1
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Cardoso Prado Martins F, Dos Reis Rocho F, Bonatto V, Jatai Batista PH, Lameira J, Leitão A, Montanari CA. Novel selective proline-based peptidomimetics for human cathepsin K inhibition. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2024; 110:129887. [PMID: 39002936 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2024.129887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Human cathepsin K (CatK) stands out as a promising target for the treatment of osteoporosis, considering its role in degrading the bone matrix. Given the small and shallow S2 subsite of CatK and considering its preference for proline or hydroxyproline, we now propose the rigidification of the leucine fragment found at the P2 position in a dipeptidyl-based inhibitor, generating rigid proline-based analogs. Accordingly, with these new proline-based peptidomimetics inhibitors, we selectively inhibited CatK against other human cathepsins (B, L and S). Among these new ligands, the most active one exhibited a high affinity (pKi = 7.3 - 50.1 nM) for CatK and no inhibition over the other cathepsins. This specific inhibitor harbors two novel substituents never employed in other CatK inhibitors: the trifluoromethylpyrazole and the 4-methylproline at P3 and P2 positions. These results broaden and advance the path toward new potent and selective inhibitors for CatK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Cardoso Prado Martins
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Group, Institute of Chemistry of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, Avenue Trabalhador Sancarlense, 400, 23566-590 São Carlos/SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Dos Reis Rocho
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Group, Institute of Chemistry of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, Avenue Trabalhador Sancarlense, 400, 23566-590 São Carlos/SP, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Bonatto
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Group, Institute of Chemistry of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, Avenue Trabalhador Sancarlense, 400, 23566-590 São Carlos/SP, Brazil
| | - Pedro Henrique Jatai Batista
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Group, Institute of Chemistry of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, Avenue Trabalhador Sancarlense, 400, 23566-590 São Carlos/SP, Brazil
| | - Jerônimo Lameira
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Group, Institute of Chemistry of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, Avenue Trabalhador Sancarlense, 400, 23566-590 São Carlos/SP, Brazil; Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Pará, Rua Augusto Correa S/N, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Andrei Leitão
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Group, Institute of Chemistry of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, Avenue Trabalhador Sancarlense, 400, 23566-590 São Carlos/SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Montanari
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Group, Institute of Chemistry of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, Avenue Trabalhador Sancarlense, 400, 23566-590 São Carlos/SP, Brazil.
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2
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Kalathingal M, Rhee YM. Thermodynamic consequences of stapling side-chains on a peptide ligand using a lactam-bridge: A theoretical study on anti-angiogenic peptides targeting VEGF. Proteins 2024; 92:959-974. [PMID: 38602129 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Peptides are promising therapeutic agents for various biological targets due to their high efficacy and low toxicity, and the design of peptide ligands with high binding affinity to the target of interest is of utmost importance in peptide-based drug design. Introducing a conformational constraint to a flexible peptide ligand using a side-chain lactam-bridge is a convenient and efficient method to improve its binding affinity to the target. However, in general, such a small structural modification to a flexible ligand made with the intent of lowering the configurational entropic penalty for binding may have unintended consequences in different components of the binding enthalpy and entropy, including the configurational entropy component, which are still not clearly understood. Toward probing this, we examine different components of the binding enthalpy and entropy as well as the underlying structure and dynamics, for a side-chain lactam-bridged peptide inhibitor and its flexible analog forming complexes with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), using all-atom molecular dynamics simulations. It is found that introducing a side-chain lactam-bridge constraint into the flexible peptide analog led to a gain in configurational entropy change but losses in solvation entropy, solute internal energy, and solvation energy changes upon binding, pinpointing the opportunities and challenges in drug design. The present study features an interplay between configurational and solvation entropy changes, as well as the one between binding enthalpy and entropy, in ligand-target binding upon imposing a conformational constraint into a flexible ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahroof Kalathingal
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Min Rhee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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3
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Nicolai S, Waser J. Lewis acid catalyzed [4+2] annulation of bicyclobutanes with dienol ethers for the synthesis of bicyclo[4.1.1]octanes. Chem Sci 2024; 15:10823-10829. [PMID: 39027289 PMCID: PMC11253158 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02767a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Bicyclic carbocycles containing a high fraction of Csp3 have become highly attractive synthetic targets because of the multiple applications they have found in medicinal chemistry. The formal cycloaddition of bicyclobutanes (BCBs) with two- or three-atom partners has recently been extensively explored for the construction of bicyclohexanes and bicycloheptanes, but applications to the synthesis of medium-sized bridged carbocycles remained more limited. We report herein the formal [4+2] cycloaddition of BCB ketones with silyl dienol ethers. The reaction occurred in the presence of 5 mol% aluminium triflate as a Lewis acid catalyst. Upon acidic hydrolysis of the enol ether intermediates, rigid bicyclo[4.1.1]octane (BCO) diketones could be accessed in up to quantitative yields. This procedure tolerated a range of both aromatic and aliphatic substituents on both the BCB substrates and the dienes. The obtained BCO products could be functionalized through reduction and cross-coupling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Nicolai
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Jérôme Waser
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
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4
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Lee TK, Kassees K, Chen CY, Viswanadhapalli S, Parra K, Vadlamudi RK, Ahn JM. Structure-Activity Relationship Study of Tris-Benzamides as Estrogen Receptor Coregulator Binding Modulators. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2024; 7:2023-2043. [PMID: 39022350 PMCID: PMC11249634 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.4c00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Estrogen receptor coregulator binding modulators (ERXs) are a novel class of molecules targeting the interaction between estrogen receptor α (ERα) and its coregulator proteins, which has proven to be an attractive strategy for overcoming endocrine resistance in breast cancer. We previously reported ERX-11, an orally bioavailable tris-benzamide, that demonstrated promising antitumor activity against ERα-positive breast cancer cells. To comprehend the significance of the substituents in ERX-11, we carried out structure-activity relationship studies. In addition, we introduced additional alkyl substituents at either the N- or C-terminus to improve binding affinity and biological activity. Further optimization guided by conformational restriction led to the identification of a trans-4-phenylcyclcohexyl group at the C-terminus (18h), resulting in a greater than 10-fold increase in binding affinity and cell growth inhibition potency compared to ERX-11. Tris-benzamide 18h disrupted the ERα-coregulator interaction and inhibited the ERα-mediated transcriptional activity. It demonstrated strong antiproliferative activity on ERα-positive breast cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo, offering a promising potential as a therapeutic candidate for treating ERα-positive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Kyung Lee
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Kara Kassees
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Chia-Yuan Chen
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Suryavathi Viswanadhapalli
- Department
of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University
of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas 78229, United States
| | - Karla Parra
- Departments
of Urology and Pharmacology, University
of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Ratna K. Vadlamudi
- Department
of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University
of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas 78229, United States
| | - Jung-Mo Ahn
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
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5
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Thomson C, Barton P, Braybrooke E, Colclough N, Dong Z, Evans L, Floc'h N, Guérot C, Hargreaves D, Khurana P, Li S, Li X, Lister A, McCoull W, McWilliams L, Orme JP, Packer MJ, Swaih AM, Ward RA, Winlow P, Ye Y. Discovery and Optimization of Potent, Efficacious and Selective Inhibitors Targeting EGFR Exon20 Insertion Mutations. J Med Chem 2024; 67:8988-9027. [PMID: 38770784 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we report the identification and optimization of a series of potent inhibitors of EGFR Exon20 insertions with significant selectivity over wild-type EGFR. A strategically designed HTS campaign, multiple iterations of structure-based drug design (SBDD), and tactical linker replacement led to a potent and wild-type selective series of molecules and ultimately the discovery of 36. Compound 36 is a potent and selective inhibitor of EGFR Exon20 insertions and has demonstrated encouraging efficacy in NSCLC EGFR CRISPR-engineered H2073 xenografts that carry an SVD Exon20 insertion and reduced efficacy in a H2073 wild-type EGFR xenograft model compared to CLN-081 (5), indicating that 36 may have lower EGFR wild-type associated toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Thomson
- AstraZeneca, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0AA, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Barton
- AstraZeneca, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0AA, United Kingdom
| | - Erin Braybrooke
- AstraZeneca, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0AA, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Colclough
- AstraZeneca, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0AA, United Kingdom
| | - Zhiqiang Dong
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd., 6 Taihe Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, P. R. China
| | - Laura Evans
- AstraZeneca, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0AA, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolas Floc'h
- AstraZeneca, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0AA, United Kingdom
| | - Carine Guérot
- AstraZeneca, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0AA, United Kingdom
| | - David Hargreaves
- AstraZeneca, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0AA, United Kingdom
| | - Puneet Khurana
- AstraZeneca, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0AA, United Kingdom
| | - Songlei Li
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd., 6 Taihe Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, P. R. China
| | - Xiuwei Li
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd., 6 Taihe Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, P. R. China
| | - Andrew Lister
- AstraZeneca, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0AA, United Kingdom
| | - William McCoull
- AstraZeneca, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0AA, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa McWilliams
- AstraZeneca, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0AA, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan P Orme
- AstraZeneca, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0AA, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J Packer
- AstraZeneca, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0AA, United Kingdom
| | - Aisha M Swaih
- AstraZeneca, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0AA, United Kingdom
| | - Richard A Ward
- AstraZeneca, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0AA, United Kingdom
| | - Poppy Winlow
- AstraZeneca, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0AA, United Kingdom
| | - Yang Ye
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd., 6 Taihe Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, P. R. China
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6
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Krajczy P, Meyners C, Repity ML, Hausch F. Structure-Based Design of Ultrapotent Tricyclic Ligands for FK506-Binding Proteins. Chemistry 2024:e202401405. [PMID: 38837733 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Access to small, rigid, and sp3-rich molecules is a major limitation in the drug discovery for challenging protein targets. FK506-binding proteins hold high potential as drug targets or enablers of molecular glues but are fastidious in the chemotypes accepted as ligands. We here report an enantioselective synthesis of a highly rigidified pipecolate-mimicking tricyclic scaffold that precisely positions functional groups for interacting with FKBPs. This was enabled by a 14-step gram-scale synthesis featuring anodic oxidation, stereospecific vinylation, and N-acyl iminium cyclization. Structure-based optimization resulted in the discovery of FKBP inhibitors with picomolar biochemical and subnanomolar cellular activity that represent the most potent FKBP ligands known to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patryk Krajczy
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Straße 4, Darmstadt, 64287, Germany
| | - Christian Meyners
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Straße 4, Darmstadt, 64287, Germany
| | - Maximilian L Repity
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Straße 4, Darmstadt, 64287, Germany
| | - Felix Hausch
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Straße 4, Darmstadt, 64287, Germany
- Centre for Synthetic Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, 64283, Germany
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7
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Zhu S, Huang W, Liu S, Yu R, Ma Y, Wang H, Zhang R, Liu B, Lan Y, Shen R. Synthesis of benzooxepane-fused cyclobutene derivatives via Pd-catalyzed cascade reactions of haloarenes and diynylic ethers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:5707-5710. [PMID: 38738645 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00999a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
A tandem palladium-catalyzed Sonogashira coupling, propargyl-allenyl isomerization, and [2+2] cycloaddition sequence between electron-deficient haloarenes and 1,8-diynylic ethers is developed. The reaction shows good functional tolerance and proceeds under mild conditions to provide a new profile of benzooxepane-fused cyclobutene derivatives in moderate to high yields with high selectivity. The reaction mechanism is validated both by experimental studies and DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shugao Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China.
| | - Wenliang Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China.
| | - Shihan Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China.
| | - Rongjing Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China.
| | - Yufeng Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China.
| | - Hong Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China.
| | - Rui Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China.
| | - Bin Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China.
| | - Yu Lan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China.
