted in improved bioavailability, metabolic stability, potency, blood-brain barrier penetration, and selectivity for the T. gondii cytochrome bc1 over the mammalian bc1. Recent studies have demonstrated preclinical safety, identified novel therapeutic strategies for toxoplasmosis using synergistic combinations or long-acting administration and provided insight into their role in chronic infection. This research has identified drug candidates that are more effective than clinically used drugs in preclinical measures of efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phil Holland Alday
- Portland VA Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Aaron Nilsen
- Portland VA Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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Amporndanai K, Pinthong N, O’Neill PM, Hong WD, Amewu RK, Pidathala C, Berry NG, Leung SC, Ward SA, Biagini GA, Hasnain SS, Antonyuk SV. Targeting the Ubiquinol-Reduction (Q i) Site of the Mitochondrial Cytochrome bc1 Complex for the Development of Next Generation Quinolone Antimalarials. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11081109. [PMID: 35892964 PMCID: PMC9330653 DOI: 10.3390/biology11081109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Antimalarials targeting the ubiquinol-oxidation (Qo) site of the Plasmodium falciparum bc1 complex, such as atovaquone, have become less effective due to the rapid emergence of resistance linked to point mutations in the Qo site. Recent findings showed a series of 2-aryl quinolones mediate inhibitions of this complex by binding to the ubiquinone-reduction (Qi) site, which offers a potential advantage in circumventing drug resistance. Since it is essential to understand how 2-aryl quinolone lead compounds bind within the Qi site, here we describe the co-crystallization and structure elucidation of the bovine cytochrome bc1 complex with three different antimalarial 4(1H)-quinolone sub-types, including two 2-aryl quinolone derivatives and a 3-aryl quinolone analogue for comparison. Currently, no structural information is available for Plasmodial cytochrome bc1. Our crystallographic studies have enabled comparison of an in-silico homology docking model of P. falciparum with the mammalian's equivalent, enabling an examination of how binding compares for the 2- versus 3-aryl analogues. Based on crystallographic and computational modeling, key differences in human and P. falciparum Qi sites have been mapped that provide new insights that can be exploited for the development of next-generation antimalarials with greater selective inhibitory activity against the parasite bc1 with improved antimalarial properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangsa Amporndanai
- Molecular Biophysics Group, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK; (K.A.); (N.P.); (S.S.H.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-0146, USA
| | - Nattapon Pinthong
- Molecular Biophysics Group, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK; (K.A.); (N.P.); (S.S.H.)
- Department of Protozoology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Paul M. O’Neill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, UK; (W.D.H.); (R.K.A.); (C.P.); (N.G.B.); (S.C.L.)
- Correspondence: (P.M.O.); (S.V.A.); Tel.: +44-(0)-1517955145 (S.V.A.); +44-(0)-1517943552 (P.M.O.)
| | - W. David Hong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, UK; (W.D.H.); (R.K.A.); (C.P.); (N.G.B.); (S.C.L.)
| | - Richard K. Amewu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, UK; (W.D.H.); (R.K.A.); (C.P.); (N.G.B.); (S.C.L.)
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra P.O. Box LG 586, Ghana
| | - Chandrakala Pidathala
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, UK; (W.D.H.); (R.K.A.); (C.P.); (N.G.B.); (S.C.L.)
- Composite Interceptive Med-Science Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., Bengaluru 60099, Karnataka, India
| | - Neil G. Berry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, UK; (W.D.H.); (R.K.A.); (C.P.); (N.G.B.); (S.C.L.)
| | - Suet C. Leung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, UK; (W.D.H.); (R.K.A.); (C.P.); (N.G.B.); (S.C.L.)
| | - Stephen A. Ward
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK; (S.A.W.); (G.A.B.)
| | - Giancarlo A. Biagini
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK; (S.A.W.); (G.A.B.)
| | - S. Samar Hasnain
- Molecular Biophysics Group, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK; (K.A.); (N.P.); (S.S.H.)
| | - Svetlana V. Antonyuk
- Molecular Biophysics Group, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK; (K.A.); (N.P.); (S.S.H.)
- Correspondence: (P.M.O.); (S.V.A.); Tel.: +44-(0)-1517955145 (S.V.A.); +44-(0)-1517943552 (P.M.O.)
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8
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Zanakhov TO, Galenko EE, Novikov MS, Khlebnikov AF. An isoxazole strategy for the synthesis of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylates. Beilstein J Org Chem 2022; 18:738-745. [PMID: 35821697 PMCID: PMC9235835 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.18.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A method has been developed for the preparation of 2-alkyl-6-aryl-, 2-aryl-6-aryl and 2,6-diaryl-5-aryl/hetaryl-substituted methyl 4-oxo-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylates by Mo(CO)6-mediated ring expansion of methyl 2-(isoxazol-5-yl)-3-oxopropanoates. The high reactivity of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylates synthesized provide easy access to 2,4,6-triaryl-substituted and 1,2,5,6-tetrasubstituted nicotinates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timur O Zanakhov
- Saint Petersburg State University, Institute of Chemistry, 7/9 Universitetskaya Naberezhnaya, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Ekaterina E Galenko
- Saint Petersburg State University, Institute of Chemistry, 7/9 Universitetskaya Naberezhnaya, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Mikhail S Novikov
- Saint Petersburg State University, Institute of Chemistry, 7/9 Universitetskaya Naberezhnaya, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Alexander F Khlebnikov
- Saint Petersburg State University, Institute of Chemistry, 7/9 Universitetskaya Naberezhnaya, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
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9
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Audu O, Stander A, Ajani O, Egieyeh S, October N. In-Silico Design, Chemical Synthesis and Biological Screening of Novel 4-(1H)-Pyridone-based Antimalarial Agents. Chem Biol Drug Des 2021; 99:674-687. [PMID: 34850571 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Identifying novel lead compounds in drug discovery has been challenging because of the rapid rise of drug resistance to the existing chemotherapeutics and a lack of understanding of complex metabolic pathways in the parasite. Integrating computational and experimental approaches has shown to be of great worth in identifying and developing novel promising pharmacophore hybrids. In this present research, a series of new 4-(1H)-pyridone-derived antimalarial agents were designed based on recent reports and our preliminary findings through in-silico studies. Two of the 4-(1H)-Pyridone derivatives showed potential to bind to the Q0 site of the cytochrome bc1 complex and disrupt the mitochondrial electron transport chain. These compounds, along with previously synthesized compounds, exhibited significant inhibitory activities against the malaria parasite. Presently, seven compounds were successfully synthesized, characterized and these novel compounds have shown promise as antimalarial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwatosin Audu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Andre Stander
- Department of Physiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Olayinka Ajani
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Technology Covenant University, Nigeria
| | - Samuel Egieyeh
- University of the Western Cape, School of Pharmacy, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Natasha October
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, South Africa
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10
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Morja MI, Chauhan PM, Chikhalia KH. Palladium‐Catalyzed Novel C(formyl)‐C(aryl)/C(aryl)‐N(amine) Coupling Sequence Between 2‐(Methylamino)nicotinaldehyde and 3‐Bromo‐2‐chlorothiophene: An Efficient Construction of 4‐Pyridone Fused Hybrid Scaffolds. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202100790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mayur I. Morja
- Department of Chemistry Veer Narmad South Gujarat University Surat 395007 Gujarat India
| | | | - Kishor H. Chikhalia
- Department of Chemistry Veer Narmad South Gujarat University Surat 395007 Gujarat India
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11
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Monastyrskyi A, Brockmeyer F, LaCrue AN, Zhao Y, Maher SP, Maignan JR, Padin-Irizarry V, Sakhno YI, Parvatkar PT, Asakawa AH, Huang L, Casandra D, Mashkouri S, Kyle DE, Manetsch R. Aminoalkoxycarbonyloxymethyl Ether Prodrugs with a pH-Triggered Release Mechanism: A Case Study Improving the Solubility, Bioavailability, and Efficacy of Antimalarial 4(1 H)-Quinolones with Single Dose Cures. J Med Chem 2021; 64:6581-6595. [PMID: 33979164 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Preclinical and clinical development of numerous small molecules is prevented by their poor aqueous solubility, limited absorption, and oral bioavailability. Herein, we disclose a general prodrug approach that converts promising lead compounds into aminoalkoxycarbonyloxymethyl (amino AOCOM) ether-substituted analogues that display significantly improved aqueous solubility and enhanced oral bioavailability, restoring key requirements typical for drug candidate profiles. The prodrug is completely independent of biotransformations and animal-independent because it becomes an active compound via a pH-triggered intramolecular cyclization-elimination reaction. As a proof-of-concept, the utility of this novel amino AOCOM ether prodrug approach was demonstrated on an antimalarial compound series representing a variety of antimalarial 4(1H)-quinolones, which entered and failed preclinical development over the last decade. With the amino AOCOM ether prodrug moiety, the 3-aryl-4(1H)-quinolone preclinical candidate was shown to provide single-dose cures in a rodent malaria model at an oral dose of 3 mg/kg, without the use of an advanced formulation technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrii Monastyrskyi
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, CHE 205, 4202 E. Fowler Avenue, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Fabian Brockmeyer
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, 102 Hurtig Hall, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Alexis N LaCrue
- Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, 3720 Spectrum Blvd, Suite 304, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Yingzhao Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, 102 Hurtig Hall, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Steven P Maher
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Coverdell Center, Rm 370B, 500 DW Brooks Drive, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Jordany R Maignan
