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Kshirsagar SM, Viswaroopan N, Ghosh M, Junaid MSA, Haque S, Khan J, Muzaffar S, Srivastava RK, Athar M, Banga AK. Development of 4-phenylbutyric acid microsponge gel formulations for the treatment of lewisite-mediated skin injury. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2024:10.1007/s13346-024-01620-y. [PMID: 38802678 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-024-01620-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Lewisite, a chemical warfare agent, causes skin blisters, erythema, edema, and inflammation, requiring mitigation strategies in case of accidental or deliberate exposure. 4-phenyl butyric acid (4-PBA), a chemical chaperone, reduces endoplasmic reticulum stress and skin inflammation. The study aimed to encapsulate 4-PBA in microsponges for effective, sustained delivery against lewisite injury. Porous microsponges in a topical gel would potentially sustain delivery and improve residence time on the skin. Microsponges were developed using the quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion method with Eudragit RS100. Optimized formulation showed 10.58%w/w drug loading was incorporated in a carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and Carbopol gel for in vitro release and permeation testing using dermatomed human skin. A sustained release was obtained from all vehicles in the release study, and IVPT results showed that compared to the control (41.52 ± 2.54 µg/sq.cm), a sustained permeation profile with a reduced delivery was observed for microsponges in PBS (14.16 ± 1.23 µg/sq.cm) along with Carbopol 980 gel (12.55 ± 1.41 µg/sq.cm), and CMC gel (10.09 ± 1.23 µg/sq.cm) at 24 h. Optimized formulation showed significant protection against lewisite surrogate phenyl arsine oxide (PAO) challenged skin injury in Ptch1+/-/SKH-1 hairless mice at gross and molecular levels. A reduction in Draize score by 29%, a reduction in skin bifold thickness by 8%, a significant reduction in levels of IL-1β, IL6, and GM-CSF by 54%, 30%, and 55%, respectively, and a reduction in apoptosis by 31% was observed. Thus, the translational feasibility of 4-PBA microsponges for effective, sustained delivery against lewisite skin injury is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharvari M Kshirsagar
- Center for Drug Delivery Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, 3001 Mercer University Drive, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Nethra Viswaroopan
- Center for Drug Delivery Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, 3001 Mercer University Drive, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Meheli Ghosh
- Center for Drug Delivery Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, 3001 Mercer University Drive, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Mohammad Shajid Ashraf Junaid
- Center for Drug Delivery Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, 3001 Mercer University Drive, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Safiya Haque
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, UAB Research Center of Excellence in Arsenicals, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jasim Khan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, UAB Research Center of Excellence in Arsenicals, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Suhail Muzaffar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, UAB Research Center of Excellence in Arsenicals, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Ritesh K Srivastava
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, UAB Research Center of Excellence in Arsenicals, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Mohammad Athar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, UAB Research Center of Excellence in Arsenicals, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Ajay K Banga
- Center for Drug Delivery Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, 3001 Mercer University Drive, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
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Karve T, Banga AK. Comparative evaluation of physical and chemical enhancement techniques for transdermal delivery of linagliptin. Int J Pharm 2024; 654:123992. [PMID: 38479485 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.123992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Linagliptin is a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor used for the management of type-2 diabetes. US FDA-approved products are available exclusively as oral tablets. The inherent drawbacks of the oral administration route necessitate exploring delivery strategies via other routes. In this study, we investigated the feasibility of transdermal administration of linagliptin through various approaches. We compared chemical penetration enhancers (oleic acid, oleyl alcohol, and isopropyl myristate) and physical enhancement techniques (iontophoresis, sonophoresis, microneedles, laser, and microdermabrasion) to understand their potential to improve transdermal delivery of linagliptin. To our knowledge, this is the first reported comparison of chemical and physical enhancement techniques for the transdermal delivery of a moderately lipophilic molecule. All physical enhancement techniques caused a significant reduction in the transepithelial electrical resistance of the skin samples. Disruption of the skin's structure post-treatment with physical enhancement techniques was further confirmed using characterization techniques such as dye binding, histology, and confocal microscopy. In vitro permeation testing (IVPT) demonstrated that the passive delivery of linagliptin across the skin was < 5 µg/sq.cm. Two penetration enhancers - oleic acid (93.39 ± 8.34 µg/sq.cm.) and oleyl alcohol (424.73 ± 42.86 µg/sq.cm.), and three physical techniques - iontophoresis (53.05 ± 0.79 µg/sq.cm.), sonophoresis (141.13 ± 34.22 µg/sq.cm.), and laser (555.11 ± 78.97 µg/sq.cm.) exceeded the desired target delivery for therapeutic effect. This study established that linagliptin is an excellent candidate for transdermal delivery and thoroughly compared chemical penetration and physical transdermal delivery strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanvi Karve
