1
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Avci FG. Unraveling bacterial stress responses: implications for next-generation antimicrobial solutions. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:285. [PMID: 39073503 PMCID: PMC11286680 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-024-04090-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
The accelerated spread of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria has caused a serious health problem and rendered antimicrobial treatments ineffective. Innovative approaches are crucial to overcome the health threat posed by resistant pathogens and prevent the emergence of untreatable infections. Triggering stress responses in bacteria can diminish susceptibility to various antimicrobials by inducing resistance mechanisms. Therefore, a thorough understanding of stress response control, especially in relation to antimicrobial resistance, offers valuable perspectives for innovative and efficient therapeutic approaches to combat antimicrobial resistance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the stress responses of 8 different bacteria by analyzing reporter metabolites, around which significant alterations were observed, using a pathway-driven computational approach. For this purpose, the transcriptomic data that the bacterial pathogens were grown under 11 different stress conditions mimicking the human host environments were integrated with the genome-scale metabolic models of 8 pathogenic species (Enterococcus faecalis OG1R, Escherichia coli EPEC O127:H6 E2348/69, Escherichia coli ETEC H10407, Escherichia coli UPEC 536, Klebsiella pneumoniae MGH 78578, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, Staphylococcus aureus MRSA252, and Staphylococcus aureus MSSA476). The resulting reporter metabolites were enriched in multiple metabolic pathways, with cofactor biosynthesis being the most important. The results of this study will serve as a guide for the development of antimicrobial agents as they provide a first insight into potential drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Gizem Avci
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Üsküdar University, Istanbul, Türkiye.
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology and Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.
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2
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Liu Y, Wang J, Huang JB, Li XF, Chen Y, Liu K, Zhao M, Huang XL, Gao XL, Luo YN, Tao W, Wu J, Xue ZL. Advances in regulating vitamin K 2 production through metabolic engineering strategies. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 40:8. [PMID: 37938463 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03828-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin K2 (menaquinone, VK2, MK) is an essential lipid-soluble vitamin that plays critical roles in inhibiting cell ferroptosis, improving blood clotting, and preventing osteoporosis. The increased global demand for VK2 has inspired interest in novel production strategies. In this review, various novel metabolic regulation strategies, including static and dynamic metabolic regulation, are summarized and discussed. Furthermore, the advantages and disadvantages of both strategies are analyzed in-depth to highlight the bottlenecks facing microbial VK2 production on an industrial scale. Finally, advanced metabolic engineering biotechnology for future microbial VK2 production will also be discussed. In summary, this review provides in-depth information and offers an outlook on metabolic engineering strategies for VK2 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 241000, Wuhu, China.
- Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Microbiology Molecular Breeding, 241000, Wuhu, China.
| | - Jian Wang
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 241000, Wuhu, China
| | - Jun-Bao Huang
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 241000, Wuhu, China
| | - Xiang-Fei Li
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 241000, Wuhu, China
- Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Microbiology Molecular Breeding, 241000, Wuhu, China
| | - Yu Chen
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 241000, Wuhu, China
- Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Microbiology Molecular Breeding, 241000, Wuhu, China
| | - Kun Liu
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 241000, Wuhu, China
- Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Microbiology Molecular Breeding, 241000, Wuhu, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 241000, Wuhu, China.
- Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Microbiology Molecular Breeding, 241000, Wuhu, China.