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, CHE 205, 4202 E. Fowler Avenue, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Vivian Padin-Irizarry
- Department of Biology, Clayton State University, 2000 Clayton State Boulevard, Morrow, Georgia 30260, United States.,Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Coverdell Center, Rm 370B, 500 DW Brooks Drive, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Yana I Sakhno
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, CHE 205, 4202 E. Fowler Avenue, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Prakash T Parvatkar
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, 102 Hurtig Hall, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Ami H Asakawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, 102 Hurtig Hall, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Lili Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, 102 Hurtig Hall, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Debora Casandra
- Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, 3720 Spectrum Blvd, Suite 304, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Sherwin Mashkouri
- Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, 3720 Spectrum Blvd, Suite 304, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Dennis E Kyle
- Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, 3720 Spectrum Blvd, Suite 304, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States.,Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Coverdell Center, Rm 370B, 500 DW Brooks Drive, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Roman Manetsch
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, CHE 205, 4202 E. Fowler Avenue, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, 102 Hurtig Hall, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, 102 Hurtig Hall, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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12
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Shaik A, Bhandare RR, Palleapati K, Nissankararao S, Kancharlapalli V, Shaik S. Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, and Anticancer Activities of Some Novel Isoxazole Ring Containing Chalcone and Dihydropyrazole Derivatives. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25051047. [PMID: 32110945 PMCID: PMC7179112 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25051047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous work identified isoxazole-based chalcones and their dihydropyrazole derivatives as two important five-membered heterocycles having antitubercular activity. Hence, in the present study, we biologically evaluated 30 compounds, including 15 isoxazole ring-containing chalcones (17-31) and 15 dihydropyrazoles (32-46) derived from these chalcones for their antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer activities. Chalcones exhibited superior antibacterial and antioxidant activities compared to dihydropyrazoles. Among the chalcones, compound 28 showed potent antibacterial (MIC = 1 µg/mL) and antioxidant activities (IC50 = 5 ± 1 µg/mL). Dihydropyrazoles, on the contrary, demonstrated remarkable antifungal and anticancer activities. Compound 46 (IC50 = 2 ± 1 µg/mL) showed excellent antifungal activity whereas two other dihydropyrazoles 45 (IC50 = 2 ± 1 µg/mL) and 39 (IC50 = 4 ± 1 µg/mL) exhibited potential anticancer activity. The compounds were also tested for their toxicity on normal human cell lines (LO2) and were found to be nontoxic. The active compounds that have emerged out of this study are potential lead molecules for the development of novel drugs against infectious diseases, oxidative stress, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afzal Shaik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Vignan Pharmacy College, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Vadlamudi-522213, Andhra Pradesh, India
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (R.R.B.); Tel.: +91-9966-014-374 (A.S.); +971-565646655 (R.R.B.)
| | - Richie R. Bhandare
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman PO Box 346, UAE
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (R.R.B.); Tel.: +91-9966-014-374 (A.S.); +971-565646655 (R.R.B.)
| | - Kishor Palleapati
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry ASN Pharmacy College, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Tenali-522201, Andhra Pradesh, India; (K.P.); (V.K.)
| | | | - Venkata Kancharlapalli
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry ASN Pharmacy College, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Tenali-522201, Andhra Pradesh, India; (K.P.); (V.K.)
| | - Shahanaaz Shaik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Victoria College of Pharmacy, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Nallapadu-522001, Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, India;
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13
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Narula AK, Azad CS, Nainwal LM. New dimensions in the field of antimalarial research against malaria resurgence. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 181:111353. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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14
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Zhu XL, Zhang R, Wu QY, Song YJ, Wang YX, Yang JF, Yang GF. Natural Product Neopeltolide as a Cytochrome bc 1 Complex Inhibitor: Mechanism of Action and Structural Modification. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:2774-2781. [PMID: 30794394 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b06195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The marine natural product neopeltolide was isolated from a deep-water sponge specimen of the family Neopeltidae. Neopeltolide has been proven to be a new type of inhibitor of the cytochrome bc1 complex in the mitochondrial respiration chain. However, its detailed inhibition mechanism has remained unknown. In addition, neopeltolide is difficult to synthesize because of its very complex chemical structure. In the present work, the binding mode of neopeltolide was determined for the first time by integrating molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations, and molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann surface area calculations, which showed that neopeltolide is a Qo site inhibitor of the bc1 complex. Then, according to guidance via inhibitor-protein interaction analysis, structural modification was carried out with the aim to simplify the chemical structure of neopeltolide, leading to the synthesis of a series of new neopeltolide derivatives with much simpler chemical structures. The calculated binding energies (Δ Gcal) of the newly synthesized analogues correlated very well ( R2 = 0.90) with their experimental binding free energies (Δ Gexp), which confirmed that the computational protocol was reliable. Compound 45, bearing a diphenyl ether fragment, was successfully designed and synthesized as the most potent candidate (IC50 = 12 nM) against porcine succinate cytochrome c reductase. The molecular modeling results indicate that compound 45 formed a π-π interaction with Phe274 and two hydrogen bonds with Glu271 and His161. The present work provides a new starting point for future fungicide discovery to overcome the resistance that the existing bc1 complex inhibitors are facing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health of Ministry of Science and Technology , Central China Normal University , Wuhan , Hubei 430079 , People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health of Ministry of Science and Technology , Central China Normal University , Wuhan , Hubei 430079 , People's Republic of China
| | - Qiong-You Wu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health of Ministry of Science and Technology , Central China Normal University , Wuhan , Hubei 430079 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Jun Song
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health of Ministry of Science and Technology , Central China Normal University , Wuhan , Hubei 430079 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Xia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health of Ministry of Science and Technology , Central China Normal University , Wuhan , Hubei 430079 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Fang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health of Ministry of Science and Technology , Central China Normal University , Wuhan , Hubei 430079 , People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Fu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health of Ministry of Science and Technology , Central China Normal University , Wuhan , Hubei 430079 , People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering , Tianjin 300071 , People's Republic of China
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15
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Kumar S, Bhardwaj TR, Prasad DN, Singh RK. Drug targets for resistant malaria: Historic to future perspectives. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 104:8-27. [PMID: 29758416 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
New antimalarial targets are the prime need for the discovery of potent drug candidates. In order to fulfill this objective, antimalarial drug researches are focusing on promising targets in order to develop new drug candidates. Basic metabolism and biochemical process in the malaria parasite, i.e. Plasmodium falciparum can play an indispensable role in the identification of these targets. But, the emergence of resistance to antimalarial drugs is an escalating comprehensive problem with the progress of antimalarial drug development. The development of resistance has highlighted the need for the search of novel antimalarial molecules. The pharmaceutical industries are committed to new drug development due to the global recognition of this life threatening resistance to the currently available antimalarial therapy. The recent developments in the understanding of parasite biology are exhilarating this resistance issue which is further being ignited by malaria genome project. With this background of information, this review was aimed to highlights and provides useful information on various present and promising treatment approaches for resistant malaria, new progresses, pursued by some innovative targets that have been explored till date. This review also discusses modern and futuristic multiple approaches to antimalarial drug discovery and development with pictorial presentations highlighting the various targets, that could be exploited for generating promising new drugs in the future for drug resistant malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahil Kumar
- School of Pharmacy and Emerging Sciences, Baddi University of Emerging Sciences & Technology, Baddi, Dist. Solan, 173205, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - T R Bhardwaj
- School of Pharmacy and Emerging Sciences, Baddi University of Emerging Sciences & Technology, Baddi, Dist. Solan, 173205, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - D N Prasad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shivalik College of Pharmacy, Nangal, Dist. Rupnagar, 140126, Punjab, India
| | - Rajesh K Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shivalik College of Pharmacy, Nangal, Dist. Rupnagar, 140126, Punjab, India.
