1
|
Pinheiro-Junior EL, Alirahimi E, Peigneur S, Isensee J, Schiffmann S, Erkoc P, Fürst R, Vilcinskas A, Sennoner T, Koludarov I, Hempel BF, Tytgat J, Hucho T, von Reumont BM. Diversely evolved xibalbin variants from remipede venom inhibit potassium channels and activate PKA-II and Erk1/2 signaling. BMC Biol 2024; 22:164. [PMID: 39075558 PMCID: PMC11288129 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-024-01955-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The identification of novel toxins from overlooked and taxonomically exceptional species bears potential for various pharmacological applications. The remipede Xibalbanus tulumensis, an underwater cave-dwelling crustacean, is the only crustacean for which a venom system has been described. Its venom contains several xibalbin peptides that have an inhibitor cysteine knot (ICK) scaffold. RESULTS Our screenings revealed that all tested xibalbin variants particularly inhibit potassium channels. Xib1 and xib13 with their eight-cysteine domain similar to spider knottins also inhibit voltage-gated sodium channels. No activity was noted on calcium channels. Expanding the functional testing, we demonstrate that xib1 and xib13 increase PKA-II and Erk1/2 sensitization signaling in nociceptive neurons, which may initiate pain sensitization. Our phylogenetic analysis suggests that xib13 either originates from the common ancestor of pancrustaceans or earlier while xib1 is more restricted to remipedes. The ten-cysteine scaffolded xib2 emerged from xib1, a result that is supported by our phylogenetic and machine learning-based analyses. CONCLUSIONS Our functional characterization of synthesized variants of xib1, xib2, and xib13 elucidates their potential as inhibitors of potassium channels in mammalian systems. The specific interaction of xib2 with Kv1.6 channels, which are relevant to treating variants of epilepsy, shows potential for further studies. At higher concentrations, xib1 and xib13 activate the kinases PKA-II and ERK1/2 in mammalian sensory neurons, suggesting pain sensitization and potential applications related to pain research and therapy. While tested insect channels suggest that all probably act as neurotoxins, the biological function of xib1, xib2, and xib13 requires further elucidation. A novel finding on their evolutionary origin is the apparent emergence of X. tulumensis-specific xib2 from xib1. Our study is an important cornerstone for future studies to untangle the origin and function of these enigmatic proteins as important components of remipede but also other pancrustacean and arthropod venoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Lopes Pinheiro-Junior
- Toxicology and Pharmacology - Campus Gasthuisberg, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Herestraat 49, PO Box 922, 3000, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Ehsan Alirahimi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Cologne, Translational Pain Research, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Steve Peigneur
- Toxicology and Pharmacology - Campus Gasthuisberg, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Herestraat 49, PO Box 922, 3000, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Jörg Isensee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Cologne, Translational Pain Research, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Susanne Schiffmann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Pelin Erkoc
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-Von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
- LOEWE Center for Translational Biodiversity Genomics (LOEWE-TBG), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Robert Fürst
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-Von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
- LOEWE Center for Translational Biodiversity Genomics (LOEWE-TBG), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andreas Vilcinskas
- LOEWE Center for Translational Biodiversity Genomics (LOEWE-TBG), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt, Germany
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME-BR), Ohlebergsweg 14, 35394, Giessen, Germany
| | - Tobias Sennoner
- Department of Informatics, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, i12, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstr. 3, 85748, Garching, Munich, Germany
| | - Ivan Koludarov
- Department of Informatics, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, i12, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstr. 3, 85748, Garching, Munich, Germany
| | - Benjamin-Florian Hempel
- Freie Unveristät Berlin, Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research (TZR), Robert-Von-Ostertag Str. 8, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Tytgat
- Toxicology and Pharmacology - Campus Gasthuisberg, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Herestraat 49, PO Box 922, 3000, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Tim Hucho
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Cologne, Translational Pain Research, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Björn M von Reumont
- LOEWE Center for Translational Biodiversity Genomics (LOEWE-TBG), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt, Germany.
