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Berikkhanova K, Taigulov E, Bokebaev Z, Kusainov A, Tanysheva G, Yedrissov A, Seredin G, Baltabayeva T, Zhumadilov Z. Drug-loaded erythrocytes: Modern approaches for advanced drug delivery for clinical use. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23451. [PMID: 38192824 PMCID: PMC10772586 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Scientific organizations worldwide are striving to create drug delivery systems that provide a high local concentration of a drug in pathological tissue without side effects on healthy organs in the body. Important physiological properties of red blood cells (RBCs), such as frequent renewal ability, good oxygen carrying ability, unique shape and membrane flexibility, allow them to be used as natural carriers of drugs in the body. Erythrocyte carriers derived from autologous blood are even more promising drug delivery systems due to their immunogenic compatibility, safety, natural uniqueness, simple preparation, biodegradability and convenience of use in clinical practice. This review is focused on the achievements in the clinical application of targeted drug delivery systems based on osmotic methods of loading RBCs, with an emphasis on advancements in their industrial production. This article describes the basic methods used for encapsulating drugs into erythrocytes, key strategic approaches to the clinical use of drug-loaded erythrocytes obtained by hypotonic hemolysis. Moreover, clinical trials of erythrocyte carriers for the targeted delivery are discussed. This article explores the recent advancements and engineering approaches employed in the encapsulation of erythrocytes through hypotonic hemolysis methods, as well as the most promising inventions in this field. There is currently a shortage of reviews focused on the automation of drug loading into RBCs; therefore, our work fills this gap. Finally, further prospects for the development of engineering and technological solutions for the automatic production of drug-loaded RBCs were studied. Automated devices have the potential to provide the widespread production of RBC-encapsulated therapeutic drugs and optimize the process of targeted drug delivery in the body. Furthermore, they can expedite the widespread introduction of this innovative treatment method into clinical practice, thereby significantly expanding the effectiveness of treatment in both surgery and all areas of medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kulzhan Berikkhanova
- Center for Life Sciences, National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Kabanbay Batyr 53, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Erlan Taigulov
- University Medical Center, Nazarbayev University, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
- Astana Medical University, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Zhanybek Bokebaev
- Center for Life Sciences, National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Kabanbay Batyr 53, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
- Astana Medical University, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Aidar Kusainov
- Semey State Medical University, Semey, 071400, Kazakhstan
| | | | - Azamat Yedrissov
- Center for Life Sciences, National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Kabanbay Batyr 53, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - German Seredin
- Center for Life Sciences, National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Kabanbay Batyr 53, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Tolkyn Baltabayeva
- Scientific-Production Center of Transfusiology, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Zhaxybay Zhumadilov
- Departament of Surgery, School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Kabanbay Batyr 53, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
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2
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Biagiotti S, Pirla E, Magnani M. Drug transport by red blood cells. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1308632. [PMID: 38148901 PMCID: PMC10750411 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1308632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the role of human red blood cells (RBCs) as drug carriers. First, a general introduction about RBC physiology is provided, followed by the presentation of several cases in which RBCs act as natural carriers of drugs. This is due to the presence of several binding sites within the same RBCs and is regulated by the diffusion of selected compounds through the RBC membrane and by the presence of influx and efflux transporters. The balance between the influx/efflux and the affinity for these binding sites will finally affect drug partitioning. Thereafter, a brief mention of the pharmacokinetic profile of drugs with such a partitioning is given. Finally, some examples in which these natural features of human RBCs can be further exploited to engineer RBCs by the encapsulation of drugs, metabolites, or target proteins are reported. For instance, metabolic pathways can be powered by increasing key metabolites (i.e., 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate) that affect oxygen release potentially useful in transfusion medicine. On the other hand, the RBC pre-loading of recombinant immunophilins permits increasing the binding and transport of immunosuppressive drugs. In conclusion, RBCs are natural carriers for different kinds of metabolites and several drugs. However, they can be opportunely further modified to optimize and improve their ability to perform as drug vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mauro Magnani
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy
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3
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Xia D, Li J, Feng L, Gao Z, Liu J, Wang X, Hu Y. Advances in Targeting Drug Biological Carriers for Enhancing Tumor Therapy Efficacy. Macromol Biosci 2023; 23:e2300178. [PMID: 37466216 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202300178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapy drugs continue to be the main component of oncology treatment research and have been proven to be the main treatment modality in tumor therapy. However, the poor delivery efficiency of cancer therapeutic drugs and their potential off-target toxicity significantly limit their effectiveness and extensive application. The recent integration of biological carriers and functional agents is expected to camouflage synthetic biomimetic nanoparticles for targeted delivery. The promising candidates, including but not limited to red blood cells and their membranes, platelets, tumor cell membrane, bacteria, immune cell membrane, and hybrid membrane are typical representatives of biological carriers because of their excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability. Biological carriers are widely used to deliver chemotherapy drugs to improve the effectiveness of drug delivery and therapeutic efficacy in vivo, and tremendous progress is made in this field. This review summarizes recent developments in biological vectors as targeted drug delivery systems based on microenvironmental stimuli-responsive release, thus highlighting the potential applications of target drug biological carriers. The review also discusses the possibility of clinical translation, as well as the exploitation trend of these target drug biological carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donglin Xia
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226019, P.R. China
| | - Jia Li
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226019, P.R. China
| | - Lingzi Feng
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226019, P.R. China
| | - Ziqing Gao
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226019, P.R. China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuxi No. 5 People's Hospital Affiliated Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214005, P.R. China
| | - Xiangqian Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Nantong Tumor Hospital, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226361, P.R. China
| | - Yong Hu
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, P.R. China
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4