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16
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Bueno JM, Calderon F, Chicharro J, De la Rosa JC, Díaz B, Fernández J, Fiandor JM, Fraile MT, García M, Herreros E, García-Pérez A, Lorenzo M, Mallo A, Puente M, Saadeddin A, Ferrer S, Angulo-Barturen I, Burrows JN, León ML. Synthesis and Structure-Activity Relationships of the Novel Antimalarials 5-Pyridinyl-4(1 H)-Pyridones. J Med Chem 2018; 61:3422-3435. [PMID: 29589932 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is still one of the most prevalent parasitic infections in the world, with half of the world's population at risk for malaria. The effectiveness of current antimalarial therapies, even that of the most recent class of antimalarial drugs (artemisinin-combination therapies, ACTs), is under continuous threat by the spread of resistant Plasmodium strains. As a consequence, there is still an urgent requirement for new antimalarial drugs. We previously reported the identification of 4(1 H)-pyridones as a novel series with potent antimalarial activities. The low solubility was identified as an issue to address. In this paper, we describe the synthesis and biological evaluation of 4(1 H)-pyridones with potent antimalarial activities in vitro and in vivo and improved pharmacokinetic profiles. Their main structural novelties are the presence of polar moieties, such as hydroxyl groups, and the replacement of the lipophilic phenyl rings with pyridines on their lipophilic side chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Bueno
- Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, Diseases of the Developing World , GlaxoSmithKline , Calle de Severo Ochoa, 2 , 28760 Tres Cantos , Madrid , Spain
| | - Félix Calderon
- Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, Diseases of the Developing World , GlaxoSmithKline , Calle de Severo Ochoa, 2 , 28760 Tres Cantos , Madrid , Spain
| | - Jesús Chicharro
- Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, Diseases of the Developing World , GlaxoSmithKline , Calle de Severo Ochoa, 2 , 28760 Tres Cantos , Madrid , Spain
| | - Juan C De la Rosa
- Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, Diseases of the Developing World , GlaxoSmithKline , Calle de Severo Ochoa, 2 , 28760 Tres Cantos , Madrid , Spain
| | - Beatriz Díaz
- Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, Diseases of the Developing World , GlaxoSmithKline , Calle de Severo Ochoa, 2 , 28760 Tres Cantos , Madrid , Spain
| | - Jorge Fernández
- Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, Diseases of the Developing World , GlaxoSmithKline , Calle de Severo Ochoa, 2 , 28760 Tres Cantos , Madrid , Spain
| | - José M Fiandor
- Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, Diseases of the Developing World , GlaxoSmithKline , Calle de Severo Ochoa, 2 , 28760 Tres Cantos , Madrid , Spain
| | - María T Fraile
- Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, Diseases of the Developing World , GlaxoSmithKline , Calle de Severo Ochoa, 2 , 28760 Tres Cantos , Madrid , Spain
| | - Mercedes García
- Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, Diseases of the Developing World , GlaxoSmithKline , Calle de Severo Ochoa, 2 , 28760 Tres Cantos , Madrid , Spain
| | - Esperanza Herreros
- Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, Diseases of the Developing World , GlaxoSmithKline , Calle de Severo Ochoa, 2 , 28760 Tres Cantos , Madrid , Spain
| | - Adolfo García-Pérez
- Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, Diseases of the Developing World , GlaxoSmithKline , Calle de Severo Ochoa, 2 , 28760 Tres Cantos , Madrid , Spain
| | - Milagros Lorenzo
- Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, Diseases of the Developing World , GlaxoSmithKline , Calle de Severo Ochoa, 2 , 28760 Tres Cantos , Madrid , Spain
| | - Araceli Mallo
- Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, Diseases of the Developing World , GlaxoSmithKline , Calle de Severo Ochoa, 2 , 28760 Tres Cantos , Madrid , Spain
| | - Margarita Puente
- Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, Diseases of the Developing World , GlaxoSmithKline , Calle de Severo Ochoa, 2 , 28760 Tres Cantos , Madrid , Spain
| | - Anas Saadeddin
- Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, Diseases of the Developing World , GlaxoSmithKline , Calle de Severo Ochoa, 2 , 28760 Tres Cantos , Madrid , Spain
| | - Santiago Ferrer
- Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, Diseases of the Developing World , GlaxoSmithKline , Calle de Severo Ochoa, 2 , 28760 Tres Cantos , Madrid , Spain
| | - Iñigo Angulo-Barturen
- Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, Diseases of the Developing World , GlaxoSmithKline , Calle de Severo Ochoa, 2 , 28760 Tres Cantos , Madrid , Spain
| | - Jeremy N Burrows
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, ICC , Route de Pré-Bois 20 , PO Box 1826, 1215 Geneva , Switzerland
| | - María L León
- Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, Diseases of the Developing World , GlaxoSmithKline , Calle de Severo Ochoa, 2 , 28760 Tres Cantos , Madrid , Spain
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17
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Diesel J, Finogenova AM, Cramer N. Nickel-Catalyzed Enantioselective Pyridone C–H Functionalizations Enabled by a Bulky N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligand. J Am Chem Soc 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b01181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Diesel
- Laboratory of Asymmetric Catalysis and Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anastasiia M. Finogenova
- Laboratory of Asymmetric Catalysis and Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolai Cramer
- Laboratory of Asymmetric Catalysis and Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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18
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Amporndanai K, Johnson RM, O’Neill PM, Fishwick CWG, Jamson AH, Rawson S, Muench SP, Hasnain SS, Antonyuk SV. X-ray and cryo-EM structures of inhibitor-bound cytochrome bc1 complexes for structure-based drug discovery. IUCRJ 2018; 5:200-210. [PMID: 29765610 PMCID: PMC5947725 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252518001616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome bc1, a dimeric multi-subunit electron-transport protein embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane, is a major drug target for the treatment and prevention of malaria and toxoplasmosis. Structural studies of cytochrome bc1 from mammalian homologues co-crystallized with lead compounds have underpinned structure-based drug design to develop compounds with higher potency and selectivity. However, owing to the limited amount of cytochrome bc1 that may be available from parasites, all efforts have been focused on homologous cytochrome bc1 complexes from mammalian species, which has resulted in the failure of some drug candidates owing to toxicity in the host. Crystallographic studies of the native parasite proteins are not feasible owing to limited availability of the proteins. Here, it is demonstrated that cytochrome bc1 is highly amenable to single-particle cryo-EM (which uses significantly less protein) by solving the apo and two inhibitor-bound structures to ∼4.1 Å resolution, revealing clear inhibitor density at the binding site. Therefore, cryo-EM is proposed as a viable alternative method for structure-based drug discovery using both host and parasite enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangsa Amporndanai
- Molecular Biophysics Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, England
| | - Rachel M. Johnson
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, England
- Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, England
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, England
| | - Paul M. O’Neill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, England
| | - Colin W. G. Fishwick
- Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, England
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, England
| | - Alexander H. Jamson
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, England
- Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, England
| | - Shaun Rawson
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, England
- Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, England
| | - Stephen P. Muench
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, England
- Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, England
| | - S. Samar Hasnain
- Molecular Biophysics Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, England
| | - Svetlana V. Antonyuk
- Molecular Biophysics Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, England
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19
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Neelarapu R, Maignan JR, Lichorowic CL, Monastyrskyi A, Mutka TS, LaCrue AN, Blake LD, Casandra D, Mashkouri S, Burrows JN, Willis PA, Kyle DE, Manetsch R. Design and Synthesis of Orally Bioavailable Piperazine Substituted 4(1H)-Quinolones with Potent Antimalarial Activity: Structure-Activity and Structure-Property Relationship Studies. J Med Chem 2018; 61:1450-1473. [PMID: 29215279 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Malaria deaths have been decreasing over the last 10-15 years, with global mortality rates having fallen by 47% since 2000. While the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the use of artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) to combat malaria, the emergence of artemisinin resistant strains underscores the need to develop new antimalarial drugs. Recent in vivo efficacy improvements of the historical antimalarial ICI 56,780 have been reported, however, with the poor solubility and rapid development of resistance, this compound requires further optimization. A series of piperazine-containing 4(1H)-quinolones with greatly enhanced solubility were developed utilizing structure-activity relationship (SAR) and structure-property relationship (SPR) studies. Furthermore, promising compounds were chosen for an in vivo scouting assay to narrow selection for testing in an in vivo Thompson test. Finally, two piperazine-containing 4(1H)-quinolones were curative in the conventional Thompson test and also displayed in vivo activity against the liver stages of the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghupathi Neelarapu
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida , CHE 205, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Jordany R Maignan
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida , CHE 205, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Cynthia L Lichorowic
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University , 102 Hurtig Hall, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Andrii Monastyrskyi
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida , CHE 205, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Tina S Mutka
- Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida , 3720 Spectrum Boulevard, Suite 304, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Alexis N LaCrue
- Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida , 3720 Spectrum Boulevard, Suite 304, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Lynn D Blake
- Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida , 3720 Spectrum Boulevard, Suite 304, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Debora Casandra
- Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida , 3720 Spectrum Boulevard, Suite 304, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Sherwin Mashkouri
- Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida , 3720 Spectrum Boulevard, Suite 304, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Jeremy N Burrows
- Medicines for Malaria Venture , 20, Route de Pré-Bois, P.O. Box 1826, 1215 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Paul A Willis
- Medicines for Malaria Venture , 20, Route de Pré-Bois, P.O. Box 1826, 1215 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dennis E Kyle
- Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida , 3720 Spectrum Boulevard, Suite 304, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Roman Manetsch
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University , 102 Hurtig Hall, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University , 102 Hurtig Hall, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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20
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Fernández J, Chicharro J, Bueno JM, Lorenzo M. Isoxazole mediated synthesis of 4-(1H)pyridones: improved preparation of antimalarial candidate GSK932121. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 52:10190-2. [PMID: 27469938 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc05277k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new synthesis of the antimalarial clinical candidate GSK932121 is described. This approach has two key reactions, the selective acylation of an unprotected 3-hydroxymethyl-5-methyl isoxazole and the reductive N-O bond cleavage of the previously functionalized isoxazole derivative, to give the 4-(1H)pyridone ring present in the final structure. The complete synthesis consists of 5 steps (versus 10 steps in previously published reports) and has enabled the preparation of the material in kilogram scale to support clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Fernández
- Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, Diseases of the Developing World, GlaxoSmithKline, C/Severo Ochoa, 2, 28760-Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jesús Chicharro
- Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, Diseases of the Developing World, GlaxoSmithKline, C/Severo Ochoa, 2, 28760-Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain.
