1
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Zhai Y, Li S, Wang H, Shan Y. Revealing the dynamic mechanism of cell-penetrating peptides across cell membranes at the single-molecule level. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:5589-5593. [PMID: 38741568 DOI: 10.1039/d4tb00522h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) have gained prominence in cellular drug delivery due to their extremely low toxicity and rapid cell internalization properties. Understanding the effect of CPPs' physicochemical properties on trans-membrane behavior will provide a better screening scheme for designing effective CPP-conjugated nano-drugs. Herein, the efficiency of the CPPs interacting with the cell membrane and the subsequent trans-membrane is revealed at the single-molecule level using single-molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS) and force tracing technique based on atomic force spectroscopy (AFM). The dynamic force spectroscopy (DFS) analysis indicates that cationic TAT48-60 and amphipathic MAP are more effective during the interaction with cell membrane due to the strong electrostatic interaction between CPPs and cell membrane. However, for the subsequent trans-membrane process, the hydrophobicity of Pep-7 plays a key role, showing a higher trans-membrane speed at the single-molecule level. Meanwhile, Pep-7 shows lower trans-membrane speed and probability on normal cells (Vero), which makes it more suitable as a peptide-based nano-drug to treat tumors avoiding harming normal cells. The dynamic parameters obtained in this study offer guidance for screening and modifying effective CPPs, targeting specific cell lines or tissues during the nano-drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Zhai
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Siying Li
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Hui Wang
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Yuping Shan
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China.
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2
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Tang S, Zhang J, Lou F, Zhou H, Cai X, Wang Z, Sun L, Sun Y, Li X, Fan L, Li Y, Jin X, Deng S, Yin Q, Bai J, Wang H, Wang H. A lncRNA Dleu2-encoded peptide relieves autoimmunity by facilitating Smad3-mediated Treg induction. EMBO Rep 2024; 25:1208-1232. [PMID: 38291338 PMCID: PMC10933344 DOI: 10.1038/s44319-024-00070-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Micropeptides encoded by short open reading frames (sORFs) within long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are beginning to be discovered and characterized as regulators of biological and pathological processes. Here, we find that lncRNA Dleu2 encodes a 17-amino-acid micropeptide, which we name Dleu2-17aa, that is abundantly expressed in T cells. Dleu2-17aa promotes inducible regulatory T (iTreg) cell generation by interacting with SMAD Family Member 3 (Smad3) and enhancing its binding to the Foxp3 conserved non-coding DNA sequence 1 (CNS1) region. Importantly, the genetic deletion of Dleu2-17aa in mice by start codon mutation impairs iTreg generation and worsens experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Conversely, the exogenous supplementation of Dleu2-17aa relieves EAE. Our findings demonstrate an indispensable role of Dleu2-17aa in maintaining immune homeostasis and suggest therapeutic applications for this peptide in treating autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibei Tang
- Precision Research Center for Refractory Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201610, China
| | - Junxun Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Fangzhou Lou
- Precision Research Center for Refractory Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201610, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Precision Research Center for Refractory Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201610, China
| | - Xiaojie Cai
- Precision Research Center for Refractory Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201610, China
| | - Zhikai Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Libo Sun
- Precision Research Center for Refractory Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201610, China
| | - Yang Sun
- Precision Research Center for Refractory Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201610, China
| | - Xiangxiao Li
- Precision Research Center for Refractory Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201610, China
| | - Li Fan
- Precision Research Center for Refractory Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201610, China
| | - Yan Li
- Precision Research Center for Refractory Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201610, China
| | - Xinping Jin
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Siyu Deng
- Precision Research Center for Refractory Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201610, China
| | - Qianqian Yin
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jing Bai
- Precision Research Center for Refractory Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201610, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Honglin Wang
- Precision Research Center for Refractory Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201610, China.
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3
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Oba M, Nakajima S, Misao K, Yokoo H, Tanaka M. Effect of helicity and hydrophobicity on cell-penetrating ability of arginine-rich peptides. Bioorg Med Chem 2023; 91:117409. [PMID: 37441862 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Arginine (Arg)-rich peptides are one of the typical cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), which can deliver membrane-impermeable compounds into intracellular compartments. Guanidino groups in Arg-rich peptides are critical for their high cell-penetrating ability, although it remains unclear whether peptide secondary structures contribute to this ability. In the current study, we designed four Arg-rich peptides containing α,α-disubstituted α-amino acids (dAAs), which prefer to adopt a helical structure. The four dAA-containing peptides adopted slightly different peptide secondary structures, from a random structure to a helical structure, with different hydrophobicities. In these peptides, dipropylglycine-containing peptide exhibited the highest helicity and hydrophobicity, and showed the best cell-penetrating ability. These findings suggested that the helicity and hydrophobicity of Arg-rich peptides contributes to their high cell-penetrating ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Oba
- Medical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 1-5 Shimogamohangi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-0823, Japan.
| | - Shun Nakajima
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Kurumi Misao
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Hidetomo Yokoo
- Medical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 1-5 Shimogamohangi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-0823, Japan
| | - Masakazu Tanaka
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
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4
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Cruz GS, dos Santos AT, de Brito EHS, Rádis-Baptista G. Cell-Penetrating Antimicrobial Peptides with Anti-Infective Activity against Intracellular Pathogens. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11121772. [PMID: 36551429 PMCID: PMC9774436 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11121772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are natural or engineered peptide sequences with the intrinsic ability to internalize into a diversity of cell types and simultaneously transport hydrophilic molecules and nanomaterials, of which the cellular uptake is often limited. In addition to this primordial activity of cell penetration without membrane disruption, multivalent antimicrobial activity accompanies some CPPs. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) with cell-penetrability exert their effect intracellularly, and they are of great interest. CPPs with antimicrobial activity (CPAPs) comprise a particular class of bioactive peptides that arise as promising agents against difficult-to-treat intracellular infections. This short review aims to present the antibacterial, antiparasitic, and antiviral effects of various cell-penetrating antimicrobial peptides currently documented. Examples include the antimicrobial effects of different CPAPs against bacteria that can propagate intracellularly, like Staphylococcus sp., Streptococcus sp., Chlamydia trachomatis, Escherichia coli, Mycobacterium sp., Listeria sp., Salmonella sp. among others. CPAPs with antiviral effects that interfere with the intracellular replication of HIV, hepatitis B, HPV, and herpes virus. Additionally, CPAPs with activity against protozoa of the genera Leishmania, Trypanosoma, and Plasmodium, the etiological agents of Leishmaniasis, Chagas' Disease, and Malaria, respectively. The information provided in this review emphasizes the potential of multivalent CPAPs, with anti-infective properties for application against various intracellular infections. So far, CPAPs bear a promise of druggability for the translational medical use of CPPs alone or in combination with chemotherapeutics. Moreover, CPAPs could be an exciting alternative for pharmaceutical design and treating intracellular infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Silva Cruz
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dentistry, and Nursing, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza 60416-030, Brazil
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Institute for Marine Sciences, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza 60165-081, Brazil
| | - Ariane Teixeira dos Santos
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dentistry, and Nursing, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza 60416-030, Brazil
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Institute for Marine Sciences, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza 60165-081, Brazil
| | - Erika Helena Salles de Brito
- Microbiology Laboratory, Institute of Health Sciences, University of International Integration of the Afro-Brazilian Lusophony, Redenção 62790-970, Brazil
| | - Gandhi Rádis-Baptista
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dentistry, and Nursing, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza 60416-030, Brazil
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Institute for Marine Sciences, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza 60165-081, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-85-3366-7001
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5
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Trofimenko E, Homma Y, Fukuda M, Widmann C. The endocytic pathway taken by cationic substances requires Rab14 but not Rab5 and Rab7. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109945. [PMID: 34731620 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocytosis and endosome dynamics are controlled by proteins of the small GTPase Rab family. Besides possible recycling routes to the plasma membrane and various organelles, previously described endocytic pathways (e.g., clathrin-mediated endocytosis, macropinocytosis, CLIC/GEEC pathway) all appear to funnel the endocytosed material to Rab5-positive early endosomes that then mature into Rab7-positive late endosomes/lysosomes. By studying the uptake of a series of cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), we identify an endocytic pathway that moves material to nonacidic Lamp1-positive late endosomes. Trafficking via this endocytic route is fully independent of Rab5 and Rab7 but requires the Rab14 protein. The pathway taken by CPPs differs from the conventional Rab5-dependent endocytosis at the stage of vesicle formation already, as it is not affected by a series of compounds that inhibit macropinocytosis or clathrin-mediated endocytosis. The Rab14-dependent pathway is also used by physiological cationic molecules such as polyamines and homeodomains found in homeoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniya Trofimenko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yuta Homma