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Peng W, Yue Y, Zhang Y, Li H, Zhang C, Wang P, Cao Y, Liu X, Dong S, Wu M, Yao C. Scheduled dosage regimen by irreversible electroporation of loaded erythrocytes for cancer treatment. APL Bioeng 2023; 7:046102. [PMID: 37854061 PMCID: PMC10581719 DOI: 10.1063/5.0174353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Precise control of cargo release is essential but still a great challenge for any drug delivery system. Irreversible electroporation (IRE), utilizing short high-voltage pulsed electric fields to destabilize the biological membrane, has been recently approved as a non-thermal technique for tumor ablation without destroying the integrity of adjacent collagenous structures. Due to the electro-permeating membrane ability, IRE might also have great potential to realize the controlled drug release in response to various input IRE parameters, which were tested in a red blood cell (RBC) model in this work. According to the mathematical simulation model of a round biconcave disc-like cell based on RBC shape and dielectric characteristics, the permeability and the pore density of the RBC membrane were found to quantitatively depend on the pulse parameters. To further provide solid experimental evidence, indocyanine green (ICG) and doxorubicin (DOX) were both loaded inside RBCs (RBC@DOX&ICG) and the drug release rates were found to be tailorable by microsecond pulsed electric field (μsPEF). In addition, μsPEF could effectively modulate the tumor stroma to augment therapy efficacy by increasing micro-vessel density and permeability, softening extracellular matrix, and alleviating tumor hypoxia. Benefiting from these advantages, this IRE-responsive RBC@DOX&ICG achieved a remarkably synergistic anti-cancer effect by the combination of μsPEF and chemotherapy in the tumor-bearing mice model, with the survival time increasing above 90 days without tumor burden. Given that IRE is easily adaptable to different plasma membrane-based vehicles for delivering diverse drugs, this approach could offer a general applicability for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wencheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment and System Security and New Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaqi Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment and System Security and New Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuting Zhang
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350025, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Shoulong Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment and System Security and New Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Wu
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed: and
| | - Chenguo Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment and System Security and New Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, People's Republic of China
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5
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Wang X, Meng X, Mao K, Chen H, Cong X, Liu F, Wang J, Liu S, Xin Y, Zhu G, Tan H, Yang YG, Sun T. Maleimide as the PEG end-group promotes macrophage-targeted drug delivery of PEGylated nanoparticles in vivo by enhancing interaction with circulating erythrocytes. Biomaterials 2023; 300:122187. [PMID: 37302279 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Radiotherapy (IR) is capable of enhancing antitumor immune responses. However, IR treatment also aggravates the infiltration of peripheral macrophages into the tumor, resulting in reversing the therapeutic effects of antitumor immunity. Thus, a strategy to effectively prevent tumor infiltration by macrophages may further improved the therapeutic efficacy of radiotherapy. Herein, we found that PEGylated solid lipid nanoparticles with maleimide as PEG end-group (SLN-PEG-Mal) show significantly enhanced adsorption onto RBCs through reacting with reactive sulfhydryl groups on RBCs' surface both in vitro and in vivo, and caused significant changes in the surface properties and morphology of RBCs. These RBCs adsorbed by SLN-PEG-Mal were rapidly removed from circulation due to efficient engulfment by reticuloendothelial macrophages, supporting the usefulness of SLN-PEG-Mal for macrophage-targeted drug delivery. While lacking the use of radioisotope tracing (considered the gold standard for PK/BD studies), our data align with the expected pathway of host defense activation through surface-loaded RBCs. Importantly, injection of paclitaxel-loaded SLN-PEG-Mal effectively inhibited the tumor-infiltration by macrophages, and significantly improved the antitumor immune responses in tumor-bearing mice treated with low-dose irradiation. This study provides insights into the effects of maleimide as PEG end-group on enhancing the interaction between PEGylated nanoparticles and RBCs and offers an effective strategy to inhibit tumor infiltration by circulating macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Institute of Immunology, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China; National-local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changchun, Jilin, China; Medical Laboratory Center, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Xiandi Meng
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Institute of Immunology, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China; National-local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Kuirong Mao
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Institute of Immunology, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China; International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China; National-local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Hongmei Chen
- Department of Oncology Chemotherapy, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiuxiu Cong
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Institute of Immunology, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China; National-local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Feiqi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Institute of Immunology, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jialiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Institute of Immunology, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China; National-local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Shuhan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Institute of Immunology, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China; National-local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yanbao Xin
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Institute of Immunology, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China; National-local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Ge Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Institute of Immunology, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China; National-local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Huizhu Tan
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Institute of Immunology, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China; National-local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yong-Guang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Institute of Immunology, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China; International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China; National-local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Tianmeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Institute of Immunology, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China; International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China; National-local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changchun, Jilin, China; State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
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6
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Fondaj D, Arduino I, Lopedota AA, Denora N, Iacobazzi RM. Exploring the Microfluidic Production of Biomimetic Hybrid Nanoparticles and Their Pharmaceutical Applications. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1953. [PMID: 37514139 PMCID: PMC10386337 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanomedicines have made remarkable advances in recent years, addressing the limitations of traditional therapy and treatment methods. Due to their improved drug solubility, stability, precise delivery, and ability to target specific sites, nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems have emerged as highly promising solutions. The successful interaction of nanoparticles with biological systems, on the other hand, is dependent on their intentional surface engineering. As a result, biomimetic nanoparticles have been developed as novel drug carriers. In-depth knowledge of various biomimetic nanoparticles, their applications, and the methods used for their formulation, with emphasis on the microfluidic production technique, is provided in this review. Microfluidics has emerged as one of the most promising approaches for precise control, high reproducibility, scalability, waste reduction, and faster production times in the preparation of biomimetic nanoparticles. Significant advancements in personalized medicine can be achieved by harnessing the benefits of biomimetic nanoparticles and leveraging microfluidic technology, offering enhanced functionality and biocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafina Fondaj
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Ilaria Arduino