| | - José M Bueno
- Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, Diseases of the Developing World, GlaxoSmithKline, C/Severo Ochoa, 2, 28760-Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Milagros Lorenzo
- Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, Diseases of the Developing World, GlaxoSmithKline, C/Severo Ochoa, 2, 28760-Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain.
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21
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+Targeting Mitochondrial Functions as Antimalarial Regime, What Is Next? CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40588-017-0075-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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22
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Hong WD, Gibbons PD, Leung SC, Amewu R, Stocks PA, Stachulski A, Horta P, Cristiano MLS, Shone AE, Moss D, Ardrey A, Sharma R, Warman AJ, Bedingfield PTP, Fisher NE, Aljayyoussi G, Mead S, Caws M, Berry NG, Ward SA, Biagini GA, O'Neill PM, Nixon GL. Rational Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Heterocyclic Quinolones Targeting the Respiratory Chain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Med Chem 2017; 60:3703-3726. [PMID: 28304162 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A high-throughput screen (HTS) was undertaken against the respiratory chain dehydrogenase component, NADH:menaquinone oxidoreductase (Ndh) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). The 11000 compounds were selected for the HTS based on the known phenothiazine Ndh inhibitors, trifluoperazine and thioridazine. Combined HTS (11000 compounds) and in-house screening of a limited number of quinolones (50 compounds) identified ∼100 hits and four distinct chemotypes, the most promising of which contained the quinolone core. Subsequent Mtb screening of the complete in-house quinolone library (350 compounds) identified a further ∼90 hits across three quinolone subtemplates. Quinolones containing the amine-based side chain were selected as the pharmacophore for further modification, resulting in metabolically stable quinolones effective against multi drug resistant (MDR) Mtb. The lead compound, 42a (MTC420), displays acceptable antituberculosis activity (Mtb IC50 = 525 nM, Mtb Wayne IC50 = 76 nM, and MDR Mtb patient isolates IC50 = 140 nM) and favorable pharmacokinetic and toxicological profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- W David Hong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Peter D Gibbons
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Suet C Leung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Richard Amewu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ghana , P.O. Box LG56, Legon-Accra, Ghana
| | - Paul A Stocks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Andrew Stachulski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Pedro Horta
- CCMAR and Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Algarve , 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Maria L S Cristiano
- CCMAR and Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Algarve , 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Alison E Shone
- Research Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine , Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, U.K
| | - Darren Moss
- School of Pharmacy, Keele University , Keele ST5 5BG, U.K
| | - Alison Ardrey
- Research Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine , Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, U.K
| | - Raman Sharma
- Research Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine , Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, U.K
| | - Ashley J Warman
- Research Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine , Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, U.K
| | - Paul T P Bedingfield
- Research Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine , Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, U.K
| | - Nicholas E Fisher
- Research Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine , Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, U.K
| | - Ghaith Aljayyoussi
- Research Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine , Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, U.K
| | - Sally Mead
- Research Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine , Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, U.K
| | - Maxine Caws
- Research Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine , Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, U.K
| | - Neil G Berry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Stephen A Ward
- Research Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine , Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, U.K
| | - Giancarlo A Biagini
- Research Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine , Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, U.K
| | - Paul M O'Neill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Gemma L Nixon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
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23
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Magistrado PA, Corey VC, Lukens AK, LaMonte G, Sasaki E, Meister S, Wree M, Winzeler E, Wirth DF. Plasmodium falciparum Cyclic Amine Resistance Locus (PfCARL), a Resistance Mechanism for Two Distinct Compound Classes. ACS Infect Dis 2016; 2:816-826. [PMID: 27933786 PMCID: PMC5109296 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.6b00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
![]()
MMV007564
is a novel antimalarial benzimidazolyl piperidine chemotype
identified in cellular screens. To identify the genetic determinant
of MMV007564 resistance, parasites were cultured in the presence of
the compound to generate resistant lines. Whole genome sequencing
revealed distinct mutations in the gene named Plasmodium
falciparum cyclic amine resistance locus (pfcarl), encoding a conserved protein of unknown function.
Mutations in pfcarl are strongly associated with
resistance to a structurally unrelated class of compounds, the imidazolopiperazines,
including KAF156, currently in clinical trials. Our data demonstrate
that pfcarl mutations confer resistance to two distinct
compound classes, benzimidazolyl piperidines and imidazolopiperazines.