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Goethe, Frankfurt, Max-Von-Laue-Str 13, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Erreger K, Cao S, Pan Y, Jiang M, Zhang MZ, Harris RC, Hamm HE. Role of protease-activated receptor 4 in mouse models of acute and chronic kidney injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2024; 326:F219-F226. [PMID: 38031732 PMCID: PMC11198992 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00162.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor 4 (PAR4) is a G protein-coupled receptor activated by thrombin. In the platelet, response to thrombin PAR4 contributes to the predominant procoagulant microparticle formation, increased fibrin deposition, and initiation of platelet-stimulated inflammation. In addition, PAR4 is expressed in other cell types, including endothelial cells. Under inflammatory conditions, PAR4 is overexpressed via epigenetic demethylation of the PAR4 gene, F2RL3. PAR4 knockout (KO) studies have determined a role for PAR4 in ischemia-reperfusion injury in the brain, and PAR4 KO mice display normal cardiac function but present less myocyte death and cardiac dysfunction in response to acute myocardial infarction. Although PAR4 has been reported to be expressed within the kidney, the contribution of PAR4 to acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) is not well understood. Here we report that PAR4 KO mice are protected against kidney injury in two mouse models. First, PAR4 KO mice are protected against induction of markers of both fibrosis and inflammation in two different models of kidney injury: 1) 7 days following unilateral ureter obstruction (UUO) and 2) an AKI-CKD model of ischemia-reperfusion followed by 8 days of contralateral nephrectomy. We further show that PAR4 expression in the kidney is low in the control mouse kidney but induced over time following UUO. PAR4 KO mice are protected against blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) kidney function pathologies in the AKI-CKD model. Following the AKI-CKD model, PAR4 is expressed in the collecting duct colocalizing with Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA), but not in the proximal tubule with Lotus tetragonolobus lectin (LTL). Collectively, the results reported in this study implicate PAR4 as contributing to the pathology in mouse models of acute and chronic kidney injury.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The contribution of the thrombin receptor protease-activated receptor 4 (PAR4) to acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) is not well understood. Here we report that PAR4 expression is upregulated after kidney injury and PAR4 knockout (KO) mice are protected against fibrosis following kidney injury in two mouse models. First, PAR4 KO mice are protected against unilateral ureter obstruction. Second, PAR4 KO mice are protected against an AKI-CKD model of ischemia-reperfusion followed by contralateral nephrectomy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Erreger
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Shirong Cao
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Yu Pan
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Mengdi Jiang
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Ming-Zhi Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Raymond C Harris
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Heidi E Hamm
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ye S, Ma F, Mahmood DFD, Meyer-Siegler KL, Menard RE, Hunt DE, Leng L, Bucala R, Vera PL. Intravesical CD74 and CXCR4, macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) receptors, mediate bladder pain. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255975. [PMID: 34424927 PMCID: PMC8382170 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Activation of intravesical protease activated receptor 4 (PAR4) leads to release of urothelial macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). MIF then binds to urothelial MIF receptors to release urothelial high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) and elicit bladder hyperalgesia. Since MIF binds to multiple receptors, we investigated the contribution of individual urothelial MIF receptors to PAR4-induced HMGB1 release in vivo and in vitro and bladder pain in vivo. Methodology/Principal findings We tested the effect of intravesical pre-treatment with individual MIF or MIF receptor (CD74, CXCR4, CXCR2) antagonists on PAR4-induced HMGB1 release in vivo (female C57/BL6 mice) and in vitro (primary human urothelial cells) and on PAR4-induced bladder hyperalgesia in vivo (mice). In mice, PAR4 induced HMGB1 release and bladder hyperalgesia through activation of intravesical MIF receptors, CD74 and CXCR4. CXCR2 was not involved in these effects. In primary urothelial cells, PAR4-induced HMGB1 release through activation of CD74 receptors. Micturition parameters in mice were not changed by any of the treatments. Conclusions/Significance Urothelial MIF receptors CD74 and CXCR4 mediate bladder pain through release of urothelial HMGB1. This mechanism may set up persistent pain loops in the bladder and warrants further investigation. Urothelial CD74 and CXCR4 may provide novel targets for interrupting bladder pain.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adult
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Female
- HMGB1 Protein/genetics
- HMGB1 Protein/metabolism
