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Zhu C, Lan X, Wei Z, Yu J, Zhang J. Allosteric modulation of G protein-coupled receptors as a novel therapeutic strategy in neuropathic pain. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:67-86. [PMID: 38239234 PMCID: PMC10792987 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a debilitating pathological condition that presents significant therapeutic challenges in clinical practice. Unfortunately, current pharmacological treatments for neuropathic pain lack clinical efficacy and often lead to harmful adverse reactions. As G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are widely distributed throughout the body, including the pain transmission pathway and descending inhibition pathway, the development of novel neuropathic pain treatments based on GPCRs allosteric modulation theory is gaining momentum. Extensive research has shown that allosteric modulators targeting GPCRs on the pain pathway can effectively alleviate symptoms of neuropathic pain while reducing or eliminating adverse effects. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the progress made in GPCRs allosteric modulators in the treatment of neuropathic pain, and discuss the potential benefits and adverse factors of this treatment. We will also concentrate on the development of biased agonists of GPCRs, and based on important examples of biased agonist development in recent years, we will describe universal strategies for designing structure-based biased agonists. It is foreseeable that, with the continuous improvement of GPCRs allosteric modulation and biased agonist theory, effective GPCRs allosteric drugs will eventually be available for the treatment of neuropathic pain with acceptable safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhao Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
- School of Basic Medical Science, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Xiaobing Lan
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Zhiqiang Wei
- Medicinal Chemistry and Bioinformatics Center, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Jianqiang Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
- Medicinal Chemistry and Bioinformatics Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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2
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Liu T, Li T, Chen X, Zhang K, Li M, Yao W, Zhang C, Wan L. A network-based analysis and experimental validation of traditional Chinese medicine Yuanhu Zhitong Formula in treating neuropathic pain. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 274:114037. [PMID: 33746000 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The Yuanhu Zhitong Formula (YZF) consists of traditional Chinese herbs Corydalis Rhizoma (Corydalis yanhusuo (Y.H.Chou & Chun C.Hsu) W.T.Wang ex Z.Y.Su & C.Y.Wu; Chinese name, Yanhusuo) and Angelicae Dahuricae Radix (Angelica dahurica (Hoffm.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Franch. & Sav.; Chinese name, Baizhi), which is usually administrated for painful conditions. It is well acknowledged that YZF has pharmacological effects on pain relief; nevertheless, limited data are available on its mechanism. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to explore the potential mechanism underlying YZF on nociception of rats. Also, the comprehensive mechanism of YZF was preliminarily determined based on network pharmacology on neuropathic pain. MATERIALS AND METHODS A spared nerve injury (SNI) model was established to reveal the effects of YZF administration on nociceptive behavior in rats. Von-Frey tests were used to evaluate the paw withdrawal mechanical thresholds in rats administrated with YZF or vehicle. The "drug-ingredients" and "disease-drug-target" networks were established with a network pharmacology approach. The analyses of Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) profiles were performed based on the common targets between the herbs and neuropathic pain. Hub genes, identified with CytoHubba, were validated by Western blotting analysis. RESULTS SNI rats developed significant nociceptive behavior as soon as 3 days after nerve injury, which was reversed by consecutive treatment with 300 mg/kg YZF for 7 days. Besides, 50 potential bioactive components in YZF with 1074 targets were identified. Then, 217 putative common genes related to YZF and neuropathic pain were identified for further study. After established a protein-protein interaction network, 12 subnetworks with CytoHubba and 10 predictive hub genes were obtained based on the maximal clique centrality model. Western blotting analysis indicated that SNI rats exhibited increased APP (Amyloid-beta precursor protein), SRC (Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src), and phosphorylation of JNK1 (Mitogen-activated protein kinase 8, JNK) and ERK1/2 (Mitogen-activated protein kinase 3/1). Obviously, continuous administration of YZF robustly reversed such changes. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed that YZF modulates the nociceptive behavior in SNI rats. Moreover, the drug may be useful in the treatment of neuropathic pain through multi-components, multi-targets, and multi-pathways. Nevertheless, more attention should be paid to discriminating the potential ingredients in YZF contributing to its analgesic effects in the treatment of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Xuhui Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Kaiwen Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Meihong Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Wenlong Yao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Chuanhan Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Li Wan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, PR China.