However, MMV007564 and the imidazolopiperazines, KAF156 and GNF179,
have different timings of action in the asexual blood stage and different
potencies against the liver and sexual blood stages. These data suggest
that pfcarl is a multidrug-resistance gene rather
than a common target for benzimidazolyl piperidines and imidazolopiperazines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela A. Magistrado
- Department
of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Victoria C. Corey
- School
of Medicine, University of California—San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Amanda K. Lukens
- Department
of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Infectious
Disease Program, The Broad Institute, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Greg LaMonte
- School
of Medicine, University of California—San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Erika Sasaki
- School
of Medicine, University of California—San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Stephan Meister
- School
of Medicine, University of California—San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Melanie Wree
- School
of Medicine, University of California—San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Elizabeth Winzeler
- School
of Medicine, University of California—San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Dyann F. Wirth
- Department
of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Infectious
Disease Program, The Broad Institute, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
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24
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Bhagavathula AS, Elnour AA, Shehab A. Alternatives to currently used antimalarial drugs: in search of a magic bullet. Infect Dis Poverty 2016; 5:103. [PMID: 27809883 PMCID: PMC5095999 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-016-0196-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in many African countries and parts of Asia and South America. Novel approaches to combating the disease have emerged in recent years and several drug candidates are now being tested clinically. However, it is long before these novel drugs can hit the market, especially due to a scarcity of safety and efficacy data.To reduce the malaria burden, the Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV) was established in 1999 to develop novel medicines through industry and academic partners' collaboration. However, no reviews were focused following various preclinical and clinical studies published since the MMV initiation (2000) to till date.We identify promising approaches in the global portfolio of antimalarial medicines, and highlight challenges and patient specific concerns of these novel molecules. We discuss different clinical studies focusing on the evaluation of novel drugs against malaria in different human trials over the past five years.The drugs KAE609 and DDD107498 are still being evaluated in Phase I trials and preclinical developmental studies. Both the safety and efficacy of novel compounds such as KAF156 and DSM265 need to be assessed further, especially for use in pregnant women. Synthetic non-artemisinin ozonides such as OZ277 raised concerns in terms of its insufficient efficacy against high parasitic loads. Aminoquinoline-based scaffolds such as ferroquine are promising but should be combined with good partner drugs for enhanced efficacy. AQ-13 induced electrocardiac events, which led to prolonged QTc intervals. Tafenoquine, the only new anti-relapse scaffold for patients with a glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, has raised significant concerns due to its hemolytic activity. Other compounds, including methylene blue (potential transmission blocker) and fosmidomycin (DXP reductoisomerase inhibitor), are available but cannot be used in children.At this stage, we are unable to identify a single magic bullet against malaria. Future studies should focus on effective single-dose molecules that can act against all stages of malaria in order to prevent transmission. Newer medicines have also raised concerns in terms of efficacy and safety. Overall, more evidence is needed to effectively reduce the current malaria burden. Treatment strategies that target the blood stage with transmission-blocking properties are needed to prevent future drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Gondar-College of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Asim Ahmed Elnour
- Pharmacy College, Fatima College of Health Sciences, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
| | - Abdulla Shehab
- Department of Internal medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
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25
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McPhillie M, Zhou Y, El Bissati K, Dubey J, Lorenzi H, Capper M, Lukens AK, Hickman M, Muench S, Verma SK, Weber CR, Wheeler K, Gordon J, Sanders J, Moulton H, Wang K, Kim TK, He Y, Santos T, Woods S, Lee P, Donkin D, Kim E, Fraczek L, Lykins J, Esaa F, Alibana-Clouser F, Dovgin S, Weiss L, Brasseur G, Wirth D, Kent M, Hood L, Meunieur B, Roberts CW, Hasnain SS, Antonyuk SV, Fishwick C, McLeod R. New paradigms for understanding and step changes in treating active and chronic, persistent apicomplexan infections. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29179. [PMID: 27412848 PMCID: PMC4944145 DOI: 10.1038/srep29179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii, the most common parasitic infection of human brain and eye, persists across lifetimes, can progressively damage sight, and is currently incurable. New, curative medicines are needed urgently. Herein, we develop novel models to facilitate drug development: EGS strain T. gondii forms cysts in vitro that induce oocysts in cats, the gold standard criterion for cysts. These cysts highly express cytochrome b. Using these models, we envisioned, and then created, novel 4-(1H)-quinolone scaffolds that target the cytochrome bc1 complex Qi site, of which, a substituted 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinolin-4-one inhibits active infection (IC50, 30 nM) and cysts (IC50, 4 μM) in vitro, and in vivo (25 mg/kg), and drug resistant Plasmodium falciparum (IC50, <30 nM), with clinically relevant synergy. Mutant yeast and co-crystallographic studies demonstrate binding to the bc1 complex Qi site. Our results have direct impact on improving outcomes for those with toxoplasmosis, malaria, and ~2 billion persons chronically infected with encysted bradyzoites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Amanda K Lukens
- Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- The Broad Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mark Hickman
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kai Wang
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Taek-Kyun Kim
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Yuqing He
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Tatiana Santos
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | | | - Patty Lee
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - David Donkin
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Eric Kim
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Louis Weiss
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | | | - Dyann Wirth
- Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- The Broad Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Leroy Hood
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Brigitte Meunieur
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (12BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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26
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Aneja B, Kumar B, Jairajpuri MA, Abid M. A structure guided drug-discovery approach towards identification of Plasmodium inhibitors. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra19673f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This article provides a comprehensive review of inhibitors from natural, semisynthetic or synthetic sources against key targets ofPlasmodium falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babita Aneja
- Medicinal Chemistry Lab
- Department of Biosciences
- Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University)
- New Delhi 110025
- India
| | - Bhumika Kumar
- Medicinal Chemistry Lab
- Department of Biosciences
- Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University)
- New Delhi 110025
- India
| | - Mohamad Aman Jairajpuri
- Protein Conformation and Enzymology Lab
- Department of Biosciences
- Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University)
- New Delhi 110025
- India
| | - Mohammad Abid
- Medicinal Chemistry Lab
- Department of Biosciences
- Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University)
- New Delhi 110025
- India
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27
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Broom AJ, Ambroso J, Brunori G, Burns AK, Armitage JR, Francis I, Gandhi M, Peterson RA, Gant TW, Boobis AR, Lyon JJ. Effects of mid-respiratory chain inhibition on mitochondrial function in vitro and in vivo. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2015; 5:136-150. [PMID: 29780577 PMCID: PMC5941817 DOI: 10.1039/c5tx00197h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Schematic showing the toxicological and adaptive effects of drug-induced respiratory chain inhibition in vivo; also highlighting unanticipated differences from observations made in vitro (in red).
Relating the in vitro mitochondrial effects of drug candidates to likely in vivo outcomes remains challenging. Better understanding of this relationship, alongside improved methods to assess mitochondrial dysfunction in vivo, would both guide safer drug candidate selection and better support discovery programmes targeting mitochondria for pharmacological intervention. The aim of this study was to profile the in vivo effects of a compound with suspected complex III electron transport chain (ETC) inhibitory activity (GSK932121A) at doses associated with clinical signs, and relate findings back to in vitro data with the same compound. Control liver mitochondria or HepG2 cells were treated in vitro with GSK932121A to assess mitochondrial effects on both calcium retention capacity (CRC) and oxygen consumption rate (OCR) respectively. The same assessments were then performed on liver mitochondria isolated from Crl:CD(SD) rats, 5 hours following intraperitoneal (IP) administration of GSK932121A. Lactate/pyruvate assessment, hepatic microscopy, blood gas analysis, glutathione profiling and transcriptomics were used to characterise the acute toxicity. In vivo, GSK932121A caused hypothermia, increased levels of hepatocellular oxidative stress and a metabolic shift in energy production, resulting in an increased lactate/pyruvate ratio, liver steatosis and glycogen depletion, together with gene expression changes indicative of a fasted state. As would be expected of an ETC inhibitor, GSK932121A reduced the CRC of liver mitochondria isolated from naive control animals and the OCR of HepG2 cells when treated directly in vitro. In contrast, mitochondria isolated from animals treated with GSK932121A in vivo unexpectedly showed an increase in CRC and basal OCR. Whilst seemingly contradictory, these differences likely reflect an adapted state in vivo resulting from the initial insult in combination with compensatory changes made by the tissue to maintain energy production. Only the initial, unconfounded, response is observable in vitro. These findings improve current understanding of the toxicological and molecular consequences of ETC inhibition. Furthermore, this work highlights key differences in the way that mitochondrial perturbation is manifest in vivo versus in vitro in terms of functional endpoints and helps guide endpoint selection for future studies with potential mitochondrial toxicants or drugs designed to modulate mitochondrial function for therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley J Broom
- GlaxoSmithKline , Safety Assessment , Ware , SG12 0DP , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0) 1992502345.,Imperial College London , Hammersmith Campus , London , W12 0NN , UK
| | - Jeffrey Ambroso
- GlaxoSmithKline , Safety Assessment , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina , USA
| | - Gino Brunori
- GlaxoSmithKline , Safety Assessment , Ware , SG12 0DP , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0) 1992502345
| | - Angie K Burns
- GlaxoSmithKline , Safety Assessment , Ware , SG12 0DP , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0) 1992502345
| | - James R Armitage
- GlaxoSmithKline , Safety Assessment , Ware , SG12 0DP , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0) 1992502345
| | - Ian Francis
- GlaxoSmithKline , Safety Assessment , Ware , SG12 0DP , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0) 1992502345
| | - Mitul Gandhi
- GlaxoSmithKline , Safety Assessment , Ware , SG12 0DP , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0) 1992502345
| | - Richard A Peterson
- GlaxoSmithKline , Safety Assessment , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina , USA
| | - Timothy W Gant
- Public Health England , Harwell Science and Innovation Campus , Oxfordshire , OX11 0RQ , UK
| | - Alan R Boobis
- Imperial College London , Hammersmith Campus , London , W12 0NN , UK
| | - Jonathan J Lyon
