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Vesković A, Bajuk-Bogdanović D, Arion VB, Popović Bijelić A. Spectroscopic Characterization of the Binding and Release of Hydrophilic, Hydrophobic and Amphiphilic Molecules from Ovalbumin Supramolecular Hydrogels. Gels 2022; 9:14. [PMID: 36661784 PMCID: PMC9857392 DOI: 10.3390/gels9010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-based hydrogels have attracted growing attention for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. Ovalbumin (OVA), the hen egg white albumin, possessing good foaming and gelling properties and being widely used in the food industry, has recently been indicated as a potential pharmaceutical vehicle. In this study, the binding and release properties of pure OVA hydrogels were investigated by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spin labeling. The comparative analysis between OVA and serum albumin (SA) hydrogels revealed the same release kinetics of hydrophilic 3-carbamoyl-proxyl and 3-carboxy-proxyl, suggesting the diffusion-dominated release of small probes from both hydrogel types. The results obtained with the amphiphilic 16-doxylstearate (16-DS) indicate that OVA, unlike SAs, does not possess a specific fatty acid binding site. However, the OVA hydrogels were able to accommodate a two-fold excess of 16-DS, resulting from protein thermally induced conformational changes, as confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. Similarly, the hydrophobic modified paullone ligand HL, which was initially free in the OVA solution, was bound in the hydrogel. The hydrogels were found to retain a significant amount of 16-DS and HL after 7-day dialysis in physiological saline. The observed facilitated binding of amphiphilic/hydrophobic molecules in OVA hydrogels compared to the solution, and their sustained release, demonstrate the applicability of OVA hydrogels in pharmaceutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Vesković
- Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danica Bajuk-Bogdanović
- Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vladimir B. Arion
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ana Popović Bijelić
- Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia
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2
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The Release of a Highly Cytotoxic Paullone Bearing a TEMPO Free Radical from the HSA Hydrogel: An EPR Spectroscopic Characterization. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14061174. [PMID: 35745747 PMCID: PMC9227768 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study shows the potential of a thermally induced human serum albumin (HSA) hydrogel to serve as a drug depot for sustained release of a highly cytotoxic modified paullone ligand bearing a TEMPO free radical (HL). The binding of HL to HSA was studied by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy and imaging. The EPR protocol was also implemented for the study of matrix degradation, and ligand diffusion rate, in two additional spin-labeled hydrogels, containing 5-doxylstearate and 3-carbamoyl-proxyl. The results showed that the hydrogel is an efficient HL reservoir as it retained 60% of the ligand during 11 days of dialysis in physiological saline. Furthermore, upon incubation with Colo 205 human colon adenocarcinoma cells for 3 days, the HL/HSA hydrogel did not exhibit cytotoxic activity, demonstrating that it is also an efficient ligand depot in the presence of living cells. It was observed that the percentage of HL release is independent of its initial concentration in the hydrogel, suggesting that HSA possesses a specific binding site for the ligand, most likely Sudlow site 2, as predicted by molecular docking. The intrinsic property of albumin to bind and transport various substances, including hydrophobic drugs, may be fine-tuned by appropriate physical/chemical hydrogel preparation procedures, providing optimal drug delivery.