- Center for Drug Delivery Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Ajay K Banga
- Center for Drug Delivery Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
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Kshirsagar S, Dandekar A, Srivastava RK, Khan J, Muzaffar S, Athar M, Banga AK. Microneedle-mediated transdermal delivery of N-acetyl cysteine as a potential antidote for lewisite injury. Int J Pharm 2023; 647:123547. [PMID: 37884214 PMCID: PMC10872459 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Lewisite is a chemical warfare agent intended for use in World War and a potential threat to the civilian population due to presence in stockpiles or accidental exposure. Lewisite-mediated skin injury is characterized by acute erythema, pain, and blister formation. N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) is an FDA-approved drug for acetaminophen toxicity, identified as a potential antidote against lewisite. In the present study, we have explored the feasibility of rapid NAC delivery through transdermal route for potentially treating chemical warfare toxicity. NAC is a small, hydrophilic molecule with limited passive delivery through the skin. Using skin microporation with dissolving microneedles significantly enhanced the delivery of NAC into and across dermatomed human skin in our studies. Microporation followed by application of solution (poke-and-solution) resulted in the highest in vitro delivery (509.84 ± 155.04 µg/sq·cm) as compared to poke-and-gel approach (474.91 ± 70.09 µg/sq·cm) and drug-loaded microneedles (226.89 ± 33.41 µg/sq·cm). The lag time for NAC delivery through poke-and-solution approach (0.23 ± 0.04 h) was close to gel application (0.25 ± 0.02 h), with the highest for drug-loaded microneedles (1.27 ± 1.16 h). Thus, we successfully demonstrated the feasibility of rapid NAC delivery using various skin microporation approaches for potential treatment against lewisite-mediated skin toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharvari Kshirsagar
- Center for Drug Delivery Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Amruta Dandekar
- Center for Drug Delivery Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ritesh K Srivastava
- UAB Research Center of Excellence in Arsenicals, Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jasim Khan
- UAB Research Center of Excellence in Arsenicals, Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Suhail Muzaffar
- UAB Research Center of Excellence in Arsenicals, Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Mohammad Athar
- UAB Research Center of Excellence in Arsenicals, Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Ajay K Banga
- Center for Drug Delivery Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Han W, Liu F, Li Y, Liu G, Li H, Xu Y, Sun S. Advances in Natural Polymer-Based Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems for Tumor Therapy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2301670. [PMID: 37098629 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202301670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
As an alternative to traditional oral and intravenous injections with limited efficacy, transdermal drug delivery (TDD) has shown great promise in tumor treatment. Over the past decade, natural polymers have been designed into various nanocarriers due to their excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability, and easy availability, providing more options for TDD. In addition, surface functionalization modification of the rich functional groups of natural polymers, which in turn are developed into targeted and stimulus-responsive functional materials, allows precise delivery of drugs to tumor sites and release of drugs in response to specific stimuli. It not only improves the treatment efficiency of tumor but also reduces the toxic and side effects to normal tissues. Therefore, the development of natural polymer-based TDD (NPTDD) systems has great potential in tumor therapy. In this review, the mechanism of NPTDD systems such as penetration enhancers, nanoparticles, microneedles, hydrogels and nanofibers prepared from hyaluronic acid, chitosan, sodium alginate, cellulose, heparin and protein, and their applications in tumor therapy are overviewed. This review also outlines the future prospects and current challenges of NPTDD systems for local treatment tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiang Han
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Fengyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Ganjingzi District, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Yuyao Li
- Nursing College of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China
| | - Guoxin Liu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Hongjuan Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yongqian Xu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Shiguo Sun
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, 26 Yuxiang Street, Shijiazhuang, 050018, China
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Zheng H, Pu Z, Wu H, Li C, Zhang X, Li D. Reverse iontophoresis with the development of flexible electronics: A review. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 223:115036. [PMID: 36580817 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.115036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Skin-centric diagnosis techniques, such as epidermal physiological parameter monitoring, have developed rapidly in recent years. The analysis of interstitial fluid (ISF), a body liquid with abundant physiological information, is a promising method to obtain health status because ISF is easily assessed by implanted or percutaneous measurements. Reverse iontophoresis extracts ISF by applying an electric field onto the skin, and it is a promising method to noninvasively obtain ISF, which, in turn, enables noninvasive epidermal physiological parameter monitoring. However, the development of reverse iontophoresis was relatively slow around the 2010s due to the rigidity and low biocompatibility of the applied devices. With the rapid development of flexible electronic technology in recent years, new progress has been made in the field of reverse iontophoresis, especially in the field of blood glucose monitoring and drug monitoring. This review summarizes the recent advances and discusses the challenges and opportunities of reverse iontophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Zhihua Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Hao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Chengcheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xingguo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Dachao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