| | - Xi-Lin Huang
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 241000, Wuhu, China
| | - Xu-Li Gao
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 241000, Wuhu, China
| | - Ya-Ni Luo
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 241000, Wuhu, China
| | - Wei Tao
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 241000, Wuhu, China
| | - Jing Wu
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 241000, Wuhu, China
| | - Zheng-Lian Xue
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 241000, Wuhu, China
- Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Microbiology Molecular Breeding, 241000, Wuhu, China
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3
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Choi SR, Narayanasamy P. In Vitro and In Vivo Antimicrobial Activity of an Oxidative Stress-Mediated Bicyclic Menaquinone Biosynthesis Inhibitor against MRSA. ACS Infect Dis 2023; 9:2016-2024. [PMID: 37655755 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Menaquinone (MK) is an essential component in the oxidative phosphorylation pathway of Gram-positive bacteria. Drugs targeting enzymes involved in MK biosynthesis can prevent electron transfer, which leads to ATP starvation and thereby death of microorganisms. Previously, we reported a series of MenA inhibitors and demonstrated their antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, including Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and mycobacteria. These inhibitors were developed by mimicking demethylmenaquinone, a product of MenA enzymatic reaction in MK biosynthesis. In this study, compound NM4, MK biosynthesis inhibitor, inhibited the formation of MRSA biofilm and it was screened against 1952 transposon mutants to elucidate mechanisms of action; however, no resistant mutants were found. Also, compound NM4 induced the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by blocking electron transfer in the oxidative phosphorylation pathway as observed by MRSA growth recovery using various ROS scavengers. An oxygen consumption assay also showed that NM4 blocks the oxygen consumption by MRSA, but the addition of menaquinone (MK) restores growth of MRSA. The NM4-treated MRSA induced the expression of catalase by more than 25%, as quantified by the native gel. A pulmonary murine model exhibited that NM4 significantly reduced bacterial lung load in mice without toxicity. An NM4-resistant USA300 strain was developed to attempt to identify the targets participating in the mechanism of resistance. Our results support that respiration and oxidative phosphorylation are potential targets for developing antimicrobial agents against MRSA. Altogether, our findings suggest the potential use of MK biosynthesis inhibitors as an effective antimicrobial agent against MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seoung-Ryoung Choi
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Prabagaran Narayanasamy
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
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4
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Linden M, Flegler A, Feuereisen MM, Weber F, Lipski A, Schieber A. Effects of flavonoids on membrane adaptation of food-associated bacteria. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2023; 1865:184137. [PMID: 36746312 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2023.184137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The effects of naringenin and the biflavonoids amentoflavone and tetrahydroamentoflavone on select bacterial lipids (carotenoids, fatty acids, and menaquinones) and membrane fluidity based on Laurdan generalized polarization were investigated. For this purpose, the pigment-forming food-associated microorganisms Staphylococcus xylosus (DSM 20266T and J70), Staphylococcus carnosus DSM 20501T, and Micrococcus luteus (ATCC 9341 and J3) were studied. The results suggest an envelope stress response by microorganisms due to flavonoids and an employment of adaptive mechanisms using carotenoids, fatty acids, and menaquinones. The flavonoid monomer naringenin impacted carotenoids, fatty acids, menaquinones, and membrane fluidity. Naringenin significantly influenced the carotenoid profile, particularly by an increase in the relative proportion of 4,4'-diaponeurosporenoic acid in Staphylococcus xylosus. Amentoflavone caused changes mainly in the membrane of Micrococcus luteus and decreased the menaquinone content. Tetrahydroamentoflavone mainly affected the carotenoids in the investigated strains. The noticeably different CCS value of tetrahydroamentoflavone compared to naringenin and amentoflavone revealed further insights into the structure-dependent effects of flavonoids. This study provides valuable insights into the response of pigment-forming food-associated microorganisms to naringenin, amentoflavone, and tetrahydroamentoflavone, which is important for the targeted and safe application of the latter as natural preservatives and useful for further research on the mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Linden
- Institute of Nutritional and Food Sciences, Molecular Food Technology, University of Bonn, Friedrich-Hirzebruch-Allee 7, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexander Flegler
- Institute of Nutritional and Food Sciences, Food Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Bonn, Friedrich-Hirzebruch-Allee 7, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Michelle M Feuereisen
- Institute of Nutritional and Food Sciences, Molecular Food Technology, University of Bonn, Friedrich-Hirzebruch-Allee 7, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Fabian Weber
- Institute of Nutritional and Food Sciences, Molecular Food Technology, University of Bonn, Friedrich-Hirzebruch-Allee 7, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - André Lipski
- Institute of Nutritional and Food Sciences, Food Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Bonn, Friedrich-Hirzebruch-Allee 7, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Schieber
- Institute of Nutritional and Food Sciences, Molecular Food Technology, University of Bonn, Friedrich-Hirzebruch-Allee 7, D-53115 Bonn, Germany.