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Fukuda
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Christian Widmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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6
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Trofimenko E, Grasso G, Heulot M, Chevalier N, Deriu MA, Dubuis G, Arribat Y, Serulla M, Michel S, Vantomme G, Ory F, Dam LC, Puyal J, Amati F, Lüthi A, Danani A, Widmann C. Genetic, cellular, and structural characterization of the membrane potential-dependent cell-penetrating peptide translocation pore. eLife 2021; 10:69832. [PMID: 34713805 PMCID: PMC8639150 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) allow intracellular delivery of bioactive cargo molecules. The mechanisms allowing CPPs to enter cells are ill-defined. Using a CRISPR/Cas9-based screening, we discovered that KCNQ5, KCNN4, and KCNK5 potassium channels positively modulate cationic CPP direct translocation into cells by decreasing the transmembrane potential (Vm). These findings provide the first unbiased genetic validation of the role of Vm in CPP translocation in cells. In silico modeling and live cell experiments indicate that CPPs, by bringing positive charges on the outer surface of the plasma membrane, decrease the Vm to very low values (–150 mV or less), a situation we have coined megapolarization that then triggers formation of water pores used by CPPs to enter cells. Megapolarization lowers the free energy barrier associated with CPP membrane translocation. Using dyes of varying dimensions in CPP co-entry experiments, the diameter of the water pores in living cells was estimated to be 2 (–5) nm, in accordance with the structural characteristics of the pores predicted by in silico modeling. Pharmacological manipulation to lower transmembrane potential boosted CPP cellular internalization in zebrafish and mouse models. Besides identifying the first proteins that regulate CPP translocation, this work characterized key mechanistic steps used by CPPs to cross cellular membranes. This opens the ground for strategies aimed at improving the ability of cells to capture CPP-linked cargos in vitro and in vivo. Before a drug can have its desired effect, it must reach its target tissue or organ, and enter its cells. This is not easy because cells are surrounded by the plasma membrane, a fat-based barrier that separates the cell from its external environment. The plasma membrane contains proteins that act as channels, shuttling specific molecules in and out of the cell, and it also holds charge, with its inside surface being more negatively charged than its outside surface. Cell-penetrating peptides are short sequences of amino acids (the building blocks that form proteins) that carry positive charges. These positive charges allow them to cross the membrane easily, but it is not well understood how. To find out how cell-penetrating peptides cross the membrane, Trofimenko et al. attached them to dyes of different sizes. This revealed that the cell-penetrating peptides enter the cell through temporary holes called water pores, which measure about two nanometres across. The water pores form when the membrane becomes ‘megapolarized’, this is, when the difference in charge between the inside and the outside of the membrane becomes greater than normal. This can happen when the negative charge on the inside surface or the positive charge on the outer surface of the membrane increase. Megapolarization depends on potassium channels, which transport positive potassium ions outside the cell, making the outside of the membrane positive. When cell-penetrating peptides arrive at the outer surface of the cell near potassium channels, they make it even more positive. This increases the charge difference between the inside and the outside of the cell, allowing water pores to form. Once the peptides pass through the pores, the charge difference between the inside and the outside of the cell membrane dissipates, and the pores collapse. Drug developers are experimenting with attaching cell-penetrating peptides to drugs to help them get inside their target cells. Currently there are several experimental medications of this kind in clinical trials. Understanding how these peptides gain entry, and what size of molecule they could carry with them, provides solid ground for further drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniya Trofimenko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gianvito Grasso
- Dalle Molle Institute for Artificial Intelligence Research, Università della Svizzera italiana, Scuola Universitaria Professionale della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Mathieu Heulot
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nadja Chevalier
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marco A Deriu
- PolitoBIOMed Lab Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Gilles Dubuis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yoan Arribat
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marc Serulla
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sebastien Michel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gil Vantomme
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Florine Ory
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Linh Chi Dam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julien Puyal
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,CURML (University Center of Legal Medicine), Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Francesca Amati
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anita Lüthi
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Danani
- Dalle Molle Institute for Artificial Intelligence Research, Università della Svizzera italiana, Scuola Universitaria Professionale della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Christian Widmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Kang HK, Park J, Seo CH, Park Y. PEP27-2, a Potent Antimicrobial Cell-Penetrating Peptide, Reduces Skin Abscess Formation during Staphylococcus aureus Infections in Mouse When Used in Combination with Antibiotics. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:2620-2636. [PMID: 34251811 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PEP27, a 27-amino acid (aa) peptide secreted by Streptococcus pneumoniae, is an autolytic peptide that functions as a major virulence factor. To develop a clinically applicable antimicrobial peptide (AMP), we designed PEP27 analogs with Trp substitutions to enhance its antimicrobial activity compared to that of PEP27. Particularly, PEP27-2 showed strong antimicrobial activity against a wide variety of bacteria, including multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. It was found that the antimicrobial activity of PEP27-2 was increased by substituting Trp for the aa at the middle position of PEP27. We found that PEP27-2 acts as an effective cell-penetrating peptide in bacterial and mammalian cells. Here, we proved that subcutaneous infection with MDR Staphylococcus aureus induced skin lesions such as skeletal muscle damage, deep inflammation, and necrosis of the overlaying dermis in mice. Combination treatment with antibiotics revealed synergistic effects, remarkably reducing abscess size and improving the bacteria removal rate from the infection site. Moreover, PEP27-2-antibiotic combination treatment reduced inflammation, lowering levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, inducible NO synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase (COX-2) in skin abscess tissue. The results suggest that the PEP27-2 peptide is a promising therapeutic option for combating MDR bacterial strains by enhancing antibiotic penetration and protecting against MDR bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Kyoung Kang
- Department of Biomedical Science, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea
| | - Jonggwan Park
- Department of Bioinformatics, Kongju National University, Kongju 32588, Korea
| | - Chang Ho Seo
- Department of Bioinformatics, Kongju National University, Kongju 32588, Korea
| | - Yoonkyung Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea
- Research Center for Proteineous Materials (RCPM), Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea
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8
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Jiang J. Cell-penetrating Peptide-mediated Nanovaccine Delivery. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 22:896-912. [PMID: 33538670 DOI: 10.2174/1389450122666210203193225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination with small antigens, such as proteins, peptides, or nucleic acids, is used to activate the immune system and trigger the protective immune responses against a pathogen. Currently, nanovaccines are undergoing development instead of conventional vaccines. The size of nanovaccines is in the range of 10-500 nm, which enables them to be readily taken up by cells and exhibit improved safety profiles. However, low-level immune responses, as the removal of redundant pathogens, trigger counter-effective activation of the immune system invalidly and present a challenging obstacle to antigen recognition and its uptake via antigen-presenting cells (APCs). In addition, toxicity can be substantial. To overcome these problems, a variety of cell-penetrating peptide (CPP)-mediated vaccine delivery systems based on nanotechnology have been proposed, most of which are designed to improve the stability of antigens in vivo and their delivery into immune cells. CPPs are particularly attractive components of antigen delivery. Thus, the unique translocation property of CPPs ensures that they remain an attractive carrier with the capacity to deliver cargo in an efficient manner for the application of drugs, gene transfer, protein, and DNA/RNA vaccination delivery. CPP-mediated nanovaccines can enhance antigen uptake, processing, and presentation by APCs, which are the fundamental steps in initiating an immune response. This review describes the different types of CPP-based nanovaccines delivery strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jizong Jiang
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
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9
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Comparative Molecular Transporter Properties of Cyclic Peptides Containing Tryptophan and Arginine Residues Formed through Disulfide Cyclization. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25112581. [PMID: 32498339 PMCID: PMC7321319 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported cyclic cell-penetrating peptides [WR]5 and [WR]4 as molecular transporters. To optimize further the utility of our developed peptides for targeted therapy in cancer cells using the redox condition, we designed a new generation of peptides and evaluated their cytotoxicity as well as uptake behavior against different cancer cell lines. Thus, cyclic [C(WR)xC] and linear counterparts (C(WR)xC), where x = 4–5, were synthesized using Fmoc/tBu solid-phase peptide synthesis, purified, and characterized. The compounds did not show any significant cytotoxicity (at 25 µM) against ovarian (SK-OV-3), leukemia (CCRF-CEM), gastric adenocarcinoma (CRL-1739), breast carcinoma (MDA-MB-231), and normal kidney (LLCPK) cells after 24 and 72 h incubation. Both cyclic [C(WR)5C] and linear (C(WR)5C) demonstrated comparable molecular transporter properties versus [WR]5 in the delivery of a phosphopeptide (F′-GpYEEI) in CCRF-CEM cells. The uptake of F′-GpYEEI in the presence of 1,4-dithiothreitol (DTT) as the reducing agent was significantly improved in case of l(C(WR)5C), while it was not changed by [C(WR)5C]. Fluorescence microscopy also demonstrated a significant uptake of F′-GpYEEI in the presence of l(C(WR)5C). Cyclic [C(WR)5C] improved the uptake of the fluorescent-labeled anti-HIV drugs F′-d4T, F′-3TC, and F′-FTC by 3.0–4.9-fold. These data indicate that both [C(WR)5C] and linear (C(WR)5C) peptides can act as molecular transporters.