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | | | - Nunzio Denora
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Rosa Maria Iacobazzi
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
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7
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Mirhadi E, Kesharwani P, Johnston TP, Sahebkar A. Nanomedicine-mediated therapeutic approaches for pulmonary arterial hypertension. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103599. [PMID: 37116826 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Nanomedicine has emerged as a field in which there are opportunities to improve the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of incurable diseases. Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is known as a severe and fatal disease affecting children and adults. Conventional treatments have not produced optimal effectiveness in treating this condition. Several reasons for this include drug instability, poor solubility of the drug and a shortened duration of pharmacological action. The present review focuses on new approaches for delivering anti-PAH drugs using nanotechnology with the aim of overcoming these shortcomings and increasing their efficacy. Solid-lipid nanoparticles, liposomes, metal-organic frameworks and polymeric nanoparticles have demonstrated advantages for the potential treatment of PAH, including increased drug bioavailability, drug solubility and accumulation in the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaheh Mirhadi
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Prashant Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India; Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Science, Chennai, India
| | - Thomas P Johnston
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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8
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Zangi AR, Amiri A, Borzouee F, Bagherifar R, Pazooki P, Hamishehkar H, Javadzadeh Y. Immobilized nanoparticles-mediated enzyme therapy; promising way into clinical development. DISCOVER NANO 2023; 18:55. [PMID: 37382752 PMCID: PMC10409955 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-023-03823-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Enzyme (Enz)-mediated therapy indicated a remarkable effect in the treatment of many human cancers and diseases with an insight into clinical phases. Because of insufficient immobilization (Imb) approach and ineffective carrier, Enz therapeutic exhibits low biological efficacy and bio-physicochemical stability. Although efforts have been made to remove the limitations mentioned in clinical trials, efficient Imb-destabilization and modification of nanoparticles (NPs) remain challenging. NP internalization through insufficient membrane permeability, precise endosomal escape, and endonuclease protection following release are the primary development approaches. In recent years, innovative manipulation of the material for Enz immobilization (EI) fabrication and NP preparation has enabled nanomaterial platforms to improve Enz therapeutic outcomes and provide low-diverse clinical applications. In this review article, we examine recent advances in EI approaches and emerging views and explore the impact of Enz-mediated NPs on clinical therapeutic outcomes with at least diverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Rajabi Zangi
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ala Amiri
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Borzouee
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Rafieh Bagherifar
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Pouya Pazooki
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Hamishehkar
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, 5166-15731, Iran
| | - Yousef Javadzadeh
- Biotechnology Research Center, and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, 5166-15731, Iran.
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Supramolecular erythrocytes-hitchhiking drug delivery system for specific therapy of acute pneumonia. J Control Release 2022; 350:777-786. [PMID: 35995300 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Acute pneumonia is an inflammatory syndrome often associated with severe multi-organ dysfunction and high mortality. The therapeutic efficacy of current anti-inflammatory medicines is greatly limited due to the short systemic circulation and poor specificity in the lungs. New drug delivery systems (DDS) are urgently needed to efficiently transport anti-inflammatory drugs to the lungs. Here, we report an inflammation-responsive supramolecular erythrocytes-hitchhiking DDS to extend systemic circulation of the nanomedicine via hitchhiking red blood cells (RBCs) and specifically "drop off" the payloads in the inflammatory lungs. β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) modified RBCs and ferrocene (Fc) modified liposomes (NP) were prepared and co-incubated to attach NP to RBCs via β-CD/Fc host-guest interactions. RBCs extended the systemic circulation of the attached NP, meanwhile, the NP may get detached from RBCs due to the high ROS level in the inflammatory lungs. In acute pneumonia mice, this strategy delivered curcumin specifically to the lungs and effectively alleviated the inflammatory syndrome.
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10
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Shivanna AT, Dash BS, Chen JP. Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles for Alternating Magnetic Field- or Near Infrared Light-Induced Cancer Therapies. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13081279. [PMID: 36014201 PMCID: PMC9413965 DOI: 10.3390/mi13081279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The multi-faceted nature of functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (fMNPs) is well-suited for cancer therapy. These nanocomposites can also provide a multimodal platform for targeted cancer therapy due to their unique magnetic guidance characteristics. When induced by an alternating magnetic field (AMF), fMNPs can convert the magnetostatic energy to heat for magnetic hyperthermia (MHT), as well as for controlled drug release. Furthermore, with the ability to convert near-infrared (NIR) light energy to heat energy, fMNPs have attracted interest for photothermal therapy (PTT). Other than MHT and PTT, fMNPs also have a place in combination cancer therapies, such as chemo-MHT, chemo-PTT, and chemo-PTT-photodynamic therapy, among others, due to their versatile properties. Thus, this review presents multifunctional nanocomposites based on fMNPs for cancer therapies, induced by an AMF or NIR light. We will first discuss the different fMNPs induced with an AMF for cancer MHT and chemo-MHT. Secondly, we will discuss fMNPs irradiated with NIR lasers for cancer PTT and chemo-PTT. Finally, fMNPs used for dual-mode AMF + NIR-laser-induced magneto-photo-hyperthermia (MPHT) will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Banendu Sunder Dash
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Jyh-Ping Chen
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Kwei-San, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
- Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, Tai-Shan, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-3-2118800
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11
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Zhu CY, Li FL, Zhang YW, Gupta RK, Patel SKS, Lee JK. Recent Strategies for the Immobilization of Therapeutic Enzymes. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14071409. [PMID: 35406282 PMCID: PMC9003532 DOI: 10.3390/polym14071409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic enzymes play important roles in modern medicine due to their high affinity and specificity. However, it is very expensive to use them in clinical medicine because of their low stability and bioavailability. To improve the stability and effectiveness of therapeutic enzymes, immobilization techniques have been employed to enhance the applications of therapeutic enzymes in the past few years. Reported immobilization techniques include entrapment, adsorption, and covalent attachment. In addition, protein engineering is often used to improve enzyme properties; however, all methods present certain advantages and limitations. For carrier-bound immobilization, the delivery and release of the immobilized enzyme depend on the properties of the carrier and enzyme. In this review, we summarize the advantages and challenges of the current strategies developed to deliver therapeutic enzymes and provide a future perspective on the immobilization technologies used for therapeutic enzyme delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Yuan Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (C.-Y.Z.); (F.-L.L.)
| | - Fei-Long Li
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (C.-Y.Z.); (F.-L.L.)
| | - Ye-Wang Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (C.-Y.Z.); (F.-L.L.)
