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Vadakkan K, Sathishkumar K, Kuttiyachan Urumbil S, Ponnenkunnathu Govindankutty S, Kumar Ngangbam A, Devi Nongmaithem B. A review of chemical signaling mechanisms underlying quorum sensing and its inhibition in Staphylococcus aureus. Bioorg Chem 2024; 148:107465. [PMID: 38761705 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a significant bacterium responsible for multiple infections and is a primary cause of fatalities among patients in hospital environments. The advent of pathogenic bacteria such as methicillin-resistant S. aureus revealed the shortcomings of employing antibiotics to treat bacterial infectious diseases. Quorum sensing enhances S. aureus's survivability through signaling processes. Targeting the key components of quorum sensing has drawn much interest nowadays as a promising strategy for combating infections caused by bacteria. Concentrating on the accessory gene regulator quorum-sensing mechanism is the most commonly suggested anti-virulence approach for S.aureus. Quorum quenching is a common strategy for controlling illnesses triggered by microorganisms since it reduces the pathogenicity of bacteria and improves bacterial biofilm susceptibility to antibiotics, thus providing an intriguing prospect for drug discovery. Quorum sensing inhibition reduces selective stresses and constrains the emergence of antibiotic resistance while limiting bacterial pathogenicity. This review examines the quorum sensing mechanisms involved in S. aureus, quorum sensing targets and gene regulation, environmental factors affecting quorum sensing, quorum sensing inhibition, natural products as quorum sensing inhibitory agents and novel therapeutical strategies to target quorum sensing in S. aureus as drug developing technique to augment conventional antibiotic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayeen Vadakkan
- Department of Biotechnology, St. Mary's College (Autonomous), Thrissur, Kerala 680020, India; Manipur International University, Imphal, Manipur 795140, India.
| | - Kuppusamy Sathishkumar
- Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Thandalam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 602105, India
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Jain T, Prinz B, Marker A, Michel A, Reichel K, Czepczor V, Klieber S, Sun W, Kathuria S, Oezguer Bruederle S, Lange C, Wahl L, Starr C, Masiero A, Avery L. Assessment and incorporation of in vitro correlates to pharmacokinetic outcomes in antibody developability workflows. MAbs 2024; 16:2384104. [PMID: 39083118 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2024.2384104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
In vitro assessments for the prediction of pharmacokinetic (PK) behavior of biotherapeutics can help identify corresponding liabilities significantly earlier in the discovery timeline. This can minimize the need for extensive early in vivo PK characterization, thereby reducing animal usage and optimizing resources. In this study, we recommend bolstering classical developability workflows with in vitro measures correlated with PK. In agreement with current literature, in vitro measures assessing nonspecific interactions, self-interaction, and FcRn interaction are demonstrated to have the highest correlations to clearance in hFcRn Tg32 mice. Crucially, the dataset used in this study has broad sequence diversity and a range of physicochemical properties, adding robustness to our recommendations. Finally, we demonstrate a computational approach that combines multiple in vitro measurements with a multivariate regression model to improve the correlation to PK compared to any individual assessment. Our work demonstrates that a judicious choice of high throughput in vitro measurements and computational predictions enables the prioritization of candidate molecules with desired PK properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tushar Jain
- Department of Computational Biology, Adimab LLC, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - Bianka Prinz
- Department of Antibody Discovery, Adimab LLC, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Alexander Marker
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Sanofi, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Alexander Michel
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Sanofi, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Katrin Reichel
- Department of Large Molecule Research, Sanofi, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Valerie Czepczor
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Sanofi, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Klieber
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Sanofi, Paris, France
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Sanofi, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sagar Kathuria
- Department of Large Molecule Research, Sanofi, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Christian Lange
- Department of Large Molecule Research, Sanofi, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Lena Wahl
- Department of Large Molecule Research, Sanofi, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | | | - Lindsay Avery
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Sanofi, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Hou WT, Shen CR, Peng J, Jiang LW, Guo SY, Qiu XR, Zhang Y, Shen H, Jiang YY, An MM. Mechanism of Action for an All-in-One Monoclonal Antibody Against Staphylococcus aureus Infection. J Infect Dis 2023; 228:1789-1799. [PMID: 37335928 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen associated with high mortality rates. The extensive use of antibiotics is associated with the rise of drug resistance, and exotoxins are not targeted by antibiotics. Therefore, monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapy has emerged as a promising solution to solve the clinical problems caused by refractory S aureus. Recent research suggests that the synergistic effects of several cytotoxins, including bicomponent toxins, are critical to the pathogenesis of S aureus. By comparing the amino acid sequences, researchers found that α-toxin and bicomponent toxins have high homology. Therefore, we aimed to screen an antibody, designated an all-in-one mAb, that could neutralize α-toxin and bicomponent toxins through hybridoma fusion. We found that this mAb has a significant pharmacodynamic effect within in vivo mouse models and in vitro experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Tong Hou
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen-Rui Shen
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ji Peng
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Wen Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shi-Yu Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi-Ran Qiu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Shen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan-Ying Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mao-Mao An
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Hsieh RC, Liu R, Burgin DJ, Otto M. Understanding mechanisms of virulence in MRSA: implications for antivirulence treatment strategies. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2023; 21:911-928. [PMID: 37501364 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2023.2242585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a widespread pathogen, often causing recurrent and deadly infections in the hospital and community. Many S. aureus virulence factors have been suggested as potential targets for antivirulence therapy to decrease the threat of diminishing antibiotic availability. Antivirulence methods hold promise due to their adjunctive and prophylactic potential and decreased risk for selective pressure. AREAS COVERED This review describes the dominant virulence mechanisms exerted by MRSA and antivirulence therapeutics that are currently undergoing testing in clinical or preclinical stages. We also discuss the advantages and downsides of several investigational antivirulence approaches, including the targeting of bacterial transporters, host-directed therapy, and quorum-sensing inhibitors. For this review, a systematic search of literature on PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science for relevant search terms was performed in April and May 2023. EXPERT OPINION Vaccine and antibody strategies have failed in clinical trials and could benefit from more basic science-informed approaches. Antivirulence-targeting approaches need to be set up better to meet the requirements of drug development, rather than only providing limited results to provide 'proof-of-principle' translational value of pathogenesis research. Nevertheless, there is great potential of such strategies and potential particular promise for novel probiotic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger C Hsieh