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3
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Hirose W, Kato Y, Natsutani I, Takata M, Kitaichi M, Imai S, Hayashi S, Arai Y, Hoshino K, Yoshida K. Synthesis and optimization of 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrooxazolo[4,5-c]pyridines as potent and orally-active metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 negative allosteric modulators. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:4331-4335. [PMID: 28838696 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We describe here the design, synthesis and characterization of a series of 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrooxazolo[4,5-c]pyridines as metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) 5 negative allosteric modulators (NAMs). Optimization of the substituents led to the identification of several compounds with good pharmacokinetic profiles, including long half life and high oral bioavailability, in both rats and monkeys. The receptor occupancy test in the rat cortex revealed favorable brain penetration of these compounds. The reprsentative compound 13 produced oral antidepressant-like effect in the rat forced swimming test (MED: 0.3mg/kg, q.d.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Hirose
- Drug Research Division, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma, 3-1-98 Kasugade-naka, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-0022, Japan.
| | - Yoshihiro Kato
- Drug Research Division, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma, 3-1-98 Kasugade-naka, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-0022, Japan
| | - Itaru Natsutani
- Drug Research Division, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma, 33-94 Enoki-cho, Suita, Osaka 564-0053, Japan
| | - Makoto Takata
- Drug Research Division, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma, 3-1-98 Kasugade-naka, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-0022, Japan
| | - Maiko Kitaichi
- Drug Research Division, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma, 3-1-98 Kasugade-naka, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-0022, Japan
| | - Satoki Imai
- Drug Research Division, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma, 33-94 Enoki-cho, Suita, Osaka 564-0053, Japan
| | - Shun Hayashi
- Drug Research Division, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma, 33-94 Enoki-cho, Suita, Osaka 564-0053, Japan
| | - Yukiyo Arai
- Drug Research Division, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma, 3-1-98 Kasugade-naka, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-0022, Japan
| | - Kohei Hoshino
- Drug Research Division, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma, 3-1-98 Kasugade-naka, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-0022, Japan
| | - Kohzo Yoshida
- Drug Research Division, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma, 3-1-98 Kasugade-naka, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-0022, Japan.
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Bian Y, Feng Z, Yang P, Xie XQ. Integrated In Silico Fragment-Based Drug Design: Case Study with Allosteric Modulators on Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 5. AAPS JOURNAL 2017; 19:1235-1248. [PMID: 28560482 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-017-0093-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
GPCR allosteric modulators target at the allosteric binding pockets of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) with indirect influence on the effects of an orthosteric ligand. Such modulators exhibit significant advantages compared to the corresponding orthosteric ligands, including better chemical tractability or physicochemical properties, improved selectivity, and reduced risk of oversensitization towards their receptors. Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGlu5), a member of class C GPCRs, is a promising therapeutic target for treating many central nervous system diseases. The crystal structure of mGlu5 in the complex with the negative allosteric modulator mavoglurant was recently reported, providing a fundamental model for designing new allosteric modulators. Computational fragment-based drug discovery represents a powerful scaffold-hopping and lead structure-optimization tool for drug design. In the present work, a set of integrated computational methodologies was first used, such as fragment library generation and retrosynthetic combinatorial analysis procedure (RECAP) for novel compound generation. Then, the compounds generated were assessed by benchmark dataset verification, docking studies, and QSAR model simulation. Subsequently, structurally diverse compounds, with reported or unreported scaffolds, can be observed from top 20 in silico synthesized compounds, which were predicted to be potential mGlu5 modulators. In silico compounds with reported scaffolds may fill SAR holes in known, patented series of mGlu5 modulators. And the generation of compounds without reported tests on mGluR indicates that our approach is doable for exploring and designing novel compounds. Our case study of designing allosteric modulators on mGlu5 demonstrated that the established computational fragment-based approach is a useful methodology for facilitating new compound design in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuemin Bian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15261, USA.,NIDA National Center of Excellence for Computational Drug Abuse Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15261, USA.,Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15261, USA
| | - Zhiwei Feng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15261, USA.,NIDA National Center of Excellence for Computational Drug Abuse Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15261, USA.,Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15261, USA
| | - Peng Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15261, USA.,NIDA National Center of Excellence for Computational Drug Abuse Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15261, USA.,Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15261, USA
| | - Xiang-Qun Xie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15261, USA. .,NIDA National Center of Excellence for Computational Drug Abuse Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15261, USA. .,Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15261, USA. .,Department of Computational Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15261, USA. .,Department of Structural Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15261, USA.