- GlaxoSmithKline , Safety Assessment , Ware , SG12 0DP , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0) 1992502345
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28
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Stickles AM, Ting LM, Morrisey JM, Li Y, Mather MW, Meermeier E, Pershing AM, Forquer IP, Miley GP, Pou S, Winter RW, Hinrichs DJ, Kelly JX, Kim K, Vaidya AB, Riscoe MK, Nilsen A. Inhibition of cytochrome bc1 as a strategy for single-dose, multi-stage antimalarial therapy. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015; 92:1195-201. [PMID: 25918204 PMCID: PMC4458825 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.14-0553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-dose therapies for malaria have been proposed as a way to reduce the cost and increase the effectiveness of antimalarial treatment. However, no compound to date has shown single-dose activity against both the blood-stage Plasmodium parasites that cause disease and the liver-stage parasites that initiate malaria infection. Here, we describe a subset of cytochrome bc1 (cyt bc1) inhibitors, including the novel 4(1H)-quinolone ELQ-400, with single-dose activity against liver, blood, and transmission-stage parasites in mouse models of malaria. Although cyt bc1 inhibitors are generally classified as slow-onset antimalarials, we found that a single dose of ELQ-400 rapidly induced stasis in blood-stage parasites, which was associated with a rapid reduction in parasitemia in vivo. ELQ-400 also exhibited a low propensity for drug resistance and was active against atovaquone-resistant P. falciparum strains with point mutations in cyt bc1. Ultimately, ELQ-400 shows that cyt bc1 inhibitors can function as single-dose, blood-stage antimalarials and is the first compound to provide combined treatment, prophylaxis, and transmission blocking activity for malaria after a single oral administration. This remarkable multi-stage efficacy suggests that metabolic therapies, including cyt bc1 inhibitors, may be valuable additions to the collection of single-dose antimalarials in current development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M Stickles
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon; Departments of Medicine, Pathology, and Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; VA Medical Center, Portland, Oregon
| | - Li-Min Ting
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon; Departments of Medicine, Pathology, and Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; VA Medical Center, Portland, Oregon
| | - Joanne M Morrisey
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon; Departments of Medicine, Pathology, and Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; VA Medical Center, Portland, Oregon
| | - Yuexin Li
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon; Departments of Medicine, Pathology, and Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; VA Medical Center, Portland, Oregon
| | - Michael W Mather
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon; Departments of Medicine, Pathology, and Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; VA Medical Center, Portland, Oregon
| | - Erin Meermeier
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon; Departments of Medicine, Pathology, and Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; VA Medical Center, Portland, Oregon
| | - April M Pershing
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon; Departments of Medicine, Pathology, and Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; VA Medical Center, Portland, Oregon
| | - Isaac P Forquer
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon; Departments of Medicine, Pathology, and Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; VA Medical Center, Portland, Oregon
| | - Galen P Miley
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon; Departments of Medicine, Pathology, and Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; VA Medical Center, Portland, Oregon
| | - Sovitj Pou
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon; Departments of Medicine, Pathology, and Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; VA Medical Center, Portland, Oregon
| | - Rolf W Winter
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon; Departments of Medicine, Pathology, and Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; VA Medical Center, Portland, Oregon
| | - David J Hinrichs
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon; Departments of Medicine, Pathology, and Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; VA Medical Center, Portland, Oregon
| | - Jane X Kelly
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon; Departments of Medicine, Pathology, and Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; VA Medical Center, Portland, Oregon
| | - Kami Kim
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon; Departments of Medicine, Pathology, and Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; VA Medical Center, Portland, Oregon
| | - Akhil B Vaidya
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon; Departments of Medicine, Pathology, and Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; VA Medical Center, Portland, Oregon
| | - Michael K Riscoe
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon; Departments of Medicine, Pathology, and Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; VA Medical Center, Portland, Oregon
| | - Aaron Nilsen
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon; Departments of Medicine, Pathology, and Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; VA Medical Center, Portland, Oregon
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29
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Abstract
Despite substantial scientific progress over the past two decades, malaria remains a worldwide burden that causes hundreds of thousands of deaths every year. New, affordable and safe drugs are required to overcome increasing resistance against artemisinin-based treatments, treat vulnerable populations, interrupt the parasite life cycle by blocking transmission to the vectors, prevent infection and target malaria species that transiently remain dormant in the liver. In this Review, we discuss how the antimalarial drug discovery pipeline has changed over the past 10 years, grouped by the various target compound or product profiles, to assess progress and gaps, and to recommend priorities.
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30
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Kumar S, Singh RK, Patial B, Goyal S, Bhardwaj TR. Recent advances in novel heterocyclic scaffolds for the treatment of drug-resistant malaria. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2015; 31:173-86. [PMID: 25775094 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2015.1016513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a major public health problem all over the world, particularly in tropical and subtropical countries due to the development of resistance and most deadly infection is caused by Plasmodium falciparum. There is a direct need for the discovery of new drugs with unique structures and mechanism of action to treat sensitive and drug-resistant strains of various plasmodia for radical cure of this disease. Traditional compounds such as quinine and related derivatives represent a major source for the development of new drugs. This review presents recent modifications of 4-aminoquinoline and 8-aminoquinolone rings as leads to novel active molecules which are under clinical trials. The review also encompasses the other heterocyclic compounds emerged as potential antimalarial agents with promising results such as acridinediones and acridinone analogues, pyridines and quinolones as antimalarials. Miscellaneous heterocyclics such as tetroxane derivatives, indole derivatives, imidazolopiperazine derivatives, biscationic choline-based compounds and polymer-linked combined antimalarial drugs are also discussed. At last brief introduction to heterocyclics in natural products is also reviewed. Most of them have been under clinical trials and found to be promising in the treatment of drug-resistant strains of Plasmodium and others can be explored for the same purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahil Kumar
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Indo-Soviet Friendship (I.S.F.) College of Pharmacy , Moga , Punjab , India .,b Faculty of Pharmacy , Punjab Technical University , Jalandhar, Kapurthala , India
| | - Rajesh K Singh
- c Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Shivalik College of Pharmacy , Nangal, Dist. Rupnagar , Punjab , India , and
| | - Babita Patial
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Indo-Soviet Friendship (I.S.F.) College of Pharmacy , Moga , Punjab , India
| | - Sachin Goyal
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Indo-Soviet Friendship (I.S.F.) College of Pharmacy , Moga , Punjab , India
| | - T R Bhardwaj
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Indo-Soviet Friendship (I.S.F.) College of Pharmacy , Moga , Punjab , India .,d Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University , Chandigarh , India
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31
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Flannery EL, McNamara CW, Kim SW, Kato TS, Li F, Teng CH, Gagaring K, Manary MJ, Barboa R, Meister S, Kuhen K, Vinetz JM, Chatterjee AK, Winzeler EA. Mutations in the P-type cation-transporter ATPase 4, PfATP4, mediate resistance to both aminopyrazole and spiroindolone antimalarials. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:413-20. [PMID: 25322084 PMCID: PMC4340351 DOI: 10.1021/cb500616x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
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Aminopyrazoles are a new class of
antimalarial compounds identified
in a cellular antiparasitic screen with potent activity against Plasmodium falciparum asexual and sexual stage parasites.
To investigate their unknown mechanism of action and thus identify
their target, we cultured parasites in the presence of a representative
member of the aminopyrazole series, GNF-Pf4492, to select for resistance.
Whole genome sequencing of three resistant lines showed that each
had acquired independent mutations in a P-type cation-transporter
ATPase, PfATP4 (PF3D7_1211900), a protein implicated as the novel Plasmodium spp. target of another, structurally unrelated,
class of antimalarials called the spiroindolones and characterized
as an important sodium transporter of the cell. Similarly to the spiroindolones,
GNF-Pf4492 blocks parasite transmission to mosquitoes and disrupts
intracellular sodium homeostasis. Our data demonstrate that PfATP4
plays a critical role in cellular processes, can be inhibited by two
distinct antimalarial pharmacophores, and supports the recent observations
that PfATP4 is a critical antimalarial target.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Case W. McNamara
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | | | - Tomoyo Sakata Kato
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | | | | | - Kerstin Gagaring
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | | | - Rachel Barboa
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | | | - Kelli Kuhen
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | | | - Arnab K. Chatterjee
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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32
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Subtle changes in endochin-like quinolone structure alter the site of inhibition within the cytochrome bc1 complex of Plasmodium falciparum. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:1977-82. [PMID: 25605352 DOI: 10.1128/aac.04149-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytochrome bc1 complex (cyt bc1) is the third component of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and is the target of several potent antimalarial compounds, including the naphthoquinone atovaquone (ATV) and the 4(1H)-quinolone ELQ-300. Mechanistically, cyt bc1 facilitates the transfer of electrons from ubiquinol to cytochrome c and contains both oxidative (Qo) and reductive (Qi) catalytic sites that are amenable to small-molecule inhibition. Although many antimalarial compounds, including ATV, effectively target the Qo site, it has been challenging to design selective Qi site inhibitors with the ability to circumvent clinical ATV resistance, and little is known about how chemical structure contributes to site selectivity within cyt bc1. Here, we used the proposed Qi site inhibitor ELQ-300 to generate a drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum clone containing an I22L mutation at the Qi region of cyt b. Using this D1 clone and the Y268S Qo mutant strain, P. falciparum Tm90-C2B, we created a structure-activity map of Qi versus Qo site selectivity for a series of endochin-like 4(1H)-quinolones (ELQs). We found that Qi site inhibition was associated with compounds containing 6-position halogens or aryl 3-position side chains, while Qo site inhibition was favored by 5,7-dihalogen groups or 7-position substituents. In addition to identifying ELQ-300 as a preferential Qi site inhibitor, our data suggest that the 4(1H)-quinolone scaffold is compatible with binding to either site of cyt bc1 and that minor chemical changes can influence Qo or Qi site inhibition by the ELQs.
