3
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Fromer M, Roussos P, Sieberts SK, Johnson JS, Kavanagh DH, Perumal TM, Ruderfer DM, Oh EC, Topol A, Shah HR, Klei LL, Kramer R, Pinto D, Gümüş ZH, Cicek AE, Dang KK, Browne A, Lu C, Xie L, Readhead B, Stahl EA, Xiao J, Parvizi M, Hamamsy T, Fullard JF, Wang YC, Mahajan MC, Derry JMJ, Dudley JT, Hemby SE, Logsdon BA, Talbot K, Raj T, Bennett DA, De Jager PL, Zhu J, Zhang B, Sullivan PF, Chess A, Purcell SM, Shinobu LA, Mangravite LM, Toyoshiba H, Gur RE, Hahn CG, Lewis DA, Haroutunian V, Peters MA, Lipska BK, Buxbaum JD, Schadt EE, Hirai K, Roeder K, Brennand KJ, Katsanis N, Domenici E, Devlin B, Sklar P. Gene expression elucidates functional impact of polygenic risk for schizophrenia. Nat Neurosci 2016; 19:1442-1453. [PMID: 27668389 PMCID: PMC5083142 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 735] [Impact Index Per Article: 91.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Over 100 genetic loci harbor schizophrenia-associated variants, yet how these variants confer liability is uncertain. The CommonMind Consortium sequenced RNA from dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of people with schizophrenia (N = 258) and control subjects (N = 279), creating a resource of gene expression and its genetic regulation. Using this resource, ∼20% of schizophrenia loci have variants that could contribute to altered gene expression and liability. In five loci, only a single gene was involved: FURIN, TSNARE1, CNTN4, CLCN3 or SNAP91. Altering expression of FURIN, TSNARE1 or CNTN4 changed neurodevelopment in zebrafish; knockdown of FURIN in human neural progenitor cells yielded abnormal migration. Of 693 genes showing significant case-versus-control differential expression, their fold changes were ≤ 1.33, and an independent cohort yielded similar results. Gene co-expression implicates a network relevant for schizophrenia. Our findings show that schizophrenia is polygenic and highlight the utility of this resource for mechanistic interpretations of genetic liability for brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menachem Fromer
- Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Panos Roussos
- Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Psychiatry, JJ Peters Virginia Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | | | - Jessica S Johnson
- Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - David H Kavanagh
- Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Douglas M Ruderfer
- Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Edwin C Oh
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Neurology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Aaron Topol
- Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hardik R Shah
- Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lambertus L Klei
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Robin Kramer
- Human Brain Collection Core, National Institutes of Health, NIMH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Dalila Pinto
- Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Zeynep H Gümüş
- Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - A Ercument Cicek
- Department of Computational Biology, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kristen K Dang
- Systems Biology, Sage Bionetworks, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Andrew Browne
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Cong Lu
- Department of Statistics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lu Xie
- Department of Statistics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ben Readhead
- Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Eli A Stahl
- Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jianqiu Xiao
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mahsa Parvizi
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Tymor Hamamsy
- Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - John F Fullard
- Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ying-Chih Wang
- Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Milind C Mahajan
- Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Joel T Dudley
- Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Scott E Hemby
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fred Wilson School of Pharmacy, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Konrad Talbot
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Towfique Raj
- Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Philip L De Jager
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jun Zhu
- Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Bin Zhang
- Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Patrick F Sullivan
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrew Chess
- Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Shaun M Purcell
- Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Leslie A Shinobu
- CNS Drug Discovery Unit, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Hiroyoshi Toyoshiba
- Integrated Technology Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Raquel E Gur
- Neuropsychiatry Section, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Chang-Gyu Hahn
- Neuropsychiatric Signaling Program, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David A Lewis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Vahram Haroutunian
- Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Psychiatry, JJ Peters Virginia Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mette A Peters