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5
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Leach K, Gregory KJ. Molecular insights into allosteric modulation of Class C G protein-coupled receptors. Pharmacol Res 2017; 116:105-118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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6
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Albasanz JL, Santana S, Guzman-Sanchez F, León D, Burgos JS, Martín M. 2-Methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine Hydrochloride Modulates Metabotropic Glutamate 5 Receptors Endogenously Expressed in Zebrafish Brain. ACS Chem Neurosci 2016; 7:1690-1697. [PMID: 27635438 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to phylogenetic proximity to the human, zebrafish has been recognized as a reliable model to study Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other central nervous system disorders. Furthermore, metabotropic glutamate receptors have been previously reported to be impaired in brain from AD patients. Metabotropic glutamate 5 (mGlu5) receptors are G-protein coupled receptors proposed as potential targets for therapy of different neurodegenerative disorders. Thus, MPEP (2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine hydrochloride), a selective noncompetitive mGlu5 receptor antagonist, has been suggested for pharmacological treatment of AD. The aim of the present work was to quantify mGlu5 receptors in brain from zebrafish and to study the possible modulation of these receptors by MPEP treatment. To this end, radioligand binding assay and open field test were used. Results showed a slightly higher presence of mGlu5 receptors in brain from male than in that from female zebrafish. However, a significant increase of mGlu5 receptor in male without variation in female was observed after MPEP treatment. This gender specific response was also observed in locomotor behavior, being significantly decreased only in male zebrafish. These results confirm the presence of mGlu5 receptors in brain from zebrafish and their gender specific modulation by selective antagonist treatment and suggest a role of these receptors on locomotor activity, which is affected in many disorders. In addition, our data point to zebrafish as a useful model to study mGlu receptor function in both healthy and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Albasanz
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica,
Orgánica y Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina de Ciudad
Real/Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CRIB), Avenida Camilo José Cela 10, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | | | | | - David León
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica,
Orgánica y Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina de Ciudad
Real/Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CRIB), Avenida Camilo José Cela 10, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | | | - Mairena Martín
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica,
Orgánica y Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina de Ciudad
Real/Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CRIB), Avenida Camilo José Cela 10, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
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7