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33
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Abstract
Cytochrome bc1 is a proven drug target in the prevention and treatment of malaria. The rise in drug-resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum, the organism responsible for malaria, has generated a global effort in designing new classes of drugs. Much of the design/redesign work on overcoming this resistance has been focused on compounds that are presumed to bind the Q(o) site (one of two potential binding sites within cytochrome bc1 using the known crystal structure of this large membrane-bound macromolecular complex via in silico modeling. Cocrystallization of the cytochrome bc1 complex with the 4(1H)-pyridone class of inhibitors, GSK932121 and GW844520, that have been shown to be potent antimalarial agents in vivo, revealed that these inhibitors do not bind at the Q(o) site but bind at the Q(i )site. The discovery that these compounds bind at the Q(i) site may provide a molecular explanation for the cardiotoxicity and eventual failure of GSK932121 in phase-1 clinical trial and highlight the need for direct experimental observation of a compound bound to a target site before chemical optimization and development for clinical trials. The binding of the 4(1H)-pyridone class of inhibitors to Q(i) also explains the ability of this class to overcome parasite Q(o)-based atovaquone resistance and provides critical structural information for future design of new selective compounds with improved safety profiles.
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34
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Barnett
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis, Tennessee 38105, United States
| | - R Kiplin Guy
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis, Tennessee 38105, United States
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35
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Cross RM, Flanigan DL, Monastyrskyi A, LaCrue AN, Sáenz FE, Maignan JR, Mutka TS, White KL, Shackleford DM, Bathurst I, Fronczek FR, Wojtas L, Guida WC, Charman SA, Burrows JN, Kyle DE, Manetsch R. Orally bioavailable 6-chloro-7-methoxy-4(1H)-quinolones efficacious against multiple stages of Plasmodium. J Med Chem 2014; 57:8860-79. [PMID: 25148516 PMCID: PMC4234439 DOI: 10.1021/jm500942v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The continued proliferation
of malaria throughout temperate and
tropical regions of the world has promoted a push for more efficacious
treatments to combat the disease. Unfortunately, more recent remedies
such as artemisinin combination therapies have been rendered less
effective due to developing parasite resistance, and new drugs are
required that target the parasite in the liver to support the disease
elimination efforts. Research was initiated to revisit antimalarials
developed in the 1940s and 1960s that were deemed unsuitable for use
as therapeutic agents as a result of poor understanding of both physicochemical
properties and parasitology. Structure–activity and structure–property
relationship studies were conducted to generate a set of compounds
with the general 6-chloro-7-methoxy-2-methyl-4(1H)-quinolone scaffold which were substituted at the 3-position with
a variety of phenyl moieties possessing various properties. Extensive
physicochemical evaluation of the quinolone series was carried out
to downselect the most promising 4(1H)-quinolones, 7, 62, 66, and 67,
which possessed low-nanomolar EC50 values against W2 and
TM90-C2B as well as improved microsomal stability. Additionally, in
vivo Thompson test results using Plasmodium berghei in mice showed that these 4(1H)-quinolones were
efficacious for the reduction of parasitemia at >99% after 6 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Matthew Cross
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida , CHE 205, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
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36
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Atovaquone tolerance in Plasmodium falciparum parasites selected for high-level resistance to a dihydroorotate dehydrogenase inhibitor. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 59:686-9. [PMID: 25331708 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02347-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Atovaquone is a component of Malarone, a widely prescribed antimalarial combination, that targets malaria respiration. Here we show that parasites with high-level resistance to an inhibitor of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase demonstrate unexpected atovaquone tolerance. Fortunately, the tolerance is diminished with proguanil, the second partner in Malarone. It is important to understand such "genetic cross talk" between respiration and pyrimidine biosynthesis since many antimalarial drug development programs target these two seemingly independent pathways.
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37
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Abstract
Due to an increased need for new antimalarial chemotherapies that show potency against Plasmodium falciparum, researchers are targeting new processes within the parasite in an effort to circumvent or delay the onset of drug resistance. One such promising area for antimalarial drug development has been the parasite mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC). Efforts have been focused on targeting key processes along the parasite ETC specifically the dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHOD) enzyme, the cytochrome bc 1 enzyme and the NADH type II oxidoreductase (PfNDH2) pathway. This review summarizes the most recent efforts in antimalarial drug development reported in the literature and describes the evolution of these compounds.
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38
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Abstract
Targeting the redox metabolism of Plasmodium falciparum to create a fatal overload of oxidative stress is a route to explore the discovery of new antimalarial drugs. There are three main possibilities to target the redox metabolism of P. falciparum at the erythrocytic stage: selective targeting and inhibition of a redox P. falciparum protein or enzyme; oxidant drugs targeting essential parasite components and heme by-products; and redox cycler drugs targeting the parasitized red blood cell. Oxidants and redox cycler agents, with or without specific targets, may disrupt the fragile parasitized erythrocyte redox-dependent architecture given that: redox equilibrium plays a vital role at the erythrocytic stage; P. falciparum possesses major NADPH-dependent redox systems, such as glutathione and thioredoxin ones; and the protein-NADPH-dependent phosphorylation-dephosphorylation process is involved in building new permeation pathways and channels for the nutrient-waste import-export traffic of the parasite.
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39
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Nilsen A, Miley G, Forquer IP, Mather MW, Katneni K, Li Y, Pou S, Pershing AM, Stickles AM, Ryan E, Kelly JX, Doggett JS, White KL, Hinrichs DJ, Winter RW, Charman SA, Zakharov LN, Bathurst I, Burrows J, Vaidya AB, Riscoe MK. Discovery, synthesis, and optimization of antimalarial 4(1H)-quinolone-3-diarylethers. J Med Chem 2014; 57:3818-34. [PMID: 24720377 PMCID: PMC4018401 DOI: 10.1021/jm500147k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The historical antimalarial compound endochin served as a structural lead for optimization. Endochin-like quinolones (ELQ) were prepared by a novel chemical route and assessed for in vitro activity against multidrug resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum and against malaria infections in mice. Here we describe the pathway to discovery of a potent class of orally active antimalarial 4(1H)-quinolone-3-diarylethers. The initial prototype, ELQ-233, exhibited low nanomolar IC50 values against all tested strains including clinical isolates harboring resistance to atovaquone. ELQ-271 represented the next critical step in the iterative optimization process, as it was stable to metabolism and highly effective in vivo. Continued analoging revealed that the substitution pattern on the benzenoid ring of the quinolone core significantly influenced reactivity with the host enzyme. This finding led to the rational design of highly selective ELQs with outstanding oral efficacy against murine malaria that is superior to established antimalarials chloroquine and atovaquone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Nilsen
- VA Medical Center, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Galen
P. Miley
- VA Medical Center, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Isaac P. Forquer
- VA Medical Center, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Michael W. Mather
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University
College of Medicine, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19129, United States
| | - Kasiram Katneni
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation,
Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Yuexin Li
- VA Medical Center, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Sovitj Pou
- VA Medical Center, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - April M. Pershing
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University
College of Medicine, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19129, United States
| | - Allison M. Stickles
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Boulevard, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Eileen Ryan
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation,
Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Jane Xu Kelly
- VA Medical Center, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - J. Stone Doggett
- VA Medical Center, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Karen L. White
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation,
Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - David J. Hinrichs
- VA Medical Center, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Rolf W. Winter
- VA Medical Center, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Susan A. Charman
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation,
Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Lev N. Zakharov
- Department of
Chemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-1253, United States
| | - Ian Bathurst
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, 20 route de Pré-Bois, PO Box 1826, 1215 Geneva 15, Switzerland
| | - Jeremy
N. Burrows
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, 20 route de Pré-Bois, PO Box 1826, 1215 Geneva 15, Switzerland
| | - Akhil B. Vaidya
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University
College of Medicine, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19129, United States
| | - Michael K. Riscoe
- VA Medical Center, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 Sam Jackson Boulevard, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
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40
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Targeting the mitochondrial electron transport chain of Plasmodium falciparum: new strategies towards the development of improved antimalarials for the elimination era. Future Med Chem 2014; 5:1573-91. [PMID: 24024949 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.13.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite intense efforts, there has not been a truly new antimalarial, possessing a novel mechanism of action, registered for over 10 years. By virtue of a novel mode of action, it is hoped that the global challenge of multidrug-resistant parasites can be overcome, as well as developing drugs that possess prophylaxis and/or transmission-blocking properties, towards an elimination agenda. Many target-based and whole-cell screening drug development programs have been undertaken in recent years and here an overview of specific projects that have focused on targeting the parasite's mitochondrial electron transport chain is presented. Medicinal chemistry activity has largely focused on inhibitors of the parasite cytochrome bc1 Complex (Complex III) including acridinediones, pyridones and quinolone aryl esters, as well as inhibitors of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase that includes triazolopyrimidines and benzimidazoles. Common barriers to progress and opportunities for novel chemistry and potential additional electron transport chain targets are discussed in the context of the target candidate profiles for uncomplicated malaria.