- College of Chemistry and Institute of Green Catalysis, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Ruwei Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, China
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8
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Himmelbauer M, Bajrami B, Basile R, Capacci A, Chen T, Choi CK, Gilfillan R, Gonzalez-Lopez de Turiso F, Gu C, Hoemberger M, Johnson DS, Jones JH, Kadakia E, Kirkland M, Lin EY, Liu Y, Ma B, Magee T, Mantena S, Marx IE, Metrick CM, Mingueneau M, Murugan P, Muste CA, Nadella P, Nevalainen M, Parker Harp CR, Pattaropong V, Pietrasiewicz A, Prince RJ, Purgett TJ, Santoro JC, Schulz J, Sciabola S, Tang H, Vandeveer HG, Wang T, Yousaf Z, Helal CJ, Hopkins BT. Discovery and Preclinical Characterization of BIIB129, a Covalent, Selective, and Brain-Penetrant BTK Inhibitor for the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis. J Med Chem 2024; 67:8122-8140. [PMID: 38712838 PMCID: PMC11129193 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease with an underlying pathology characterized by inflammation-driven neuronal loss, axonal injury, and demyelination. Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK), a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase and member of the TEC family of kinases, is involved in the regulation, migration, and functional activation of B cells and myeloid cells in the periphery and the central nervous system (CNS), cell types which are deemed central to the pathology contributing to disease progression in MS patients. Herein, we describe the discovery of BIIB129 (25), a structurally distinct and brain-penetrant targeted covalent inhibitor (TCI) of BTK with an unprecedented binding mode responsible for its high kinome selectivity. BIIB129 (25) demonstrated efficacy in disease-relevant preclinical in vivo models of B cell proliferation in the CNS, exhibits a favorable safety profile suitable for clinical development as an immunomodulating therapy for MS, and has a low projected total human daily dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin
K. Himmelbauer
- Biogen Research and Development, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Bekim Bajrami
- Biogen Research and Development, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Rebecca Basile
- Biogen Research and Development, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Andrew Capacci
- Biogen Research and Development, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - TeYu Chen
- Biogen Research and Development, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Colin K. Choi
- Biogen Research and Development, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Rab Gilfillan
- Biogen Research and Development, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | | | - Chungang Gu
- Biogen Research and Development, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Marc Hoemberger
- Biogen Research and Development, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Douglas S. Johnson
- Biogen Research and Development, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - J. Howard Jones
- Biogen Research and Development, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Ekta Kadakia
- Biogen Research and Development, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Melissa Kirkland
- Biogen Research and Development, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Edward Y. Lin
- Biogen Research and Development, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Ying Liu
- Biogen Research and Development, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Bin Ma
- Biogen Research and Development, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Tom Magee
- Biogen Research and Development, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Srinivasa Mantena
- Biogen Research and Development, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Isaac E. Marx
- Biogen Research and Development, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Claire M. Metrick
- Biogen Research and Development, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Michael Mingueneau
- Biogen Research and Development, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Paramasivam Murugan
- Biogen Research and Development, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Cathy A. Muste
- Biogen Research and Development, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Prasad Nadella
- Biogen Research and Development, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Marta Nevalainen
- Biogen Research and Development, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Chelsea R. Parker Harp
- Biogen Research and Development, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Vatee Pattaropong
- Biogen Research and Development, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Alicia Pietrasiewicz
- Biogen Research and Development, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Robin J. Prince
- Biogen Research and Development, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Thomas J. Purgett
- Biogen Research and Development, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Joseph C. Santoro
- Biogen Research and Development, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Jurgen Schulz
- Biogen Research and Development, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Simone Sciabola
- Biogen Research and Development, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Hao Tang
- Biogen Research and Development, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - H. George Vandeveer
- Biogen Research and Development, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Ti Wang
- Biogen Research and Development, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Zain Yousaf
- Biogen Research and Development, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Christopher J. Helal
- Biogen Research and Development, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Brian T. Hopkins
- Biogen Research and Development, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
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9
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Zhang Y, Wu W, Li Q, Zhou P, Wen K, Shen J, Wang Z. The hapten rigidity improves antibody performances in immunoassay for rifamycins: Immunovalidation and molecular mechanism. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 469:133977. [PMID: 38492395 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
The immunogenicity of haptens determines the performance of the resultant antibody for small molecules. Rigidity is one of the basic physicochemical properties of haptens. However, few studies have investigated the effect of hapten rigidity on the strength of an immune response and overall antibody performance. Herein, we introduce three molecular descriptors that quantify hapten rigidity. By using of these descriptors, four rifamycin haptens with varied rigidity were designed. The structural and physicochemical feasibility of the designed haptens was then assessed by computational chemistry. Immunization demonstrated that the strength of induced immune responses, i.e., the titer and affinity of antiserum, was significantly increased with increased rigidity of haptens. Furthermore, molecular dynamic simulations demonstrated conformation constraint of rigid haptens contributed to the initial binding and activation of naïve B cells. Finally, a highly sensitive indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed for detection of rifaximin, with an IC50 of 1.1 μg/L in buffer and a limit of detection of 0.2-11.3 μg/L in raw milk, river water, and soil samples. This work provides new insights into the effect of hapten rigidity on immunogenicity and offers new hapten design strategies for antibody discovery and vaccine development of small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Weilin Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Li
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Penghui Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Wen
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianzhong Shen
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhanhui Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Asquith CRM, East MP, Laitinen T, Alamillo-Ferrer C, Hartikainen E, Wells CI, Axtman AD, Drewry DH, Tizzard GJ, Poso A, Willson TM, Johnson GL. Discovery and optimization of narrow spectrum inhibitors of Tousled like kinase 2 (TLK2) using quantitative structure activity relationships. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 271:116357. [PMID: 38636130 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
The oxindole scaffold has been the center of several kinase drug discovery programs, some of which have led to approved medicines. A series of two oxindole matched pairs from the literature were identified where TLK2 was potently inhibited as an off-target kinase. The oxindole has long been considered a promiscuous kinase inhibitor template, but across these four specific literature oxindoles TLK2 activity was consistent, while the kinome profile was radically different ranging from narrow to broad spectrum kinome coverage. We synthesized a large series of analogues, utilizing quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) analysis, water mapping of the kinase ATP binding sites, kinome profiling, and small-molecule x-ray structural analysis to optimize TLK2 inhibition and kinome selectivity. This resulted in the identification of several narrow spectrum, sub-family selective, chemical tool compounds including 128 (UNC-CA2-103) that could enable elucidation of TLK2 biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R M Asquith
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA; School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211, Kuopio, Finland; Structural Genomics Consortium and Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - Michael P East
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Tuomo Laitinen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Carla Alamillo-Ferrer
- Structural Genomics Consortium and Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Erkka Hartikainen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Carrow I Wells
- Structural Genomics Consortium and Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Alison D Axtman
- Structural Genomics Consortium and Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - David H Drewry
- Structural Genomics Consortium and Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Graham J Tizzard
- UK National Crystallography Service, School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Antti Poso
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Timothy M Willson
- Structural Genomics Consortium and Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Gary L Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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11
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Kato D, Choy RWY, Canales E, Dick RA, Lake AD, Shapiro ND, Chin E, Li J, Zhang JR, Wu Q, Saito RD, Metobo S, Aktoudianakis E, Schroeder SD, Yang ZY, Glatt DM, Balsitis S, Gamelin L, Yu M, Cheng G, Delaney WE, Link JO. Discovery of Hepatitis B Virus Surface Antigen Suppressor GS-8873. ACS Med Chem Lett 2024; 15:546-554. [PMID: 38628802 PMCID: PMC11017420 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.4c00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) virus infection afflicts hundreds of millions of people and causes nearly one million deaths annually. The high levels of circulating viral surface antigen (HBsAg) that characterize CHB may lead to T-cell exhaustion, resulting in an impaired antiviral immune response in the host. Agents that suppress HBsAg could help invigorate immunity toward infected hepatocytes and facilitate a functional cure. A series of dihydropyridoisoquinolizinone (DHQ) inhibitors of human poly(A) polymerases PAPD5/7 were reported to suppress HBsAg in vitro. An example from this class, RG7834, briefly entered the clinic. We set out to identify a potent, orally bioavailable, and safe PAPD5/7 inhibitor as a potential component of a functional cure regimen. Our efforts led to the identification of a dihydropyridophthalazinone (DPP) core with improved pharmacokinetic properties. A conformational restriction strategy and optimization of core substitution led to GS-8873, which was projected to provide deep HBsAg suppression with once-daily dosing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darryl Kato
- Gilead
Sciences, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | | | - Eda Canales
- Gilead
Sciences, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Ryan A. Dick
- Maze
Therapeutics, South
San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - April D. Lake
- Gilead
Sciences, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | | | - Elbert Chin
- Gilead
Sciences, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Jiayao Li
- Gilead
Sciences, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | | | - Qiaoyin Wu
- Gilead
Sciences, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Roland D. Saito
- Gilead
Sciences, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Sammy Metobo
- Circle
Pharma, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | | | | | - Zheng-Yu Yang
- Gilead
Sciences, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Dylan M. Glatt
- 23andMe
Therapeutics, South
San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Scott Balsitis
- Gilead
Sciences, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Lindsay Gamelin
- Gilead
Sciences, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Mei Yu
- Gilead
Sciences, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Guofeng Cheng
- AusperBio
Therapeutics Inc., San Mateo, California 94401, United States
| | | | - John O. Link
- Gilead
Sciences, Foster City, California 94404, United States
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12
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Zhang ZM, Chen JM, Wang XX, Wang LY, Liu S, Wang J, Wang YN, Zhuang PY, Wang LL, Liu H. Bibenzyl and naphthalene derivatives from Dendrobium chrysanthum and their anti-hepatic-steatosis activities. Bioorg Chem 2024; 145:107236. [PMID: 38402796 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
In this study, 16 new compounds, six bibenzyls (1-6) and 10 naphthalenes (7-13), including three pairs of naphthalene enantiomers and three known compounds (14-16), were isolated from Dendrobium chrysanthum. Structurally, compounds 1-5 are previously undescribed dimeric bibenzyls, uniquely linked by unusual carbon bonds. The structures of the compounds were determined using spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. The screening results indicated that 1, 2, and 5 showed remarkable lipid-lowering activities in FFA-induced HepG2 cells, with EC50 values ranging from 3.13 to 6.57 μM. Moreover, 1, 2, and 5 significantly decreased both the mRNA and protein levels of the target SREBP-1c, and 5 also reduced PPARα mRNA and protein levels. Therefore, 1, 2, and 5 are potential drugs against hepatic steatosis by targeting PPARα or SREBP-1c.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Mo Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei Province 063210, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Ming Chen