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/genetics
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/metabolism
- Humans
- Hyperalgesia/etiology
- Hyperalgesia/metabolism
- Hyperalgesia/pathology
- Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors/genetics
- Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Receptors, CXCR4/genetics
- Receptors, CXCR4/metabolism
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Receptors, Thrombin/genetics
- Receptors, Thrombin/metabolism
- Urinary Bladder/metabolism
- Urinary Bladder/pathology
- Young Adult
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaojing Ye
- Research & Development, Lexington VA Health Care System, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Fei Ma
- Research & Development, Lexington VA Health Care System, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Dlovan F. D. Mahmood
- Research & Development, Lexington VA Health Care System, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | | | - Raymond E. Menard
- Department of Natural Sciences, St Petersburg College, St Petersburg, FL, United States of America
| | - David E. Hunt
- Research & Development, Lexington VA Health Care System, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Lin Leng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Richard Bucala
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Pedro L. Vera
- Research & Development, Lexington VA Health Care System, Lexington, KY, United States of America
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wu X, Wang Q, Zhang F, Liu H, Lu T, Zhang Q. Preparation and In Vivo Antinociceptive Behavior of Four New 2‐Amino‐6‐trifuromethoxybenzothiazole Carboxylic Acid Derivatives. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201902921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xianglong Wu
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and BiotechnologySchool of Life SciencesNorthwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072 P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringNanyang Technological University Singapore 639798 Singapore
| | - Qingchuan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and BiotechnologySchool of Life SciencesNorthwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072 P. R. China
| | - Fei Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and BiotechnologySchool of Life SciencesNorthwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072 P. R. China
| | - Hao Liu
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and BiotechnologySchool of Life SciencesNorthwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072 P. R. China
| | - Tingli Lu
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and BiotechnologySchool of Life SciencesNorthwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072 P. R. China
| | - Qichun Zhang
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringNanyang Technological University Singapore 639798 Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Crosson T, Roversi K, Balood M, Othman R, Ahmadi M, Wang JC, Seadi Pereira PJ, Tabatabaei M, Couture R, Eichwald T, Latini A, Prediger RD, Rangachari M, Seehus CR, Foster SL, Talbot S. Profiling of how nociceptor neurons detect danger - new and old foes. J Intern Med 2019; 286:268-289. [PMID: 31282104 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The host evolves redundant mechanisms to preserve physiological processing and homeostasis. These functions range from sensing internal and external threats, creating a memory of the insult and generating reflexes, which aim to resolve inflammation. Impairment in such functioning leads to chronic inflammatory diseases. By interacting through a common language of ligands and receptors, the immune and sensory nervous systems work in concert to accomplish such protective functions. Whilst this bidirectional communication helps to protect from danger, it can contribute to disease pathophysiology. Thus, the somatosensory nervous system is anatomically positioned within primary and secondary lymphoid tissues and mucosa to modulate immunity directly. Upstream of this interplay, neurons detect danger, which prompts the release of neuropeptides initiating (i) defensive reflexes (ranging from withdrawal response to coughing) and (ii) chemotaxis, adhesion and local infiltration of immune cells. The resulting outcome of such neuro-immune interplay is still ill-defined, but consensual findings start to emerge and support neuropeptides not only as blockers of TH 1-mediated immunity but also as drivers of TH 2 immune responses. However, the modalities detected by nociceptors revealed broader than mechanical pressure and temperature sensing and include signals as various as cytokines and pathogens to immunoglobulins and even microRNAs. Along these lines, we aggregated various dorsal root ganglion sensory neuron expression profiling datasets supporting such wide-ranging sensing capabilities to help identifying new danger detection modalities of these cells. Thus, revealing unexpected aspects of nociceptor neuron biology might prompt the identification of novel drivers of immunity, means to resolve inflammation and strategies to safeguard homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Crosson
- From the, Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - K Roversi
- From the, Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Departamento de Farmacologia Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - M Balood