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Habibi N, Brown TD, Adu-Berchie K, Christau S, Raymond JE, Mooney DJ, Mitragotri S, Lahann J. Nanoparticle Properties Influence Transendothelial Migration of Monocytes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:5603-5616. [PMID: 35446569 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticle-based delivery of therapeutics to the brain has had limited clinical impact due to challenges crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Certain cells, such as monocytes, possess the ability to migrate across the BBB, making them attractive candidates for cell-based brain delivery strategies. In this work, we explore nanoparticle design parameters that impact both monocyte association and monocyte-mediated BBB transport. We use electrohydrodynamic jetting to prepare nanoparticles of varying sizes, compositions, and elasticity to address their impact on uptake by THP-1 monocytes and permeation across the BBB. An in vitro human BBB model is developed using human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (hCMEC/D3) for the assessment of migration. We compare monocyte uptake of both polymeric and synthetic protein nanoparticles (SPNPs) of various sizes, as well as their effect on cell migration. SPNPs (human serum albumin/HSA or human transferrin/TF) are shown to promote increased monocyte-mediated transport across the BBB over polymeric nanoparticles. TF SPNPs (200 nm) associate readily, with an average uptake of 138 particles/cell. Nanoparticle loading is shown to influence the migration of THP-1 monocytes. The migration of monocytes loaded with 200 nm TF and 200 nm HSA SPNPs was 2.3-fold and 2.1-fold higher than that of an untreated control. RNA-seq analysis after TF SPNP treatment suggests that the upregulation of several migration genes may be implicated in increased monocyte migration (ex. integrin subunits α M and α L). Integrin β 2 chain combines with either integrin subunit α M chain or integrin subunit α L chain to form macrophage antigen 1 and lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 integrins. Both products play a pivotal role in the transendothelial migration cascade. Our findings highlight the potential of SPNPs as drug and/or gene delivery platforms for monocyte-mediated BBB transport, especially where conventional polymer nanoparticles are ineffective or otherwise not desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahal Habibi
- Biointerfaces Institute and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Tyler D Brown
- Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02318, United States
| | - Kwasi Adu-Berchie
- Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02318, United States
| | - Stephanie Christau
- Biointerfaces Institute and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jeffery E Raymond
- Biointerfaces Institute and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - David J Mooney
- Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02318, United States
| | - Samir Mitragotri
- Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02318, United States
| | - Joerg Lahann
- Biointerfaces Institute and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Material Science & Engineering, Department of Macromolecular Science & Engineering, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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4
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Czub MP, Handing KB, Venkataramany BS, Cooper DR, Shabalin IG, Minor W. Albumin-Based Transport of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in Mammalian Blood Plasma. J Med Chem 2020; 63:6847-6862. [PMID: 32469516 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Every day, hundreds of millions of people worldwide take nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), often in conjunction with multiple other medications. In the bloodstream, NSAIDs are mostly bound to serum albumin (SA). We report the crystal structures of equine serum albumin complexed with four NSAIDs (ibuprofen, ketoprofen, etodolac, and nabumetone) and the active metabolite of nabumetone (6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid, 6-MNA). These compounds bind to seven drug-binding sites on SA. These sites are generally well-conserved between equine and human SAs, but ibuprofen binds to both SAs in two drug-binding sites, only one of which is common. We also compare the binding of ketoprofen by equine SA to binding of it by bovine and leporine SAs. Our comparative analysis of known SA complexes with FDA-approved drugs clearly shows that multiple medications compete for the same binding sites, indicating possibilities for undesirable physiological effects caused by drug-drug displacement or competition with common metabolites. We discuss the consequences of NSAID binding to SA in a broader scientific and medical context, particularly regarding achieving desired therapeutic effects based on an individual's drug regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz P Czub
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, 1340 Jefferson Park Avenue, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, United States.,Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases (CSGID), University of Virginia, 1340 Jefferson Park Avenue, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, United States
| | - Katarzyna B Handing
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, 1340 Jefferson Park Avenue, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, United States
| | - Barat S Venkataramany
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, 1340 Jefferson Park Avenue, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, United States
| | - David R Cooper
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, 1340 Jefferson Park Avenue, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, United States.,Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases (CSGID), University of Virginia, 1340 Jefferson Park Avenue, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, United States
| | - Ivan G Shabalin
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, 1340 Jefferson Park Avenue, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, United States.,Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases (CSGID), University of Virginia, 1340 Jefferson Park Avenue, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, United States
| | - Wladek Minor
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, 1340 Jefferson Park Avenue, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, United States.,Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases (CSGID), University of Virginia, 1340 Jefferson Park Avenue, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, United States
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Dopierała K, Krajewska M, Weiss M. Physicochemical Characterization of Oleanolic Acid-Human Serum Albumin Complexes for Pharmaceutical and Biosensing Applications. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:3611-3623. [PMID: 32176505 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Among numerous compounds found in marine organisms, triterpenes have attracted considerable research interest due to a beneficial impact on health including anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antiviral, and antioxidation effects. Specifically, new functionalities of oleanolic acid (OLA) have been revealed recently, indicating possible applications in nutrition and pharmaceuticals. However, this bioactive material has limited value due to low water solubility and stability. Therefore, oleanolic acid needs a carrier that protects it and enables controlled release in the human body. Innovative drug delivery systems provide a promising strategy for overcoming these problems. However, the development of those systems requires a comprehensive understanding of the physicochemical properties of triterpenes and their carriers as well as the interactions between them. Among numerous substances, human serum albumin (HSA) has been widely studied as a drug carrier. In addition, human serum albumin is the main blood plasma protein responsible for the transport of drugs and metabolites; therefore, the interactions between that protein and other substances are of physiological and pharmaceutical importance. Moreover, sensing the HSA level in blood plasma is an important challenge that requires binding studies on a molecular scale. The aim of this study was to investigate the properties of oleanolic acid in the presence of human serum albumin in terms of thermodynamics, morphology, and viscoelasticity at the air/water interface. Moreover, the wettability, surface free energy, and topography of the films after deposition on the solid substrate were determined. The results have been discussed in terms of providing physicochemical insight into the interfacial behavior of the OLA-HSA complex, which is crucial for pharmaceutical and bioanalytical applications.