- School of Pharmacy, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei Province 063210, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Xia Wang
- School of Pharmacy, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei Province 063210, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling-Yun Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210008, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Liu
- School of Pharmacy, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei Province 063210, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210022, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Nan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng-Yu Zhuang
- School of Pharmacy, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei Province 063210, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lu-Lu Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210008, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hang Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210008, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Sun S, He X, Yang J, Wang X, Li S. Facile Synthesis and First Antifungal Exploration of Tetracyclic Meroterpenoids: (+)-Aureol, (-)-Pelorol, and Its Analogs. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2024. [PMID: 38557062 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.4c00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
As an important bioactive molecular backbone, drimane meroterpenoids have drawn a great deal of attention from both pharmacologists and chemists. Inspired by the prevalidated success of conformational restriction in the discovery of novel pharmaceutical leads, two distinct tetracyclic drimane meroterpenoids, (-)-pelorol and (+)-aureol, were synthesized from the inexpensive starting material (-)-sclareol through 10 and 8 steps with 5.6% and 5.4% overall yield, respectively. The mild conditions, operational facility, and scalability enabled the expedient synthesis and biological exploration of not only natural products themselves but also their mimics. The first agrochemical exploration showed (-)-pelorol and (+)-aureol possessed good antifungal activity against Rhizoctonia solani, with EC50 values of 7.7 and 6.9 μM, respectively. This revealed that tetracyclic drimane meroterpenoids are valuable models for antifungal lead discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengxin Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Xiaodan He
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Juan Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Xia Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Shengkun Li
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
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14
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Odeyemi I, Douglas TA, Igie NF, Hargrove JA, Hamilton G, Bradley BB, Thai C, Le B, Unjia M, Wicherts D, Ferneyhough Z, Pillai A, Koirala S, Hagge LM, Polara H, Trievel RC, Fick RJ, Stelling AL. An optimized purification protocol for enzymatically synthesized S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) for applications in solution state infrared spectroscopic studies. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 309:123816. [PMID: 38198991 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) is an abundant biomolecule used by methyltransferases to regulate a wide range of essential cellular processes such as gene expression, cell signaling, protein functions, and metabolism. Despite considerable effort, there remain many specificity challenges associated with designing small molecule inhibitors for methyltransferases, most of which exhibit off-target effects. Interestingly, NMR evidence suggests that SAM undergoes conformeric exchange between several states when free in solution. Infrared spectroscopy can detect different conformers of molecules if present in appreciable populations. When SAM is noncovalently bound within enzyme active sites, the nature and the number of different conformations of the molecule are likely to be altered from when it is free in solution. If there are unique structures or different numbers of conformers between different methyltransferase active sites, solution-state information may provide promising structural leads to increase inhibitor specificity for a particular methyltransferase. Toward this goal, frequencies measured in SAM's infrared spectra must be assigned to the motions of specific atoms via isotope incorporation at discrete positions. The incorporation of isotopes into SAM's structure can be accomplished via an established enzymatic synthesis using isotopically labeled precursors. However, published protocols produced an intense and highly variable IR signal which overlapped with many of the signals from SAM rendering comparison between isotopes challenging. We observed this intense absorption to be from co-purifying salts and the SAM counterion, producing a strong, broad signal at 1100 cm-1. Here, we report a revised SAM purification protocol that mitigates the contaminating salts and present the first IR spectra of isotopically labeled CD3-SAM. These results provide a foundation for isotopic labeling experiments of SAM that will define which atoms participate in individual molecular vibrations, as a means to detect specific molecular conformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaiah Odeyemi
- The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Rd., Richardson, 75080, TX, USA
| | - Teri A Douglas
- The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Rd., Richardson, 75080, TX, USA
| | - Nosakhare F Igie
- The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Rd., Richardson, 75080, TX, USA
| | - James A Hargrove
- The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Rd., Richardson, 75080, TX, USA
| | - Grace Hamilton
- The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Rd., Richardson, 75080, TX, USA
| | - Brianna B Bradley
- The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Rd., Richardson, 75080, TX, USA
| | - Cathy Thai
- The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Rd., Richardson, 75080, TX, USA
| | - Brendan Le
- The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Rd., Richardson, 75080, TX, USA
| | - Maitri Unjia
- The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Rd., Richardson, 75080, TX, USA
| | - Dylan Wicherts
- The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Rd., Richardson, 75080, TX, USA
| | - Zackery Ferneyhough
- The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Rd., Richardson, 75080, TX, USA
| | - Anjali Pillai
- The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Rd., Richardson, 75080, TX, USA
| | - Shailendra Koirala
- The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Rd., Richardson, 75080, TX, USA
| | - Laurel M Hagge
- The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Rd., Richardson, 75080, TX, USA
| | - Himanshu Polara
- The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Rd., Richardson, 75080, TX, USA
| | - Raymond C Trievel
- University of Michigan, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, 48109, MI, USA
| | - Robert J Fick
- The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Rd., Richardson, 75080, TX, USA
| | - Allison L Stelling
- The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Rd., Richardson, 75080, TX, USA.
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15
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Westberg M, Su Y, Zou X, Huang P, Rustagi A, Garhyan J, Patel PB, Fernandez D, Wu Y, Hao C, Lo CW, Karim M, Ning L, Beck A, Saenkham-Huntsinger P, Tat V, Drelich A, Peng BH, Einav S, Tseng CTK, Blish C, Lin MZ. An orally bioavailable SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitor exhibits improved affinity and reduced sensitivity to mutations. Sci Transl Med 2024; 16:eadi0979. [PMID: 38478629 PMCID: PMC11193659 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adi0979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
Inhibitors of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) main protease (Mpro) such as nirmatrelvir (NTV) and ensitrelvir (ETV) have proven effective in reducing the severity of COVID-19, but the presence of resistance-conferring mutations in sequenced viral genomes raises concerns about future drug resistance. Second-generation oral drugs that retain function against these mutants are thus urgently needed. We hypothesized that the covalent hepatitis C virus protease inhibitor boceprevir (BPV) could serve as the basis for orally bioavailable drugs that inhibit SARS-CoV-2 Mpro more efficiently than existing drugs. Performing structure-guided modifications of BPV, we developed a picomolar-affinity inhibitor, ML2006a4, with antiviral activity, oral pharmacokinetics, and therapeutic efficacy similar or superior to those of NTV. A crucial feature of ML2006a4 is a derivatization of the ketoamide reactive group that improves cell permeability and oral bioavailability. Last, ML2006a4 was found to be less sensitive to several mutations that cause resistance to NTV or ETV and occur in the natural SARS-CoV-2 population. Thus, anticipatory design can preemptively address potential resistance mechanisms to expand future treatment options against coronavirus variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Westberg
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University; 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University; 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Yichi Su
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xinzhi Zou
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Pinghan Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch; Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Arjun Rustagi
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jaishree Garhyan
- Stanford In Vitro Biosafety Level 3 Service Center, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Puja Bhavesh Patel
- Stanford In Vitro Biosafety Level 3 Service Center, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Daniel Fernandez
- Program in Chemistry, Engineering, and Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Macromolecular Structure Knowledge Center, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Chenzhou Hao
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Chieh-Wen Lo
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Marwah Karim
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lin Ning
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Aimee Beck
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Vivian Tat
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch; Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Aleksandra Drelich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch; Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Bi-Hung Peng
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, The University of Texas Medical Branch; Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Shirit Einav
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub; San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Chien-Te K. Tseng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch; Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch; Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, The University of Texas Medical Branch; Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Catherine Blish
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub; San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Michael Z. Lin
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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16
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Hayward D, Beekman AM. Strategies for converting turn-motif and cyclic peptides to small molecules for targeting protein-protein interactions. RSC Chem Biol 2024; 5:198-208. [PMID: 38456035 PMCID: PMC10915966 DOI: 10.1039/d3cb00222e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of small molecules that interact with protein-protein interactions is an ongoing challenge. Peptides offer a starting point in the drug discovery process for targeting protein-interactions due to their larger, more flexible structure and the structurally diverse properties that allow for a greater interaction with the protein. The techniques for rapidly identifying potent cyclic peptides and turn-motif peptides are highly effective, but this potential has not yet transferred to approved drug candidates. By applying the properties of the peptide-protein interaction the development of small molecules for drug discovery has the potential to be more efficient. In this review, we discuss the methods that allow for the unique binding properties of peptides to proteins, and the methods deployed to transfer these qualities to potent small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanne Hayward
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park Norwich Norfolk NR47TJ UK
| | - Andrew M Beekman
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park Norwich Norfolk NR47TJ UK
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17
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Du S, Hu X, Menéndez-Arias L, Zhan P, Liu X. Target-based drug design strategies to overcome resistance to antiviral agents: opportunities and challenges. Drug Resist Updat 2024; 73:101053. [PMID: 38301487 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2024.101053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Viral infections have a major impact in human health. Ongoing viral transmission and escalating selective pressure have the potential to favor the emergence of vaccine- and antiviral drug-resistant viruses. Target-based approaches for the design of antiviral drugs can play a pivotal role in combating drug-resistant challenges. Drug design computational tools facilitate the discovery of novel drugs. This review provides a comprehensive overview of current drug design strategies employed in the field of antiviral drug resistance, illustrated through the description of a series of successful applications. These strategies include technologies that enhance compound-target affinity while minimizing interactions with mutated binding pockets. Furthermore, emerging approaches such as virtual screening, targeted protein/RNA degradation, and resistance analysis during drug design have been harnessed to curtail the emergence of drug resistance. Additionally, host targeting antiviral drugs offer a promising avenue for circumventing viral mutation. The widespread adoption of these refined drug design strategies will effectively address the prevailing challenge posed by antiviral drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqing Du
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xueping Hu
- Institute of Frontier Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Luis Menéndez-Arias
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China; China-Belgium Collaborative Research Center for Innovative Antiviral Drugs of Shandong Province, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China; China-Belgium Collaborative Research Center for Innovative Antiviral Drugs of Shandong Province, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China.