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5
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Berg K, Hegde P, Pujari V, Brinkmann M, Wilkins DZ, Parish T, Crick DC, Aldrich CC. SAR study of piperidine derivatives as inhibitors of 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate isoprenyltransferase (MenA) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 249:115125. [PMID: 36682292 PMCID: PMC9975056 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The electron transport chain (ETC) in the cell membrane consists of a series of redox complexes that transfer electrons from electron donors to acceptors and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons (H+) across a membrane. This process generates proton motive force which is used to produce ATP and a myriad of other functions and is essential for the long-term survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative organism of tuberculosis (TB), under the hypoxic conditions present within infected granulomas. Menaquinone (MK), an important carrier molecule within the mycobacterial ETC, is synthesized de novo by a cluster of enzymes known as the classic/canonical MK biosynthetic pathway. MenA (1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate prenyltransferase), the antepenultimate enzyme in this pathway, is a verified target for TB therapy. In this study, we explored structure-activity relationships of a previously discovered MenA inhibitor scaffold, seeking to improve potency and drug disposition properties. Focusing our campaign upon three molecular regions, we identified two novel inhibitors with potent activity against MenA and Mtb (IC50 = 13-22 μM, GIC50 = 8-10 μM). These analogs also displayed substantially improved pharmacokinetic parameters and potent synergy with other ETC-targeting agents, achieving nearly complete sterilization of Mtb in combination therapy within two weeks in vivo. These new inhibitors of MK biosynthesis present a promising new strategy to curb the continued spread of TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaja Berg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 308 Harvard Street Southeast, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Pooja Hegde
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 308 Harvard Street Southeast, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Venugopal Pujari
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Marzena Brinkmann
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 308 Harvard Street Southeast, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - David Z Wilkins
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Tanya Parish
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Dean C Crick
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
| | - Courtney C Aldrich
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 308 Harvard Street Southeast, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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6
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Stanborough T, Ho NAT, Bulloch EMM, Bashiri G, Dawes SS, Akazong EW, Titterington J, Allison TM, Jiao W, Johnston JM. Allosteric inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus MenD by 1,4-dihydroxy naphthoic acid: a feedback inhibition mechanism of the menaquinone biosynthesis pathway. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220035. [PMID: 36633276 PMCID: PMC9835592 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Menaquinones (MKs) are electron carriers in bacterial respiratory chains. In Staphylococcus aureus (Sau), MKs are essential for aerobic and anaerobic respiration. As MKs are redox-active, their biosynthesis likely requires tight regulation to prevent disruption of cellular redox balance. We recently found that the Mycobacterium tuberculosis MenD, the first committed enzyme of the MK biosynthesis pathway, is allosterically inhibited by the downstream metabolite 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoic acid (DHNA). To understand if this is a conserved mechanism in phylogenetically distant genera that also use MK, we investigated whether the Sau-MenD is allosterically inhibited by DHNA. Our results show that DHNA binds to and inhibits the SEPHCHC synthase activity of Sau-MenD enzymes. We identified residues in the DHNA binding pocket that are important for catalysis (Arg98, Lys283, Lys309) and inhibition (Arg98, Lys283). Furthermore, we showed that exogenous DHNA inhibits the growth of Sau, an effect that can be rescued by supplementing the growth medium with MK-4. Our results demonstrate that, despite a lack of strict conservation of the DHNA binding pocket between Mtb-MenD and Sau-MenD, feedback inhibition by DHNA is a conserved mechanism in Sau-MenD and hence the Sau MK biosynthesis pathway. These findings may have implications for the development of anti-staphylococcal agents targeting MK biosynthesis. This article is part of the theme issue 'Reactivity and mechanism in chemical and synthetic biology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamsyn Stanborough
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Biomolecular Interaction Centre (BIC), University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - Ngoc Anh Thu Ho
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Biomolecular Interaction Centre (BIC), University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, c/o The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Esther M. M. Bulloch
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1010, New Zealand,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, c/o The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Ghader Bashiri
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1010, New Zealand,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, c/o The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Stephanie S. Dawes
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1010, New Zealand,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, c/o The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Etheline W. Akazong
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Biomolecular Interaction Centre (BIC), University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, c/o The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - James Titterington
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Biomolecular Interaction Centre (BIC), University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - Timothy M. Allison
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Biomolecular Interaction Centre (BIC), University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, c/o The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Wanting Jiao
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, c/o The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Jodie M. Johnston
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Biomolecular Interaction Centre (BIC), University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, c/o The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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7
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Choi SR, Narayanasamy P. Synthesis, optimization, in vitro and in vivo study of bicyclic substituted amine as MenA inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 47:128203. [PMID: 34139327 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Menaquinone (MK) plays essential role in the electron transport chain (ETC), suggesting MK biosynthesis enzymes as potential targets for drug development. Previously, we demonstrated that Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is susceptible to naphthol-based compounds which were developed by mimicking demethylmenaquinone, a product of MenA enzymatic reaction. Here, a series of new MenA inhibitors (4-19) were synthesized and evaluated as MenA inhibitors in this study. The inhibitors were designed to improve growth inhibitory activity against MRSA. Among the MenA inhibitors, bicyclic substituted amine 3 showed MIC of 3 µg/mL, and alkenyl substituted amine 11 showed MIC of 8 µg/mL against USA300. Regrowth of MRSA was observed on addition of MK when exposed to 8 µg/mL of inhibitor 11, supporting inhibition of MK biosynthesis. However, inhibitor 11 did not show efficacy in treating USA300 infected C. elegans up to 25 µg/mL concentration. However, all infected C. elegans survived when exposed to a bicyclic substituted amine 3. Hence, a bicyclic substituted amine was tested in mice for tolerability and biodistribution and observed 100% tolerable and high level of compound accumulation in lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seoung-Ryoung Choi
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Prabagaran Narayanasamy
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.