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10
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Komin A, Bogorad MI, Lin R, Cui H, Searson PC, Hristova K. A peptide for transcellular cargo delivery: Structure-function relationship and mechanism of action. J Control Release 2020; 324:633-643. [PMID: 32474121 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The rate of transport of small molecule drugs across biological barriers, such as the blood-brain barrier, is often a limiting factor in achieving a therapeutic dose. One proposed strategy to enhance delivery across endothelial or epithelial monolayers is conjugation to cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs); however, very little is known about the design of CPPs for efficient transcellular transport. Here, we report on transcellular transport of a CPP, designated the CL peptide, that increases the delivery of small-molecule cargoes across model epithelium approximately 10-fold. The CL peptide contains a helix-like motif and a polyarginine tail. We investigated the effect of cargo, helix-like motif sequence, polyarginine tail length, and peptide stereochemistry on cargo delivery. We showed that there is an optimal helix-like motif sequence (RLLRLLR) and polyarginine tail length (R7) for cargo delivery. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the peptide-cargo conjugate is cleaved by cells in the epithelium at the site of a two-amino acid linker. The cleavage releases the cargo with the N-terminal linker amino acid from the peptide prior to transport out of the epithelium. These studies provide new insight into the sequence requirements for developing novel CPPs for transcellular delivery of cargo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Komin
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Maxim I Bogorad
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Ran Lin
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Honggang Cui
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Peter C Searson
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
| | - Kalina Hristova
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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11
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Kirillov I, Asrutdinova R, Yakupova L, Gilmutdinov R, Fayzrakhmanova GA. Veterinary sanitary assessment of chicken meat using squalene. BIO WEB OF CONFERENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/20201700185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most promising sectors of agriculture is poultry farming. There are many unresolved problems, such as deaths of young birds during the first weeks of life due to the unstable immune system that develops by the end of the third week. The development and use of new immunomodulators (adjuvants) together with vaccines is a promising direction for enhancing and maintaining the natural resistance of birds and increasing their productive and economic indicators. The authors used a vaccine produced by VNIVIP – a branch of the Federal Scientific Center VNITIP RAS (St. Petersburg, Lomonosov). 45 chickens were divided into 3 groups. The control over the experimental birds was carried out until they are sixteen weeks old. An inactivated, emulsified vaccine with squalene in a dose of 0.5 cm3 was administered. Squalene is a natural unsaturated hydrocarbon which belongs to an extensive group of isoprenoids, which include Pcarotene, ubiquinone, and tocopherol. In its pure form, squalene is colorless oil, odorless and tasteless, characterized by physical and chemical stability and a high boiling point. 15 birds were vaccinated against the Newcastle disease without an adjuvant, and 15 remained intact. According to the results of organoleptic, physico-chemical and microscopic studies of chicken meat, it was found that the carcasses of experimental birds met the veterinary and sanitary requirements for high quality meat obtained from healthy birds and can be sold.
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12
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Abstract
The integration of drugs into nanocarriers favorably altered their pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics compared to free drugs, and increased their therapeutic index. However, selective cellular internalization in diseased tissues rather than normal tissues still presents a formidable challenge. In this chapter I will cover solutions involving environment-responsive cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs). I will discuss properties of CPPs as universal cellular uptake enhancers, and the modifications imparted to CPP-modified nanocarriers to confine CPP activation to diseased tissues.
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13
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Rostami B, Irani S, Bolhassani A, Cohan RA. M918: A Novel Cell Penetrating Peptide for Effective Delivery of HIV-1 Nef and Hsp20-Nef Proteins into Eukaryotic Cell Lines. Curr HIV Res 2019; 16:280-287. [PMID: 30520377 PMCID: PMC6416460 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x17666181206111859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-1 Nef protein is a possible attractive target in the development of therapeutic HIV vaccines including protein-based vaccines. The most important disadvantage of protein-based vaccines is their low immunogenicity which can be improved by heat shock proteins (Hsps) as an immunomodulator, and cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) as a carrier. METHODS In this study, the HIV-1 Nef and Hsp20-Nef proteins were generated in E.coli expression system for delivery into the HEK-293T mammalian cell line using a novel cell-penetrating peptide, M918, in a non-covalent fashion. The size, zeta potential and morphology of the peptide/protein complexes were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Zeta sizer. The efficiency of Nef and Hsp20-Nef transfection using M918 was evaluated by western blotting in HEK-293T cell line. RESULTS The SEM data confirmed the formation of discrete nanoparticles with a diameter of approximately 200-250 nm and 50-80 nm for M918/Nef and M918/Hsp20-Nef, respectively. The dominant band of ~ 27 kDa and ~ 47 kDa was detected in the transfected cells with the Nef/ M918 and Hsp20-Nef/ M918 nanoparticles at a molar ratio of 1:20 using anti-HIV-1 Nef monoclonal antibody. These bands were not detected in the un-transfected and transfected cells with Nef or Hsp20- Nef protein alone indicating that M918 could increase the penetration of Nef and Hsp20-Nef proteins into the cells. CONCLUSION These data suggest that M918 CPP can be used to enter HIV-1 Nef and Hsp20-Nef proteins inside mammalian cells efficiently as a promising approach in HIV-1 vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Rostami
- Department of Biology, School of Basic Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shiva Irani
- Department of Biology, School of Basic Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azam Bolhassani
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Ahangari Cohan
- Pilot Nano-Biotechnology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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14
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El-Sayed NS, Shirazi AN, Sajid MI, Park SE, Parang K, Tiwari RK. Synthesis and Antiproliferative Activities of Conjugates of Paclitaxel and Camptothecin with a Cyclic Cell-Penetrating Peptide. Molecules 2019; 24:E1427. [PMID: 30978971 PMCID: PMC6480016 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24071427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptide [WR]₅ has been previously shown to be an efficient molecular transporter for various hydrophilic and hydrophobic molecules. The peptide was synthesized using Fmoc/tBu solid-phase chemistry, and one arginine was replaced with one lysine to enable the conjugation with the anticancer drugs. Paclitaxel (PTX) was functionalized with an esterification reaction at the C2' hydroxyl group of PTX with glutaric anhydride and conjugated with the cyclic peptide [W(WR)₄K(βAla)] in DMF to obtain the peptide-drug conjugate PTX1. Furthermore, camptothecin (CPT) was modified at the C(20)-hydroxyl group through the reaction with triphosgene. Then, it was conjugated with two functionalized cyclic peptides through a formyl linker affording two different conjugates, namely CPT1 and CPT2. All the conjugates showed better water solubility as compared to the parent drug. The cytotoxicity assay of the drugs and their conjugates with the peptides were evaluated in the human breast cancer MCF-7 cell line. PTX inhibited cell proliferation by 39% while the PTX-peptide conjugate inhibited the proliferation by ~18% after 72 h incubation. On the other hand, CPT, CPT1, and CPT2 reduced the cell proliferation by 68%, 39%, and 62%, respectively, in the MCF-7 cell lines at 5 µM concentration after 72 h incubation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naglaa Salem El-Sayed
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, CA 92618, USA.
- Cellulose and Paper Department, National Research Center, Dokki 12622, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Amir Nasrolahi Shirazi
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, CA 92618, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Marshall B. Ketchum University, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA.
| | - Muhammad Imran Sajid
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, CA 92618, USA.
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Central Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Shang Eun Park
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, CA 92618, USA.
| | - Keykavous Parang
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, CA 92618, USA.
| | - Rakesh Kumar Tiwari
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, CA 92618, USA.
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15
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Tang J, Ning J, Liu X, Wu B, Hu R. A Novel Amino Acid Sequence-based Computational Approach to Predicting Cell-penetrating Peptides. Curr Comput Aided Drug Des 2019; 15:206-211. [PMID: 30251610 DOI: 10.2174/1573409914666180925100355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
<P>Introduction: Machine Learning is a useful tool for the prediction of cell-penetration compounds
as drug candidates.
</P><P>
Materials and Methods: In this study, we developed a novel method for predicting Cell-Penetrating
Peptides (CPPs) membrane penetrating capability. For this, we used orthogonal encoding to encode
amino acid and each amino acid position as one variable. Then a software of IBM spss modeler and a
dataset including 533 CPPs, were used for model screening.