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ryan Liu
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Dylan J Burgin
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael Otto
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Qerqez AN, Silva RP, Maynard JA. Outsmarting Pathogens with Antibody Engineering. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2023; 14:217-241. [PMID: 36917814 PMCID: PMC10330301 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-101121-084508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
There is growing interest in identifying antibodies that protect against infectious diseases, especially for high-risk individuals and pathogens for which no vaccine is yet available. However, pathogens that manifest as opportunistic or latent infections express complex arrays of virulence-associated proteins and are adept at avoiding immune responses. Some pathogens have developed strategies to selectively destroy antibodies, whereas others create decoy epitopes that trick the host immune system into generating antibodies that are at best nonprotective and at worst enhance pathogenesis. Antibody engineering strategies can thwart these efforts by accessing conserved neutralizing epitopes, generating Fc domains that resist capture or degradation and even accessing pathogens hidden inside cells. Design of pathogen-resistant antibodies can enhance protection and guide development of vaccine immunogens against these complex pathogens. Here, we discuss general strategies for design of antibodies resistant to specific pathogen defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahlam N Qerqez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas, USA;
| | - Rui P Silva
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Jennifer A Maynard
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas, USA;
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Pivard M, Bastien S, Macavei I, Mouton N, Rasigade JP, Couzon F, Youenou B, Tristan A, Carrière R, Moreau K, Lemoine J, Vandenesch F. Targeted proteomics links virulence factor expression with clinical severity in staphylococcal pneumonia. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1162617. [PMID: 37077532 PMCID: PMC10106754 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1162617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionThe bacterial pathogen Staphylococcus aureus harbors numerous virulence factors that impact infection severity. Beyond virulence gene presence or absence, the expression level of virulence proteins is known to vary across S. aureus lineages and isolates. However, the impact of expression level on severity is poorly understood due to the lack of high-throughput quantification methods of virulence proteins.MethodsWe present a targeted proteomic approach able to monitor 42 staphylococcal proteins in a single experiment. Using this approach, we compared the quantitative virulomes of 136 S. aureus isolates from a nationwide cohort of French patients with severe community-acquired staphylococcal pneumonia, all requiring intensive care. We used multivariable regression models adjusted for patient baseline health (Charlson comorbidity score) to identify the virulence factors whose in vitro expression level predicted pneumonia severity markers, namely leukopenia and hemoptysis, as well as patient survival.ResultsWe found that leukopenia was predicted by higher expression of HlgB, Nuc, and Tsst-1 and lower expression of BlaI and HlgC, while hemoptysis was predicted by higher expression of BlaZ and HlgB and lower expression of HlgC. Strikingly, mortality was independently predicted in a dose-dependent fashion by a single phage-encoded virulence factor, the Panton-Valentine leucocidin (PVL), both in logistic (OR 1.28; 95%CI[1.02;1.60]) and survival (HR 1.15; 95%CI[1.02;1.30]) regression models.DiscussionThese findings demonstrate that the in vitro expression level of virulence factors can be correlated with infection severity using targeted proteomics, a method that may be adapted to other bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariane Pivard
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure (ENS) de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Sylvère Bastien
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure (ENS) de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Iulia Macavei
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 5280, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Nicolas Mouton
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 5280, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Rasigade
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure (ENS) de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Centre National de Référence des Staphylocoques, Institut des agents infectieux, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Florence Couzon
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure (ENS) de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Benjamin Youenou
- Centre National de Référence des Staphylocoques, Institut des agents infectieux, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Anne Tristan
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure (ENS) de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Centre National de Référence des Staphylocoques, Institut des agents infectieux, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Romain Carrière
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 5280, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Karen Moreau
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure (ENS) de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Jérôme Lemoine
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 5280, Villeurbanne, France
| | - François Vandenesch
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure (ENS) de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Centre National de Référence des Staphylocoques, Institut des agents infectieux, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- *Correspondence: François Vandenesch,
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Romero-Moreno JA, Serrano-Posada H, Olamendi-Portugal T, Possani LD, Becerril B, Riaño-Umbarila L. Development of a human antibody fragment cross-neutralizing scorpion toxins. Mol Immunol 2023; 155:165-174. [PMID: 36812764 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2023.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Previously, it was demonstrated that from the single chain fragment variable (scFv) 3F it is possible to generate variants capable of neutralizing the Cn2 and Css2 toxins, as well as their respective venoms (Centruroides noxius and Centruroides suffusus). Despite this success, it has not been easy to modify the recognition of this family of scFvs toward other dangerous scorpion toxins. The analysis of toxin-scFv interactions and in vitro maturation strategies allowed us to propose a new maturation pathway for scFv 3F to broaden recognition toward other Mexican scorpion toxins. From maturation processes against toxins CeII9 from C. elegans and Ct1a from C. tecomanus, the scFv RAS27 was developed. This scFv showed an increased affinity and cross-reactivity for at least 9 different toxins while maintaining recognition for its original target, the Cn2 toxin. In addition, it was confirmed that it can neutralize at least three different toxins. These results constitute an important advance since it was possible to improve the cross-reactivity and neutralizing capacity of the scFv 3F family of antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Alberto Romero-Moreno
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca 62250, Mexico
| | - Hugo Serrano-Posada
- Investigador por México, CONACyT-Laboratorio de Biología Sintética, Estructural y Molecular, Laboratorio de Agrobiotecnología, Tecnoparque CLQ, Universidad de Colima, Carretera Los Limones-Loma de Juárez, Colima 28627, Mexico
| | - Timoteo Olamendi-Portugal
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca 62250, Mexico
| | - Lourival D Possani
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca 62250, Mexico
| | - Baltazar Becerril
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca 62250, Mexico.
| | - Lidia Riaño-Umbarila
- Investigadora por México, CONACyT-Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca 62250, Mexico.