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Jensen KG, Jacobsen AM, Bundgaard C, Nilausen DØ, Thale Z, Chandrasena G, Jørgensen M. Lack of Exposure in a First-in-Man Study Due to Aldehyde Oxidase Metabolism: Investigated by Use of 14C-microdose, Humanized Mice, Monkey Pharmacokinetics, and In Vitro Methods. Drug Metab Dispos 2016; 45:68-75. [PMID: 27737930 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.072793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Inclusion of a microdose of 14C-labeled drug in the first-in-man study of new investigational drugs and subsequent analysis by accelerator mass spectrometry has become an integrated part of drug development at Lundbeck. It has been found to be highly informative with regard to investigations of the routes and rates of excretion of the drug and the human metabolite profiles according to metabolites in safety testing guidance and also when additional metabolism-related issues needed to be addressed. In the first-in-man study with the NCE Lu AF09535, contrary to anticipated, surprisingly low exposure was observed when measuring the parent compound using conventional bioanalysis. Parallel accelerator mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the low exposure was almost exclusively attributable to extensive metabolism. The metabolism observed in humans was mediated via a human specific metabolic pathway, whereas an equivalent extent of metabolism was not observed in preclinical species. In vitro, incubation studies in human liver cytosol revealed involvement of aldehyde oxidase (AO) in the biotransformation of Lu AF09535. In vivo, substantially lower plasma exposure of Lu AF09535 was observed in chimeric mice with humanized livers compared with control animals. In addition, Lu AF09535 exhibited very low oral bioavailability in monkeys despite relatively low clearance after intravenous administration in contrast to the pharmacokinetics in rats and dogs, both showing low clearance and high bioavailability. The in vitro and in vivo methods applied were proved useful for identifying and evaluating AO-dependent metabolism. Different strategies to integrate these methods for prediction of in vivo human clearance of AO substrates were evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Gjervig Jensen
- Drug ADME Research (K.G.J., M.J.), Department of Drug Metabolism (A.J.), Discovery DMPK (C.B.), Clinical Pharmacology (D.Ø.N.), and Department of Bioanalysis (Z.T.), H. Lundbeck A/S, Valby Denmark; and Discovery Chemistry & DMPK, Lundbeck Research, New Jersey (G.C.)
| | - Anne-Marie Jacobsen
- Drug ADME Research (K.G.J., M.J.), Department of Drug Metabolism (A.J.), Discovery DMPK (C.B.), Clinical Pharmacology (D.Ø.N.), and Department of Bioanalysis (Z.T.), H. Lundbeck A/S, Valby Denmark; and Discovery Chemistry & DMPK, Lundbeck Research, New Jersey (G.C.)
| | - Christoffer Bundgaard
- Drug ADME Research (K.G.J., M.J.), Department of Drug Metabolism (A.J.), Discovery DMPK (C.B.), Clinical Pharmacology (D.Ø.N.), and Department of Bioanalysis (Z.T.), H. Lundbeck A/S, Valby Denmark; and Discovery Chemistry & DMPK, Lundbeck Research, New Jersey (G.C.)
| | - Dorrit Østergaard Nilausen
- Drug ADME Research (K.G.J., M.J.), Department of Drug Metabolism (A.J.), Discovery DMPK (C.B.), Clinical Pharmacology (D.Ø.N.), and Department of Bioanalysis (Z.T.), H. Lundbeck A/S, Valby Denmark; and Discovery Chemistry & DMPK, Lundbeck Research, New Jersey (G.C.)
| | - Zia Thale
- Drug ADME Research (K.G.J., M.J.), Department of Drug Metabolism (A.J.), Discovery DMPK (C.B.), Clinical Pharmacology (D.Ø.N.), and Department of Bioanalysis (Z.T.), H. Lundbeck A/S, Valby Denmark; and Discovery Chemistry & DMPK, Lundbeck Research, New Jersey (G.C.)
| | - Gamini Chandrasena
- Drug ADME Research (K.G.J., M.J.), Department of Drug Metabolism (A.J.), Discovery DMPK (C.B.), Clinical Pharmacology (D.Ø.N.), and Department of Bioanalysis (Z.T.), H. Lundbeck A/S, Valby Denmark; and Discovery Chemistry & DMPK, Lundbeck Research, New Jersey (G.C.)
| | - Martin Jørgensen
- Drug ADME Research (K.G.J., M.J.), Department of Drug Metabolism (A.J.), Discovery DMPK (C.B.), Clinical Pharmacology (D.Ø.N.), and Department of Bioanalysis (Z.T.), H. Lundbeck A/S, Valby Denmark; and Discovery Chemistry & DMPK, Lundbeck Research, New Jersey (G.C.)