- Correspondence: (Y.-W.Z.); (S.K.S.P.); (J.-K.L.); Tel.: +82-2-450-3505 (J.-K.L.)
| | - Rahul K. Gupta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea;
| | - Sanjay K. S. Patel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea;
- Correspondence: (Y.-W.Z.); (S.K.S.P.); (J.-K.L.); Tel.: +82-2-450-3505 (J.-K.L.)
| | - Jung-Kul Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea;
- Correspondence: (Y.-W.Z.); (S.K.S.P.); (J.-K.L.); Tel.: +82-2-450-3505 (J.-K.L.)
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12
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Ferguson LT, Hood ED, Shuvaeva T, Shuvaev VV, Basil MC, Wang Z, Nong J, Ma X, Wu J, Myerson JW, Marcos-Contreras OA, Katzen J, Carl JM, Morrisey EE, Cantu E, Villa CH, Mitragotri S, Muzykantov VR, Brenner JS. Dual Affinity to RBCs and Target Cells (DART) Enhances Both Organ- and Cell Type-Targeting of Intravascular Nanocarriers. ACS NANO 2022; 16:4666-4683. [PMID: 35266686 PMCID: PMC9339245 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c11374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A long-standing goal of nanomedicine is to improve a drug's benefit by loading it into a nanocarrier that homes solely to a specific target cell and organ. Unfortunately, nanocarriers usually end up with only a small percentage of the injected dose (% ID) in the target organ, due largely to clearance by the liver and spleen. Further, cell-type-specific targeting is rarely achieved without reducing target organ accumulation. To solve these problems, we introduce DART (dual affinity to RBCs and target cells), in which nanocarriers are conjugated to two affinity ligands, one binding red blood cells and one binding a target cell (here, pulmonary endothelial cells). DART nanocarriers first bind red blood cells and then transfer to the target organ's endothelial cells as the bound red blood cells squeeze through capillaries. We show that within minutes after intravascular injection in mice nearly 70% ID of DART nanocarriers accumulate in the target organ (lungs), more than doubling the % ID ceiling achieved by a multitude of prior technologies, finally achieving a majority % ID in a target organ. Humanized DART nanocarriers in ex vivo perfused human lungs recapitulate this phenomenon. Furthermore, DART enhances the selectivity of delivery to target endothelial cells over local phagocytes within the target organ by 6-fold. DART's marked improvement in both organ- and cell-type targeting may thus be helpful in localizing drugs for a multitude of medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Samir Mitragotri
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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Li Y, Raza F, Liu Y, Wei Y, Rong R, Zheng M, Yuan W, Su J, Qiu M, Li Y, Raza F, Liu Y, Wei Y, Rong R, Zheng M, Yuan W, Su J, Qiu M. Clinical progress and advanced research of red blood cells based drug delivery system. Biomaterials 2021; 279:121202. [PMID: 34749072 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Red blood cells (RBCs) are biocompatible carriers that can be employed to deliver different bioactive substances. In the past few decades, many strategies have been developed to encapsulate or attach drugs to RBCs. Osmotic-based encapsulation methods have been industrialized recently, and some encapsulated RBC formulations have reached the clinical stage for treating tumors and neurological diseases. Inspired by the intrinsic properties of intact RBCs, some advanced delivery strategies have also been proposed. These delivery systems combine RBCs with other novel systems to further exploit and expand the application of RBCs. This review summarizes the clinical progress of drugs encapsulated into intact RBCs, focusing on the loading and clinical trials. It also introduces the latest advanced research based on developing prospects and limitations of intact RBCs drug delivery system (DDS), hoping to provide a reference for related research fields and further application potential of intact RBCs based drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Li
- School of Pharmacy Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800, Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - Faisal Raza
- School of Pharmacy Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800, Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuhao Liu
- School of Pharmacy Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800, Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiqi Wei
- School of Pharmacy Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800, Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruonan Rong
- School of Pharmacy Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800, Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengyuan Zheng
- School of Pharmacy Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800, Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - Weien Yuan
- School of Pharmacy Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800, Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Su
- School of Pharmacy Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800, Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, China.
| | - Mingfeng Qiu
- School of Pharmacy Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800, Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, China.
| | - Y Li
- School of Pharmacy Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800, Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - F Raza
- School of Pharmacy Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800, Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - Y Liu
- School of Pharmacy Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800, Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - Y Wei
- School of Pharmacy Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800, Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - R Rong
- School of Pharmacy Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800, Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - M Zheng
- School of Pharmacy Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800, Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - W Yuan
- School of Pharmacy Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800, Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - J Su
- School of Pharmacy Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800, Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - M Qiu
- School of Pharmacy Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800, Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, China
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14
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Surface loading of nanoparticles on engineered or natural erythrocytes for prolonged circulation time: strategies and applications. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2021; 42:1040-1054. [PMID: 33772141 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-00606-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nano drug-delivery systems (DDS) may significantly improve efficiency and reduce toxicity of loaded drugs, but a few nano-DDS are highly successful in clinical use. Unprotected nanoparticles in blood flow are often quickly cleared, which could limit their circulation time and drug delivery efficiency. Elongating their blood circulation time may improve their delivery efficiency or grant them new therapeutic possibilities. Erythrocytes are abundant endogenous cells in blood and are continuously renewed, with a long life span of 100-120 days. Hence, loading nanoparticles on the surface of erythrocytes to protect the nanoparticles could be highly effective for enhancing their in vivo circulation time. One of the key questions here is how to properly attach nanoparticles on erythrocytes for different purposes and different types of nanoparticles to achieve ideal results. In this review, we describe various methods to attach nanoparticles and drugs to the erythrocyte surface, and discuss the key factors that influence the stability and circulation properties of the erythrocytes-based delivery system in vivo. These data show that using erythrocytes as a host for nanoparticles possesses great potential for further development.