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41
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Gamo FJ. Antimalarial drug resistance: new treatments options for Plasmodium. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2014; 11:81-88. [PMID: 24847657 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is one of the world’s most deadly infectious diseases. Millions of lives are threatened by the continued development of resistance in the malaria parasite which is overcoming the effectiveness of current anti- malarial treatments. The scientific community is facing this challenge by developing new and superior therapies to combat, and potentially eradicate, this wide spread plague. New anti-Plasmodium agents derived from phe- notypic screening hits (e.g. spiroindolones) or from target based projects (e.g. DSM265) have recently entered into clinical development and hopefully will provide soon a new wave of antimalarial treatments.
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42
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Monastyrskyi A, Kyle DE, Manetsch R. 4(1H)-pyridone and 4(1H)-quinolone derivatives as antimalarials with erythrocytic, exoerythrocytic, and transmission blocking activities. Curr Top Med Chem 2014; 14:1693-705. [PMID: 25116582 PMCID: PMC4479281 DOI: 10.2174/1568026614666140808124638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases are the second leading cause of deaths in the world with malaria being responsible for approximately the same amount of deaths as cancer in 2012. Despite the success in malaria prevention and control measures decreasing the disease mortality rate by 45% since 2000, the development of single-dose therapeutics with radical cure potential is required to completely eradicate this deadly condition. Targeting multiple stages of the malaria parasite is becoming a primary requirement for new candidates in antimalarial drug discovery and development. Recently, 4(1H)- pyridone, 4(1H)-quinolone, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridone, and phenoxyethoxy-4(1H)-quinolone chemotypes have been shown to be antimalarials with blood stage activity, liver stage activity, and transmission blocking activity. Advancements in structure-activity relationship and structure-property relationship studies, biological evaluation in vitro and in vivo, as well as pharmacokinetics of the 4(1H)-pyridone and 4(1H)-quinolone chemotypes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Roman Manetsch
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, CHE 205, 4202 E. Fowler Ave., Tampa, Florida 33620, USA.
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43
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Chatterjee AK. Cell-based medicinal chemistry optimization of high-throughput screening (HTS) hits for orally active antimalarials. Part 1: challenges in potency and absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion/pharmacokinetics (ADME/PK). J Med Chem 2013; 56:7741-9. [PMID: 23927720 DOI: 10.1021/jm400314m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Malaria represents a significant health issue, and novel and effective drugs are needed to address parasite resistance that has emerged to the current drug arsenal. Antimalarial drug discovery has historically benefited from a whole-cell (phenotypic) screening approach to identify lead molecules. This approach has been utilized by several groups to optimize weakly active antimalarial pharmacophores, such as the quinolone scaffold, to yield potent and highly efficacious compounds that are now poised to enter clinical trials. More recently, GNF/Novartis, GSK, and others have employed the same approach in high-throughput screening (HTS) of large compound libraries to find novel scaffolds that have also been optimized to clinical candidates by GNF/Novartis. This perspective outlines some of the inherent challenges in cell-based medicinal chemistry optimization, including optimization of oral exposure and hERG activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab K Chatterjee
- Calibr , 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, Suite 100, San Diego, California 92037, United States
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44
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45
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Nilsen A, LaCrue AN, White KL, Forquer IP, Cross RM, Marfurt J, Mather MW, Delves MJ, Shackleford DM, Saenz FE, Morrisey JM, Steuten J, Mutka T, Li Y, Wirjanata G, Ryan E, Duffy S, Kelly JX, Sebayang BF, Zeeman AM, Noviyanti R, Sinden RE, Kocken CHM, Price RN, Avery VM, Angulo-Barturen I, Jiménez-Díaz MB, Ferrer S, Herreros E, Sanz LM, Gamo FJ, Bathurst I, Burrows JN, Siegl P, Guy RK, Winter RW, Vaidya AB, Charman SA, Kyle DE, Manetsch R, Riscoe MK. Quinolone-3-diarylethers: a new class of antimalarial drug. Sci Transl Med 2013; 5:177ra37. [PMID: 23515079 PMCID: PMC4227885 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3005029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The goal for developing new antimalarial drugs is to find a molecule that can target multiple stages of the parasite's life cycle, thus impacting prevention, treatment, and transmission of the disease. The 4(1H)-quinolone-3-diarylethers are selective potent inhibitors of the parasite's mitochondrial cytochrome bc1 complex. These compounds are highly active against the human malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax. They target both the liver and blood stages of the parasite as well as the forms that are crucial for disease transmission, that is, the gametocytes, the zygote, the ookinete, and the oocyst. Selected as a preclinical candidate, ELQ-300 has good oral bioavailability at efficacious doses in mice, is metabolically stable, and is highly active in blocking transmission in rodent models of malaria. Given its predicted low dose in patients and its predicted long half-life, ELQ-300 has potential as a new drug for the treatment, prevention, and, ultimately, eradication of human malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Nilsen
- VA Medical Center, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - Alexis N. LaCrue
- Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, 3720 Spectrum Blvd. (Ste 304), Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Karen L. White
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Isaac P. Forquer
- VA Medical Center, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - Richard M. Cross
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL 33620-5250, USA
| | - Jutta Marfurt
- Global Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Michael W. Mather
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Michael J. Delves
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - David M. Shackleford
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Fabian E. Saenz
- Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, 3720 Spectrum Blvd. (Ste 304), Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Joanne M. Morrisey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Jessica Steuten
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Tina Mutka
- Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, 3720 Spectrum Blvd. (Ste 304), Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Yuexin Li
- VA Medical Center, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - Grennady Wirjanata
- Global Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Eileen Ryan
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Sandra Duffy
- Eskitis Institute for Cell & Molecular Therapies, Brisbane Innovation Park, Nathan campus, Griffith University, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Jane Xu Kelly
- VA Medical Center, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - Boni F. Sebayang
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jl. Diponegoro 69, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
| | - Anne-Marie Zeeman
- Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, P.O. Box 3306, 2280 GH Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Rintis Noviyanti
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jl. Diponegoro 69, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
| | - Robert E. Sinden
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Clemens H. M. Kocken
- Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, P.O. Box 3306, 2280 GH Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Ric N. Price
- Global Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - Vicky M. Avery
- Eskitis Institute for Cell & Molecular Therapies, Brisbane Innovation Park, Nathan campus, Griffith University, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Iñigo Angulo-Barturen
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Development Campus, Diseases of the Developing World, Severo Ochoa 2, Tres Cantos 28760, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Belén Jiménez-Díaz
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Development Campus, Diseases of the Developing World, Severo Ochoa 2, Tres Cantos 28760, Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Ferrer
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Development Campus, Diseases of the Developing World, Severo Ochoa 2, Tres Cantos 28760, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esperanza Herreros
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Development Campus, Diseases of the Developing World, Severo Ochoa 2, Tres Cantos 28760, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura M. Sanz
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Development Campus, Diseases of the Developing World, Severo Ochoa 2, Tres Cantos 28760, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco-Javier Gamo
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Development Campus, Diseases of the Developing World, Severo Ochoa 2, Tres Cantos 28760, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ian Bathurst
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, 20, route de Pré-Bois, PO Box 1826, 1215 Geneva 15, Switzerland
| | - Jeremy N. Burrows
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, 20, route de Pré-Bois, PO Box 1826, 1215 Geneva 15, Switzerland
| | - Peter Siegl
- Siegl Pharma Consulting LLC, Blue Bell, PA, USA
| | - R. Kiplin Guy
- Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105-3678 USA
| | - Rolf W. Winter
- VA Medical Center, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - Akhil B. Vaidya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Susan A. Charman
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Dennis E. Kyle
- Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, 3720 Spectrum Blvd. (Ste 304), Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Roman Manetsch
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL 33620-5250, USA
| | - Michael K. Riscoe
- VA Medical Center, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, 3181 Sam Jackson Blvd., Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
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