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Haag AF, Liljeroos L, Donato P, Pozzi C, Brignoli T, Bottomley MJ, Bagnoli F, Delany I. In Vivo Gene Expression Profiling of Staphylococcus aureus during Infection Informs Design of Stemless Leukocidins LukE and -D as Detoxified Vaccine Candidates. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0257422. [PMID: 36688711 PMCID: PMC9927290 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02574-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a clinically important bacterial pathogen that has become resistant to treatment with most routinely used antibiotics. Alternative strategies, such as vaccination and phage therapy, are therefore actively being investigated to prevent or combat staphylococcal infections. Vaccination requires that vaccine targets are expressed at sufficient quantities during infection so that they can be targeted by the host's immune system. While our knowledge of in vitro expression levels of putative vaccine candidates is comprehensive, crucial in vivo expression data are scarce and promising vaccine candidates during in vitro assessment often prove ineffective in preventing S. aureus infection. Here, we show how a newly developed high-throughput quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) assay monitoring the expression of 84 staphylococcal genes encoding mostly virulence factors can inform the selection and design of effective vaccine candidates against staphylococcal infections. We show that this assay can accurately quantify mRNA expression levels of these genes in several host organs relying only on very limited amounts of bacterial mRNA in each sample. We selected two highly expressed genes, lukE and lukD, encoding pore-forming leukotoxins, to inform the design of detoxified recombinant proteins and showed that immunization with recombinant genetically detoxified LukED antigens conferred protection against staphylococcal skin infection in mice. Consequently, knowledge of in vivo-expressed virulence determinants can be successfully deployed to identify and select promising candidates for optimized design of effective vaccine antigens against S. aureus. Notably, this approach should be broadly applicable to numerous other pathogens. IMPORTANCE Vaccination is an attractive strategy for preventing bacterial infections in an age of increased antimicrobial resistance. However, vaccine development frequently suffers significant setbacks when candidate antigens that show promising results in in vitro experimentation fail to protect from disease. An alluring strategy is to focus resources on developing bacterial virulence factors that are expressed during disease establishment or maintenance and are critical for bacterial in-host survival as vaccine targets. While expression profiles of many virulence factors have been characterized in detail in vitro, our knowledge of their in vivo expression profiles is still scarce. Here, using a high-throughput qRT-PCR approach, we identified two highly expressed leukotoxins in a murine infection model and showed that genetically detoxified derivatives of these elicited a protective immune response in a murine skin infection model. Therefore, in vivo gene expression can inform the selection of promising candidates for the design of effective vaccine antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas F. Haag
- GSK, Siena, Italy
- School of Medicine, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Tarcisio Brignoli
- GSK, Siena, Italy
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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Recent Approaches for Downplaying Antibiotic Resistance: Molecular Mechanisms. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 2023:5250040. [PMID: 36726844 PMCID: PMC9886476 DOI: 10.1155/2023/5250040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a ubiquitous public health menace. AMR emergence causes complications in treating infections contributing to an upsurge in the mortality rate. The epidemic of AMR in sync with a high utilization rate of antimicrobial drugs signifies an alarming situation for the fleet recovery of both animals and humans. The emergence of resistant species calls for new treatments and therapeutics. Current records propose that health drug dependency, veterinary medicine, agricultural application, and vaccination reluctance are the primary etymology of AMR gene emergence and spread. Recently, several encouraging avenues have been presented to contest resistance, such as antivirulent therapy, passive immunization, antimicrobial peptides, vaccines, phage therapy, and botanical and liposomal nanoparticles. Most of these therapies are used as cutting-edge methodologies to downplay antibacterial drugs to subdue the resistance pressure, which is a featured motive of discussion in this review article. AMR can fade away through the potential use of current cutting-edge therapeutics, advancement in antimicrobial susceptibility testing, new diagnostic testing, prompt clinical response, and probing of new pharmacodynamic properties of antimicrobials. It also needs to promote future research on contemporary methods to maintain host homeostasis after infections caused by AMR. Referable to the microbial ability to break resistance, there is a great ultimatum for using not only appropriate and advanced antimicrobial drugs but also other neoteric diverse cutting-edge therapeutics.
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Piri-Gavgani S, Ghanei M, Fateh A, Siadat SD, Nematollahi L, Rahimi-Jamnani F. Identification of two neutralizing human single-chain variable fragment antibodies targeting Staphylococcus aureus alpha-hemolysin. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2022; 25:1207-1214. [PMID: 36311199 PMCID: PMC9588317 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2022.64103.14253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The inability of the host immune system to defeat Staphylococcus aureus is due to various secreted virulent factors such as leukocidins, superantigens, and hemolysins, which interrupt the function of immune components. Alpha-hemolysin is one of the most studied cytolysins due to its pronounced effect on developing staphylococcal infections. Alpha-hemolysin-neutralizing antibodies are among the best candidates for blocking the toxin activity and preventing S. aureus pathogenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS A human single-chain variable fragment (scFv) phage display library was biopanned against alpha-hemolysin. The selected phage clones were assessed based on their binding ability to alpha-hemolysin. The binding specificity and affinity of two scFvs (designated SP192 and SP220) to alpha-hemolysin were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Furthermore, the neutralizing activity of SP192 and SP220 was examined by concurrent incubation of rabbit red blood cells (RBCs) with alpha-hemolysin and scFvs. RESULTS SP192 and SP220 showed significant binding to alpha-hemolysin compared with the control proteins, including bovine serum albumin, human adiponectin, and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1. Besides, both scFvs showed high-affinity binding to alpha-hemolysin in the nanomolar range (Kaff: 0.9 and 0.7 nM-1, respectively), leading to marked inhibition of alpha-hemolysin-mediated lysis of rabbit RBCs (73% and 84% inhibition; respectively). CONCLUSION SP192 and SP220 scFvs can potentially be used as alpha-hemolysin-neutralizing agents in conjunction with conventional antibiotics to combat S. aureus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Piri-Gavgani
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran,Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Ghanei
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Fateh
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran,Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Davar Siadat
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran,Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Nematollahi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding authors: Leila Nematollahi. Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran. ; Fatemeh Rahimi Jamnani. Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran; Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran. ;
| | - Fatemeh Rahimi-Jamnani
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran,Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran ,Corresponding authors: Leila Nematollahi. Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran. ; Fatemeh Rahimi Jamnani. Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran; Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran. ;
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Spaan AN, Neehus AL, Laplantine E, Staels F, Ogishi M, Seeleuthner Y, Rapaport F, Lacey KA, Van Nieuwenhove E, Chrabieh M, Hum D, Migaud M, Izmiryan A, Lorenzo L, Kochetkov T, Heesterbeek DAC, Bardoel BW, DuMont AL, Dobbs K, Chardonnet S, Heissel S, Baslan T, Zhang P, Yang R, Bogunovic D, Wunderink HF, Haas PJA, Molina H, Van Buggenhout G, Lyonnet S, Notarangelo LD, Seppänen MRJ, Weil R, Seminario G, Gomez-Tello H, Wouters C, Mesdaghi M, Shahrooei M, Bossuyt X, Sag E, Topaloglu R, Ozen S, Leavis HL, van Eijk MMJ, Bezrodnik L, Blancas Galicia L, Hovnanian A, Nassif A, Bader-Meunier B, Neven B, Meyts I, Schrijvers R, Puel A, Bustamante J, Aksentijevich I, Kastner DL, Torres VJ, Humblet-Baron S, Liston A, Abel L, Boisson B, Casanova JL. Human OTULIN haploinsufficiency impairs cell-intrinsic immunity to staphylococcal α-toxin. Science 2022; 376:eabm6380. [PMID: 35587511 PMCID: PMC9233084 DOI: 10.1126/science.abm6380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The molecular basis of interindividual clinical variability upon infection with Staphylococcus aureus is unclear. We describe patients with haploinsufficiency for the linear deubiquitinase OTULIN, encoded by a gene on chromosome 5p. Patients suffer from episodes of life-threatening necrosis, typically triggered by S. aureus infection. The disorder is phenocopied in patients with the 5p- (Cri-du-Chat) chromosomal deletion syndrome. OTULIN haploinsufficiency causes an accumulation of linear ubiquitin in dermal fibroblasts, but tumor necrosis factor receptor-mediated nuclear factor κB signaling remains intact. Blood leukocyte subsets are unaffected. The OTULIN-dependent accumulation of caveolin-1 in dermal fibroblasts, but not leukocytes, facilitates the cytotoxic damage inflicted by the staphylococcal virulence factor α-toxin. Naturally elicited antibodies against α-toxin contribute to incomplete clinical penetrance. Human OTULIN haploinsufficiency underlies life-threatening staphylococcal disease by disrupting cell-intrinsic immunity to α-toxin in nonleukocytic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- András N Spaan