</P><P>
Results: The results indicated that the machine learning model of Support Vector Machine (SVM) was
suitable for predicting membrane penetrating capability. For improvement, the three CPPs with the
most longer lengths were used to predict CPPs. The penetration capability can be predicted with an accuracy
of close to 95%.
</P><P>
Conclusion: All the results indicated that by using amino acid position as a variable can be a perspective
method for predicting CPPs membrane penetrating capability.</P>
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihui Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Jie Ning
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Baoming Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Rongfeng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Xin’an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of R&D of Chinese Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Anhui , China
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16
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Dominguez-Berrocal L, Cirri E, Zhang X, Andrini L, Marin GH, Lebel-Binay S, Rebollo A. New Therapeutic Approach for Targeting Hippo Signalling Pathway. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4771. [PMID: 30886324 PMCID: PMC6423280 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41404-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear localization signals are short amino acid sequences that target proteins for nuclear import. In this manuscript, we have generated a chimeric tri-functional peptide composed of a cell penetrating peptide (CPP), a nuclear localization sequence and an interfering peptide blocking the interaction between TEAD and YAP, two transcription factors involved in the Hippo signalling pathway, whose deregulation is related to several types of cancer. We have validated the cell penetration and nuclear localization by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy and shown that the new generated peptide displays an apoptotic effect in tumor cell lines thanks to the specific nuclear delivery of the cargo, which targets a protein/protein interaction in the nucleus. In addition, the peptide has an anti-tumoral effect in vivo in xenograft models of breast cancer. The chimeric peptide designed in the current study shows encouraging prospects for developing nuclear anti- neoplastic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erica Cirri
- PEP Therapy, 45 rue du Cardinal Lemoine, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Xiguang Zhang
- CIMI Paris, Inserm U1135, 91, bd de l'hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Laura Andrini
- Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, UNLP-CONICET, 60 and 120, Code, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Gustavo H Marin
- Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, UNLP-CONICET, 60 and 120, Code, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | | | - Angelita Rebollo
- CIMI Paris, Inserm U1135, 91, bd de l'hôpital, 75013, Paris, France.
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17
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Mnif S, Jardak M, Graiet I, Abid S, Driss D, Kharrat N. The novel cationic cell-penetrating peptide PEP-NJSM is highly active against Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 125:262-269. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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18
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Jones S, Osman S, Howl J. The planarian Schmidtea mediterranea as a model system for the discovery and characterization of cell-penetrating peptides and bioportides. Chem Biol Drug Des 2019; 93:1036-1049. [PMID: 30790457 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The general utility of the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea, an organism with remarkable regenerative capacity, was investigated as a convenient three-dimensional model to analyse the import of cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) and bioportides (bioactive CPPs) into complex tissues. The unpigmented planarian blastema, 3 days post head amputation, is a robust platform to assess the penetration of red-fluorescent CPPs into epithelial cells and deeper tissues. Three planarian proteins, Ovo, ZicA and Djeya, which collectively control head remodelling and eye regeneration following decapitation, are a convenient source of novel cationic CPP vectors. One example, Djeya1 (RKLAFRYRRIKELYNSYR), is a particularly efficient and seemingly inert CPP vector that could be further developed to assist the delivery of bioactive payloads across the plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells. Eye regeneration, following head amputation, was utilized in an effort to identify bioportides capable of influencing stem cell-dependent morphogenesis. These investigations identified the tetradecapeptide mastoparan (INLKALAALAKKIL) as a bioportide able to influence the gross morphology of head development. We conclude that, compared with cellular monolayers, the S. mediterranea system provides many advantages and will support the identification of bioportides able to selectively modify the biology of totipotent neoblasts and, presumably, other mammalian stem cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Jones
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Research Institute in Healthcare Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Shaimaa Osman
- Peptide Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - John Howl
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Research Institute in Healthcare Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
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19
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Combination of Cell-Penetrating Peptides with Nanoparticles for Therapeutic Application: A Review. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9010022. [PMID: 30634689 PMCID: PMC6359287 DOI: 10.3390/biom9010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), also known as protein translocation domains, membrane translocating sequences or Trojan peptides, are small molecules of 6 to 30 amino acid residues capable of penetrating biological barriers and cellular membranes. Furthermore, CPP have become an alternative strategy to overcome some of the current drug limitations and combat resistant strains since CPPs are capable of delivering different therapeutic molecules against a wide range of diseases. In this review, we address the recent conjugation of CPPs with nanoparticles, which constitutes a new class of delivery vectors with high pharmaceutical potential in a variety of diseases.
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20
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Biagioni A, Laurenzana A, Margheri F, Chillà A, Fibbi G, so M. Delivery systems of CRISPR/Cas9-based cancer gene therapy. J Biol Eng 2018; 12:33. [PMID: 30574185 PMCID: PMC6299643 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-018-0127-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9 (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) is today one of the most reliable method for gene-editing, supporting previous gene therapies technologies such as TALEN, Meganucleases and ZFNs. There is a growing up number of manuscripts reporting several successful gene-edited cancer cell lines, but the real challenge is to translate this technique to the clinical practice. While treatments for diseases based on a single gene mutation is closer, being possible to target and repair the mutant allele in a selective way generating specific guide RNAs (gRNAs), many steps need to be done to apply CRISPR to face cancer. In this review, we want to give a general overview to the recent advancements in the delivery systems of the CRISPR/Cas9 machinery in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Biagioni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale G.B. Morgagni 50 –, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Anna Laurenzana
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale G.B. Morgagni 50 –, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Margheri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale G.B. Morgagni 50 –, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Anastasia Chillà
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale G.B. Morgagni 50 –, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Gabriella Fibbi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale G.B. Morgagni 50 –, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Mario so
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale G.B. Morgagni 50 –, 50134 Florence, Italy
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21
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Singh T, Murthy ASN, Yang HJ, Im J. Versatility of cell-penetrating peptides for intracellular delivery of siRNA. Drug Deliv 2018; 25:1996-2006. [PMID: 30799658 PMCID: PMC6319457 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2018.1543366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasma membrane is a large barrier to systemic drug delivery into cells, and it limits the efficacy of drug cargo. This issue has been overcome using cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs). CPPs are short peptides (6-30 amino acid residues) that are potentially capable of intracellular penetration to deliver drug molecules. CPPs broadened biomedical applications and provide a means to deliver a range of biologically active molecules, such as small molecules, proteins, imaging agents, and pharmaceutical nanocarriers, across the plasma membrane with high efficacy and low toxicity. This review is focused on the versatility of CPPs and advanced approaches for siRNA delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejinder Singh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Republic of Korea
| | - Akula S. N. Murthy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungkyun Im
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Republic of Korea
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22
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Yuan BY, Liu WZ, Wang XF, Zhang YZ, Yang DJ, Wang CL. Endomorphin-1 analogs with oligoarginine-conjugation at C-terminus produce potent antinociception with reduced opioid tolerance in paw withdrawal test. Peptides 2018; 106:96-101. [PMID: 30016700 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
For clinical use, it is essential to develop potent endomorphin (EM) analogs with reduced antinociceptive tolerance. In the present study, the antinociceptive activities and tolerance development of four potent EM-1 analogs with C-terminal oligoarginine-conjugation was evaluated and compared in the radiant heat paw withdrawal test. Following intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration, all analogs 1-4 produced potent and prolonged antinociceptive effects. Notably, analogs 2 and 4 with the introduction of D-Ala in position 2 exhibited relatively higher analgesic potencies than those of analogs 1 and 3 with β-Pro substitution, consistent with their μ-opioid binding characteristic. In addition, at a dose of 50 μmol/kg, endomorphin-1 (EM-1) failed to produce any significant antinociceptive activity after peripheral administration, whereas analogs 1-4 induced potent antinociceptive effects with an increased duration of action. Herein, our results indicated the development of antinociceptive tolerance to EM-1 and morphine at the supraspinal level on day 7. By contrast, analogs 1-4 decreased the antinociceptive tolerance. Furthermore, subcutaneous (s.c.) administration of morphine at 50 μmol/kg also developed the antinociceptive tolerance, whereas the extent of tolerance developed to analogs 1-4 was largely reduced. Especially, analog 4 exhibited non-tolerance-forming antinociception after peripheral administration. The present investigation gave the evidence that C-terminal conjugation of EM-1 with oligoarginine vector will facilitate the development of novel opioid analgesics with reduced opioid tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi-Yu Yuan
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, 92 West Dazhi Street, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Wei-Zhe Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, 92 West Dazhi Street, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xiao-Fang Wang