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8
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Chen BC, Ding ZS, Dai JS, Chen NP, Gong XW, Ma LF, Qian CD. New Insights Into the Antibacterial Mechanism of Cryptotanshinone, a Representative Diterpenoid Quinone From Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:647289. [PMID: 33717044 PMCID: PMC7950322 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.647289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid rise of antibiotic resistance causes an urgent need for new antimicrobial agents with unique and different mechanisms of action. The respiratory chain is one such target involved in the redox balance and energy metabolism. As a natural quinone compound isolated from the root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, cryptotanshinone (CT) has been previously demonstrated against a wide range of Gram-positive bacteria including multidrug-resistant pathogens. Although superoxide radicals induced by CT are proposed to play an important role in the antibacterial effect of this agent, its mechanism of action is still unclear. In this study, we have shown that CT is a bacteriostatic agent rather than a bactericidal agent. Metabolome analysis suggested that CT might act as an antibacterial agent targeting the cell membrane. CT did not cause severe damage to the bacterial membrane but rapidly dissipated membrane potential, implying that this compound could be a respiratory chain inhibitor. Oxygen consumption analysis in staphylococcal membrane vesicles implied that CT acted as respiratory chain inhibitor probably by targeting type II NADH:quinone dehydrogenase (NDH-2). Molecular docking study suggested that the compound would competitively inhibit the binding of quinone to NDH-2. Consistent with the hypothesis, the antimicrobial activity of CT was blocked by menaquinone, and the combination of CT with thioridazine but not 2-n-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide exerted synergistic activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Additionally, combinations of CT with other inhibitors targeting different components of the bacterial respiratory chain exhibit potent synergistic activities against S. aureus, suggesting a promising role in combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Chen Chen
- College of Life Science, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Shan Ding
- College of Medical Technology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Sheng Dai
- College of Life Science, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ni-Pi Chen
- College of Life Science, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xing-Wen Gong
- Department of Biological Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lie-Feng Ma
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chao-Dong Qian
- College of Life Science, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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9
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Jafari A, Nagheli A, Foumani AA, Soltani B, Goswami R. The Role of Metallic Nanoparticles in Inhibition of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis and Enhances Phagosome Maturation into the Infected Macrophage. Oman Med J 2020; 35:e194. [PMID: 33214909 PMCID: PMC7658918 DOI: 10.5001/omj.2020.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the role of gallium (Ga) nanoparticles (NPs) to enhance phagosome maturation into the Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected macrophage and the role of magnetic iron NPs as nanocarriers of antituberculosis drugs. The literature shows that silver (Ag) and zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs with dimensions less than 10 nm can penetrate directly through the macrophage bilayer membrane. Ag NPs increase the permeability membrane by motiving the aggregation of proteins in the periplasmic space and forming nano-sized pores. ZnO NPs can interact with the membrane of M. tuberculosis, which leads to the formation of surface pores and the release of intracellular nucleotides. The colloidal Ag:ZnO mixture NPs with 1:1 ratio can eliminate M. tuberculosis and shows the lowest cytotoxicity effects on MCF-7 and THP-1 cell lines. Ag/ZnO nanocrystals are not able to kill M. tuberculosis alone ex-vivo. Hence, bimetallic gold (Au)/Ag NPs possessed high efficiency to inhibit M. tuberculosis in an ex-vivo THP-1 infection model. Co-delivery of mixed MeNPs into a polymeric carrier collaborated to selective uptake by macrophages through passive targeting, initial burst release of ions from the encapsulated metallic (Me) NPs, and eventually, reduction of MeNPs toxicity, and plays a pivotal role in increasing the antitubercular activity compared to use alone. In addition, Ga NPs can import drugs to the macrophage, inhibit M. tuberculosis growth, and reduce the inhibition of phagosome maturation. Magnetic encapsulated NPs exhibited good drug release properties and might be suitable as carriers of antituberculosis drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Jafari
- Urology Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Razi Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
- Corresponding author: ✉
| | - Atabak Nagheli
- Inflammatory Lung Disease Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Razi Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Ali Alavi Foumani
- Inflammatory Lung Disease Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Razi Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Bahram Soltani
- Cellular and molecular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Razi Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Raj Goswami
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Illinois, USA
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10
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Shetye GS, Franzblau SG, Cho S. New tuberculosis drug targets, their inhibitors, and potential therapeutic impact. Transl Res 2020; 220:68-97. [PMID: 32275897 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2020.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The current tuberculosis (TB) predicament poses numerous challenges and therefore every incremental scientific work and all positive socio-political engagements, are steps taken in the right direction to eradicate TB. Progression of the late stage TB-drug pipeline into the clinics is an immediate deliverable of this global effort. At the same time, fueling basic research and pursuing early discovery work must be sustained to maintain a healthy TB-drug pipeline. This review encompasses a broad analysis of chemotherapeutic strategies that target the DNA replication, protein synthesis, cell wall biosynthesis, energy metabolism and proteolysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). It includes a status check of the current TB-drug pipeline with a focus on the associated biology, emerging targets, and their promising chemical inhibitors. Potential synergies and/or gaps within or across different chemotherapeutic strategies are systematically reviewed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gauri S Shetye
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Scott G Franzblau
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Sanghyun Cho
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
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11
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Oxidative Phosphorylation—an Update on a New, Essential Target Space for Drug Discovery in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10072339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
New drugs with new mechanisms of action are urgently required to tackle the global tuberculosis epidemic. Following the FDA-approval of the ATP synthase inhibitor bedaquiline (Sirturo®), energy metabolism has become the subject of intense focus as a novel pathway to exploit for tuberculosis drug development. This enthusiasm stems from the fact that oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) and the maintenance of the transmembrane electrochemical gradient are essential for the viability of replicating and non-replicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb), the etiological agent of human tuberculosis (TB). Therefore, new drugs targeting this pathway have the potential to shorten TB treatment, which is one of the major goals of TB drug discovery. This review summarises the latest and key findings regarding the OxPhos pathway in M. tb and provides an overview of the inhibitors targeting various components. We also discuss the potential of new regimens containing these inhibitors, the flexibility of this pathway and, consequently, the complexity in targeting it. Lastly, we discuss opportunities and future directions of this drug target space.