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18
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Semeno VV, Vasylchenko VO, Fesun IM, Ruzhylo LY, Kipriianov MO, Melnykov KP, Skreminskyi A, Iminov R, Mykhailiuk P, Vashchenko BV, Grygorenko OO. Bicyclo[m.n.k]alkane Building Blocks as Promising Benzene and Cycloalkane Isosteres: Multigram Synthesis, Physicochemical and Structural Characterization. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303859. [PMID: 38149408 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Electrophilic double bond functionalization - intramolecular enolate alkylation sequence was used to obtain a series of bridged and fused bicyclo[m.n.k]alkane derivatives (i. e., bicyclo[4.1.1]octanes, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanes, bicyclo[3.2.1]octanes, bicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes, and bicyclo[4.2.0]heptanes). The scope and limitations of the method were established, and applicability to the multigram synthesis of target bicyclic compounds was illustrated. Using the developed protocols, over 50 mono- and bifunctional building blocks relevant to medicinal chemistry were prepared. The synthesized compounds are promising isosteres of benzene and cycloalkane rings, which is confirmed by their physicochemical and structural characterization (pKa , LogP, and exit vector parameters (EVP)). "Rules of thumb" for the upcoming isosteric replacement studies were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volodymyr V Semeno
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska Street 78, Kyїv, 02094, Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyїv, 01601, Ukraine
| | | | - Ihor M Fesun
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska Street 78, Kyїv, 02094, Ukraine
| | - Liudmyla Yu Ruzhylo
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska Street 78, Kyїv, 02094, Ukraine
- National Technical University of Ukraine " Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute", Beresteiskyi Ave. 37, Kyїv, 03056, Ukraine
| | - Mykhailo O Kipriianov
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska Street 78, Kyїv, 02094, Ukraine
- National Technical University of Ukraine " Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute", Beresteiskyi Ave. 37, Kyїv, 03056, Ukraine
| | - Kostiantyn P Melnykov
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska Street 78, Kyїv, 02094, Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyїv, 01601, Ukraine
| | | | - Rustam Iminov
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska Street 78, Kyїv, 02094, Ukraine
| | | | - Bohdan V Vashchenko
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska Street 78, Kyїv, 02094, Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyїv, 01601, Ukraine
| | - Oleksandr O Grygorenko
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska Street 78, Kyїv, 02094, Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyїv, 01601, Ukraine
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19
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Liashuk OS, Ryzhov IA, Hryshchuk OV, Volovenko YM, Grygorenko OO. [3+2] Cycloaddition of Alkynyl Boronates and in situ Generated Azomethine Ylide. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303504. [PMID: 38059680 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Scalable [3+2] cycloaddition of alkynyl boronates and in situ generated unstabilized azomethine ylide is reported for the first time. The selective formation of either 1 : 1 or 1 : 2 cycloaddition products was achieved by carefully optimizing the reaction conditions, mainly by controlling the reactant stoichiometry, catalyst loading, and internal temperature. The developed protocol tolerated many valuable functional groups, including TMS, protected alcohol (as ether or THP derivatives), or aldehyde (as acetal). Further common C-C and C-heteroatom bond-forming reactions, as well as scaled-up procedures demonstrate the utility of the prepared compounds as building blocks for organic synthesis and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr S Liashuk
- Enamine Ltd., Winston Churchill Street 78, Kyїv, 02094, Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyїv, 01601, Ukraine
| | - Ihor A Ryzhov
- Enamine Ltd., Winston Churchill Street 78, Kyїv, 02094, Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyїv, 01601, Ukraine
| | - Oleksandr V Hryshchuk
- Enamine Ltd., Winston Churchill Street 78, Kyїv, 02094, Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyїv, 01601, Ukraine
| | - Yulian M Volovenko
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyїv, 01601, Ukraine
| | - Oleksandr O Grygorenko
- Enamine Ltd., Winston Churchill Street 78, Kyїv, 02094, Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyїv, 01601, Ukraine
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20
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Hu J, Fu S, Zhan Z, Zhang J. Advancements in dual-target inhibitors of PI3K for tumor therapy: Clinical progress, development strategies, prospects. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 265:116109. [PMID: 38183777 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.116109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) modify lipids by the phosphorylation of inositol phospholipids at the 3'-OH position, thereby participating in signal transduction and exerting effects on various physiological processes such as cell growth, metabolism, and organism development. PI3K activation also drives cancer cell growth, survival, and metabolism, with genetic dysregulation of this pathway observed in diverse human cancers. Therefore, this target is considered a promising potential therapeutic target for various types of cancer. Currently, several selective PI3K inhibitors and one dual-target PI3K inhibitor have been approved and launched on the market. However, the majority of these inhibitors have faced revocation or voluntary withdrawal of indications due to concerns regarding their adverse effects. This article provides a comprehensive review of the structure and biological functions, and clinical status of PI3K inhibitors, with a specific emphasis on the development strategies and structure-activity relationships of dual-target PI3K inhibitors. The findings offer valuable insights and future directions for the development of highly promising dual-target drugs targeting PI3K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarui Hu
- Department of Neurology, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Siyu Fu
- Department of Neurology, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Zixuan Zhan
- Department of Neurology, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Jifa Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.
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21
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Komarov IV, Bugrov VA, Cherednychenko A, Grygorenko OO. Insights into Modeling Approaches in Chemistry: Assessing Ligand-Protein Binding Thermodynamics Based on Rigid-Flexible Model Molecules. CHEM REC 2024; 24:e202300276. [PMID: 37847887 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
In the field of chemistry, model compounds find extensive use for investigating complex objects. One prime example of such object is the protein-ligand supramolecular interaction. Prediction the enthalpic and entropic contribution to the free energy associated with this process, as well as the structural and dynamic characteristics of protein-ligand complexes poses considerable challenges. This review exemplifies modeling approaches used to study protein-ligand binding (PLB) thermodynamics by employing pairs of conformationally constrained/flexible model molecules. Strategically designing the model molecules can reduce the number of variables that influence thermodynamic parameters. This enables scientists to gain deeper insights into the enthalpy and entropy of PLB, which is relevant for medicinal chemistry and drug design. The model studies reviewed here demonstrate that rigidifying ligands may induce compensating changes in the enthalpy and entropy of binding. Some "rules of thumb" have started to emerge on how to minimize entropy-enthalpy compensation and design efficient rigidified or flexible ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor V Komarov
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyiv, 01601, Ukraine
- Enamine Ltd., Winston Churchill Street 78, Kyiv, 02094, Ukraine
| | - Volodymyr A Bugrov
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyiv, 01601, Ukraine
| | - Anton Cherednychenko
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyiv, 01601, Ukraine
- Enamine Ltd., Winston Churchill Street 78, Kyiv, 02094, Ukraine
| | - Oleksandr O Grygorenko
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyiv, 01601, Ukraine
- Enamine Ltd., Winston Churchill Street 78, Kyiv, 02094, Ukraine
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22
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Amrhein JA, Berger LM, Balourdas DI, Joerger AC, Menge A, Krämer A, Frischkorn JM, Berger BT, Elson L, Kaiser A, Schubert-Zsilavecz M, Müller S, Knapp S, Hanke T. Synthesis of Pyrazole-Based Macrocycles Leads to a Highly Selective Inhibitor for MST3. J Med Chem 2024; 67:674-690. [PMID: 38126712 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
MST1, MST2, MST3, MST4, and YSK1 are conserved members of the mammalian sterile 20-like serine/threonine (MST) family that regulate cellular functions such as proliferation and migration. The MST3 isozyme plays a role in regulating cell growth and apoptosis, and its dysregulation has been linked to high-grade tumors. To date, there are no isoform-selective inhibitors that could be used for validating the role of MST3 in tumorigenesis. We designed a series of 3-aminopyrazole-based macrocycles based on the structure of a promiscuous inhibitor. By varying the moieties targeting the solvent-exposed region and optimizing the linker, macrocycle JA310 (21c) was synthesized. JA310 exhibited high cellular potency for MST3 (EC50 = 106 nM) and excellent kinome-wide selectivity. The crystal structure of the MST3-JA310 complex provided intriguing insights into the binding mode, which is associated with large-scale structural rearrangements. In summary, JA310 demonstrates the utility of macrocyclization for the design of highly selective inhibitors and presents the first chemical probe for MST3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Alisa Amrhein
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Lena Marie Berger
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dimitrios-Ilias Balourdas
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Andreas C Joerger
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Amelie Menge
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Andreas Krämer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DTKT Site Frankfurt-Mainz 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julia Marie Frischkorn
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Benedict-Tilman Berger
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Lewis Elson
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Astrid Kaiser
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Manfred Schubert-Zsilavecz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Susanne Müller
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stefan Knapp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DTKT Site Frankfurt-Mainz 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Hanke
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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23