- Jiangxi University of traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Yu-Zhe Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, 92 West Dazhi Street, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Dai-Jun Yang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, 92 West Dazhi Street, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Chang-Lin Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, 92 West Dazhi Street, Harbin 150001, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, P. R. China; State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
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23
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Korang-Yeboah M, Patel D, Morton D, Sharma P, Gorantla Y, Joshi J, Nagappan P, Pallaniappan R, Chaudhary J. Intra-tumoral delivery of functional ID4 protein via PCL/maltodextrin nano-particle inhibits prostate cancer growth. Oncotarget 2018; 7:68072-68085. [PMID: 27487149 PMCID: PMC5340093 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
ID4, a helix loop helix transcriptional regulator has emerged as a tumor suppressor in prostate cancer. Epigenetic silencing of ID4 promotes prostate cancer whereas ectopic expression in prostate cancer cell lines blocks cancer phenotype. To directly investigate the anti-tumor property, full length human recombinant ID4 encapsulated in biodegradable Polycaprolactone/Maltodextrin (PCL-MD) nano-carrier was delivered to LNCaP cells in which the native ID4 was stably silenced (LNCaP(-)ID4). The cellular uptake of ID4 resulted in increased apoptosis, decreased proliferation and colony formation. Intratumoral delivery of PCL-MD ID4 into growing LNCaP(-)ID4 tumors in SCID mice significantly reduced the tumor volume compared to the tumors treated with chemotherapeutic Docetaxel. The study supports the feasibility of using nano-carrier encapsulated ID4 protein as a therapeutic. Mechanistically, ID4 may assimilate multiple regulatory pathways for example epigenetic re-programming, integration of multiple AR co-regulators or signaling pathways resulting in tumor suppressor activity of ID4.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Divya Patel
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Derrick Morton
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Pankaj Sharma
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Jugal Joshi
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Perri Nagappan
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Jaideep Chaudhary
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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24
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Wang H, Ma JL, Yang YG, Song Y, Wu J, Qin YY, Zhao XL, Wang J, Zou LL, Wu JF, Li JM, Liu CB. Efficient therapeutic delivery by a novel cell-permeant peptide derived from KDM4A protein for antitumor and antifibrosis. Oncotarget 2018; 7:49075-49090. [PMID: 27081693 PMCID: PMC5226491 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) based delivery have provided immense potential for the therapeutic applications, however, most of nonhuman originated CPPs carry the risk of possible cytotoxicity and immunogenicity, thus may restricting to be used. Here, we describe a novel human-derived CPP, denoted hPP10, and hPP10 has cell-penetrating properties evaluated by CellPPD web server, as well as In-Vitro and In-Vivo analysis. In vitro studies showed that hPP10-FITC was able to penetrate into various cells including primary cultured cells, likely through an endocytosis pathway. And functionalized macromolecules, such as green fluorescent protein (GFP), tumor-specific apoptosis inducer Apoptin as well as biological active enzyme GCLC (Glutamate-cysteine ligase, catalytic subunit) can be delivered by hPP10 in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, our results suggest that hPP10 provide a novel and versatile tool to deliver exogenous proteins or drugs for clinical applications as well as reprogrammed cell-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Wang
- The Institute of Cell Therapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China.,Medical School, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Jie-Lan Ma
- Medical School, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Ying-Gui Yang
- The Institute of Cell Therapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China.,Medical School, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Yang Song
- The Institute of Cell Therapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China.,Medical School, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Jiao Wu
- The Institute of Cell Therapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China.,Medical School, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Yan-Yan Qin
- Medical School, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Xue-Li Zhao
- Medical School, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Jun Wang
- The Institute of Cell Therapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China.,The 1st People's Hospital of Yichang, Yichang 443000, China
| | - Li-Li Zou
- The Institute of Cell Therapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China.,Medical School, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Jiang-Feng Wu
- The Institute of Cell Therapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China.,Medical School, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Jun-Ming Li
- The Institute of Cell Therapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China.,The 1st People's Hospital of Yichang, Yichang 443000, China
| | - Chang-Bai Liu
- The Institute of Cell Therapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China.,Medical School, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
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25
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Borrelli A, Tornesello AL, Tornesello ML, Buonaguro FM. Cell Penetrating Peptides as Molecular Carriers for Anti-Cancer Agents. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23020295. [PMID: 29385037 PMCID: PMC6017757 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell membranes with their selective permeability play important functions in the tight control of molecular exchanges between the cytosol and the extracellular environment as the intracellular membranes do within the internal compartments. For this reason the plasma membranes often represent a challenging obstacle to the intracellular delivery of many anti-cancer molecules. The active transport of drugs through such barrier often requires specific carriers able to cross the lipid bilayer. Cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) are generally 5–30 amino acids long which, for their ability to cross cell membranes, are widely used to deliver proteins, plasmid DNA, RNA, oligonucleotides, liposomes and anti-cancer drugs inside the cells. In this review, we describe the several types of CPPs, the chemical modifications to improve their cellular uptake, the different mechanisms to cross cell membranes and their biological properties upon conjugation with specific molecules. Special emphasis has been given to those with promising application in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Borrelli
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione Pascale, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Anna Lucia Tornesello
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione Pascale, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Maria Lina Tornesello
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione Pascale, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Franco M Buonaguro
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione Pascale, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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26
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Afonin S, Kubyshkin V, Mykhailiuk PK, Komarov IV, Ulrich AS. Conformational Plasticity of the Cell-Penetrating Peptide SAP As Revealed by Solid-State 19F-NMR and Circular Dichroism Spectroscopies. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:6479-6491. [PMID: 28608690 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b02852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The cell-penetrating peptide SAP, which was designed as an amphipathic poly-l-proline helix II (PPII), was suggested to self-assemble into regular fibrils that are relevant for its internalization. Herein we have analyzed the structure of SAP in the membrane-bound state by solid-state 19F-NMR, which revealed other structural states, in addition to the expected surface-aligned PPII. Trifluoromethyl-bicyclopentyl-glycine (CF3-Bpg) and two rigid isomers of trifluoromethyl-4,5-methanoprolines (CF3-MePro) were used as labels for 19F-NMR analysis. The equilibria between different conformations of SAP were studied and were found to be shifted by the substituents at Pro-11. Synchrotron-CD results suggested that substituting Pro-11 by CF3-MePro governed the coil-to-PPII equilibrium in solution and in the presence of a lipid bilayer. Using CD and 19F-NMR, we examined the slow kinetics of the association of SAP with membranes and the dependence of the SAP conformational dynamics on the lipid composition. The peptide did not bind to lipids in the solid ordered phase and aggregated only in the liquid ordered "raft"-like bilayers. Self-association could not be detected in solution or in the presence of liquid disordered membranes. Surface-bound amphipathic SAP in a nonaggregated state was structured as a mixture of nonideal extended conformations reflecting the equilibrium already present in solution, i.e., before binding to the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergii Afonin
- Institute of Biological Interfaces (IBG-2), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , P.O.B. 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Vladimir Kubyshkin
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Pavel K Mykhailiuk
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.,Enamine Ltd. , Vul. Chervonotkatska 78, 02660 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Igor V Komarov
- Institute of High Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv , Prosp. Glushkova 4-g, 02033 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Anne S Ulrich
- Institute of Biological Interfaces (IBG-2), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , P.O.B. 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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27
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Type II CRISPR/Cas9 approach in the oncological therapy. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2017; 36:80. [PMID: 28619109 PMCID: PMC5472952 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-017-0550-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) is a prokaryotic adaptable immune mechanism used by many bacteria and archaea to protect themselves from foreign nucleic acids. This complex system can recognize and cut non-self DNA in order to provide the prokaryotic organisms a strong defense against foreign viral or plasmid attacks and make the cell immune from further assaults. Today, it has been adapted to be used in vitro and in vivo in eukaryotic cells to perform a complete and highly selective gene knockout or a specific gene editing. The ease of use and the low cost are only two features that have made it very popular among the scientific community and the possibility to be used as a clinical treatment in several genetic derived pathologies has rapidly spread its fame worldwide. However, CRISPR is still not fully understood and many efforts need to be done in order to make it a real power tool for the human clinical treatment especially for oncological patients. Indeed, since cancer originates from non-lethal genetic disorders, CRISPR discovery fuels the hope to strike tumors on their roots. More than 4000 papers regarding CRISPR were published in the last ten years and only few of them take in count the possible applications in oncology. The purpose of this review is to clarify many problematics on the CRISPR usage and highlight its potential in oncological therapy.