- Systems Biology, Sage Bionetworks, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Barbara K Lipska
- Human Brain Collection Core, National Institutes of Health, NIMH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph D Buxbaum
- Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Eric E Schadt
- Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Keisuke Hirai
- CNS Drug Discovery Unit, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kathryn Roeder
- Department of Computational Biology, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Statistics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kristen J Brennand
- Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nicholas Katsanis
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Enrico Domenici
- Laboratory of Neurogenomic Biomarkers, Centre for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Bernie Devlin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Pamela Sklar
- Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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5
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Wu Z, Graybill TL, Zeng X, Platchek M, Zhang J, Bodmer VQ, Wisnoski DD, Deng J, Coppo FT, Yao G, Tamburino A, Scavello G, Franklin GJ, Mataruse S, Bedard KL, Ding Y, Chai J, Summerfield J, Centrella PA, Messer JA, Pope AJ, Israel DI. Cell-Based Selection Expands the Utility of DNA-Encoded Small-Molecule Library Technology to Cell Surface Drug Targets: Identification of Novel Antagonists of the NK3 Tachykinin Receptor. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2015; 17:722-31. [PMID: 26562224 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.5b00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
DNA-encoded small-molecule library technology has recently emerged as a new paradigm for identifying ligands against drug targets. To date, this technology has been used with soluble protein targets that are produced and used in a purified state. Here, we describe a cell-based method for identifying small-molecule ligands from DNA-encoded libraries against integral membrane protein targets. We use this method to identify novel, potent, and specific inhibitors of NK3, a member of the tachykinin family of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). The method is simple and broadly applicable to other GPCRs and integral membrane proteins. We have extended the application of DNA-encoded library technology to membrane-associated targets and demonstrate the feasibility of selecting DNA-tagged, small-molecule ligands from complex combinatorial libraries against targets in a heterogeneous milieu, such as the surface of a cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zining Wu
- Molecular
Discovery Research, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Todd L. Graybill
- Molecular
Discovery Research, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Xin Zeng
- Molecular
Discovery Research, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Michael Platchek
- Molecular
Discovery Research, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Jean Zhang
- Molecular
Discovery Research, GlaxoSmithKline, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Vera Q. Bodmer
- Molecular
Discovery Research, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - David D. Wisnoski
- Molecular
Discovery Research, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Jianghe Deng
- Molecular
Discovery Research, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Frank T. Coppo
- Molecular
Discovery Research, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Gang Yao
- Molecular
Discovery Research, GlaxoSmithKline, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Alex Tamburino
- Molecular
Discovery Research, GlaxoSmithKline, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Genaro Scavello
- Molecular
Discovery Research, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - G. Joseph Franklin
- Molecular
Discovery Research, GlaxoSmithKline, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Sibongile Mataruse
- Molecular
Discovery Research, GlaxoSmithKline, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Katie L. Bedard
- Molecular
Discovery Research, GlaxoSmithKline, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Yun Ding
- Molecular
Discovery Research, GlaxoSmithKline, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Jing Chai
- Molecular
Discovery Research, GlaxoSmithKline, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Jennifer Summerfield
- Molecular
Discovery Research, GlaxoSmithKline, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Paolo A. Centrella
- Molecular
Discovery Research, GlaxoSmithKline, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Jeffrey A. Messer
- Molecular
Discovery Research, GlaxoSmithKline, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Andrew J. Pope
- Molecular
Discovery Research, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - David I. Israel
- Molecular
Discovery Research, GlaxoSmithKline, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
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6