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Anna-Lena Neehus
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, Paris Cité University, 75015 Paris, France
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, REBIRTH Research Center for Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Emmanuel Laplantine
- Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, INSERM U1135, CNRS ERL8255, Sorbonne University, 75724 Paris, France
- Institut de Recherche St. Louis, Hôpital St. Louis, INSERM U944, CNRS U7212, Paris Cité University, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Frederik Staels
- Laboratory for Adaptive Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Masato Ogishi
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yoann Seeleuthner
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, Paris Cité University, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Franck Rapaport
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Keenan A Lacey
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Erika Van Nieuwenhove
- Laboratory for Adaptive Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology and Immunology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Maya Chrabieh
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, Paris Cité University, 75015 Paris, France
| | - David Hum
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Mélanie Migaud
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, Paris Cité University, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Araksya Izmiryan
- Imagine Institute, Paris Cité University, 75015 Paris, France
- Laboratory of Genetic Skin Diseases, INSERM U1163, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Lazaro Lorenzo
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, Paris Cité University, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Tatiana Kochetkov
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Dani A C Heesterbeek
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Bart W Bardoel
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ashley L DuMont
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Kerry Dobbs
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA
| | - Solenne Chardonnet
- Plateforme Post-génomique de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, P3S, UMS Production et Analyse de données en Sciences de la vie et en Santé, PASS, INSERM, Sorbonne University, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Søren Heissel
- Proteomics Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Timour Baslan
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Peng Zhang
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Rui Yang
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Dusan Bogunovic
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Herman F Wunderink
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Pieter-Jan A Haas
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Henrik Molina
- Proteomics Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Griet Van Buggenhout
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stanislas Lyonnet
- Imagine Institute, Paris Cité University, 75015 Paris, France
- Laboratory Embryology and Genetics of Malformations, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Luigi D Notarangelo
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA
| | - Mikko R J Seppänen
- Rare Disease and Pediatric Research Centers, Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki and HUS Helsinki University Hospital, 00260 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Robert Weil
- Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, INSERM U1135, CNRS ERL8255, Sorbonne University, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Gisela Seminario
- Center for Clinical Immunology, Immunology Group Children's Hospital Ricardo Gutiérrez, C1425EFD Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Héctor Gomez-Tello
- Immunology Department, Poblano Children's Hospital, 72190 Puebla, Mexico
| | - Carine Wouters
- Laboratory for Adaptive Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mehrnaz Mesdaghi
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Mofid Children's Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 15468-155514 Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Shahrooei
- Clinical and Diagnostic Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Specialized Immunology Laboratory of Dr. Shahrooei, Sina Medical Complex, 15468-155514 Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Xavier Bossuyt
- Clinical and Diagnostic Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erdal Sag
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology, Hacettepe University, 06230 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Rezan Topaloglu
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Hacettepe University, 06230 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Seza Ozen
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology, Hacettepe University, 06230 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Helen L Leavis
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Maarten M J van Eijk
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Liliana Bezrodnik
- Center for Clinical Immunology, Immunology Group Children's Hospital Ricardo Gutiérrez, C1425EFD Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Alain Hovnanian
- Imagine Institute, Paris Cité University, 75015 Paris, France
- Laboratory of Genetic Skin Diseases, INSERM U1163, 75015 Paris, France
- Department of Genetics, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Aude Nassif
- Centre Médical, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Brigitte Bader-Meunier
- Imagine Institute, Paris Cité University, 75015 Paris, France
- Pediatric Immunology, Hematology and Rheumatology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, 75015 Paris, France
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics of Pediatric Autoimmunity, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Bénédicte Neven
- Imagine Institute, Paris Cité University, 75015 Paris, France
- Pediatric Immunology, Hematology and Rheumatology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, 75015 Paris, France
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics of Pediatric Autoimmunity, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Meyts
- Laboratory of Inborn Errors of Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Pediatrics, Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Network Center, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rik Schrijvers
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anne Puel
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, Paris Cité University, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Jacinta Bustamante
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, Paris Cité University, 75015 Paris, France
- Study Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Ivona Aksentijevich
- Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Daniel L Kastner
- Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Victor J Torres
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Stéphanie Humblet-Baron
- Laboratory for Adaptive Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Adrian Liston
- Laboratory for Adaptive Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven 3000, Belgium
- Immunology Programme, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Laurent Abel
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, Paris Cité University, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Bertrand Boisson
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, Paris Cité University, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, Paris Cité University, 75015 Paris, France
- Department of Pediatrics, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, 75015 Paris, France
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
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12
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Wang H, Chen D, Lu H. Anti-bacterial monoclonal antibodies: next generation therapy against superbugs. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:3957-3972. [PMID: 35648146 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11989-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Prior to the nineteenth century, infectious disease was one of the leading causes of death. Human life expectancy has roughly doubled over the past century as a result of the development of antibiotics and vaccines. However, the emergence of antibiotic-resistant superbugs brings new challenges. The side effects of broad-spectrum antibiotics, such as causing antimicrobial resistance and destroying the normal flora, often limit their applications. Furthermore, the development of new antibiotics has lagged far behind the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance. On the other hand, the genome complexity of bacteria makes it difficult to create effective vaccines. Therefore, novel therapeutic agents in supplement to antibiotics and vaccines are urgently needed to improve the treatment of infections. In recent years, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have achieved remarkable clinical success in a variety of fields. In the treatment of infectious diseases, mAbs can play functions through multiple mechanisms, including toxins neutralization, virulence factors inhibition, complement-mediated killing activity, and opsonic phagocytosis. Toxins and bacterial surface components are good targets to generate antibodies against. The U.S. FDA has approved three monoclonal antibody drugs, and there are numerous candidates in the preclinical or clinical trial stages. This article reviews recent advances in the research and development of anti-bacterial monoclonal antibody drugs in order to provide a valuable reference for future studies in this area. KEY POINTS: • Novel drugs against antibiotic-resistant superbugs are urgently required • Monoclonal antibodies can treat bacterial infections through multiple mechanisms • There are many anti-bacterial monoclonal antibodies developed in recent years and some candidates have entered the preclinical or clinical stages of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Daijie Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Huili Lu
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China.