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28
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Guidotti G, Brambilla L, Rossi D. Cell-Penetrating Peptides: From Basic Research to Clinics. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2017; 38:406-424. [PMID: 28209404 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 721] [Impact Index Per Article: 103.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The presence of cell and tissue barriers together with the low biomembrane permeability of various therapeutics often hampers systemic drug distribution; thus, most of the available molecules are of limited therapeutic value. Opportunities to increase medicament concentrations in areas that are difficult to access now exist with the advent of cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), which can transport into the cell a wide variety of biologically active conjugates (cargoes). Numerous preclinical evaluations with CPP-derived therapeutics have provided promising results in various disease models that, in some cases, prompted clinical trials. The outcome of these investigations has thus opened new perspectives for CPP application in the development of unprecedented human therapies that are well tolerated and directed to intracellular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Guidotti
- Laboratory for Research on Neurodegenerative Disorders, IRCCS Maugeri Clinical and Scientific Institutes SpA SB, Via Maugeri 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Liliana Brambilla
- Laboratory for Research on Neurodegenerative Disorders, IRCCS Maugeri Clinical and Scientific Institutes SpA SB, Via Maugeri 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Daniela Rossi
- Laboratory for Research on Neurodegenerative Disorders, IRCCS Maugeri Clinical and Scientific Institutes SpA SB, Via Maugeri 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
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29
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Peptide-based strategies for enhanced cell uptake, transcellular transport, and circulation: Mechanisms and challenges. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 110-111:52-64. [PMID: 27313077 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Peptides are emerging as a new tool in drug and gene delivery. Peptide-drug conjugates and peptide-modified drug delivery systems provide new opportunities to avoid macrophage recognition and subsequent phagocytosis, cross endothelial and epithelial barriers, and enter the cytoplasm of target cells. Peptides are relatively small, low-cost, and are stable in a wide range of biological conditions. In this review, we summarize recent work in designing peptides to enhance penetration of biological barriers, increase cell uptake, and avoid the immune system. We highlight recent successes and contradictory results, and outline common emerging concepts and design rules. The development of sequence-structure-function relationships and standard protocols for benchmarking will be a key to progress in the field.
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30
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Bolhassani A, Jafarzade BS, Mardani G. In vitro and in vivo delivery of therapeutic proteins using cell penetrating peptides. Peptides 2017; 87:50-63. [PMID: 27887988 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2016.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The failure of proteins to penetrate mammalian cells or target tumor cells restricts their value as therapeutic tools in a variety of diseases such as cancers. Recently, protein transduction domains (PTDs) or cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) have been shown to promote the delivery of therapeutic proteins or peptides into live cells. The successful delivery of proteins mainly depends on their physicochemical properties. Although, linear cell penetrating peptides are one of the most effective delivery vehicles; but currently, cyclic CPPs has been developed to potently transport bioactive full-length proteins into cells. Up to now, several small protein transduction domains from viral proteins including Tat or VP22 could be fused to other peptides or proteins to entry them in various cell types at a dose-dependent approach. A major disadvantage of PTD-fusion proteins is primary uptake into endosomal vesicles leading to inefficient release of the fusion proteins into the cytosol. Recently, non-covalent complex formation (Chariot) between proteins and CPPs has attracted a special interest to overcome some delivery limitations (e.g., toxicity). Many preclinical and clinical trials of CPP-based delivery are currently under evaluation. Generally, development of more efficient protein transduction domains would significantly increase the potency of protein therapeutics. Moreover, the synergistic or combined effects of CPPs with other delivery systems for protein/peptide drug delivery would promote their therapeutic effects in cancer and other diseases. In this review, we will describe the functions and implications of CPPs for delivering the therapeutic proteins or peptides in preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Bolhassani
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Golnaz Mardani
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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31
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Chen C, Liu K, Xu Y, Zhang P, Suo Y, Lu Y, Zhang W, Su L, Gu Q, Wang H, Gu J, Li Z, Xu X. Anti-angiogenesis through noninvasive to minimally invasive intraocular delivery of the peptide CC12 identified by in vivo-directed evolution. Biomaterials 2016; 112:218-233. [PMID: 27768975 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapies are widely used for the treatment of neovascular fundus diseases such as diabetic retinopathy. However, these agents need to be injected intravitreally, because their strong hydrophilicity and high molecular weight prevent them from penetrating cell membranes and complex tissue barriers. Moreover, the repeated injections that are required can cause infection and tissue injury. In this study, we used in vivo-directed evolution phage display technology to identify a novel dodecapeptide, named CC12, with the ability to penetrate the ocular barrier in a noninvasive (via conjunctival sac instillation) or minimally invasive (via retrobulbar injection) manner. KV11, an antiangiogenesis peptide previously demonstrated to inhibit pathological neovascularization in the retina, was then used as a model antiangiogenesis cargo for CC12. We found that conjugation of KV11 peptide with CC12 peptide facilitated the delivery of KV11 to the retina, resulting in significant inhibition of retinal neovascularization development via topical application without tissue toxicity. Collectively, our data of multilevel evaluations demonstrate that CC12 may enable the noninvasive to minimally invasive intraocular delivery of antiangiogenic therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Disease, Shanghai General Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200080, PR China
| | - Kun Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Disease, Shanghai General Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200080, PR China
| | - Yupeng Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Disease, Shanghai General Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200080, PR China
| | - Pengwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Yan Suo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Disease, Shanghai General Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200080, PR China
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Disease, Shanghai General Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200080, PR China
| | - Wenyuan Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Li Su
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Disease, Shanghai General Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200080, PR China
| | - Qing Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Disease, Shanghai General Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200080, PR China
| | - Huamao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Jianren Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Zonghai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200032, PR China.
| | - Xun Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Disease, Shanghai General Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200080, PR China.
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32
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Mohammed Y, Teixidó M, Namjoshi S, Giralt E, Benson H. Cyclic Dipeptide Shuttles as a Novel Skin Penetration Enhancement Approach: Preliminary Evaluation with Diclofenac. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160973. [PMID: 27548780 PMCID: PMC4993479 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study demonstrates the effectiveness of a peptide shuttle in delivering diclofenac into and through human epidermis. Diclofenac was conjugated to a novel phenylalanyl-N-methyl-naphthalenylalanine-derived diketopiperazine (DKP) shuttle and to TAT (a classical cell penetrating peptide), and topically applied to human epidermis in vitro. DKP and TAT effectively permeated into and through human epidermis. When conjugated to diclofenac, both DKP and TAT enhanced delivery into and through human epidermis, though DKP was significantly more effective. Penetration of diclofenac through human epidermis (to receptor) was increased by conjugation to the peptide shuttle and cell penetrating peptide with enhancement of 6x by DKP-diclofenac and 3x by TAT-diclofenac. In addition, the amount of diclofenac retained within the epidermis was significantly increased by peptide conjugation. COX-2 inhibition activity of diclofenac was retained when conjugated to DKP. Our study suggests that the peptide shuttle approach may offer a new strategy for targeted delivery of small therapeutic and diagnostic molecules to the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousuf Mohammed
- School of Pharmacy, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Therapeutics Research Centre, The University of Queensland, School of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Meritxell Teixidó
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona Science and Technology Institute (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sarika Namjoshi
- Therapeutics Research Centre, The University of Queensland, School of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ernest Giralt
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona Science and Technology Institute (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail: (HB); (EG)
| | - Heather Benson
- School of Pharmacy, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- * E-mail: (HB); (EG)
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Abstract
During the three decades of cell-penetrating peptides era the superfamily of CPPs has rapidly expanded, and the quest for new sequences continues. CPPs have been well recognized by scientific community and they have been used for transduction of a wide variety of molecules and particles into cultured cells and in vivo. In parallel with application of CPPs for delivering of active payloads, the mechanisms that such peptides take advantage of for gaining access to cells' insides have been in the focus of intense studies. Although the common denominator "cell penetration" unites all CPPs, the interaction partners on the cell surface, evoked cellular responses and even the uptake mechanisms might greatly vary between different peptide types. Here we present some possibilities for classification of CPPs based on their type of origin, physical-chemical properties, and the extent of modifications and design efforts. We also briefly analyze the internalization mechanisms with regard to their classification into groups based on physical-chemical characteristics.