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Chronicles of Nanoerythrosomes: An Erythrocyte-Based Biomimetic Smart Drug Delivery System as a Therapeutic and Diagnostic Tool in Cancer Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13030368. [PMID: 33802156 PMCID: PMC7998655 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13030368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, drug delivery using natural biological carriers has emerged as one of the most widely investigated topics of research. Erythrocytes, or red blood cells, can act as potential carriers for a wide variety of drugs, including anticancer, antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory, along with various proteins, peptides, enzymes, and other macromolecules. The red blood cell-based nanocarrier systems, also called nanoerythrosomes, are nanovesicles poised with extraordinary features such as long blood circulation times, the ability to escape immune system, the ability to release the drug gradually, the protection of drugs from various endogenous factors, targeted and specified delivery of drugs, as well as possessing both therapeutic and diagnostic applications in various fields of biomedical sciences. Their journey over the last two decades is escalating with fast pace, ranging from in vivo to preclinical and clinical studies by encapsulating a number of drugs into these carriers. Being biomimetic nanoparticles, they have enhanced the stability profile of drugs and their excellent site-specific targeting ability makes them potential carrier systems in the diagnosis and therapy of wide variety of tumors including gliomas, lung cancers, breast cancers, colon cancers, gastric cancers, and other solid tumors. This review focuses on the most recent advancements in the field of nanoerythrosomes, as an excellent and promising nanoplatform for the novel drug delivery of various drugs particularly antineoplastic drugs along with their potential as a promising diagnostic tool for the identification of different tumors.
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Abstract
Biotechnology has revolutionized therapeutics for the treatment of a wide range of diseases. Recent advances in protein engineering and material science have made the targeted delivery of enzyme therapeutics using nanocarriers (NCs) a new model of treatment. Several NCs have been approved for clinical use in drug delivery. Despite their advantages, few NCs have been approved to deliver enzyme cargo in a targeted manner. This review details the current arsenal of platforms developed to deliver enzyme therapeutics as well as the advantages and challenges of using enzymes as drugs, with examples from the literature, and discusses the benefits and liabilities of a given approach. We conclude by providing a perspective on how this field may evolve over the near and long-term.
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Bustamante López SC, Meissner KE. Characterization of carrier erythrocytes for biosensing applications. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2017; 22:91510. [PMID: 28384789 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.22.9.091510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Erythrocyte abundance, mobility, and carrying capacity make them attractive as a platform for blood analyte sensing as well as for drug delivery. Sensor-loaded erythrocytes, dubbed erythrosensors, could be reinfused into the bloodstream, excited noninvasively through the skin, and used to provide measurement of analyte levels in the bloodstream. Several techniques to load erythrocytes, thus creating carrier erythrocytes, exist. However, their cellular characteristics remain largely unstudied. Changes in cellular characteristics lead to removal from the bloodstream. We hypothesize that erythrosensors need to maintain native erythrocytes’ (NEs) characteristics to serve as a long-term sensing platform. Here, we investigate two loading techniques and the properties of the resulting erythrosensors. For loading, hypotonic dilution requires a hypotonic solution while electroporation relies on electrical pulses to perforate the erythrocyte membrane. We analyze the resulting erythrosensor signal, size, morphology, and hemoglobin content. Although the resulting erythrosensors exhibit morphological changes, their size was comparable with NEs. The hypotonic dilution technique was found to load erythrosensors much more efficiently than electroporation, and the sensors were loaded throughout the volume of the erythrosensors. Finally, both techniques resulted in significant loss of hemoglobin. This study points to the need for continued development of loading techniques that better preserve NE characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra C Bustamante López
- Texas A&M University, College of Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College Station, Texas, United States
| | - Kenith E Meissner
- Texas A&M University, College of Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College Station, Texas, United StatesbSwansea University, Department of Physics, Swansea, Wales, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Macromolecules (proteins/peptides) have the potential for the development of new therapeutics. Due to their specific mechanism of action, macromolecules can be administered at relatively low doses compared with small-molecule drugs. Unfortunately, the therapeutic potential and clinical application of macromolecules is hampered by various obstacles including their large size, short in vivo half-life, phagocytic clearance, poor membrane permeability and structural instability. These challenges have encouraged researchers to develop novel strategies for effective delivery of macromolecules. In this review, various routes of macromolecule administration (invasive/noninvasive) are discussed. The advantages/limitations of novel delivery systems and the potential role of nanotechnology for the delivery of macromolecules are elaborated. In addition, fabrication approaches to make nanoformulations in different shapes and sizes are also summarized.
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Rossi L, Pierigè F, Antonelli A, Bigini N, Gabucci C, Peiretti E, Magnani M. Engineering erythrocytes for the modulation of drugs' and contrasting agents' pharmacokinetics and biodistribution. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 106:73-87. [PMID: 27189231 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and biological activity are key parameters that determine the success or failure of therapeutics. Many developments intended to improve their in vivo performance, aim at modulating concentration, biodistribution, and targeting to tissues, cells or subcellular compartments. Erythrocyte-based drug delivery systems are especially efficient in maintaining active drugs in circulation, in releasing them for several weeks or in targeting drugs to selected cells. Erythrocytes can also be easily processed to entrap the desired pharmaceutical ingredients before re-infusion into the same or matched donors. These carriers are totally biocompatible, have a large capacity and could accommodate traditional chemical entities (glucocorticoids, immunossuppresants, etc.), biologics (proteins) and/or contrasting agents (dyes, nanoparticles). Carrier erythrocytes have been evaluated in thousands of infusions in humans proving treatment safety and efficacy, hence gaining interest in the management of complex pathologies (particularly in chronic treatments and when side-effects become serious issues) and in new diagnostic approaches.