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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13
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Aykul S, Huang L, Wang L, Das NM, Reisman S, Ray Y, Zhang Q, Rothman NJ, Nannuru KC, Kamat V, Brydges S, Troncone L, Johnsen L, Yu PB, Fazio S, Lees-Shepard J, Schutz K, Murphy AJ, Economides AN, Idone V, Hatsell SJ. ACVR1 antibodies exacerbate heterotopic ossification in fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) by activating FOP-mutant ACVR1. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:153792. [PMID: 35511419 PMCID: PMC9197526 DOI: 10.1172/jci153792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is a rare genetic disorder whose most debilitating pathology is progressive and cumulative heterotopic ossification (HO) of skeletal muscles, ligaments, tendons, and fascia. FOP is caused by mutations in the type I BMP receptor gene ACVR1, which enable ACVR1 to utilize its natural antagonist, activin A, as an agonistic ligand. The physiological relevance of this property is underscored by the fact that HO in FOP is exquisitely dependent on activation of FOP-mutant ACVR1 by activin A, an effect countered by inhibition of anti–activin A via monoclonal antibody treatment. Hence, we surmised that anti-ACVR1 antibodies that block activation of ACVR1 by ligands should also inhibit HO in FOP and provide an additional therapeutic option for this condition. Therefore, we generated anti-ACVR1 monoclonal antibodies that block ACVR1’s activation by its ligands. Surprisingly, in vivo, these anti-ACVR1 antibodies stimulated HO and activated signaling of FOP-mutant ACVR1. This property was restricted to FOP-mutant ACVR1 and resulted from anti-ACVR1 antibody–mediated dimerization of ACVR1. Conversely, wild-type ACVR1 was inhibited by anti-ACVR1 antibodies. These results uncover an additional property of FOP-mutant ACVR1 and indicate that anti-ACVR1 antibodies should not be considered as therapeutics for FOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senem Aykul
- Skeletal Diseases Therapeutic Focus Area, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, United States of America
| | - Lily Huang
- Skeletal Diseases Therapeutic Focus Area, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, United States of America
| | - Lili Wang
- Skeletal Diseases Therapeutic Focus Area, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, United States of America
| | - Nanditha M Das
- Skeletal Diseases Therapeutic Focus Area, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, United States of America
| | - Sandra Reisman
- Skeletal Diseases Therapeutic Focus Area, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, United States of America
| | - Yonaton Ray
- Department of Therapeutic Proteins, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, United States of America
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Aging/Age-Related Disorders, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, United States of America
| | - Nyanza J Rothman
- Skeletal Diseases Therapeutic Focus Area, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, United States of America
| | - Kalyan C Nannuru
- Skeletal Diseases Therapeutic Focus Area, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, United States of America
| | - Vishal Kamat
- Department of Therapeutic Proteins, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, United States of America
| | - Susannah Brydges
- Velocigene, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, United States of America
| | - Luca Troncone
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
| | - Laura Johnsen
- Research Program Management, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, United States of America
| | - Paul B Yu
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
| | - Sergio Fazio
- Research Council, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, United States of America
| | - John Lees-Shepard
- Skeletal Diseases Therapeutic Focus Area, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, United States of America
| | - Kevin Schutz
- Antibody Engineering, Adimab, Lebanon, United States of America
| | - Andrew J Murphy
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarryrtown, United States of America
| | - Aris N Economides
- Genome Engineering Technologies, and Skeletal Diseases, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, United States of America
| | - Vincent Idone
- Skeletal Diseases Therapeutic Focus Area, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, United States of America
| | - Sarah J Hatsell
- Skeletal Diseases Therapeutic Focus Area, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, United States of America
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Xin W, Gao Y, Yue B. Recent Advances in Multifunctional Hydrogels for the Treatment of Osteomyelitis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:865250. [PMID: 35547176 PMCID: PMC9081433 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.865250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteomyelitis (OM), a devastating disease caused by microbial infection of bones, remains a major challenge for orthopedic surgeons. Conventional approaches for prevention and treatment of OM are unsatisfactory. Various alternative strategies have been proposed, among which, hydrogel-based strategies have demonstrated potential due to their unique properties, including loadable, implantable, injectable, printable, degradable, and responsive to stimuli. Several protocols, including different hydrogel designs, selection of antimicrobial agent, co-administration of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP 2), and nanoparticles, have been shown to improve the biological properties, including antimicrobial effects, osteo-induction, and controlled drug delivery. In this review, we describe the current and future directions for designing hydrogels and their applications to improve the biological response to OM in vivo.