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6
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Tan H, Su W, Zhang W, Wang P, Sattler M, Zou P. Recent Advances in Half-life Extension Strategies for Therapeutic Peptides and Proteins. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 24:4932-4946. [PMID: 30727869 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190206105232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Peptides and proteins are two classes of molecules with attractive possibilities for therapeutic applications. However, the bottleneck for the therapeutic application of many peptides and proteins is their short halflives in vivo, typically just a few minutes to hours. Half-life extension strategies have been extensively studied and many of them have been proven to be effective in the generation of long-acting therapeutics with improved pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in half-life extension strategies, illustrate their potential applications and give some examples, highlighting the strategies that have been used in approved drugs and for drugs in clinical trials. Meanwhile, several novel strategies that are still in the process of discovery or at a preclinical stage are also introduced. In these strategies, the two most frequently used half-life extension methods are the reduction in the rate of renal clearance or the exploitation of the recycling mechanism of FcRn by binding to the albumin or IgG-Fc. Here, we discuss half-life extension strategies of recombinant therapeutic protein via genetic fusion, rather than chemical conjugation such as PEGylation. With the rapid development of genetic engineering and protein engineering, novel strategies for half-life extension have been emerged consistently. Some of these will be evaluated in clinical trials and may become viable alternatives to current strategies for making next-generation biodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanbo Tan
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Wencheng Su
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenyu Zhang
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Pengju Wang
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Michael Sattler
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China.,Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich at Chair Biomolecular NMR Spectroscopy, Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Peijian Zou
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China.,Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich at Chair Biomolecular NMR Spectroscopy, Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
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7
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Vasilenko EA, Mokhonov VV, Gorshkova EN, Astrakhantseva IV. Bispecific Antibodies: Formats and Areas of Application. Mol Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893318020176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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8
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Zhang X, Yang Y, Fan D, Xiong D. The development of bispecific antibodies and their applications in tumor immune escape. Exp Hematol Oncol 2017; 6:12. [PMID: 28469973 PMCID: PMC5414286 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-017-0072-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past two decades, a great evolution of bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) for therapeutic applications has been made. BsAbs can bind simultaneously two different antigens or epitopes, which leads to a wide range of applications including redirecting T cells or NK cells to tumor cells, blocking two different signaling pathways, dual targeting of different disease mediators, and delivering payloads to targeted sites. Aside from approved catumaxomab (anti-CD3 and anti-EpCAM) and blinatumomab (anti-CD3 and anti-CD19), many more BsAbs are now in various phases of clinical development. Here, this review focus on the development of bispecific antibodies and their applications in tumor immune escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Hospital of Blood Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020 People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Hospital of Blood Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020 People's Republic of China
| | - Dongmei Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Hospital of Blood Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020 People's Republic of China
| | - Dongsheng Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Hospital of Blood Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020 People's Republic of China
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9