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34
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Moret F, Gobbo M, Reddi E. Conjugation of photosensitisers to antimicrobial peptides increases the efficiency of photodynamic therapy in cancer cells. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2016; 14:1238-50. [PMID: 26014915 DOI: 10.1039/c5pp00038f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Some antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have the ability to penetrate and kill not only pathogenic microorganisms but also cancer cells, while they are less active toward normal eukaryotic cells. Here we have investigated the potential of three AMPs, namely apidaecin 1b (Api), magainin 2 (Mag) and buforin II (Buf), as carriers of drugs for cancer cells by using the hydrophobic photosensitiser 5-(4-carboxyphenyl)-10,15,20-triphenylporphyrin (cTPP) as the drug model, conjugated to the N-terminus of the peptides. Flow cytometry measurements demonstrated that conjugation of cTPP increased its rate and efficiency of uptake in A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cells in the order Mag > Buf > Api. In vitro photodynamic therapy (PDT) experiments showed that the increased uptake of the conjugated cTPP determined 100% cell killing at concentrations in the nanomolar range while micromolar concentrations were required for the same killing effect with unconjugated cTPP. Serum proteins interacted with cTPP conjugated to Buf and Api and slightly interfered with the cellular uptake of these conjugates but not with that of Mag. The data suggest electrostatic interactions of the conjugates with sialic acid and ganglioside rich domains, as lipid rafts of the plasma membrane, followed by cell internalization via non-caveolar dynamin-dependent endocytosis as indicated by the effects of inhibitors of specific endocytic pathways. Our study demonstrated that the three AMPs investigated, Mag in particular, have the ability to carry a hydrophobic cargo inside cancer cells and may therefore represent useful carriers of anticancer drugs, especially those with a poor capacity to penetrate inside the target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Moret
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, via U. Bassi 58/B, 35121 Padova, Italy.
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35
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Randhawa HK, Gautam A, Sharma M, Bhatia R, Varshney GC, Raghava GPS, Nandanwar H. Cell-penetrating peptide and antibiotic combination therapy: a potential alternative to combat drug resistance in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:4073-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7329-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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36
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Jones S, Uusna J, Langel Ü, Howl J. Intracellular Target-Specific Accretion of Cell Penetrating Peptides and Bioportides: Ultrastructural and Biological Correlates. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 27:121-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Jones
- Research
Institute in Healthcare Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton, WV1 1LY, United Kingdom
| | - Julia Uusna
- Institute
of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ülo Langel
- Institute
of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - John Howl
- Research
Institute in Healthcare Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton, WV1 1LY, United Kingdom
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37
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Milton S, Honcharenko D, Rocha CSJ, Moreno PMD, Smith CIE, Strömberg R. Nuclease resistant oligonucleotides with cell penetrating properties. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:4044-7. [PMID: 25664358 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc08837a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
2'-O-AECM modified oligonucleotides provide an unusual combination of remarkable properties. This includes the combination of high resistance towards enzymatic degradation and the spontaneous cellular uptake of AECM oligonucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Milton
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Novum, Hälsovägen 7, SE-14183, Huddinge, Sweden.
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38
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González-Magaldi M, Vázquez-Calvo Á, de la Torre BG, Valle J, Andreu D, Sobrino F. Peptides Interfering 3A Protein Dimerization Decrease FMDV Multiplication. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141415. [PMID: 26505190 PMCID: PMC4624780 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonstructural protein 3A is involved in relevant functions in foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) replication. FMDV 3A can form homodimers and preservation of the two hydrophobic α-helices (α1 and α2) that stabilize the dimer interface is essential for virus replication. In this work, small peptides mimicking residues involved in the dimer interface were used to interfere with dimerization and thus gain insight on its biological function. The dimer interface peptides α1, α2 and that spanning the two hydrophobic α-helices, α12, impaired in vitro dimer formation of a peptide containing the two α-helices, this effect being higher with peptide α12. To assess the effect of dimer inhibition in cultured cells, the interfering peptides were N-terminally fused to a heptaarginine (R7) sequence to favor their intracellular translocation. Thus, when fused to R7, interference peptides (100 μM) were able to inhibit dimerization of transiently expressed 3A, the higher inhibitions being found with peptides α1 and α12. The 3A dimerization impairment exerted by the peptides correlated with significant, specific reductions in the viral yield recovered from peptide-treated FMDV infected cells. In this case, α2 was the only peptide producing significant reductions at concentrations lower than 100 μM. Thus, dimer interface peptides constitute a tool to understand the structure-function relationship of this viral protein and point to 3A dimerization as a potential antiviral target.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ángela Vázquez-Calvo
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz G. de la Torre
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Valle
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Andreu
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Sobrino
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
In the era of biomedicines and engineered carrier systems, cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) have been established as a promising tool for therapeutic application. Likewise, other therapeutic peptides, successful in vivo application of CPPs will strongly depend on peptide stability, the bottleneck for this type of biodegradable molecules. In this review, the authors describe the current knowledge of the in vivo degradation for known CPPs and the different strategies available to provide a higher resistance to metabolic degradation while preserving cell penetration efficiency. Peptide stability can be improved by different means, either modifying the structure to make it unrecognizable to proteases, or preventing access of proteolytic enzymes by applying conformation restriction or shielding strategies.
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40
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Kivelä AM, Huusko J, Ylä-Herttuala S. Prospect and progress of gene therapy in treating atherosclerosis. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2015; 15:1699-712. [PMID: 26328616 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2015.1084282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite considerable improvements in therapies, atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of death worldwide. Therefore, in addition to current treatment options, new therapeutic approaches are still needed. AREAS COVERED In this review, novel gene and RNA interference-based therapy approaches and promising target genes for treating atherosclerosis are addressed. In addition, relevant animal models for the demonstration of the efficacy of different gene therapy applications, and current progress toward more efficient, targeted and safer gene transfer vectors are reviewed. EXPERT OPINION Atherosclerosis represents a complex multifactorial disease that is dependent on the interplay between lipoprotein metabolism, cellular reactions and inflammation. Recent advances and novel targets, especially in the field of RNA interference-based therapies, are very promising. However, it should be noted that the modulation of a particular gene is not as clearly associated with a complex polygenic disease as it is in the case of monogenic diseases. A deeper understanding of molecular mechanisms of atherosclerosis, further progress in vector development and the demonstration of treatment efficacy in relevant animal models will be required before gene therapy of atherosclerosis meets its clinical reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annukka M Kivelä
- a 1 University of Eastern Finland, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine , Kuopio, Finland +358 403 552 075 ;
| | - Jenni Huusko
- a 1 University of Eastern Finland, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine , Kuopio, Finland +358 403 552 075 ;
| | - Seppo Ylä-Herttuala
- a 1 University of Eastern Finland, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine , Kuopio, Finland +358 403 552 075 ; .,b 2 Science Service Center , Kuopio, Finland.,c 3 Kuopio University Hospital, Gene Therapy Unit , Kuopio, Finland
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41
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Zhang Q, Gao H, He Q. Taming Cell Penetrating Peptides: Never Too Old To Teach Old Dogs New Tricks. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:3105-18. [PMID: 26237247 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qianyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems,
West China School of Pharmacy, and State
Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy,
West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin
Road, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Huile Gao
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems,
West China School of Pharmacy, and State
Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy,
West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin
Road, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Qin He
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems,
West China School of Pharmacy, and State
Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy,
West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin
Road, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
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42
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Yao S, He Z, Chen C. CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Genome Editing of Epigenetic Factors for Cancer Therapy. Hum Gene Ther 2015; 26:463-71. [PMID: 26075804 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2015.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiyao He
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu, China
| | - Chong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu, China
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43
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Derouazi M, Di Berardino-Besson W, Belnoue E, Hoepner S, Walther R, Benkhoucha M, Teta P, Dufour Y, Yacoub Maroun C, Salazar AM, Martinvalet D, Dietrich PY, Walker PR. Novel Cell-Penetrating Peptide-Based Vaccine Induces Robust CD4+ and CD8+ T Cell-Mediated Antitumor Immunity. Cancer Res 2015; 75:3020-31. [PMID: 26116496 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-3017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines that can coordinately induce multi-epitope T cell-mediated immunity, T helper functions, and immunologic memory may offer effective tools for cancer immunotherapy. Here, we report the development of a new class of recombinant protein cancer vaccines that deliver different CD8(+) and CD4(+) T-cell epitopes presented by MHC class I and class II alleles, respectively. In these vaccines, the recombinant protein is fused with Z12, a novel cell-penetrating peptide that promotes efficient protein loading into the antigen-processing machinery of dendritic cells. Z12 elicited an integrated and multi-epitopic immune response with persistent effector T cells. Therapy with Z12-formulated vaccines prolonged survival in three robust tumor models, with the longest survival in an orthotopic model of aggressive brain cancer. Analysis of the tumor sites showed antigen-specific T-cell accumulation with favorable modulation of the balance of the immune infiltrate. Taken together, the results offered a preclinical proof of concept for the use of Z12-formulated vaccines as a versatile platform for the development of effective cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madiha Derouazi
- Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Centre of Oncology, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | | | | | - Sabine Hoepner
- Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Centre of Oncology, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Romy Walther
- University of Toulouse, CNRS 5273, UMR STROMALab, Toulouse, France
| | - Mahdia Benkhoucha
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Teta
- Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Centre of Oncology, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yannick Dufour
- Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Centre of Oncology, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Céline Yacoub Maroun
- Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Centre of Oncology, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Denis Martinvalet
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pierre-Yves Dietrich
- Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Centre of Oncology, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Paul R Walker
- Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Centre of Oncology, Geneva, Switzerland.