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Dandekar AA, Garimella HT, German CL, Banga AK. Microneedle Mediated Iontophoretic Delivery of Tofacitinib Citrate. Pharm Res 2023; 40:735-747. [PMID: 35174431 PMCID: PMC9378741 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03190-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate in vitro transdermal delivery of tofacitinib citrate across human skin using microporation by microneedles and iontophoresis alone and in combination. METHODS In vitro permeation studies were conducted using vertical Franz diffusion cells. Microneedles composed of polyvinyl alcohol and carboxymethyl cellulose were fabricated and successfully characterized using scanning electron microscopy. The microchannels created were further characterized using histology, dye binding study, scanning electron microscopy, and confocal microscopy studies. The effect of microporation on delivery of tofacitinib citrate was evaluated alone and in combination with iontophoresis. In addition, the effect of current density on iontophoretic delivery was also investigated. RESULTS Total delivery of tofacitinib citrate via passive permeation was found out to be 11.04 ± 1 μg/sq.cm. Microporation with microneedles resulted in significant enhancement where a 28-fold increase in delivery of tofacitinib citrate was observed with a total delivery of 314.7±33.32 μg/sq.cm. The characterization studies confirmed the formation of microchannels in the skin where successful disruption of stratum corneum was observed after applying microneedles. Anodal iontophoresis at 0.1 and 0.5 mA/sq.cm showed a total delivery of 18.56 μg/sq.cm and 62.07 μg/sq.cm, respectively. A combination of microneedle and iontophoresis at 0.5 mA/sq.cm showed the highest total delivery of 566.59 μg/sq.cm demonstrating a synergistic effect. A sharp increase in transdermal flux was observed for a combination of microneedles and iontophoresis. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates the use of microneedles and iontophoresis to deliver a therapeutic dose of tofacitinib citrate via transdermal route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amruta A Dandekar
- Center for Drug Delivery Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, 3001 Mercer University Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Harsha T Garimella
- CFD Research Corporation, 701 McMillian Way NW, Huntsville, AL, 35806, USA
| | - Carrie L German
- CFD Research Corporation, 701 McMillian Way NW, Huntsville, AL, 35806, USA
| | - Ajay K Banga
- Center for Drug Delivery Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, 3001 Mercer University Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA.
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Zhao Y, Voyer J, Li Y, Kang X, Chen X. Laser microporation facilitates topical drug delivery: a comprehensive review about preclinical development and clinical application. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2023; 20:31-54. [PMID: 36519356 PMCID: PMC9825102 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2023.2152002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Topical drug delivery is highly attractive and yet faces tissue barrier challenges. Different physical and chemical methods have been explored to facilitate topical drug delivery. AREAS COVERED Ablative fractional laser (AFL) has been widely explored by the scientific community and dermatologists to facilitate topical drug delivery since its advent less than two decades ago. This review introduces the major efforts in exploration of AFL to facilitate transdermal, transungual, and transocular drug delivery in preclinical and clinical settings. EXPERT OPINION Most of the preclinical and clinical studies find AFL to be safe and highly effective to facilitate topical drug delivery with little restriction on physicochemical properties of drugs. Clinical studies support AFL to enhance drug efficacy, shorten treatment time, reduce pain, improve cosmetic outcomes, reduce systemic drug exposure, and improve safety. Considering most of the clinical trials so far involved a small sample size and were in early phase, future trials will benefit from enrolling a large group of patients for thorough evaluation of the safety and efficacy of AFL-assisted topical drug delivery. The manufacturing of small and less costly AFL devices will also facilitate the translation of AFL-assisted topical drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Zhao
- Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Road, Avedisian Hall, Room 480, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Jewel Voyer
- Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Road, Avedisian Hall, Room 480, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Yibo Li
- Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Road, Avedisian Hall, Room 480, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Xinliang Kang
- Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Road, Avedisian Hall, Room 480, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Xinyuan Chen
- Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Road, Avedisian Hall, Room 480, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