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Pickens CI, Wunderink RG. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia/Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2022; 43:304-309. [PMID: 35170002 PMCID: PMC10623688 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1740583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a common cause of hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). MRSA pneumonia is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Several virulence factors allow S. aureus to become an effective pathogen. The polysaccharide intracellular adhesin allows for the production of biofilms, some strains can produce capsular polysaccharides that protect against phagocytosis, microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules (MSCRAMMs) allow for colonization of epithelial surfaces, and S. aureus secretes several exotoxins that aid in tissue destruction. The α-hemolysin exotoxin secreted by S. aureus is one of the most important virulence factors for the bacteria. The diagnosis of MRSA pneumonia can be challenging; the infection may present as a mild respiratory infection or severe respiratory failure and septic shock. Many individuals are colonized with MRSA and thus a positive nasopharyngeal swab does not confirm infection in the lower respiratory tract. The management of MRSA pneumonia has evolved. Historically, vancomycin has been the primary antibiotic used to treat MRSA pneumonia. Over the past decade, prospective studies have shown that linezolid leads to higher rates of clinical cure. Monoclonal antibodies are being studied as potential therapeutic options. MRSA is an important cause of HAP/VAP; novel diagnostics may facilitate rapid diagnosis of this infection and the available literature should be used to make informed decisions on management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiagozie I. Pickens
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Pulmonary, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Richard G. Wunderink
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Pulmonary, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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16
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Abstract
![]()
The paradigm of antivirulence
therapy dictates that bacterial pathogens
are specifically disarmed but not killed by neutralizing their virulence
factors. Clearance of the invading pathogen by the immune system is
promoted. As compared to antibiotics, the pathogen-selective antivirulence
drugs hold promise to minimize collateral damage to the beneficial
microbiome. Also, selective pressure for resistance is expected to
be lower because bacterial viability is not directly affected. Antivirulence
drugs are being developed for stand-alone prophylactic and therapeutic
treatments but also for combinatorial use with antibiotics. This Review
focuses on drug modalities that target bacterial exotoxins after the
secretion or release-upon-lysis. Exotoxins have a significant and
sometimes the primary role as the disease-causing virulence factor,
and thereby they are attractive targets for drug development. We describe
the key pre-clinical and clinical trial data that have led to the
approval of currently used exotoxin-targeted drugs, namely the monoclonal
antibodies bezlotoxumab (toxin B/TcdB, Clostridioides difficile), raxibacumab (anthrax toxin, Bacillus anthracis), and obiltoxaximab (anthrax toxin, Bacillus anthracis), but also to challenges with some of the promising leads. We also
highlight the recent developments in pre-clinical research sector
to develop exotoxin-targeted drug modalities, i.e., monoclonal antibodies,
antibody fragments, antibody mimetics, receptor analogs, neutralizing
scaffolds, dominant-negative mutants, and small molecules. We describe
how these exotoxin-targeted drug modalities work with high-resolution
structural knowledge and highlight their advantages and disadvantages
as antibiotic alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moona Sakari
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Unit for Infection and Immunity, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Arttu Laisi
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Unit for Infection and Immunity, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Arto T. Pulliainen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Unit for Infection and Immunity, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
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Linciano S, Wong EL, Mazzocato Y, Chinellato M, Scaravetti T, Caregnato A, Cacco V, Romanyuk Z, Angelini A. Guidelines, Strategies, and Principles for the Directed Evolution of Cross-Reactive Antibodies Using Yeast Surface Display Technology. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2491:251-262. [PMID: 35482195 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2285-8_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The ability of cross-reactive antibodies to bind multiple related or unrelated targets derived from different species provides not only superior therapeutic efficacy but also a better assessment of treatment toxicity, thereby facilitating the transition from preclinical models to human clinical studies. This chapter provides some guidelines for the directed evolution of cross-reactive antibodies using yeast surface display technology. Cross-reactive antibodies are initially isolated from a naïve library by combining highly avid magnetic bead separations followed by multiple cycles of flow cytometry sorting. Once initial cross-reactive clones are identified, sequential rounds of mutagenesis and two-pressure selection strategies are applied to engineer cross-reactive antibodies with improved affinity and yet retained or superior cross-reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Linciano
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Mestre, Italy
| | - Ee Lin Wong
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Mestre, Italy
| | - Ylenia Mazzocato
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Mestre, Italy
| | - Monica Chinellato
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Mestre, Italy
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Tiziano Scaravetti
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Mestre, Italy
| | - Alberto Caregnato
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Mestre, Italy
| | - Veronica Cacco
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Mestre, Italy
| | - Zhanna Romanyuk
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Mestre, Italy
| | - Alessandro Angelini
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Mestre, Italy.
- European Centre for Living Technology (ECLT), Ca' Bottacin, Venice, Italy.
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18
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Kailasan S, Kant R, Noonan-Shueh M, Kanipakala T, Liao G, Shulenin S, Leung DW, Alm RA, Adhikari RP, Amarasinghe GK, Gross ML, Aman MJ. Antigenic landscapes on Staphylococcus aureus pore-forming toxins reveal insights into specificity and cross-neutralization. MAbs 2022; 14:2083467. [PMID: 35730685 PMCID: PMC9225675 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2022.2083467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus carries an exceptional repertoire of virulence factors that aid in immune evasion. Previous single-target approaches for S. aureus-specific vaccines and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have failed in clinical trials due to the multitude of virulence factors released during infection. Emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains demands a multi-target approach involving neutralization of different, non-overlapping pathogenic factors. Of the several pore-forming toxins that contribute to S. aureus pathogenesis, efforts have largely focused on mAbs that neutralize α-hemolysin (Hla) and target the receptor-binding site. Here, we isolated two anti-Hla and three anti-Panton-Valentine Leukocidin (LukSF-PV) mAbs, and used a combination of hydrogen deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) and alanine scanning mutagenesis to delineate and validate the toxins’ epitope landscape. Our studies identified two novel, neutralizing epitopes targeted by 2B6 and CAN6 on Hla that provided protection from hemolytic activity in vitro and showed synergy in rodent pneumonia model against lethal challenge. Of the anti-LukF mAbs, SA02 and SA131 showed specific neutralization activity to LukSF-PV while SA185 showed cross-neutralization activity to LukSF-PV, γ-hemolysin HlgAB, and leukotoxin ED. We further compared these antigen-specific mAbs to two broadly neutralizing mAbs, H5 (targets Hla, LukSF-PV, HlgAB, HlgCB, and LukED) and SA185 (targeting LukSF-PV, HlgAB, and LukED), and identified molecular level markers for broad-spectrum reactivity among the pore-forming toxins by HDX-MS. To further underscore the need to target the cross-reactive epitopes on leukocidins for the development of broad-spectrum therapies, we annotated Hla sequences isolated from patients in multiple countries for genomic variations within the perspective of our defined epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ravi Kant
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, USA
| | | | | | - Grant Liao
- Integrated BioTherapeutics, Rockville, USA
| | | | - Daisy W Leung
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, USA
| | - Richard A Alm
- Boston University School of Law, Boston University, Boston, USA
| | | | - Gaya K Amarasinghe
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, USA
| | - Michael L Gross
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, USA
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19