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Abdelwahid MS, Ohsawa K, Uwamizu A, Kano K, Aoki J, Doi T. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Lysophosphatidic Acid Analogues Using Conformational Restriction and Bioisosteric Replacement Strategies. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:49278-49288. [PMID: 38162765 PMCID: PMC10753746 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c07668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a key player in many physiological and pathophysiological processes. The biological activities of LPA are mediated through interactions with-at least-six subtypes of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) named LPA1-6. Developing a pharmacological tool molecule that activates LPA subtype receptors selectively will allow a better understanding of their specific physiological roles. Here, we designed and synthesized conformationally restricted 25 1-oleoyl LPA analogues MZN-001 to MZN-025 by incorporating its glycerol linker into dihydropyran, tetrahydropyran, and pyrrolidine rings and variating the lipophilic chain. The agonistic activities of these compounds were evaluated using the TGFα shedding assay. Overall, the synthesized analogues exhibited significantly reduced agonistic activities toward LPA1, LPA2, and LPA6, while demonstrating potent activities toward LPA3, LPA4, and LPA5 compared to the parent LPA. Specifically, MZN-010 showed more than 10 times greater potency (EC50 = 4.9 nM) than the standard 1-oleoyl LPA (EC50 = 78 nM) toward LPA5 while exhibiting significantly lower activity on LPA1, LPA2, and LPA6 and comparable potency toward LPA3 and LPA4. Based on the MZN-010 scaffold, we synthesized additional analogues with improved selectivity and potency toward LPA5. Compound MZN-021, which contains a saturated lipophilic chain, exhibited 50 times more potent activity (EC50 = 1.2 nM) than the natural LPA against LPA5 with over a 45-fold higher selectivity when compared to those of other LPA receptors. Thus, MZN-021 was found to be a potent and selective LPA5 agonist. The findings of this study could contribute to broadening the current knowledge about the stereochemical and three-dimensional arrangement of LPA pharmacophore components inside LPA receptors and paving the way toward synthesizing other subtype-selective pharmacological probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazin
A. S. Abdelwahid
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku
University, 6-3 Aza-aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kosuke Ohsawa
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku
University, 6-3 Aza-aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Akiharu Uwamizu
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University
of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kuniyuki Kano
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University
of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Junken Aoki
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University
of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takayuki Doi
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku
University, 6-3 Aza-aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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24
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Hu X, Xian MY, Wang XF, Zou GQ, Luo R, Peng H, Liu Z. Conformationally Restricted Analogues of α-Galactosylceramide as Adjuvant in COVID-19 Subunit Vaccine. ACS Med Chem Lett 2023; 14:1647-1655. [PMID: 38116441 PMCID: PMC10726466 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
iNKT cells are a type of T lymphocyte that recognizes glycolipid antigens presented by CD1d protein. αGC is an agonistic glycolipid that activates iNKT cells and triggers immune modulatory cytokine responses, making it a promising vaccine adjuvant. To find more potent immunostimulating glycolipids, we prepared 4,6-O-galactosyl conformationally restricted analogues of αGC. Mice vaccinated with the SARS-CoV-2 RBD-Fc vaccine adjuvanted with these newly developed glycolipids produced robust anti-RBD antibody responses, comparable to those achieved with αGC. Importantly, we also found that omitting αGC, α-C-GalCer (Th1-type agonist), or C20:2 (Th2-type agonist) from the booster vaccine had negligible impact on antibody and cellular responses, potentially reducing the frequency of adjuvant use required to maintain potent immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Hu
- Key
Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education,
Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base
of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, International Joint Research Center
for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P. R. China
| | - Mao-Ying Xian
- Key
Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education,
Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base
of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, International Joint Research Center
for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P. R. China
| | - Xi-Feng Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education,
Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base
of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, International Joint Research Center
for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P. R. China
| | - Guo-Qing Zou
- Key
Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education,
Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base
of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, International Joint Research Center
for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P. R. China
| | - Rui Luo
- State
Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary
Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P. R. China
| | - Hao Peng
- Key
Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education,
Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base
of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, International Joint Research Center
for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Key
Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education,
Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base
of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, International Joint Research Center
for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P. R. China
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25
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Hassan AHE, Alam MM, Phan TN, Baek KH, Lee H, Cho SB, Lee CH, Kim YJ, No JH, Lee YS. Repurposing of conformationally-restricted cyclopentane-based AKT-inhibitors leads to discovery of potential and more selective antileishmanial agents than miltefosine. Bioorg Chem 2023; 141:106890. [PMID: 37783099 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Conformational restriction was addressed towards the development of more selective and effective antileishmanial agents than currently used drugs for treatment of Leishmania donovani; the causative parasite of the fatal visceral leishmaniasis. Five types of cyclopentane-based conformationally restricted miltefosine analogs that were previously explored in literature as anticancer AKT-inhibitors were reprepared and repurposed as antileishmanial agents. Amongst, positions-1 and 2 cis-conformationally-restricted compound 1a and positions-2 and 3 trans-conformationally-restricted compound 3b were highly potent eliciting sub-micromolar IC50 values for inhibition of infection and inhibition of parasite number compared with the currently used miltefosine drug that showed low micromolar IC50 values for inhibition of infection and inhibition of parasite number. Compounds 1a and 3b eradicated the parasite without triggering host cells cytotoxicity over more than one log concentration interval which is a superior performance compared to miltefosine. In silico studies suggested that conformational restriction conserved the conformer capable of binding LdAKT-like kinase while it might be possible that it excludes other conformers mediating undesirable effects and/or toxicity of miltefosine. Together, this study presents compounds 1a and 3b as antileishmanial agents with superior performance over the currently used miltefosine drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed H E Hassan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
| | - Mohammad Maqusood Alam
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Trong-Nhat Phan
- Host-Parasite Research Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Hwa Baek
- Host-Parasite Research Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeryon Lee
- Host-Parasite Research Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Bin Cho
- Department of Fundamental Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae Hyeon Lee
- Department of Fundamental Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Ju Kim
- Department of Fundamental Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Hwan No
- Host-Parasite Research Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Sup Lee
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Fundamental Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
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26
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Magwaza NM, More GK, Gildenhuys S, Mphahlele MJ. In Vitro α-Glucosidase and α-Amylase Inhibition, Cytotoxicity and Free Radical Scavenging Profiling of the 6-Halogeno and Mixed 6,8-Dihalogenated 2-Aryl-4-methyl-1,2-dihydroquinazoline 3-Oxides. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1971. [PMID: 38001824 PMCID: PMC10669220 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12111971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Series of the 6-bromo/iodo substituted 2-aryl-4-methyl-1,2-dihydroquinazoline-3-oxides and their mixed 6,8-dihalogenated (Br/I and I/Br) derivatives were evaluated for inhibitory properties against α-glucosidase and/or α-amylase activities and for cytotoxicity against breast (MCF-7) and lung (A549) cancer cell lines. The 6-bromo-2-phenyl substituted 3a and its corresponding 6-bromo-8-iodo-2-phenyl-substituted derivative 3i exhibited dual activity against α-glucosidase (IC50 = 1.08 ± 0.02 μM and 1.01 ± 0.05 μM, respectively) and α-amylase (IC50 = 5.33 ± 0.01 μM and 1.18 ± 0.06 μM, respectively) compared to acarbose (IC50 = 4.40 ± 0.05 μM and 2.92 ± 0.02 μM, respectively). The 6-iodo-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-substituted derivative 3f, on the other hand, exhibited strong activity against α-amylase and significant inhibitory effect against α-glucosidase with IC50 values of 0.64 ± 0.01 μM and 9.27 ± 0.02 μM, respectively. Compounds 3c, 3l and 3p exhibited the highest activity against α-glucosidase with IC50 values of 1.04 ± 0.03, 0.92 ± 0.01 and 0.78 ± 0.05 μM, respectively. Moderate cytotoxicity against the MCF-7 and A549 cell lines was observed for these compounds compared to the anticancer drugs doxorubicin (IC50 = 0.25 ± 0.05 μM and 0.36 ± 0.07 μM, respectively) and gefitinib (IC50 = 0.19 ± 0.04 μM and 0.25 ± 0.03 μM, respectively), and their IC50 values are in the range of 10.38 ± 0.08-25.48 ± 0.08 μM and 11.39 ± 0.12-20.00 ± 0.05 μM, respectively. The test compounds generally exhibited moderate to strong antioxidant capabilities, as demonstrated via robust free radical scavenging activity assays, viz., DPPH and NO. The potential of selected derivatives to inhibit superoxide dismutase (SOD) was also investigated via enzymatic assay in vitro. Molecular docking revealed the N-O moiety as essential to facilitate electrostatic interactions of the test compounds with the protein residues in the active site of α-glucosidase and α-amylase. The presence of bromine and/or iodine atoms resulted in increased hydrophobic (alkyl and/or π-alkyl) interactions and therefore increased inhibitory effect against both enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nontokozo M. Magwaza
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Private Bag X06, Florida 1710, South Africa;
| | - Garland K. More
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences Laboratories, University of South Africa, Private Bag X06, Florida 1710, South Africa;
| | - Samantha Gildenhuys
- Department of Life & Consumer Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Private Bag X06, Florida 1710, South Africa;
| | - Malose J. Mphahlele
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Private Bag X06, Florida 1710, South Africa;
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27
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Epplin RC, Gulder T. Enyne difluorination. Nat Chem 2023; 15:1484-1485. [PMID: 37907608 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01352-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel C Epplin
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tanja Gulder
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.