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21
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Advances of blood cell-based drug delivery systems. Eur J Pharm Sci 2016; 96:115-128. [PMID: 27496050 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Blood cells, including erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets are used as drug carriers in a wide range of applications. They have many unique advantages such as long life-span in circulation (especially erythrocytes), target release capacities (especially platelets), and natural adhesive properties (leukocytes and platelets). These properties make blood cell based delivery systems, as well as their membrane-derived carriers, far superior to other drug delivery systems. Despite the advantages, the further development of blood cell-based delivery systems was hindered by limitations in the source, storage, and mass production. To overcome these problems, synthetic biomaterials that mimic blood cell and nanocrystallization of blood cells have been developed and may represent the future direction for blood cell membrane-based delivery systems. In this paper, we review recent progress of the rising blood cell-based drug delivery systems, and also discuss their challenges and future tendency of development.
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Wu YW, Goubran H, Seghatchian J, Burnouf T. Smart blood cell and microvesicle-based Trojan horse drug delivery: Merging expertise in blood transfusion and biomedical engineering in the field of nanomedicine. Transfus Apher Sci 2016; 54:309-18. [PMID: 27179926 DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2016.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic and diagnostic applications of nanomedicine are playing increasingly important roles in human health. Various types of synthetic nanoparticles, including liposomes, micelles, and other nanotherapeutic platforms and conjugates, are being engineered to encapsulate or carry drugs for treating diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disorders, neurodegeneration, and inflammations. Nanocarriers are designed to increase the half-life of drugs, decrease their toxicity and, ideally, target pathological sites. Developing smart carriers with the capacity to deliver drugs specifically to the microenvironment of diseased cells with minimum systemic toxicity is the goal. Blood cells, and potentially also the liposome-like micro- and nano-vesicles they generate, may be regarded as ideally suited to perform such specific targeting with minimum immunogenic risks. Blood cell membranes are "decorated" with complex physiological receptors capable of targeting and communicating with other cells and tissues and delivering their content to the surrounding pathological microenvironment. Blood cells, such as erythrocytes, have been developed as permeable carriers to release drugs to diseased tissues or act as biofactory allowing enzymatic degradation of a pathological substrate. Interestingly, attempts are also being made to improve the targeting capacity of synthetic nanoparticles by "decorating" their surface with blood cell membrane receptor-like biochemical structures. Research is needed to further explore the benefits that blood cell-derived microvesicles, as a Trojan horse delivery systems, can bring to the arsenal of therapeutic micro- and nanotechnologies. This short review focuses on the therapeutic roles that red blood cells and platelets can play as smart drug-delivery systems, and highlights the benefits that blood transfusion expertise can bring to this exciting and novel biomedical engineering field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wen Wu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hadi Goubran
- Saskatoon Cancer Centre and College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.
| | - Jerard Seghatchian
- International Consultancy in Blood Components Quality/Safety Improvement, Audit/Inspection and DDR Strategies, London, UK.
| | - Thierry Burnouf
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Zhang H. Erythrocytes in nanomedicine: an optimal blend of natural and synthetic materials. Biomater Sci 2016; 4:1024-31. [PMID: 27090487 DOI: 10.1039/c6bm00072j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A hybrid approach strategy using synthetic nanoparticles and erythrocytes offers an optimal blend of natural and synthetic materials. The combined advantages of erythrocytes and nanoparticles could serve as an immune-evasive multifunctional platform. This review summarized the research on state-of-the-art and significant advances in erythrocytes for nanomedicine, and presented are their fabrication process, their unique properties and applications. According to its structure, this review mainly focuses on three kinds of erythrocyte-based nanomedicine: whole erythrocytes as carriers, cell membrane coated nanoparticles, and nanoerythrosomes. In addition, some future prospects are also prudentially addressed. We expect rapid success in the advancement of erythrocyte-based nanomedicines, from the bench to the bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
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Red blood cell ghosts as promising drug carriers to target wound infections. Med Eng Phys 2016; 38:877-84. [PMID: 27062487 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2016.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Autologous red blood cell ghosts (RBC ghosts) can carry cytokines to the sites of inflammation. The targeting moiety of the RBC ghosts is associated with the nature of purulent inflammation, where the erythrocytes are phagocyted and encapsulated drugs are released. In the present study we have investigated the healing potential of RBC ghosts loaded with cytokine IL-1β and antibiotic. Additionally, the pharmacokinetic properties of RBC ghosts loaded with IL-1β were studied. 35 Male Wistar rats (250-300g) were used in the pharmacokinetic study and in a wound infection model where a suspension of Staphylococcus aureus was placed into a surgical cut of the skin and subcutaneous tissue in the femoral region. In order to monitor progression of the wound repair processes, wound swabs or aspiration biopsies were taken for analyses on the 1st-6th days. Wound repair dynamics assessment was based on suppression of S. aureus growth, signs of pain, time of disappearance of pus and infiltration around the wound. Visual observations, as well as microbiological and cytological analysis of wound exudates demonstrated a significant acceleration of healing processes in a group of animals treated with a local injection of IL-1β and ceftriaxone encapsulated into RBC ghosts when compared to the animals treated either with a local or IM injection of free drugs. For the pharmacokinetic study, single IV injections of either free or encapsulated IL-1β were made and the concentration of IL-1β in serum samples and tissue homogenates were determined. Encapsulation in RBC ghosts improved pharmacokinetic profiles of IL-1β by increasing the half-life, reducing its clearance, and increasing the deposition of the drug in the liver, spleen and lungs. These data suggest that RBC ghosts are effective drug carriers for targeted delivery of cytokines to the sites of inflammation, and have a potential for improving the treatment outcomes of purulent diseases.