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Cheung GYC, Bae JS, Otto M. Pathogenicity and virulence of Staphylococcus aureus. Virulence 2021; 12:547-569. [PMID: 33522395 PMCID: PMC7872022 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1878688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 439] [Impact Index Per Article: 146.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most frequent worldwide causes of morbidity and mortality due to an infectious agent. This pathogen can cause a wide variety of diseases, ranging from moderately severe skin infections to fatal pneumonia and sepsis. Treatment of S. aureus infections is complicated by antibiotic resistance and a working vaccine is not available. There has been ongoing and increasing interest in the extraordinarily high number of toxins and other virulence determinants that S. aureus produces and how they impact disease. In this review, we will give an overview of how S. aureus initiates and maintains infection and discuss the main determinants involved. A more in-depth understanding of the function and contribution of S. aureus virulence determinants to S. aureus infection will enable us to develop anti-virulence strategies to counteract the lack of an anti-S. aureus vaccine and the ever-increasing shortage of working antibiotics against this important pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon Y. C. Cheung
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, U.S. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Justin S. Bae
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, U.S. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael Otto
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, U.S. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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20
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Shao L, Liu Y, Zhao Y, Zou B, Li X, Dai R. Integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis of the global response of Staphylococcus aureus to ohmic heating. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2021.102870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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21
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König E, Gagliardi A, Riedmiller I, Andretta C, Tomasi M, Irene C, Frattini L, Zanella I, Berti F, Grandi A, Caproni E, Fantappiè L, Grandi G. Multi-Antigen Outer Membrane Vesicle Engineering to Develop Polyvalent Vaccines: The Staphylococcus aureus Case. Front Immunol 2021; 12:752168. [PMID: 34819933 PMCID: PMC8606680 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.752168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Modification of surface antigens and differential expression of virulence factors are frequent strategies pathogens adopt to escape the host immune system. These escape mechanisms make pathogens a "moving target" for our immune system and represent a challenge for the development of vaccines, which require more than one antigen to be efficacious. Therefore, the availability of strategies, which simplify vaccine design, is highly desirable. Bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicles (OMVs) are a promising vaccine platform for their built-in adjuvanticity, ease of purification and flexibility to be engineered with foreign proteins. However, data on if and how OMVs can be engineered with multiple antigens is limited. In this work, we report a multi-antigen expression strategy based on the co-expression of two chimeras, each constituted by head-to-tail fusions of immunogenic proteins, in the same OMV-producing strain. We tested the strategy to develop a vaccine against Staphylococcus aureus, a Gram-positive human pathogen responsible for a large number of community and hospital-acquired diseases. Here we describe an OMV-based vaccine in which four S. aureus virulent factors, ClfAY338A, LukE, SpAKKAA and HlaH35L have been co-expressed in the same OMVs (CLSH-OMVsΔ60). The vaccine elicited antigen-specific antibodies with functional activity, as judged by their capacity to promote opsonophagocytosis and to inhibit Hla-mediated hemolysis, LukED-mediated leukocyte killing, and ClfA-mediated S. aureus binding to fibrinogen. Mice vaccinated with CLSH-OMVsΔ60 were robustly protected from S. aureus challenge in the skin, sepsis and kidney abscess models. This study not only describes a generalized approach to develop easy-to-produce and inexpensive multi-component vaccines, but also proposes a new tetravalent vaccine candidate ready to move to development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico König
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | | | - Ilary Riedmiller
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Chiara Andretta
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Michele Tomasi
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Carmela Irene
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Luca Frattini
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Ilaria Zanella
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Francesco Berti
- Technical Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines, Siena, Italy
| | - Alberto Grandi
- ERC Vaccibiome Unit, Toscana Life Sciences Foundation, Siena, Italy.,Infectious Diseases and Cancer Immunotherapy Unit, BiOMViS Srl, Siena, Italy
| | - Elena Caproni
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Laura Fantappiè
- ERC Vaccibiome Unit, Toscana Life Sciences Foundation, Siena, Italy
| | - Guido Grandi
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
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22
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Anti- Staphylococcus aureus Single-Chain Fragment Variables Play a Protective Anti-Inflammatory Role In Vitro and In Vivo. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9111300. [PMID: 34835231 PMCID: PMC8618225 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9111300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a causative agent of bovine mastitis, capable of causing significant economic losses to the dairy industry worldwide. This study focuses on obtaining single-chain fragment variables (scFvs) against the virulence factors of S. aureus and evaluates the protective effect of scFvs on bovine mammary epithelial (MAC-T) cells and mice mammary gland tissues infected by S. aureus. After five rounds of bio-panning, four scFvs targeting four virulence factors of S. aureus were obtained. The complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) of these scFvs exhibited significant diversities, especially CDR3 of the VH domain. In vitro, each of scFvs was capable of inhibiting S. aureus growth and reducing the damage of MAC-T cells infected by S. aureus. Preincubation of MAC-T cells with scFvs could significantly attenuate the effect of apoptosis and necrosis compared with the negative control group. In vivo, the qPCR and ELISA results demonstrated that scFvs reduced the transcription and expression of Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-8, and IL-18. Histopathology and myeloperoxidase (MPO) results showed that scFvs ameliorated the histopathological damages and reduced the inflammatory cells infiltration. The overall results demonstrated the positive anti-inflammatory effect of scFvs, revealing the potential role of scFvs in the prevention and treatment of S. aureus infections.
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23
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Shao L, Liu Y, Tian X, Zou B, Zhao Y, Li X, Dai R. Global proteomic responses of sublethally injured Staphylococcus aureus induced by ohmic heating. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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24
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Liu F, Guan Z, Liu Y, Li J, Liu C, Gao Y, Ma Y, Feng J, Shen B, Yang G. Identification of a Human Anti-Alpha-Toxin Monoclonal Antibody Against Staphylococcus aureus Infection. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:692279. [PMID: 34335518 PMCID: PMC8319846 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.692279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major pathogenic bacterium that causes a variety of clinical infections. The emergence of multi-drug resistant mechanisms requires novel strategies to mitigate S. aureus infection. Alpha-hemolysin (Hla) is a key virulence factor that is believed to play a significant role in the pathogenesis of S. aureus infections. In this study, we screened a naïve human Fab library for identification of monoclonal antibodies targeting Hla by phage display technology. We found that the monoclonal antibody YG1 blocked the Hla-mediated lysis of rabbit red blood cells and inhibited Hla binding to A549 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. YG1 also provided protection against acute peritoneal infection, bacteremia, and pneumonia in murine models. We further characterized its epitope using different Hla variants and found that the amino acids N209 and F210 of Hla were functionally and structurally important for YG1 binding. Overall, these results indicated that targeting Hla with YG1 could serve as a promising protective strategy against S. aureus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangjie Liu
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, China
| | - Zhangchun Guan
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, China
| | - Chenghua Liu
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, China
| | - Yaping Gao
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanfang Ma
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jiannan Feng
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, China
| | - Beifen Shen
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, China
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25