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28
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Vanangamudi M, Palaniappan S, Kathiravan MK, Namasivayam V. Strategies in the Design and Development of Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs). Viruses 2023; 15:1992. [PMID: 37896769 PMCID: PMC10610861 DOI: 10.3390/v15101992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is a potentially life-threatening infectious disease caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). To date, thousands of people have lost their lives annually due to HIV infection, and it continues to be a big public health issue globally. Since the discovery of the first drug, Zidovudine (AZT), a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI), to date, 30 drugs have been approved by the FDA, primarily targeting reverse transcriptase, integrase, and/or protease enzymes. The majority of these drugs target the catalytic and allosteric sites of the HIV enzyme reverse transcriptase. Compared to the NRTI family of drugs, the diverse chemical class of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) has special anti-HIV activity with high specificity and low toxicity. However, current clinical usage of NRTI and NNRTI drugs has limited therapeutic value due to their adverse drug reactions and the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains. To overcome drug resistance and efficacy issues, combination therapy is widely prescribed for HIV patients. Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) includes more than one antiretroviral agent targeting two or more enzymes in the life cycle of the virus. Medicinal chemistry researchers apply different optimization strategies including structure- and fragment-based drug design, prodrug approach, scaffold hopping, molecular/fragment hybridization, bioisosterism, high-throughput screening, covalent-binding, targeting highly hydrophobic channel, targeting dual site, and multi-target-directed ligand to identify and develop novel NNRTIs with high antiviral activity against wild-type (WT) and mutant strains. The formulation experts design various delivery systems with single or combination therapies and long-acting regimens of NNRTIs to improve pharmacokinetic profiles and provide sustained therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murugesan Vanangamudi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Madhya Pradesh, Gwalior 474005, Madhya Pradesh, India;
| | - Senthilkumar Palaniappan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore 641021, Tamilnadu, India;
- Center for Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore 641021, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Muthu Kumaradoss Kathiravan
- Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam Research Lab, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRMIST, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamilnadu, India;
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRMIST, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Vigneshwaran Namasivayam
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany
- LIED, University of Lübeck and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
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29
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Eckart-Frank IK, Wilkerson-Hill SM. Palladium-Catalyzed Trans-Selective Synthesis of Spirocyclic Cyclobutanes Using α,α-Dialkylcrotyl- and Allylhydrazones. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:18591-18597. [PMID: 37552631 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we demonstrate the use of E/Z mixtures of α,α-disubstituted crotylhydrazones to obtain spirocyclic vinylcyclobutanes in a diastereoselective fashion. We show 24 examples of a 1,1-insertion/4-exo-trig tandem process to produce these motifs. Additionally, spirocyclic alkylidene cyclobutanes can be obtained by using α,α-disubstituted allylated hydrazones (11 examples). In this study, we show that the aryl migrating group has a dramatic impact on the course of the reaction. Specifically, allylic C-H insertion products can be obtained in good yields using bromoenones as reaction partners. When Pd(0) is used with no aryl or alkenyl bromide, an intramolecular cyclopropanation reaction takes place to afford [2.1.0]-bicycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaiah K Eckart-Frank
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Sidney M Wilkerson-Hill
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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30
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Guo R, Brown MK. Lewis Acid-Promoted [2 + 2] Cycloadditions of Allenes and Ketenes: Versatile Methods for Natural Product Synthesis. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:2253-2264. [PMID: 37540783 PMCID: PMC11041672 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusCycloaddition reactions are an effective method to quickly build molecular complexity. As predicted by the Woodward-Hoffmann rules, concerted cycloadditions with alkenes allow for the constructions of all possible stereoisomers of product by use of either the Z or E geometry. While this feature of cycloadditions is widely used in, for example, [4 + 2] cycloadditions, translation to [2 + 2] cycloadditions is challenging because of the often stepwise and therefore stereoconvergent nature of these processes. Over the past decade, our lab has explored Lewis acid-promoted [2 + 2] cycloadditions of electron-deficient allenes or ketenes with alkenes. The concerted, asynchronous cycloadditions allow for the synthesis of various cyclobutanes with control of stereochemistry.Our lab developed the first examples of Lewis acid-promoted ketene-alkene [2 + 2] cycloadditions. Compared with traditional thermal conditions, Lewis acid-promoted conditions have several advantages, such as increased reactivity, increased yield, improved diastereoselectivity, and, for certain cases, inverse diastereoselectivity. Detailed mechanistic studies revealed that the diastereoselectivity was controlled by the size of the substituent and the barrier of a deconjugation event. However, these reactions required the use of stoichiometric amounts of EtAlCl2 because of the product inhibition, which led us to investigate catalytic enantioselective [2 + 2] cycloadditions of allenoates with alkenes. Through the use of chiral oxazaborolidines, a broad range of cyclobutanes can be prepared with the control of enantioselectivity. Mechanistic experiments, including 2D-labled alkenes and Hammett analysis, illuminate likely transition state models for the cycloadditions. Additional studies led to the development of Lewis acid-catalyzed intramolecular stereoselective [2 + 2] cycloadditions of chiral allenic ketones/esters with alkenes.The methods we developed have been instrumental in the synthesis of several families of natural products. Specifically, one key lactone motif in (±)-gracilioether F was constructed by a ketene-alkene [2 + 2] cycloaddition and subsequent regioselective Baeyer-Villiger oxidation sequence. Enantioselective allenoate-alkene [2 + 2] cycloadditions allowed for the synthesis of (-)-hebelophyllene E. Another attempt of applying this method in the synthesis of (+)-[5]-ladderanoic acid failed to deliver the desired cyclobutane because of an unexpected rearrangement. The key cyclobutane was later assembled by a stepwise carboboration/Zweifel olefination process. Finally, the stereoselective [2 + 2] cycloadditions of allenic ketones and alkenes was applied in the syntheses of (-)-[3]-ladderanol, (+)-hippolide J, and (-)-cajanusine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renyu Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - M Kevin Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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31
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Paul S, Adelfinsky D, Salome C, Fessard T, Brown MK. 2,5-disubstituted bicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes as rigidified cyclopentane variants. Chem Sci 2023; 14:8070-8075. [PMID: 37538817 PMCID: PMC10395266 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02695g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Identification of rigid counterparts for common flexible scaffolds is crucial to the advancement of medicinal chemistry. Here we showcase a new class of building blocks, 2,5-disubstituted bicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes that can act as rigidified cis-, or trans-1,3-disubstituted cyclopentanes, common motifs in drugs. The scalable synthesis of these structures was enabled through the use of C-H functionalization logic and cycloaddition reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashwati Paul
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University 800 E. Kirkwood Ave Bloomington IN 47405 USA
| | - Daniel Adelfinsky
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University 800 E. Kirkwood Ave Bloomington IN 47405 USA
| | - Christophe Salome
- SpiroChem AG Rosental Area, WRO-1047-3, Mattenstrasse 22 4058 Basel Switzerland
| | - Thomas Fessard
- SpiroChem AG Rosental Area, WRO-1047-3, Mattenstrasse 22 4058 Basel Switzerland
| | - M Kevin Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University 800 E. Kirkwood Ave Bloomington IN 47405 USA
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32
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Amrhein J, Wang G, Berger BT, Berger LM, Kalampaliki AD, Krämer A, Knapp S, Hanke T. Design and Synthesis of Pyrazole-Based Macrocyclic Kinase Inhibitors Targeting BMPR2. ACS Med Chem Lett 2023; 14:833-840. [PMID: 37312836 PMCID: PMC10258821 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling is mediated by transmembrane protein kinases that form heterotetramers consisting of type-I and type-II receptors. Upon BMP binding, the constitutively active type-II receptors activate specific type-I receptors by transphosphorylation, resulting in the phosphorylation of SMAD effector proteins. Drug discovery in the receptor tyrosine kinase-like (TKL) family has largely focused on type-I receptors, with few inhibitors that have been published targeting type-II receptors. BMPR2 is involved in several diseases, most notably pulmonary arterial hypertension, but also contributes to Alzheimer's disease and cancer. Here, we report that macrocyclization of the promiscuous inhibitor 1, based on a 3-amino-1H-pyrazole hinge binding moiety, led to a selective and potent BMPR2 inhibitor 8a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer
A. Amrhein
- Institute
for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Johann Wolfgang
Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Structure
Genomics Consortium, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Guiqun Wang
- Institute
for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Johann Wolfgang
Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Structure
Genomics Consortium, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- German
Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer
Research Center (DKFZ), DKTK Site Frankfurt-Mainz, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Benedict-Tilman Berger
- Institute
for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Johann Wolfgang
Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Structure
Genomics Consortium, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Lena M. Berger
- Institute
for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Johann Wolfgang
Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Structure
Genomics Consortium, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Amalia D. Kalampaliki
- Department
of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas Krämer
- Institute
for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Johann Wolfgang
Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Structure
Genomics Consortium, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- German
Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer
Research Center (DKFZ), DKTK Site Frankfurt-Mainz, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Knapp
- Institute
for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Johann Wolfgang
Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Structure
Genomics Consortium, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- German
Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer
Research Center (DKFZ), DKTK Site Frankfurt-Mainz, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Hanke
- Institute
for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Johann Wolfgang
Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Structure
Genomics Consortium, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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33
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Zhao H, Brånalt J, Perry M, Tyrchan C. The Role of Allylic Strain for Conformational Control in Medicinal Chemistry. J Med Chem 2023. [PMID: 37285219 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
It is axiomatic in medicinal chemistry that optimization of the potency of a small molecule at a macromolecular target requires complementarity between the ligand and target. In order to minimize the conformational penalty on binding, both enthalpically and entropically, it is therefore preferred to have the ligand preorganized in the bound conformation. In this Perspective, we highlight the role of allylic strain in controlling conformational preferences. Allylic strain was originally described for carbon-based allylic systems, but the same principles apply to other types of structure with sp2 or pseudo-sp2 arrangements. These systems include benzylic (including heteroaryl methyl) positions, amides, N-aryl groups, aryl ethers, and nucleotides. We have derived torsion profiles from small molecule X-ray structures for these systems. Through multiple examples, we show how these effects have been applied in drug discovery and how they can be used prospectively to influence conformation in the design process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Zhao
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology (R&I), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg 43183, Sweden
| | - Jonas Brånalt
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg 43183, Sweden
| | - Matthew Perry
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology (R&I), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg 43183, Sweden
| | - Christian Tyrchan
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology (R&I), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg 43183, Sweden
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34
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Galbiati A, Bova S, Pacchiana R, Borsari C, Persico M, Zana A, Bruno S, Donadelli M, Fattorusso C, Conti P. Discovery of a spirocyclic 3-bromo-4,5-dihydroisoxazole covalent inhibitor of hGAPDH with antiproliferative activity against pancreatic cancer cells. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 254:115286. [PMID: 37058971 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), a key glycolytic enzyme, plays a crucial role in the energy metabolism of cancer cells and has been proposed as a valuable target for the development of anticancer agents. Among a series of 5-substituted 3-bromo-4,5-dihydroisoxazole (BDHI) derivatives, we identified the spirocyclic compound 11, which is able to covalently inactivate recombinant human GAPDH (hGAPDH) with a faster reactivity than koningic acid, one of the most potent hGAPDH inhibitors known to date. Computational studies confirmed that conformational rigidification is crucial to stabilize the interaction of the inhibitor with the binding site, thus favoring the subsequent covalent bond formation. Investigation of intrinsic warhead reactivity at different pH disclosed the negligible reactivity of 11 with free thiols, highlighting its ability to selectively react with the activated cysteine of hGAPDH with respect to other sulfhydryl groups. Compound 11 strongly reduced cancer cell growth in four different pancreatic cancer cell lines and its antiproliferative activity correlated well with the intracellular inhibition of hGAPDH. Overall, our results qualify 11 as a potent hGAPDH covalent inhibitor with a moderate drug-like reactivity that could be further exploited to develop anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Galbiati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Stefania Bova
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43125, Parma, Italy
| | - Raffaella Pacchiana
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, University of Verona, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Chiara Borsari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133, Milano, Italy; Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marco Persico
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Aureliano Zana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Stefano Bruno
- Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Massimo Donadelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, University of Verona, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Caterina Fattorusso
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Paola Conti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133, Milano, Italy.
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35
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Lin F, Sun M, Gao J, Zhang B, Mao Q, Bao Z, Shen C, Li Q, Wang H, Wang S. Identification of 5-[5-cyano-1-(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)-1H-indole-3-carboxamido] thiazole-4-carboxylic acid as a promising dual inhibitor of urate transporter 1 and xanthine oxidase. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 257:115532. [PMID: 37295161 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In combination with allopurinol, tranilast is used as an urate transporter 1 (URAT1) inhibitor for the treatment of hyperuricemia, but its structure-activity relationship concerning URAT1 inhibitory activity is rarely studied. In this paper, analogs 1-30 were designed and synthesized using scaffold hopping strategy on the basis of tranilast and the privileged scaffold indole. Then, URAT1 activity was evaluated using 14C-uric acid uptake assay with HEK293-URAT1 overexpressing cells. Compared with tranilast (inhibitory rate = 44.9% at 10 μM), most compounds displayed apparent inhibitory effects, ranging from 40.0% to 81.0% at 10 μM on URAT1. Surprisingly, along with the bringing in of a cyano group at the 5-position of indole ring, compounds 26 and 28-30 exerted xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitory activity. In particular, compound 29 presented potency on URAT1 (48.0% at 10 μM) and XO (IC50 = 1.01 μM). Molecular simulation analysis revealed that the basic structure of compound 29 had an affinity with URAT1, and XO. Furthermore, compound 29 demonstrated a significant hypouricemic effect in a potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemia rat model at an oral dose of 10 mg/kg during in vivo tests. In summary, tranilast analog 29 was identified as a potent dual-target inhibitor of URAT1 and XO, and a promising lead compound for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengwei Lin
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Ming Sun
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Jun Gao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Qing Mao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Ziyang Bao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Chao Shen
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Qiuhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Han Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China.
| | - Shaojie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China.