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Niclosamide is a Negative Allosteric Modulator of Group I Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors: Implications for Neuropathic Pain. Pharm Res 2016; 33:3044-3056. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-016-2027-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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9
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Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 – a promising target in drug development and neuroimaging. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2016; 43:1151-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s00259-015-3301-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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10
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Peterlik D, Flor PJ, Uschold-Schmidt N. The Emerging Role of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors in the Pathophysiology of Chronic Stress-Related Disorders. Curr Neuropharmacol 2016; 14:514-39. [PMID: 27296643 PMCID: PMC4983752 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x13666150515234920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic stress-related psychiatric conditions such as anxiety, depression, and alcohol abuse are an enormous public health concern. The etiology of these pathologies is complex, with psychosocial stressors being among the most frequently discussed risk factors. The brain glutamatergic neurotransmitter system has often been found involved in behaviors and pathophysiologies resulting from acute stress and fear. Despite this, relatively little is known about the role of glutamatergic system components in chronic psychosocial stress, neither in rodents nor in humans. Recently, drug discovery efforts at the metabotropic receptor subtypes of the glutamatergic system (mGlu1-8 receptors) led to the identification of pharmacological tools with emerging potential in psychiatric conditions. But again, the contribution of individual mGlu subtypes to the manifestation of physiological, molecular, and behavioral consequences of chronic psychosocial stress remains still largely unaddressed. The current review will describe animal models typically used to analyze acute and particularly chronic stress conditions, including models of psychosocial stress, and there we will discuss the emerging roles for mGlu receptor subtypes. Indeed, accumulating evidence indicates relevance and potential therapeutic usefulness of mGlu2/3 ligands and mGlu5 receptor antagonists in chronic stress-related disorders. In addition, a role for further mechanisms, e.g. mGlu7-selective compounds, is beginning to emerge. These mechanisms are important to be analyzed in chronic psychosocial stress paradigms, e.g. in the chronic subordinate colony housing (CSC) model. We summarize the early results and discuss necessary future investigations, especially for mGlu5 and mGlu7 receptor blockers, which might serve to suggest improved therapeutic strategies to treat stress-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter J Flor
- Faculty of Biology and Preclinical Medicine, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Nicole Uschold-Schmidt
- Faculty of Biology and Preclinical Medicine, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany.
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Wierońska JM, Zorn SH, Doller D, Pilc A. Metabotropic glutamate receptors as targets for new antipsychotic drugs: Historical perspective and critical comparative assessment. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 157:10-27. [PMID: 26549541 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we aim to present, discuss and clarify our current understanding regarding the prediction of possible antipsychotic effects of metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptor ligands. The number of preclinical trials clearly indicates, that this group of compounds constitutes an excellent alternative to presently used antipsychotic therapy, being effective not only to positive, but also negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia. Although the results of clinical trials that were performed for the group of mGlu2/3 agonists were not so enthusiastic as in animal studies, they still showed that mGlu ligands do not induced variety of side effects typical for presently used antipsychotics, and were generally well tolerated. The lack of satisfactory effectiveness towards schizophrenia symptoms of mGlu2/3 activators in humans could be a result of variety of uncontrolled factors and unidentified biomarkers different for each schizophrenia patient, that should be taken into consideration in the future set of clinical trials. The subject is still open for further research, and the novel classes of mGlu5 or mGlu2/3 agonists/PAMs were recently introduced, including the large group of compounds from the third group of mGlu receptors, especially of mGlu4 subtype. Finally, more precise treatment based on simultaneous administration of minimal doses of the ligands for two or more receptors, seems to be promising in the context of symptoms-specific schizophrenia treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna M Wierońska
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | | | | | - Andrzej Pilc
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Krakow, Poland.
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12
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Structure of class C GPCR metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 transmembrane domain. Nature 2014; 511:557-62. [DOI: 10.1038/nature13396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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