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12
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Microbial production of vitamin K2: current status and future prospects. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 39:107453. [PMID: 31629792 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.107453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin K2, also called menaquinone, is an essential lipid-soluble vitamin that plays a critical role in blood clotting and prevention of osteoporosis. It has become a focus of research in recent years and has been widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industries. This review will briefly introduce the functions and applications of vitamin K2 first, after which the biosynthesis pathways and enzymes will be analyzed in-depth to highlight the bottlenecks facing the microbial vitamin K2 production on the industrial scale. Then, various strategies, including strain mutagenesis and genetic modification, different cultivation modes, fermentation and separation processes, will be summarized and discussed. The future prospects and perspectives of microbial menaquinone production will also be discussed finally.
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Novel MenA Inhibitors Are Bactericidal against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Synergize with Electron Transport Chain Inhibitors. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.02661-18. [PMID: 30962346 PMCID: PMC6535543 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02661-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the leading cause of morbidity and death resulting from infectious disease worldwide. The incredible disease burden, combined with the long course of drug treatment and an increasing incidence of antimicrobial resistance among M. tuberculosis isolates, necessitates novel drugs and drug targets for treatment of this deadly pathogen. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the leading cause of morbidity and death resulting from infectious disease worldwide. The incredible disease burden, combined with the long course of drug treatment and an increasing incidence of antimicrobial resistance among M. tuberculosis isolates, necessitates novel drugs and drug targets for treatment of this deadly pathogen. Recent work has produced several promising clinical candidates targeting components of the electron transport chain (ETC) of M. tuberculosis, highlighting this pathway’s potential as a drug target. Menaquinone is an essential component of the M. tuberculosis ETC, as it functions to shuttle electrons through the ETC to produce the electrochemical gradient required for ATP production for the cell. We show that inhibitors of MenA, a component of the menaquinone biosynthetic pathway, are highly active against M. tuberculosis. MenA inhibitors are bactericidal against M. tuberculosis under both replicating and nonreplicating conditions, with 10-fold higher bactericidal activity against nutrient-starved bacteria than against replicating cultures. MenA inhibitors have enhanced activity in combination with bedaquiline, clofazimine, and inhibitors of QcrB, a component of the cytochrome bc1 oxidase. Together, these data support MenA as a viable target for drug treatment against M. tuberculosis. MenA inhibitors not only kill M. tuberculosis in a variety of physiological states but also show enhanced activity in combination with ETC inhibitors in various stages of clinical trial testing.