- From the, Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Département de Médecine Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - R Othman
- From the, Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - M Ahmadi
- From the, Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - J-C Wang
- From the, Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - M Tabatabaei
- From the, Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - R Couture
- From the, Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - T Eichwald
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - A Latini
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - R D Prediger
- Departamento de Farmacologia Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - M Rangachari
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Département de Médecine Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - C R Seehus
- FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S L Foster
- Depression Clinical Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S Talbot
- From the, Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Khoonsari PE, Ossipova E, Lengqvist J, Svensson CI, Kosek E, Kadetoff D, Jakobsson PJ, Kultima K, Lampa J. The human CSF pain proteome. J Proteomics 2019; 190:67-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
7
|
Wahl A, Kasela S, Carnero-Montoro E, van Iterson M, Štambuk J, Sharma S, van den Akker E, Klaric L, Benedetti E, Razdorov G, Trbojević-Akmačić I, Vučković F, Ugrina I, Beekman M, Deelen J, van Heemst D, Heijmans BT, B.I.O.S. Consortium, Wuhrer M, Plomp R, Keser T, Šimurina M, Pavić T, Gudelj I, Krištić J, Grallert H, Kunze S, Peters A, Bell JT, Spector TD, Milani L, Slagboom PE, Lauc G, Gieger C. IgG glycosylation and DNA methylation are interconnected with smoking. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:637-648. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
8
|
Bao Y, Gao Y, Yang L, Kong X, Yu J, Hou W, Hua B. The mechanism of μ-opioid receptor (MOR)-TRPV1 crosstalk in TRPV1 activation involves morphine anti-nociception, tolerance and dependence. Channels (Austin) 2015; 9:235-43. [PMID: 26176938 DOI: 10.1080/19336950.2015.1069450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Initiated by the activation of various nociceptors, pain is a reaction to specific stimulus modalities. The μ-opioid receptor (MOR) agonists, including morphine, remain the most potent analgesics to treat patients with moderate to severe pain. However, the utility of MOR agonists is limited by the adverse effects associated with the use of these drugs, including analgesic tolerance and physical dependence. A strong connection has been suggested between the expression of the transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) ion channel and the development of inflammatory hyperalgesia. TRPV1 is important for thermal nociception induction, and is mainly expressed on sensory neurons. Recent reports suggest that opioid or TRPV1 receptor agonist exposure has contrasting consequences for anti-nociception, tolerance and dependence. Chronic morphine exposure modulates TRPV1 activation and induces the anti-nociception effects of morphine. The regulation of many downstream targets of TRPV1 plays a critical role in this process, including calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP). Additional factors also include capsaicin treatment blocking the anti-nociception effects of morphine in rats, as well as opioid modulation of TRPV1 responses through the cAMP-dependent PKA pathway and MAPK signaling pathways. Here, we review new insights concerning the mechanism underlying MOR-TRPV1 crosstalk and signaling pathways and discuss the potential mechanisms of morphine-induced anti-nociception, tolerance and dependence associated with the TRPV1 signaling pathway and highlight how understanding these mechanisms might help find therapeutic targets for the treatment of morphine induced antinociception, tolerance and dependence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanju Bao
- a Department of Oncology ; Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences ; Beijing , P. R. China
| | - Yebo Gao
- a Department of Oncology ; Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences ; Beijing , P. R. China.,b Beijing University of Chinese Medicine ; Beijing , P. R. China
| | - Liping Yang
- c Department of Nephrology ; Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences ; Beijing , P. R. China
| | - Xiangying Kong
- d Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences ; Beijing , P. R. China
| | - Jing Yu
- e Department of Oncology ; Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University ; Beijing , China
| | - Wei Hou
- a Department of Oncology ; Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences ; Beijing , P. R. China
| | - Baojin Hua
- a Department of Oncology ; Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences ; Beijing , P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
BAO YANJU, WANG GAIMEI, GAO YEBO, DU MAOBO, YANG LIPING, KONG XIANGYING, ZHENG HONGGANG, HOU WEI, HUA BAOJIN. Topical treatment with Xiaozheng Zhitong Paste alleviates bone cancer pain by inhibiting proteinase-activated receptor 2 signaling pathway. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:1449-59. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
|