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36
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Kang G, Strassfeld DA, Sheng T, Chen CY, Yu JQ. Transannular C-H functionalization of cycloalkane carboxylic acids. Nature 2023; 618:519-525. [PMID: 37258673 PMCID: PMC11135385 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06000-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic organic molecules are common among natural products and pharmaceuticals1,2. In fact, the overwhelming majority of small-molecule pharmaceuticals contain at least one ring system, as they provide control over molecular shape, often increasing oral bioavailability while providing enhanced control over the activity, specificity and physical properties of drug candidates3-5. Consequently, new methods for the direct site and diastereoselective synthesis of functionalized carbocycles are highly desirable. In principle, molecular editing by C-H activation offers an ideal route to these compounds. However, the site-selective C-H functionalization of cycloalkanes remains challenging because of the strain encountered in transannular C-H palladation. Here we report that two classes of ligands-quinuclidine-pyridones (L1, L2) and sulfonamide-pyridones (L3)-enable transannular γ-methylene C-H arylation of small- to medium-sized cycloalkane carboxylic acids, with ring sizes ranging from cyclobutane to cyclooctane. Excellent γ-regioselectivity was observed in the presence of multiple β-C-H bonds. This advance marks a major step towards achieving molecular editing of saturated carbocycles: a class of scaffolds that are important in synthetic and medicinal chemistry3-5. The utility of this protocol is demonstrated by two-step formal syntheses of a series of patented biologically active small molecules, prior syntheses of which required up to 11 steps6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guowei Kang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Tao Sheng
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Chia-Yu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jin-Quan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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37
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Martínez-Montiel M, Romero-Hernández LL, Giovannuzzi S, Begines P, Puerta A, Ahuja-Casarín AI, Fernandes MX, Merino-Montiel P, Montiel-Smith S, Nocentini A, Padrón JM, Supuran CT, Fernández-Bolaños JG, López Ó. Conformationally Restricted Glycoconjugates Derived from Arylsulfonamides and Coumarins: New Families of Tumour-Associated Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119401. [PMID: 37298353 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The involvement of carbonic anhydrases (CAs) in a myriad of biological events makes the development of new inhibitors of these metalloenzymes a hot topic in current Medicinal Chemistry. In particular, CA IX and XII are membrane-bound enzymes, responsible for tumour survival and chemoresistance. Herein, a bicyclic carbohydrate-based hydrophilic tail (imidazolidine-2-thione) has been appended to a CA-targeting pharmacophore (arylsulfonamide, coumarin) with the aim of studying the influence of the conformational restriction of the tail on the CA inhibition. For this purpose, the coupling of sulfonamido- or coumarin-based isothiocyanates with reducing 2-aminosugars, followed by the sequential acid-promoted intramolecular cyclization of the corresponding thiourea and dehydration reactions, afforded the corresponding bicyclic imidazoline-2-thiones in good overall yield. The effects of the carbohydrate configuration, the position of the sulfonamido motif on the aryl fragment, and the tether length and substitution pattern on the coumarin were analysed in the in vitro inhibition of human CAs. Regarding sulfonamido-based inhibitors, the best template turned out to be a d-galacto-configured carbohydrate residue, meta-substitution on the aryl moiety (9b), with Ki against CA XII within the low nM range (5.1 nM), and remarkable selectivity indexes (1531 for CA I and 181.9 for CA II); this provided an enhanced profile in terms of potency and selectivity compared to more flexible linear thioureas 1-4 and the drug acetazolamide (AAZ), used herein as a reference compound. For coumarins, the strongest activities were found for substituents devoid of steric hindrance (Me, Cl), and short linkages; derivatives 24h and 24a were found to be the most potent inhibitors against CA IX and XII, respectively (Ki = 6.8, 10.1 nM), and also endowed with outstanding selectivity (Ki > 100 µM against CA I, II, as off-target enzymes). Docking simulations were conducted on 9b and 24h to gain more insight into the key inhibitor-enzyme interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Martínez-Montiel
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Ciudad Universitaria, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72570, PUE, Mexico
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Apartado 1203, E-41071 Seville, Spain
| | - Laura L Romero-Hernández
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Ciudad Universitaria, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72570, PUE, Mexico
| | - Simone Giovannuzzi
- NEUROFARBA Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, University of Florence, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Paloma Begines
- NEUROFARBA Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, University of Florence, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Adrián Puerta
- BioLab, Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica "Antonio González" (IUBO-AG), Universidad de La Laguna, c/Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 2, E-38206 La Laguna, Spain
| | - Ana I Ahuja-Casarín
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Ciudad Universitaria, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72570, PUE, Mexico
| | - Miguel X Fernandes
- BioLab, Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica "Antonio González" (IUBO-AG), Universidad de La Laguna, c/Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 2, E-38206 La Laguna, Spain
| | - Penélope Merino-Montiel
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Ciudad Universitaria, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72570, PUE, Mexico
| | - Sara Montiel-Smith
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Ciudad Universitaria, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72570, PUE, Mexico
| | - Alessio Nocentini
- NEUROFARBA Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, University of Florence, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - José M Padrón
- BioLab, Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica "Antonio González" (IUBO-AG), Universidad de La Laguna, c/Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 2, E-38206 La Laguna, Spain
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- NEUROFARBA Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, University of Florence, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - José G Fernández-Bolaños
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Apartado 1203, E-41071 Seville, Spain
| | - Óscar López
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Apartado 1203, E-41071 Seville, Spain
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38
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Jung M, Muir JE, Lindsay VNG. Expedient synthesis of spiro[3.3]heptan-1-ones via strain-relocating semipinacol rearrangements. Tetrahedron 2023; 134:133296. [PMID: 36937489 PMCID: PMC10019042 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2023.133296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A novel approach for the formation of the highly strained spiro[3.3]heptan-1-one motif was developed through the reaction of 1-sulfonylcyclopropanols and lithiated 1-sulfonylbicyclo[1.1.0]butanes. Following initial nucleophilic addition to the cyclopropanone formed in situ, the resulting 1-bicyclobutylcyclopropanol intermediate is prone to a 'strain-relocating' semipinacol rearrangement in the presence of acid, directly affording the substituted spiro[3.3]heptan-1-one. The process is shown to be fully regio- and stereospecific when starting from a substituted cyclopropanone equivalent, leading to optically active 3-substituted spiro[3.3]heptan-1-ones. The reaction likely proceeds via initial protonation of the bicyclobutyl moiety followed by [1,2]-rearrangement of the resulting cyclopropylcarbinyl cation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myunggi Jung
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, 2620 Yarbrough Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Joanna E Muir
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, 2620 Yarbrough Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Vincent N G Lindsay
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, 2620 Yarbrough Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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39
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Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel dihydropteridone derivatives possessing oxadiazoles moiety as potent inhibitors of PLK1. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 251:115242. [PMID: 36889251 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Polo like kinase 1 (PLK1) is a serine/threonine kinase that is widely distributed in eukaryotic cells and plays an important role in multiple phases of the cell cycle. Its importance in tumorigenesis has been increasingly recognized in recent years. Herein, we describe the optimization of a series of novel dihydropteridone derivatives (13a-13v and 21g-21l) possessing oxadiazoles moiety as potent inhibitors of PLK1. Compound 21g exhibited improved PLK1 inhibitory capability with an IC50 value of 0.45 nM and significant anti-proliferative activities against four tumor-derived cell lines (MCF-7 IC50 = 8.64 nM, HCT-116 IC50 = 26.0 nM, MDA-MB-231 IC50 = 14.8 nM and MV4-11 IC50 = 47.4 nM) with better pharmacokinetic characteristics than BI2536 in mice (AUC0-t = 11 227 ng h mL-1vs 556 ng h mL-1). Moreover, 21g exhibited moderate liver microsomal stability and excellent pharmacokinetic profile (AUC0-t = 11227 ng h mL-1, oral bioavailability of 77.4%) in Balb/c mice, acceptable PPB, improved PLK1 inhibitory selectivity, and no apparent toxicity was observed in the acute toxicity assay (20 mg/kg). Further investigation showed that 21 g could arrest HCT-116 cells in G2 phase and induce apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. These results indicate that 21g is a promising PLK1 inhibitor.