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Dhiman RK, Pujari V, Kincaid JM, Ikeh MA, Parish T, Crick DC. Characterization of MenA (isoprenyl diphosphate:1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate isoprenyltransferase) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214958. [PMID: 30978223 PMCID: PMC6461227 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The menaquinone biosynthetic pathway presents a promising drug target against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and potentially other Gram-positive pathogens. In the present study, the essentiality, steady state kinetics of MenA from M. tuberculosis and the mechanism of MenA inhibition by Ro 48-8071 were characterized. MenA [isoprenyl diphosphate:1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate (DHNA) isoprenyltransferase] catalyzes a critical reaction in menaquinone biosynthesis that involves the conversion of cytosolic DHNA, to membrane bound demethylmenaquinone by transferring a hydrophobic 45-carbon isoprenoid chain (in the case of mycobacteria) to the ring nucleus of DHNA. Rv0534c previously identified as the gene encoding MenA in M. tuberculosis complemented a menA deletion in E. coli and an E. coli host expressing Rv0534c exhibited an eight-fold increase in MenA specific activity over the control strain harboring empty vector under similar assay conditions. Expression of Rv0534c is essential for mycobacterial survival and the native enzyme from M. tuberculosis H37Rv was characterized using membrane preparations as it was not possible to solubilize and purify the recombinant enzyme. The enzyme is absolutely dependent on the presence of a divalent cation for optimal activity with Mg+2 being the most effective and is active over a wide pH range, with pH 8.5 being optimal. The apparent Km values for DHNA and farnesyl diphosphate were found to be 8.2 and 4.3 μM, respectively. Ro 48-8071, a compound previously reported to inhibit mycobacterial MenA activity, is non-competitive with regard to DHNA and competitive with regard to the isoprenyldiphosphate substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh K. Dhiman
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Venugopal Pujari
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - James M. Kincaid
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Melanie A. Ikeh
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts & The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tanya Parish
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts & The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
- TB Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Dean C. Crick
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
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15
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Novel enzymology in futalosine-dependent menaquinone biosynthesis. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2018; 47:134-141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2018.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Frandsen JR, Narayanasamy P. Neuroprotection through flavonoid: Enhancement of the glyoxalase pathway. Redox Biol 2018; 14:465-473. [PMID: 29080525 PMCID: PMC5680520 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The glyoxalase pathway functions to detoxify reactive dicarbonyl compounds, most importantly methylglyoxal. The glyoxalase pathway is an antioxidant defense mechanism that is essential for neuroprotection. Excessive concentrations of methylglyoxal have deleterious effects on cells, leading to increased levels of inflammation and oxidative stress. Neurodegenerative diseases - including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Aging and Autism Spectrum Disorder - are often induced or exacerbated by accumulation of methylglyoxal. Antioxidant compounds possess several distinct mechanisms that enhance the glyoxalase pathway and function as neuroprotectants. Flavonoids are well-researched secondary plant metabolites that appear to be effective in reducing levels of oxidative stress and inflammation in neural cells. Novel flavonoids could be designed, synthesized and tested to protect against neurodegenerative diseases through regulating the glyoxalase pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel R Frandsen
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5900, USA
| | - Prabagaran Narayanasamy
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5900, USA.
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Iqbal IK, Bajeli S, Akela AK, Kumar A. Bioenergetics of Mycobacterium: An Emerging Landscape for Drug Discovery. Pathogens 2018; 7:E24. [PMID: 29473841 PMCID: PMC5874750 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens7010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) exhibits remarkable metabolic flexibility that enables it to survive a plethora of host environments during its life cycle. With the advent of bedaquiline for treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, oxidative phosphorylation has been validated as an important target and a vulnerable component of mycobacterial metabolism. Exploiting the dependence of Mtb on oxidative phosphorylation for energy production, several components of this pathway have been targeted for the development of new antimycobacterial agents. This includes targeting NADH dehydrogenase by phenothiazine derivatives, menaquinone biosynthesis by DG70 and other compounds, terminal oxidase by imidazopyridine amides and ATP synthase by diarylquinolines. Importantly, oxidative phosphorylation also plays a critical role in the survival of persisters. Thus, inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation can synergize with frontline TB drugs to shorten the course of treatment. In this review, we discuss the oxidative phosphorylation pathway and development of its inhibitors in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iram Khan Iqbal
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh 160036, India.
| | - Sapna Bajeli
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh 160036, India.
| | - Ajit Kumar Akela
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh 160036, India.
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh 160036, India.