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Fraser GL, Hoveyda HR, Clarke IJ, Ramaswamy S, Plant TM, Rose C, Millar RP. The NK3 Receptor Antagonist ESN364 Interrupts Pulsatile LH Secretion and Moderates Levels of Ovarian Hormones Throughout the Menstrual Cycle. Endocrinology 2015; 156:4214-25. [PMID: 26305889 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Women's health disorders such as uterine fibroids and endometriosis are currently treated by GnRH modulators that effectively suppress the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. The neurokinin-3 receptor (NK3R) is an alternative target with an important role in the modulation of this axis. In this report, we demonstrate that systemic administration of an NK3R antagonist (ESN364) prolongs the LH interpulse interval in ovarectomized ewes and significantly lowers plasma LH and FSH concentrations in castrated nonhuman primates (Macaca fascicularis). Moreover, daily oral dosing of ESN364 throughout the menstrual cycle in M fascicularis lowered plasma estradiol levels in a dose-dependent manner, although nadir levels of estradiol were maintained well above menopausal levels. Nevertheless, estradiol levels during the follicular phase were sufficiently inhibited at all doses to preclude the triggering of ovulation as evidenced by the absence of the LH surge and failure of a subsequent luteal phase rise in plasma progesterone concentrations, consistent with the absence of normal cycle changes in the uterus. Apart from the point at surge, FSH levels were not altered over the course of the menstrual cycle. These effects of ESN364 were reversible upon cessation of drug treatment. Together these data support the proposed role of neurokinin B-NK3R signaling in the control of pulsatile GnRH secretion. Furthermore, in contrast to GnRH antagonists, NK3R antagonists induce a partial suppression of estradiol and thereby offer a viable therapeutic approach to the treatment of ovarian sex hormone disorders with a mitigated risk of menopausal-like adverse events in response to long-term drug exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme L Fraser
- Euroscreen SA (G.L.F., H.R.H.), 6041 Gosselies, Belgium; Department of Physiology (I.J.C.), Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (S.R., T.M.P.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213; Covance Laboratories GmbH (C.R.), 48163 Münster, Germany; Mammal Research Unit (R.P.M.), University of Pretoria and Medical Research Center Receptor Biology Unit, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, 7701 Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Hamid R Hoveyda
- Euroscreen SA (G.L.F., H.R.H.), 6041 Gosselies, Belgium; Department of Physiology (I.J.C.), Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (S.R., T.M.P.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213; Covance Laboratories GmbH (C.R.), 48163 Münster, Germany; Mammal Research Unit (R.P.M.), University of Pretoria and Medical Research Center Receptor Biology Unit, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, 7701 Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Iain J Clarke
- Euroscreen SA (G.L.F., H.R.H.), 6041 Gosselies, Belgium; Department of Physiology (I.J.C.), Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (S.R., T.M.P.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213; Covance Laboratories GmbH (C.R.), 48163 Münster, Germany; Mammal Research Unit (R.P.M.), University of Pretoria and Medical Research Center Receptor Biology Unit, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, 7701 Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Suresh Ramaswamy
- Euroscreen SA (G.L.F., H.R.H.), 6041 Gosselies, Belgium; Department of Physiology (I.J.C.), Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (S.R., T.M.P.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213; Covance Laboratories GmbH (C.R.), 48163 Münster, Germany; Mammal Research Unit (R.P.M.), University of Pretoria and Medical Research Center Receptor Biology Unit, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, 7701 Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tony M Plant
- Euroscreen SA (G.L.F., H.R.H.), 6041 Gosselies, Belgium; Department of Physiology (I.J.C.), Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (S.R., T.M.P.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213; Covance Laboratories GmbH (C.R.), 48163 Münster, Germany; Mammal Research Unit (R.P.M.), University of Pretoria and Medical Research Center Receptor Biology Unit, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, 7701 Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Claudia Rose
- Euroscreen SA (G.L.F., H.R.H.), 6041 Gosselies, Belgium; Department of Physiology (I.J.C.), Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (S.R., T.M.P.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213; Covance Laboratories GmbH (C.R.), 48163 Münster, Germany; Mammal Research Unit (R.P.M.), University of Pretoria and Medical Research Center Receptor Biology Unit, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, 7701 Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Robert P Millar
- Euroscreen SA (G.L.F., H.R.H.), 6041 Gosselies, Belgium; Department of Physiology (I.J.C.), Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (S.R., T.M.P.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213; Covance Laboratories GmbH (C.R.), 48163 Münster, Germany; Mammal Research Unit (R.P.M.), University of Pretoria and Medical Research Center Receptor Biology Unit, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, 7701 Cape Town, South Africa
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