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40
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Chernykh AV, Kudryk OV, Olifir OS, Dobrydnev AV, Rusanov E, Moskvina VS, Volochnyuk DM, Grygorenko OO. Expanding the Chemical Space of 1,2-Difunctionalized Cyclobutanes. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 36780233 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
An efficient approach to the synthesis of previously unavailable or hardly accessible 1,2-difunctionalized cyclobutanes (mostly with NH2/NHBoc, OH, SH, or SO2F groups attached to the carbocycle either directly or via a CH2 unit) relying on the divergent strategy is described. This class of compounds provides sp3-enriched and conformationally restricted building blocks that are of special demand for medicinal chemistry. The target compounds were prepared not only as pure racemic (±)-cis- and (±)-trans-diastereomers but in some cases also as single enantiomers. The developed procedures are readily scaled up and allow obtaining the target compounds on an up to hundred-gram scale. On the basis of the results of 20 X-ray diffraction experiments, structural characterization of the 1,2-difunctionalized cyclobutane core was performed using the extended Cremer-Pople puckering parameters and exit vector (EVP) plots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton V Chernykh
- Enamine Ltd. (www.enamine.net), Chervonotkatska Street 78, Kyïv 02094, Ukraine.,Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyïv 01601, Ukraine
| | - Oleksandr V Kudryk
- Enamine Ltd. (www.enamine.net), Chervonotkatska Street 78, Kyïv 02094, Ukraine.,Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyïv 01601, Ukraine
| | - Oleksandr S Olifir
- Enamine Ltd. (www.enamine.net), Chervonotkatska Street 78, Kyïv 02094, Ukraine.,V.P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry at National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Akademik Kukhar Street 1, Kyïv 02094, Ukraine
| | - Alexey V Dobrydnev
- Enamine Ltd. (www.enamine.net), Chervonotkatska Street 78, Kyïv 02094, Ukraine.,Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyïv 01601, Ukraine
| | - Eduard Rusanov
- Institute of Organic Chemistry at National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Akademik Kukhar Street 5, Kyïv 02094, Ukraine.,Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Viktoriia S Moskvina
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyïv 01601, Ukraine.,V.P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry at National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Akademik Kukhar Street 1, Kyïv 02094, Ukraine
| | - Dmitriy M Volochnyuk
- Enamine Ltd. (www.enamine.net), Chervonotkatska Street 78, Kyïv 02094, Ukraine.,Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyïv 01601, Ukraine.,Institute of Organic Chemistry at National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Akademik Kukhar Street 5, Kyïv 02094, Ukraine
| | - Oleksandr O Grygorenko
- Enamine Ltd. (www.enamine.net), Chervonotkatska Street 78, Kyïv 02094, Ukraine.,Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyïv 01601, Ukraine
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41
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Medicinal chemistry strategies in the discovery and optimization of HBV core protein allosteric modulators (2018–2022 update). CHINESE CHEM LETT 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2023.108349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2023]
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42
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Importance of the 2,6-Difluorobenzamide Motif for FtsZ Allosteric Inhibition: Insights from Conformational Analysis, Molecular Docking and Structural Modifications. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052055. [PMID: 36903302 PMCID: PMC10003973 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A conformational analysis and molecular docking study comparing 2,6-difluoro-3-methoxybenzamide (DFMBA) with 3-methoxybenzamide (3-MBA) has been undertaken for investigating the known increase of FtsZ inhibition related anti S. aureus activity due to fluorination. For the isolated molecules, the calculations reveal that the presence of the fluorine atoms in DFMBA is responsible for its non-planarity, with a dihedral angle of -27° between the carboxamide and the aromatic ring. When interacting with the protein, the fluorinated ligand can thus more easily adopt the non-planar conformation found in reported co-crystallized complexes with FtsZ, than the non-fluorinated one. Molecular docking studies of the favored non-planar conformation of 2,6-difluoro-3-methoxybenzamide highlights the strong hydrophobic interactions between the difluoroaromatic ring and several key residues of the allosteric pocket, precisely between the 2-fluoro substituent and residues Val203 and Val297 and between the 6-fluoro group and the residues Asn263. The docking simulation in the allosteric binding site also confirms the critical importance of the hydrogen bonds between the carboxamide group with the residues Val207, Leu209 and Asn263. Changing the carboxamide functional group of 3-alkyloxybenzamide and 3-alkyloxy-2,6-difluorobenzamide to a benzohydroxamic acid or benzohydrazide led to inactive compounds, confirming the importance of the carboxamide group.
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43
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Tang K, Wang S, Gao W, Song Y, Yu B. Harnessing the cyclization strategy for new drug discovery. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:4309-4326. [PMID: 36562004 PMCID: PMC9764076 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The design of new ligands with high affinity and specificity against the targets of interest has been a central focus in drug discovery. As one of the most commonly used methods in drug discovery, the cyclization represents a feasible strategy to identify new lead compounds by increasing structural novelty, scaffold diversity and complexity. Such strategy could also be potentially used for the follow-on drug discovery without patent infringement. In recent years, the cyclization strategy has witnessed great success in the discovery of new lead compounds against different targets for treating various diseases. Herein, we first briefly summarize the use of the cyclization strategy in the discovery of new small-molecule lead compounds, including the proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTAC) molecules. Particularly, we focus on four main strategies including fused ring cyclization, chain cyclization, spirocyclization and macrocyclization and highlight the use of the cyclization strategy in lead generation. Finally, the challenges including the synthetic intractability, relatively poor pharmacokinetics (PK) profiles and the absence of the structural information for rational structure-based cyclization are also briefly discussed. We hope this review, not exhaustive, could provide a timely overview on the cyclization strategy for the discovery of new lead compounds.
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44
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Jurado S, Illa O, Álvarez-Larena A, Pannecouque C, Busqué F, Alibés R. Conformationally Locked Carbocyclic Nucleosides Built on a 4'-Hydroxymethyl-3'-hydroxybicyclo[4.1.0]heptane Template. Stereoselective Synthesis and Antiviral Activity. J Org Chem 2022; 87:15166-15177. [PMID: 36300902 PMCID: PMC9680032 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Two new families of enantiomerically pure carbocyclic nucleoside analogues based on a cyclohexane moiety with five chiral centers and a fused cyclopropyl ring have been synthesized. A highly regio- and stereoselective synthetic approach for the modular construction of the functionalized bicyclo[4.1.0]heptyl azide intermediate 6 has been established. Key steps to achieve this asymmetric synthesis involved highly diastereoselective allylic oxidation and hydroboration reactions. The first family of compounds, 1a,b and 2, presents different natural nucleobases, whereas the second one 3a-e bears functionalized 1,2,3-triazoles. These derivatives have been tested as antiviral agents, and compound 3d has shown to display moderate activity against coxsackie B4 virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Jurado
- Departament
de Química, Universitat Autònoma
de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Ona Illa
- Departament
de Química, Universitat Autònoma
de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Angel Álvarez-Larena
- Servei
de Difracció de Raigs X, Universitat
Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Christophe Pannecouque
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy,
Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU
Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven B-3000, Belgium
| | - Félix Busqué
- Departament
de Química, Universitat Autònoma
de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain,
| | - Ramon Alibés
- Departament
de Química, Universitat Autònoma
de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain,
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45
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[2]-Ladderanes as isosteres for meta-substituted aromatic rings and rigidified cyclohexanes. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6056. [PMID: 36229621 PMCID: PMC9561113 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33827-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Aromatic ring isosteres and rigidified saturated hydrocarbons are important motifs to enable drug discovery. Herein we disclose [2]-ladderanes as a class of meta-substituted aromatic ring isosteres and rigidified cyclohexanes. A straightforward synthesis of the building blocks is presented along with representative derivatization. Preliminary studies reveal that the [2]-ladderanes offer similar metabolic and physicochemical properties thus establishing this class of molecules as interesting motifs.
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46
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Callis TB, Garrett TR, Montgomery AP, Danon JJ, Kassiou M. Recent Scaffold Hopping Applications in Central Nervous System Drug Discovery. J Med Chem 2022; 65:13483-13504. [PMID: 36206553 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The concept of bioisosterism and the implementation of bioisosteric replacement is fundamental to medicinal chemistry. The exploration of bioisosteres is often used to probe key structural features of candidate pharmacophores and enhance pharmacokinetic properties. As the understanding of bioisosterism has evolved, capabilities to undertake more ambitious bioisosteric replacements have emerged. Scaffold hopping is a broadly used term in the literature referring to a variety of different bioisosteric replacement strategies, ranging from simple heterocyclic replacements to topological structural overhauls. In this work, we have highlighted recent applications of scaffold hopping in the central nervous system drug discovery space. While we have highlighted the benefits of using scaffold hopping approaches in central nervous system drug discovery, these are also widely applicable to other medicinal chemistry fields. We also recommend a shift toward the use of more refined and meaningful terminology within the realm of scaffold hopping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy B Callis
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Taylor R Garrett
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | | | - Jonathan J Danon
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Michael Kassiou
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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47
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Cheng R, Lv X, Bu H, Xu Q, Wu J, Xie K, Tang J, Wang L, Zhuang J, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Yan C, Lai Y. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of 4(1H)-quinolinone and urea derivatives as KRASG12C inhibitors with potent antitumor activity against KRAS-mutant non-small cell lung cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 244:114808. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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48
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In Vitro Cytotoxicity of Methano[1,2,4]Triazolo-[1,5-C][1,3,5]Benzoxadiazocine Derivatives and Their Effects on Nitrite and Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) Levels. Pharm Chem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-022-02708-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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49
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Melnykov KP, Voloshyna OV, Vashchenko BV, Demchuk OP, Hryshchuk OV, Grygorenko OO. 4,4‐Difluorospiro[2.2]pentan‐1‐yl – A Fluorinated Substituent to Expand the Synthetic and Medicinal Chemists’ Toolbox. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kostiantyn P. Melnykov
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv: Kiivs'kij nacional'nij universitet imeni Tarasa Sevcenka Chemical Faculty UKRAINE
| | - Olena V. Voloshyna
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv: Kiivs'kij nacional'nij universitet imeni Tarasa Sevcenka Chemical Faculty UKRAINE
| | - Bohdan V. Vashchenko
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv: Kiivs'kij nacional'nij universitet imeni Tarasa Sevcenka Chemical Faculty UKRAINE
| | | | | | - Oleksandr O Grygorenko
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv: Kiivs'kij nacional'nij universitet imeni Tarasa Sevcenka Chemical Faculty UKRAINE
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50
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Burns DM, He C, Li YL, Zhuo J, Qian DQ, Chen L, Jalluri R, Diamond S, Covington MB, Li Y, Wynn R, Scherle P, Yeleswaram S, Hollis G, Friedman S, Metcalf B, Yao W. Discovery of a novel 2-spiroproline steroid mimetic scaffold for the potent inhibition of 11β-HSD1. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 73:128884. [PMID: 35835377 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.128884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11β-HSD1) has been identified as the primary enzyme responsible for the activation of hepatic cortisone to cortisol in specific peripheral tissues, resulting in the concomitant antagonism of insulin action within these tissues. Dysregulation of 11β-HSD1, particularly in adipose tissues, has been associated with a variety of ailments including metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Therefore, inhibition of 11β-HSD1 with a small nonsteroidal molecule is therapeutically desirable. Implementation of a scaffold-hopping approach revealed a 3-point pharmacophore for 11β-HSD1 that was utilized to design a 2-spiroproline derivative as a steroid mimetic scaffold. Reiterative optimization provided valuable insight into the bioactive conformation of our novel scaffold and led to the discovery of several leads, such as compounds 39 and 51. Importantly, deleterious hERG inhibition and pregnane X receptor induction were mitigated by the introduction of a 4-hydroxyl group to the proline ring system.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Burns
- Incyte Research Institute, 1801 Augustine Cut-off, Wilmington, DE 19880, USA.
| | - Chunhong He
- Incyte Research Institute, 1801 Augustine Cut-off, Wilmington, DE 19880, USA
| | | | - Jincong Zhuo
- Prelude Therapeutics, 200 Powder Mill Road, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
| | - Ding-Quan Qian
- Incyte Research Institute, 1801 Augustine Cut-off, Wilmington, DE 19880, USA
| | | | | | - Sharon Diamond
- Incyte Research Institute, 1801 Augustine Cut-off, Wilmington, DE 19880, USA
| | | | - Yanlong Li
- Incyte Research Institute, 1801 Augustine Cut-off, Wilmington, DE 19880, USA
| | | | - Peggy Scherle
- Prelude Therapeutics, 200 Powder Mill Road, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
| | - Swamy Yeleswaram
- Incyte Research Institute, 1801 Augustine Cut-off, Wilmington, DE 19880, USA
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