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Koehn J, Magallanes ES, Peters BJ, Beuning CN, Haase AA, Zhu MJ, Rithner CD, Crick DC, Crans DC. A Synthetic Isoprenoid Lipoquinone, Menaquinone-2, Adopts a Folded Conformation in Solution and at a Model Membrane Interface. J Org Chem 2018; 83:275-288. [PMID: 29168636 PMCID: PMC5759649 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Menaquinones (naphthoquinones, MK) are isoprenoids that play key roles in the respiratory electron transport system of some prokaryotes by shuttling electrons between membrane-bound protein complexes acting as electron acceptors and donors. Menaquinone-2 (MK-2), a truncated MK, was synthesized, and the studies presented herein characterize the conformational and chemical properties of the hydrophobic MK-2 molecule. Using 2D NMR spectroscopy, we established for the first time that MK-2 has a folded conformation defined by the isoprenyl side-chain folding back over the napthoquinone in a U-shape, which depends on the specific environmental conditions found in different solvents. We used molecular mechanics to illustrate conformations found by the NMR experiments. The measured redox potentials of MK-2 differed in three organic solvents, where MK-2 was most easily reduced in DMSO, which may suggest a combination of solvent effect (presumably in part because of differences in dielectric constants) and/or conformational differences of MK-2 in different organic solvents. Furthermore, MK-2 was found to associate with the interface of model membranes represented by Langmuir phospholipid monolayers and Aerosol-OT (AOT) reverse micelles. MK-2 adopts a slightly different U-shaped conformation within reverse micelles compared to within solution, which is in sharp contrast to the extended conformations illustrated in literature for MKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan
T. Koehn
- Chemistry
Department, Cell and Molecular Biology Program,
and Microbiology, Immunology,
and Pathology Department, Colorado State
University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Estela S. Magallanes
- Chemistry
Department, Cell and Molecular Biology Program,
and Microbiology, Immunology,
and Pathology Department, Colorado State
University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Benjamin J. Peters
- Chemistry
Department, Cell and Molecular Biology Program,
and Microbiology, Immunology,
and Pathology Department, Colorado State
University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Cheryle N. Beuning
- Chemistry
Department, Cell and Molecular Biology Program,
and Microbiology, Immunology,
and Pathology Department, Colorado State
University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Allison A. Haase
- Chemistry
Department, Cell and Molecular Biology Program,
and Microbiology, Immunology,
and Pathology Department, Colorado State
University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Michelle J. Zhu
- Chemistry
Department, Cell and Molecular Biology Program,
and Microbiology, Immunology,
and Pathology Department, Colorado State
University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Christopher D. Rithner
- Chemistry
Department, Cell and Molecular Biology Program,
and Microbiology, Immunology,
and Pathology Department, Colorado State
University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Dean C. Crick
- Chemistry
Department, Cell and Molecular Biology Program,
and Microbiology, Immunology,
and Pathology Department, Colorado State
University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Debbie C. Crans
- Chemistry
Department, Cell and Molecular Biology Program,
and Microbiology, Immunology,
and Pathology Department, Colorado State
University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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Boersch M, Rudrawar S, Grant G, Zunk M. Menaquinone biosynthesis inhibition: a review of advancements toward a new antibiotic mechanism. RSC Adv 2018; 8:5099-5105. [PMID: 35542397 PMCID: PMC9078190 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra12950e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Menaquinone is essential in electron transport and ATP generation in all Gram-positive, and anaerobically respiring Gram-negative bacteria. Inhibition of menaquinone production at different steps of the biosynthesis pathway has shown promising novel antibacterial action.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Boersch
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology
- Griffith University
- Gold Coast
- Australia
- Quality Use of Medicines Network
| | - S. Rudrawar
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology
- Griffith University
- Gold Coast
- Australia
- Quality Use of Medicines Network
| | - G. Grant
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology
- Griffith University
- Gold Coast
- Australia
- Quality Use of Medicines Network
| | - M. Zunk
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology
- Griffith University
- Gold Coast
- Australia
- Quality Use of Medicines Network
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20
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Gallium nanoparticles facilitate phagosome maturation and inhibit growth of virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis in macrophages. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177987. [PMID: 28542623 PMCID: PMC5436895 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
New treatments and novel drugs are required to counter the growing problem of drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb). Our approach against drug resistant M.tb, as well as other intracellular pathogens, is by targeted drug delivery using nanoformulations of drugs already in use, as well as drugs in development. Among the latter are gallium (III) (Ga)-based compounds. In the current work, six different types of Ga and rifampin nanoparticles were prepared in such a way as to enhance targeting of M.tb infected-macrophages. They were then tested for their ability to inhibit growth of a fully pathogenic strain (H37Rv) or a non-pathogenic strain (H37Ra) of M.tb. Encapsulating Ga in folate- or mannose-conjugated block copolymers provided sustained Ga release for 15 days and significantly inhibited M.tb growth in human monocyte-derived macrophages. Nanoformulations with dendrimers encapsulating Ga or rifampin also showed promising anti-tuberculous activity. The nanoparticles co-localized with M.tb containing phagosomes, as measured by detection of mature cathepsin D (34 kDa, lysosomal hydrogenase). They also promoted maturation of the phagosome, which would be expected to increase macrophage-mediated killing of the organism. Delivery of Ga or rifampin in the form of nanoparticles to macrophages offers a promising approach for the development of new therapeutic anti-tuberculous drugs.