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Gd-loaded-RBCs for the assessment of tumor vascular volume by contrast-enhanced-MRI. Biomaterials 2015; 58:82-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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Sabatino R, Antonelli A, Battistelli S, Schwendener R, Magnani M, Rossi L. Macrophage depletion by free bisphosphonates and zoledronate-loaded red blood cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101260. [PMID: 24968029 PMCID: PMC4072741 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bisphosphonates, besides being important drugs for the treatment of various bone diseases, could also be used to induce apoptosis in macrophage-like and cancer cells. However, their activity in vivo is limited by a short plasma half-life and rapid uptake within bone. Therefore, several delivery systems have been proposed to modify their pharmacokinetic profile and biodistribution. Among these, red blood cells (RBCs) represent one of the most promising biological carriers. The aim of this study was to select the best performing compound among Clodronate, Pamidronate, Ibandronate and Zoledronate in killing macrophages and to investigate RBCs as innovative carrier system to selectively target bisphosphonates to macrophages. To this end, the encapsulation of the selected bisphosphonates in autologous RBCs as well as the effect on macrophages, both in vitro and in vivo were studied. This work shows that, among the tested bisphosphonates, Zoledronate has proven to be the most active molecule. Human and murine RBCs have been successfully loaded with Zoledronate by a procedure of hypotonic dialysis and isotonic resealing, obtaining a dose-dependent drug entrapment with a maximal loading of 7.96±2.03, 6.95±3.9 and 7.0±1.89 µmoles of Zoledronate/ml of packed RBCs for human, Swiss and Balb/C murine RBCs, respectively. Engineered RBCs were able to detach human and murine macrophages in vitro, leading to a detachment of 66±8%, 67±8% and 60.5±3.5% for human, Swiss and Balb/C RBCs, respectively. The in vivo efficacy of loaded RBCs was tested in Balb/C mice administering 59 µg/mouse of RBC-encapsulated Zoledronate. By a single administration, depletion of 29.0±16.38% hepatic macrophages and of 67.84±5.48% spleen macrophages was obtained, confirming the ability of encapsulated Zoledronate to deplete macrophages in vivo. In conclusion, RBCs loaded with Zoledronate should be considered a suitable system for targeted delivery to macrophages, both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Sabatino
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Urbino (PU), Italy
| | - Antonella Antonelli
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Urbino (PU), Italy
| | - Serafina Battistelli
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Urbino (PU), Italy
| | - Reto Schwendener
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mauro Magnani
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Urbino (PU), Italy
- EryDel SpA, Urbino (PU), Italy
| | - Luigia Rossi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Urbino (PU), Italy
- EryDel SpA, Urbino (PU), Italy
- * E-mail:
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27
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Naldi I, Taranta M, Gherardini L, Pelosi G, Viglione F, Grimaldi S, Pani L, Cinti C. Novel epigenetic target therapy for prostate cancer: a preclinical study. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98101. [PMID: 24851905 PMCID: PMC4031137 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic events are critical contributors to the pathogenesis of cancer, and targeting epigenetic mechanisms represents a novel strategy in anticancer therapy. Classic demethylating agents, such as 5-Aza-2′-deoxycytidine (Decitabine), hold the potential for reprograming somatic cancer cells demonstrating high therapeutic efficacy in haematological malignancies. On the other hand, epigenetic treatment of solid tumours often gives rise to undesired cytotoxic side effects. Appropriate delivery systems able to enrich Decitabine at the site of action and improve its bioavailability would reduce the incidence of toxicity on healthy tissues. In this work we provide preclinical evidences of a safe, versatile and efficient targeted epigenetic therapy to treat hormone sensitive (LNCap) and hormone refractory (DU145) prostate cancers. A novel Decitabine formulation, based on the use of engineered erythrocyte (Erythro-Magneto-Hemagglutinin Virosomes, EMHVs) drug delivery system (DDS) carrying this drug, has been refined. Inside the EMHVs, the drug was shielded from the environment and phosphorylated in its active form. The novel magnetic EMHV DDS, endowed with fusogenic protein, improved the stability of the carried drug and exhibited a high efficiency in confining its delivery at the site of action in vivo by applying an external static magnetic field. Here we show that Decitabine loaded into EMHVs induces a significant tumour mass reduction in prostate cancer xenograft models at a concentration, which is seven hundred times lower than the therapeutic dose, suggesting an improved pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of drug. These results are relevant for and discussed in light of developing personalised autologous therapies and innovative clinical approach for the treatment of solid tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Naldi
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Experimental Oncology Unit, Siena, Italy
| | - Monia Taranta
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Experimental Oncology Unit, Siena, Italy
| | - Lisa Gherardini
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Experimental Oncology Unit, Siena, Italy
| | - Gualtiero Pelosi
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Federica Viglione
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Settimio Grimaldi
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Pani
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Caterina Cinti
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Experimental Oncology Unit, Siena, Italy
- * E-mail:
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29
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Zarrin A, Foroozesh M, Hamidi M. Carrier erythrocytes: recent advances, present status, current trends and future horizons. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2014; 11:433-47. [PMID: 24456118 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2014.880422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Carrier erythrocytes, thanks to their main advantages, including biocompatibility, biodegradability, immunocompatibility, simple and well-known structure and physiology, availability for sampling and versatility in loading and use, have been studied as cellular carriers for delivery of drugs and other bioactive agents for more than three decades. Based on this body of knowledge and recent advances in this field, and with the help of novel multidisciplinary sciences and technologies, it seems that this field is becoming renowned and experiencing an outstanding turning point in its developmental history. AREAS COVERED In this trendy and timely review, following a short historical review of the story of erythrocytes from oxygen delivery to drug delivery and evaluation of the present status of these biocarriers, recent advances and current experimental, technological and clinical trends, as well as future horizons, and, in particular, translation-prone strategies, are going to be discussed in detail. EXPERT OPINION Despite the challenging developmental history of carrier erythrocytes, they now stand closer to clinical use and market entrance due to their unique advantages in drug delivery, proven by recently reported success stories in late-stage clinical trials and progresses made in biotechnology, nanotechnology and biomaterials fields. Translation-prone approaches, like in vivo loading of circulating erythrocytes or semiautomatic loading of erythrocytes, and more realistic study designs by focusing on clinical needs that have not been responded to or erythrocyte biology/fate-inspired study design are among the main trends being focused on by pioneer research groups active in this field of drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdolhossein Zarrin
- Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center , Shiraz , Iran
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Gupta N, Patel B, Ahsan F. Nano-engineered erythrocyte ghosts as inhalational carriers for delivery of fasudil: preparation and characterization. Pharm Res 2014; 31:1553-65. [PMID: 24449438 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-1261-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Nanoerythrosomes (NERs), an engineered derivative of erythrocytes, have long been used as drug delivery carriers. These cell based carriers are biocompatible and biodegradable, and they exhibit efficient drug loading, targeting specificity and prolonged biological half-life. In this study, we have evaluated the feasibility of NERs as inhalable carriers for delivery of fasudil, an investigational drug for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. METHODS We prepared NERs by hypotonic lysis of erythrocytes derived from rat blood followed by extrusion through polycarbonate membranes. The formulations were optimized and characterized for size, morphology, entrapment efficiency, stability, cellular uptake and in-vitro release profiles followed by monitoring of drug absorption and safety evaluation after intratracheal administration of fasudil-loaded NERs into rats. RESULTS NERs were spherical in shape with an average size of 154.1 ± 1.31 nm and the drug loading efficiency was 48.76 ± 2.18%. Formulations were stable when stored at 4°C for 3 weeks. When incubated with rat pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASM), a significant amount of NERs was taken up by PASM cells. The drug encapsulated in NERs inhibited the rho-kinase activity upto 50%, which was comparable with the plain fasudil. A ~6-8 fold increase in the half-life of fasudil was observed when encapsulated in NERs. CONCLUSION This study suggests that nanoerythrosomes can be used as cell derived carriers for inhalational delivery of fasudil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilesh Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 Coulter Drive, Amarillo, Texas, 79106, USA
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31
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New strategies to prolong the in vivo life span of iron-based contrast agents for MRI. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78542. [PMID: 24223101 PMCID: PMC3819506 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) and ultra small superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) nanoparticles have been developed as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents. Iron oxide nanoparticles, that become superparamagnetic if the core particle diameter is ~ 30 nm or less, present R1 and R2 relaxivities which are much higher than those of conventional paramagnetic gadolinium chelates. Generally, these magnetic particles are coated with biocompatible polymers that prevent the agglomeration of the colloidal suspension and improve their blood distribution profile. In spite of their potential as MRI blood contrast agents, the biomedical application of iron oxide nanoparticles is still limited because of their intravascular half-life of only few hours; such nanoparticles are rapidly cleared from the bloodstream by macrophages of the reticulo-endothelial system (RES). To increase the life span of these MRI contrast agents in the bloodstream we proposed the encapsulation of SPIO nanoparticles in red blood cells (RBCs) through the transient opening of cell membrane pores. We have recently reported results obtained by applying our loading procedure to several SPIO nanoparticles with different chemical physical characteristics such as size and coating agent. In the current investigation we showed that the life span of iron-based contrast agents in the mice bloodstream was prolonged to 12 days after the intravenous injection of murine SPIO-loaded RBCs. Furthermore, we developed an animal model that implicates the pretreatment of animals with clodronate to induce a transient suppression of tissue macrophages, followed by the injection of human SPIO-loaded RBCs which make it possible to encapsulate nanoparticle concentrations (5.3-16.7 mM Fe) higher than murine SPIO-loaded RBCs (1.4-3.55 mM Fe). The data showed that, when human RBCs are used as more capable SPIO nanoparticle containers combined with a depletion of tissue macrophages, Fe concentration in animal blood is 2-3 times higher than iron concentration obtained by the use of murine SPIO-loaded RBCs.
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Yew NS, Dufour E, Przybylska M, Putelat J, Crawley C, Foster M, Gentry S, Reczek D, Kloss A, Meyzaud A, Horand F, Cheng SH, Godfrin Y. Erythrocytes encapsulated with phenylalanine hydroxylase exhibit improved pharmacokinetics and lowered plasma phenylalanine levels in normal mice. Mol Genet Metab 2013; 109:339-44. [PMID: 23867524 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2013.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme replacement therapy is often hampered by the rapid clearance and degradation of the administered enzyme, limiting its efficacy and requiring frequent dosing. Encapsulation of therapeutic molecules into red blood cells (RBCs) is a clinically proven approach to improve the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of biologics and small molecule drugs. Here we evaluated the ability of RBCs encapsulated with phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) to metabolize phenylalanine (Phe) from the blood and confer sustained enzymatic activity in the circulation. Significant quantities of PAH were successfully encapsulated within murine RBCs (PAH-RBCs) with minimal loss of endogenous hemoglobin. While intravenously administered free PAH enzyme was rapidly eliminated from the blood within a few hours, PAH-RBCs persisted in the circulation for at least 10days. A single injection of PAH-RBCs was able to decrease Phe levels by nearly 80% in normal mice. These results demonstrate the ability of enzyme-loaded RBCs to metabolize circulating amino acids and highlight the potential to treat disorders of amino acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson S Yew
- Genzyme, a Sanofi Company, 49 New York Avenue, Framingham, MA 01701-9322, USA.
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Muzykantov VR. Drug delivery carriers on the fringes: natural red blood cells versus synthetic multilayered capsules. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2012; 10:1-4. [PMID: 23176316 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2013.750292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Red blood cells (RBC) and synthetic multilayered nanocarriers may appear as distant 'extremes' of the continuum of diverse drug delivery systems. The former are natural, old and simple, whereas the latter are artificial, novel and sophisticated. However, juxtaposition of features of these types of carriers, offered in a review article published in this issue, is instructive. Such an analysis helps to define both their distinctions and similarities (structural, functional, technological, specific areas of utility), and illustrates perspectives of their translation into the practice. Thus, synthetic multilayered carriers (which, in some embodiments, use elements of design inspired by RBC) represent an attractive research object offering high degree of control of their features. These carriers may find utility for intracellular delivery, controlled release of multiple cargoes and imaging. On the other hand, RBC provide arguably the most attractive carriers for sustained intravascular delivery of variety of drugs including biotherapeutics, either encapsulated into the inner RBC volume or coupled to RBC surface. The discussion of specific medical utility of these carriers and comparative analysis of the factors that may affect their translation (including complexity, costs, market value and therapeutic benefit/risk ratio) is timely and likely to intensify in the near future.
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