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Kshirsagar SM, Kipping T, Banga AK. Fabrication of Polymeric Microneedles using Novel Vacuum Compression Molding Technique for Transdermal Drug Delivery. Pharm Res 2022; 39:3301-3315. [PMID: 36195823 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03406-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To demonstrate the feasibility of vacuum compression molding as a novel technique for fabricating polymeric poly (D, L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) microneedles. METHODS First, polydimethylsiloxane molds were prepared using metal microneedle templates and fixed in the MeltPrep® Vacuum Compression Molding tool. Poly (D, L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (EXPANSORB® DLG 50-5A) was added, enclosed, and heated at 130°C for 15 min under a vacuum of -15 psi, cooled with compressed air for 15 min, followed by freezing at -20°C for 30 min, and stored in a desiccator. The microneedles and microchannels were characterized by a variety of imaging techniques. In vitro permeation of model drug lidocaine as base and hydrochloride salt was demonstrated across intact and microporated dermatomed human skin. RESULTS Fabricated PLGA microneedles were pyramid-shaped, sharp, uniform, and mechanically robust. Scanning electron microscopy, skin integrity, dye-binding, histology, and confocal laser microscopy studies confirmed the microchannel formation. The receptor delivery of lidocaine salt increased significantly in microporated (270.57 ± 3.73 μg/cm2) skin as compared to intact skin (142.19 ± 13.70 μg/cm2) at 24 h. The receptor delivery of lidocaine base from microporated skin was significantly higher (312.37 ± 10.57 μg/cm2) than intact skin (169.68 ± 24.09 μg/cm2) up to 8 h. Lag time decreased significantly for the base (2.24 ± 0.17 h to 0.64 ± 0.05 h) and salt (4.76 ± 0.31 h to 1.47 ± 0.21 h) after microporation. CONCLUSION Vacuum compression molding was demonstrated as a novel technique to fabricate uniform, solvent-free, strong polymer microneedles in a short time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharvari M Kshirsagar
- Center for Drug Delivery Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, 3001 Mercer University Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Thomas Kipping
- MilliporeSigma a Business of Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Ajay K Banga
- Center for Drug Delivery Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, 3001 Mercer University Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA.
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Vora D, Garimella HT, German CL, Banga AK. Microneedle and iontophoresis mediated delivery of methotrexate into and across healthy and psoriatic skin. Int J Pharm 2022; 618:121693. [PMID: 35331833 PMCID: PMC9022631 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a condition of the skin which involves scales, dry patches, and inflammation. Methotrexate (logP: -1.8, MW:454.44 g/mol) is administered orally or intravenously to treat psoriasis. The first-pass metabolism and systemic toxicity can be avoided by administration via skin. Topical and transdermal delivery of methotrexate using iontophoresis and microneedles, alone and in combination was investigated using full-thickness healthy human skin. It is also equally relevant to evaluate the delivery into and across damaged/diseased skin. Hence, this study investigated the delivery of methotrexate using ex vivo healthy and psoriatic human skin to understand the effect of skin disease condition on delivery of methotrexate via skin. A lower resistance and a higher TEWL for psoriatic skin indicated damaged barrier function, while histology studies indicated epithelial hyperproliferation and elongated rete ridges. Using the optimized iontophoretic parameters, there was no significant difference in receptor delivery for psoriatic skin (39.51 ± 4.45 µg/sq.cm) as compared to healthy skin (43.15 ± 0.83 µg/sq.cm). However, methotrexate delivery into psoriatic skin (126.23 ± 24.65 µg/sq.cm) was significantly higher as compared to healthy skin (12.02 ± 4.89 µg/sq.cm). Thus, significantly higher total delivery was observed from psoriatic skin than healthy skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepal Vora
- Center for Drug Delivery Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | | | - Carrie L German
- CFD Research Corporation, 701 McMillian Way, Huntsville, AL 35806, USA
| | - Ajay K Banga
- Center for Drug Delivery Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
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Formulation Development for Transdermal Delivery of Raloxifene, a Chemoprophylactic Agent against Breast Cancer. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14030680. [PMID: 35336054 PMCID: PMC8953220 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14030680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Raloxifene (RLX) is a second-generation selective estrogen receptor modulator approved for the prevention of invasive breast cancer in women. Oral therapy of RLX requires daily intake and is associated with side effects that may lead to low adherence. We developed a weekly transdermal delivery system (TDS) for the sustained delivery of RLX to enhance the therapeutic effectiveness, increase adherence, and reduce side effects. We evaluated the weekly transdermal administration of RLX using passive permeation, chemical enhancers, physical enhancement techniques, and matrix- and reservoir-type systems, including polymeric gels. In vitro permeation studies were conducted using vertical Franz diffusion cells across dermatomed human skin or human epidermis. Oleic acid was selected as a chemical enhancer based on yielding the highest drug delivery amongst the various enhancers screened and was incorporated in the formulation of TDSs and polymeric gels. Based on in vitro results, both Eudragit- and colloidal silicon dioxide-based transdermal gels of RLX exceeded the target flux of 24 μg/cm2/day for 7 days. An infinite dose of these gels delivered 326.23 ± 107.58 µg/ cm2 and 498.81 ± 14.26 µg/ cm2 of RLX in 7 days, respectively, successfully exceeding the required target flux. These in vitro results confirm the potential of reservoir-based polymeric gels as a TDS for the weekly administration of RLX.
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