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Ding Y, Lou J, Chen H, Li X, Wu M, Li C, Liu J, Liu C, Li Q, Zhang H, Niu J. Tolerability, pharmacokinetics and antiviral activity of rHSA/IFNα2a for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B infection. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2016; 83:1056-1071. [PMID: 27862178 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS A recombinant human serum albumin-interferon alpha2a fusion protein (rHSA/IFNα2a) is expected to extend the half-life of IFNα2a. This study aims to evaluate the tolerability, safety and efficacy of rHSA/IFNα2a. METHODS This is an open, randomized, positive control, multiple-dose ascending Phase Ib study. A panel of 32 treatment naïve and non-cirrhotic chronic hepatitis B patients were divided into four cohorts, and each received 600, 750 or 900 μg of rHSA/IFNα2a or 180 μg of PEG-IFNα2a for 3 months. Tolerability, pharmacokinetics and antiviral responses were assessed. RESULTS Thirty-one of 32 enrolled patients completed the treatment study. The rHSA/IFNα2a treatment was better tolerated than the PEG-IFNα2a 180 μg treatment, as evidenced by blood cell counts and higher serum albumin levels. Half-life (t1/2 ) of rHSA/IFNα2a was estimated to be 120-140 h, and is potentially suitable for a dosing interval of 2 weeks or longer. Pharmacokinetics of the last dose between rHSA/IFNα2a 750 μg and PEG-IFNα2a 180 μg, with the exception of t1/2 , was comparable, and a similar kinetics of inhibiting HBV DNA replication was observed in both groups. Mean reductions in serum HBV DNA levels after treatment were -1.32, -2.13, -1.10 and -2.48 log10 IU/ml in the 600, 750 and 900 μg rHSA/IFNα2a groups and PEG-IFNα2a group, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The rHSA/IFNα2a treatment was well tolerated and can be administered biweekly. Similar efficacy in inhibiting HBV replication was observed in both PEG-IFNα2a and rHSA/IFNα2a 750 μg groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Ding
- Phase I Clinical Research Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Jinfeng Lou
- Phase I Clinical Research Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Phase I Clinical Research Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaojiao Li
- Phase I Clinical Research Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Min Wu
- Phase I Clinical Research Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Cuiyun Li
- Phase I Clinical Research Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Jingrui Liu
- Phase I Clinical Research Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Chengjiao Liu
- Phase I Clinical Research Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Qingmei Li
- Phase I Clinical Research Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Phase I Clinical Research Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Junqi Niu
- Phase I Clinical Research Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
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Redox cycling metals: Pedaling their roles in metabolism and their use in the development of novel therapeutics. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:727-48. [PMID: 26844773 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Essential metals, such as iron and copper, play a critical role in a plethora of cellular processes including cell growth and proliferation. However, concomitantly, excess of these metal ions in the body can have deleterious effects due to their ability to generate cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS). Thus, the human body has evolved a very well-orchestrated metabolic system that keeps tight control on the levels of these metal ions. Considering their very high proliferation rate, cancer cells require a high abundance of these metals compared to their normal counterparts. Interestingly, new anti-cancer agents that take advantage of the sensitivity of cancer cells to metal sequestration and their susceptibility to ROS have been developed. These ligands can avidly bind metal ions to form redox active metal complexes, which lead to generation of cytotoxic ROS. Furthermore, these agents also act as potent metastasis suppressors due to their ability to up-regulate the metastasis suppressor gene, N-myc downstream regulated gene 1. This review discusses the importance of iron and copper in the metabolism and progression of cancer, how they can be exploited to target tumors and the clinical translation of novel anti-cancer chemotherapeutics.
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Abstract
Bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) recognize two different epitopes. This dual specificity opens up a wide range of applications, including redirecting T cells to tumor cells, blocking two different signaling pathways simultaneously, dual targeting of different disease mediators, and delivering payloads to targeted sites. The approval of catumaxomab (anti-EpCAM and anti-CD3) and blinatumomab (anti-CD19 and anti-CD3) has become a major milestone in the development of bsAbs. Currently, more than 60 different bsAb formats exist, some of them making their way into the clinical pipeline. This review summarizes diverse formats of bsAbs and their clinical applications and sheds light on strategies to optimize the design of bsAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaowei Fan
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, No 1 Dahua Road, Dongdan, Beijing, 100730, China.
- Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Zujian Wang
- Shunyi District Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Beijing City, Beijing, 101300, China.
| | - Mingju Hao
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, No 1 Dahua Road, Dongdan, Beijing, 100730, China.
- Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Jinming Li
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, No 1 Dahua Road, Dongdan, Beijing, 100730, China.
- Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China.
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