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44
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Peptide-mediated delivery: an overview of pathways for efficient internalization. Ther Deliv 2015; 5:1203-22. [PMID: 25491671 DOI: 10.4155/tde.14.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Poor cellular delivery and low bioavailability of novel potent therapeutic molecules continue to remain the bottleneck of modern cancer and gene therapy. Cell-penetrating peptides have provided immense opportunities for the intracellular delivery of bioactive cargos and have led to the first exciting successes in experimental therapy of muscular dystrophies. This review focuses on the mechanisms by which cell-penetrating peptides gain access to the cell interior and deliver cargos. Recent advances in augmenting delivery efficacy and facilitation of endosomal escape of cargo are presented, and the cell-penetrating peptide-mediated delivery of two of the most popular classes of cargo molecules, oligonucleotides and proteins, is analyzed. The arsenal of tools for oligonucleotide delivery has dramatically expanded in the last decade enabling harnessing of cell-surface receptors for targeted delivery.
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45
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Taverner A, Dondi R, Almansour K, Laurent F, Owens SE, Eggleston IM, Fotaki N, Mrsny RJ. Enhanced paracellular transport of insulin can be achieved via transient induction of myosin light chain phosphorylation. J Control Release 2015; 210:189-97. [PMID: 25980620 PMCID: PMC4504001 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.05.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium functions to effectively restrict the causal uptake of luminal contents but has been demonstrated to transiently increase paracellular permeability properties to provide an additional entry route for dietary macromolecules. We have examined a method to emulate this endogenous mechanism as a means of enhancing the oral uptake of insulin. Two sets of stable Permeant Inhibitor of Phosphatase (PIP) peptides were rationally designed to stimulate phosphorylation of intracellular epithelial myosin light chain (MLC) and screened using Caco-2 monolayers in vitro. Apical application of PIP peptide 640, designed to disrupt protein–protein interactions between protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) and its regulator CPI-17, resulted in a reversible and non-toxic transient reduction in Caco-2 monolayer trans-epithelial electric resistance (TEER) and opening of the paracellular route to 4 kDa fluorescent dextran but not 70 kDa dextran in vitro. Apical application of PIP peptide 250, designed to impede MYPT1-mediated regulation of PP1, also decreased TEER in a reversible and non-toxic manner but transiently opened the paracellular route to both 4 and 70 kDa fluorescent dextrans. Direct injection of PIP peptides 640 or 250 with human insulin into the lumen of rat jejunum caused a decrease in blood glucose levels that was PIP peptide and insulin dose-dependent and correlated with increased pMLC levels. Systemic levels of insulin suggested approximately 3–4% of the dose injected into the intestinal lumen was absorbed, relative to a subcutaneous injection. Measurement of insulin levels in the portal vein showed a time window of absorption that was consistent with systemic concentration-time profiles and approximately 50% first-pass clearance by the liver. Monitoring the uptake of a fluorescent form of insulin suggested its uptake occurred via the paracellular route. Together, these studies add validation to the presence of an endogenous mechanism used by the intestinal epithelium to dynamically regulate its paracellular permeability properties and better define the potential to enhance the oral delivery of biopharmaceuticals via a transient regulation of an endogenous mechanism controlling the intestinal paracellular barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair Taverner
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Ruggero Dondi
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Khaled Almansour
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Floriane Laurent
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Siân-Eleri Owens
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3XF, UK
| | - Ian M Eggleston
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Nikoletta Fotaki
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Randall J Mrsny
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
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46
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Bruno BJ, Lim CS. Inhibition of Bcr-Abl in Human Leukemic Cells with a Coiled-Coil Protein Delivered by a Leukemia-Specific Cell-Penetrating Peptide. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:1412-21. [DOI: 10.1021/mp500701u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J. Bruno
- Department
of Pharmaceutics
and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake
City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Carol S. Lim
- Department
of Pharmaceutics
and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake
City, Utah 84112, United States
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47
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Song Q, Chuan X, Chen B, He B, Zhang H, Dai W, Wang X, Zhang Q. A smart tumor targeting peptide-drug conjugate, pHLIP-SS-DOX: synthesis and cellular uptake on MCF-7 and MCF-7/Adr cells. Drug Deliv 2015; 23:1734-46. [PMID: 25853477 DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2015.1028601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX) is a potent anticancer drug for the treatment of tumors, but the poor specificity and multi-drug resistance (MDR) on tumor cells have restricted its application. Here, a pH and reduction-responsive peptide-drug conjugate (PDC), pHLIP-SS-DOX, was synthesized to overcome these drawbacks. pH low insertion peptide (pHLIP) is a cell penetrating peptide (CPP) with pH-dependent transmembrane ability. And because of the unique cell membrane insertion pattern, it might reverse the MDR. The cellular uptake study showed that on both drug-sensitive MCF-7 and drug-resistant MCF-7/Adr cells, pHLIP-SS-DOX obviously facilitated the uptake of DOX at pH 6.0 and the uptake level on MCF-7/Adr cells was similar with that on MCF-7 cells, indicating that pHLIP-SS-DOX had the ability to target acidic tumor cells and reverse MDR. In vitro cytotoxicity study mediated by GSH-OEt demonstrated that the cytotoxic effect of pHLIP-SS-DOX was reduction responsive, with obvious cytotoxicity at pH 6.0; while it had poor cytotoxicity at pH 7.4, no matter with or without GSH-OEt pretreatment. This illustrated that pHLIP could deliver DOX into tumor cells with acidic microenvironment specifically and could not deliver drugs into normal cells with neutral microenvironment. In summary, pHLIP-SS-DOX is a promising strategy to target drugs to tumors and provides a possibility to overcome MDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Song
- a State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University , Beijing , China
| | - Xingxing Chuan
- a State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University , Beijing , China
| | - Binlong Chen
- a State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University , Beijing , China
| | - Bing He
- a State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University , Beijing , China
| | - Hua Zhang
- a State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University , Beijing , China
| | - Wenbing Dai
- a State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University , Beijing , China
| | - Xueqing Wang
- a State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University , Beijing , China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- a State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University , Beijing , China
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48
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Purkayastha N, Capone S, Beck AK, Seebach D, Leeds J, Thompson K, Moser HE. Antibacterial Activity of Enrofloxacin and Ciprofloxacin Derivatives ofβ-Octaarginine. Chem Biodivers 2015; 12:179-93. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201400456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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49
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Howl J, Jones S. Cell penetrating peptide-mediated transport enables the regulated secretion of accumulated cargoes from mast cells. J Control Release 2015; 202:108-17. [PMID: 25660072 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The in vivo utility of technologies employing cell penetrating peptides and bioportides may be compromised by the general capacity of polycationic peptides to activate mast cell secretion. Moreover, the same technologies could be exploited in a clinical setting either to directly modulate intrinsic exocytotic mechanisms or to load mast cells with bioactive cargoes. Comparative investigations identified two cell penetrating vectors, Tat and C105Y, which readily translocate into mast cells without inducing receptor-independent exocytosis. Efficient Tat transduction also enabled the intracellular delivery and accumulation of cargoes within discrete intracellular compartments. A tetramethylrhodamine-Tat conjugate is effectively translocated into the secretory lysosomes of RBL-2H3 cells. In contract, the intracellular delivery of avidin, as a non-covalent complex with a biotinylated Tat vector, is also efficient but the protein is predominantly accumulated outside of secretory lysosomes. Significantly, both cargoes can be subsequently released following mast cell stimulation either by mastoparan, a wasp venom secretagogue, or by the physiological mechanism of antigen-induced aggregation of high affinity IgE receptors. These studies indicate that mast cells could be exploited to direct the delivery of bioactive agents to disease sites as an innovative cell-mediated therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Howl
- Research Institute in Healthcare Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK.
| | - Sarah Jones
- Research Institute in Healthcare Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK
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50
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Abstract
Aim: Before starting preclinical studies, we have analyzed the integrity in serum of DPT-C9h, a promising therapeutic peptide, and performed modifications in order to improve its stability. Materials & methods: Mutant peptides exchanging arginine 8 for either lysine, asparagine or alanine were synthesized and compared with the parental peptide. Results: All mutants clearly improved peptide stability while keeping their functional activity. PK studies showed an enhanced stability, being Mut3DPT-C9h the most promising candidate. Biodistribution studies demonstrate that the modified peptide is able to reach the targeted tumor and accumulate there at higher concentration than the parental peptide. Discussion: Small modifications in the peptide sequence result in improvements allowing the selection of better candidates for preclinical studies.
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