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Ga(III) Nanoparticles Inhibit Growth of both Mycobacterium tuberculosis and HIV and Release of Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-8 in Coinfected Macrophages. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:AAC.02505-16. [PMID: 28167548 PMCID: PMC5365726 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02505-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment of individuals coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 and Mycobacterium tuberculosis is challenging due to the prolonged treatment requirements, drug toxicity, and emergence of drug resistance. Mononuclear phagocytes (MP; macrophages) are one of the natural reservoirs for both HIV and M. tuberculosis. Here, the treatment of HIV and M. tuberculosis coinfection was studied by preloading human macrophages with MP-targeted gallium (Ga) nanoparticles to limit subsequent simultaneous infection with both HIV and M. tuberculosis. Ga nanoparticles provided sustained drug release for 15 days and significantly inhibited the replication of both HIV and M. tuberculosis. Addition of Ga nanoparticles to MP already infected with M. tuberculosis or HIV resulted in a significant decrease in the magnitude of these infections, but the magnitude was less than that achieved with nanoparticle preloading of the MP. In addition, macrophages that were coinfected with HIV and M. tuberculosis and that were loaded with Ga nanoparticles reduced the levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-8 secretion for up to 15 days after drug loading. Ga nanoparticles also reduced the levels of IL-6 and IL-8 secretion by ionomycin- and lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophages, likely by modulating the IκB kinase-β/NF-κB pathway. Delivery of Ga nanoparticles to macrophages is a potent long-acting approach for suppressing HIV and M. tuberculosis coinfection of macrophages in vitro and sets the stage for the development of new approaches to the treatment of these important infections.
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Choi SR, Frandsen J, Narayanasamy P. Novel long-chain compounds with both immunomodulatory and MenA inhibitory activities against Staphylococcus aureus and its biofilm. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40077. [PMID: 28071679 PMCID: PMC5223195 DOI: 10.1038/srep40077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Menaquinone (MK) biosynthesis pathway is a potential target for evaluating antimicrobials in gram-positive bacteria. Here, 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate prenyltransferase (MenA) was targeted to reduce methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) growth. MenA inhibiting, long chain-based compounds were designed, synthesized and evaluated against MRSA and menaquinone utilizing bacteria in aerobic conditions. The results showed that these bacteria were susceptible to most of the compounds. Menaquinone (MK-4) supplementation rescued MRSA growth, suggesting these compounds inhibit MK biosynthesis. 3a and 7c exhibited promising inhibitory activities with MICs ranging 1-8 μg/mL against MRSA strains. The compounds did not facilitate small colony variant formation. These compounds also inhibited the biofilm growth by MRSA at high concentration. Compounds 3a, 6b and 7c displayed a promising extracellular bactericidal activity against MRSA at concentrations equal to and four-fold less than their respective MICs. We also observed cytokines released from THP-1 macrophages treated with compounds 3a, 6b and 7c and found decreases in TNF-α and IL-6 release and increase in IL-1β. These data provide evidence that MenA inhibitors act as TNF-α and IL-6 inhibitors, raising the potential for development and application of these compounds as potential immunomodulatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seoung-ryoung Choi
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, USA
| | - Joel Frandsen
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, USA
| | - Prabagaran Narayanasamy
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, USA
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Choi SR, Larson MA, Hinrichs SH, Narayanasamy P. Development of potential broad spectrum antimicrobials using C2-symmetric 9-fluorenone alkyl amine. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:1997-9. [PMID: 26965856 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.02.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
DNA-dependent RNA primase is essential for de novo primer synthesis during DNA replication in all living organisms. Bacterial DnaG primase is an attractive target for inhibition because it is essential, low in copy number and structurally distinct from eukaryotic and archaeal primases. DnaG primase is sensitive to known inhibitors including suramin and doxorubicin. Recently, tilorone was discovered by high throughput screening to be an inhibitor of Bacillus anthracis primase DnaG but it failed to reduce the growth of B. anthracis in vitro. In this study we determined that tilorone also inhibited DnaG primase from Staphylococcus aureus. C2-Symmetric fluorenone-based compounds, similar to tilorone chemical structure were synthesized and tested to identify potential lead compounds that inhibit bacterial growth in B. anthracis, MRSA and Burkholderia thailandensis. These compounds were evaluated by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against several different bacterial species which demonstrated 17.5 and 16 μg/ml MIC profiles. Importantly, some of the fluorenone-based compounds with a long carbon chain showed a relatively low MIC against B. anthracis, S. aureus, MRSA, Francisella tularensis, and B. thailandensis, suggesting it may be a promising lead compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seoung-ryoung Choi
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5900, United States
| | - Marilynn A Larson
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5900, United States
| | - Steven H Hinrichs
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5900, United States
| | - Prabagaran Narayanasamy
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5900, United States.
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Paudel A, Hamamoto H, Panthee S, Sekimizu K. Menaquinone as a potential target of antibacterial agents. Drug Discov Ther 2016; 10:123-8. [DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2016.01041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kazuhisa Sekimizu
- Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology
- Genome Pharmaceuticals Institute Co., Ltd
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