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Clegg J, Soldaini E, McLoughlin RM, Rittenhouse S, Bagnoli F, Phogat S. Staphylococcus aureus Vaccine Research and Development: The Past, Present and Future, Including Novel Therapeutic Strategies. Front Immunol 2021; 12:705360. [PMID: 34305945 PMCID: PMC8294057 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.705360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important human pathogens worldwide. Its high antibiotic resistance profile reinforces the need for new interventions like vaccines in addition to new antibiotics. Vaccine development efforts against S. aureus have failed so far however, the findings from these human clinical and non-clinical studies provide potential insight for such failures. Currently, research is focusing on identifying novel vaccine formulations able to elicit potent humoral and cellular immune responses. Translational science studies are attempting to discover correlates of protection using animal models as well as in vitro and ex vivo models assessing efficacy of vaccine candidates. Several new vaccine candidates are being tested in human clinical trials in a variety of target populations. In addition to vaccines, bacteriophages, monoclonal antibodies, centyrins and new classes of antibiotics are being developed. Some of these have been tested in humans with encouraging results. The complexity of the diseases and the range of the target populations affected by this pathogen will require a multipronged approach using different interventions, which will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonah Clegg
- GSK, Siena, Italy
- Host Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Rachel M. McLoughlin
- Host Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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26
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Development of combination vaccine conferring optimal protection against six pore-forming toxins of Staphylococcus aureus. Infect Immun 2021; 89:e0034221. [PMID: 34227839 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00342-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In Gram-positive pathogen Staphylococcus aureus, pore-forming toxins (PFTs) such as leukocidins and hemolysins play prominent roles in staphylococcal pathogenesis by killing host immune cells and red blood cells (RBCs). However, it remains unknown which combination of toxin antigens would induce the broadest protective immune response against those toxins. In this study, by targeting six major staphylococcal PFTs (i.e., HlgAB, HlgCB, LukAB, LukED, LukSF-PV, and Hla), we generated ten recombinant toxins or toxin-subunits, three toxoids, and their rabbit antibodies. Using the cytolytic assay for RBCs and polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs), we determined the best combination of toxin antibodies conferring the broadest protection against those staphylococcal PFTs. Although anti-HlgA IgG (HlgA-IgG) showed low cross-reactivity to other toxin components, it was essential to protect rabbit and human RBCs and human PMNs. For the protection of rabbit RBCs, HlaH35L toxoid-IgG was also required, whereas, for human PMNs, LukS-IgG and LukAE323AB-IgG were essential too. When the toxin/toxoid antigens HlgA, LukS-PV, HlaH35L, and LukAE323AB were used to immunize rabbits, they increased rabbit survival; however, they did not block staphylococcal abscess formation in kidneys. Based on these results, we proposed that the combination of HlgA, LukS, HlaH35L, and LukAE323AB is the optimal vaccine component to protect human RBCs and PMNs from staphylococcal PFTs. We also concluded that a successful S. aureus vaccine requires not only those toxin antigens but also other antigens that can induce immune response blocking staphylococcal colonization.
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27
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Zheng D, Chen Y, Wan S, Jiang J, Chen S, Zheng C, Zhou H, Xu G, Zhang H, Xu H. Polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinol congeners from Garcinia yunnanensis Hu with inhibitory effect on α-hemolysin production in Staphylococcus aureus. Bioorg Chem 2021; 114:105074. [PMID: 34174629 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
α-Hemolysin (Hla) is an extracellular protein secreted by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains that plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary, intraperitoneal, intramammary, and corneal infections, rendering Hla a potential therapeutic target. In this study, 10 unreported polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinol (PPAP) derivatives, garciyunnanins C-L (1-10), with diverse skeletons, were isolated from Garcinia yunnanensis Hu. The structures of these new compounds were determined by HRMS, NMR, electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and biomimetic transformation. Garciyunnanins C and D (1 and 2) were found to be potent Hla inhibitors in the anti-virulence efficacy evaluation against MRSA strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Center for Translational Medicine and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Yuyu Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shijie Wan
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jiaming Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Simin Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Changwu Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hua Zhou
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Gang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Hongxi Xu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
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28
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Staphylococcal Infections: Host and Pathogenic Factors. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9051080. [PMID: 34069873 PMCID: PMC8157358 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9051080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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29
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Monoclonal Antibodies Targeting Surface-Exposed and Secreted Proteins from Staphylococci. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9050459. [PMID: 34064471 PMCID: PMC8147999 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9050459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococci (specifically Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis) are the causative agents of diseases ranging from superficial skin and soft tissue infections to severe conditions such as fatal pneumonia, bacteremia, sepsis and endocarditis. The widespread and indiscriminate use of antibiotics has led to serious problems of resistance to staphylococcal disease and has generated a renewed interest in alternative therapeutic agents such as vaccines and antibodies. Staphylococci express a large repertoire of surface and secreted virulence factors, which provide mechanisms (adhesion, invasion and biofilm development among others) for both bacterial survival in the host and evasion from innate and adaptive immunity. Consequently, the development of antibodies that target specific antigens would provide an effective protective strategy against staphylococcal infections. In this review, we report an update on efforts to develop anti-staphylococci monoclonal antibodies (and their derivatives: minibodies, antibody–antibiotic conjugates) and the mechanism by which such antibodies can help fight infections. We also provide an overview of mAbs used in clinical trials and highlight their therapeutic potential in various infectious contexts.
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30
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Wei J, Cheng X, Zhang Y, Gao C, Wang Y, Peng Q, Luo P, Yang L, Zou Q, Zeng H, Gu J. Identification and application of a neutralizing epitope within alpha-hemolysin using human serum antibodies elicited by vaccination. Mol Immunol 2021; 135:45-52. [PMID: 33873093 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (SA), especially the methicillin-resistant variant (MRSA), is becoming a serious threat to human health in hospitals and communities, making the development of an effective vaccine urgent. Alpha-hemolysin (Hla) is a key virulence factor and also a good target for the development of SA vaccines. However, the epitopes in Hla recognized by human immunity are not characterized in detail, which hinders the design of epitope-based human vaccines against SA. In this study, we collected sera from volunteers in a phase 1b clinical trial of a novel recombinant five-antigen SA vaccine (NCT03966040). Using a Luminex-based assay, we characterized the human serologic response against Hla, and identified Hla121-138 as a neutralizing epitope. In addition, we successfully produced ferritin nanoparticles carrying the neutralizing Hla121-138 epitope (EpNP) in E. coli. EpNP presented as homogenous nanoparticles in aqueous solution. Immunization with EpNP elicited potent hemolysis-neutralizing antibodies and conferred significant protection in a mouse model of SA skin infection. Our data suggest that EpNP, carrying the neutralizing epitope Hla121-138, is a good candidate for a vaccine against SA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinning Wei
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Xin Cheng
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Yi Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Chen Gao
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Ying Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Qi Peng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Luo
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Liuyang Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, PR China; Medical Laboratory Center, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Quanming Zou
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Hao Zeng
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, PR China.
| | - Jiang Gu
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, PR China.
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31
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Valldorf B, Hinz SC, Russo G, Pekar L, Mohr L, Klemm J, Doerner A, Krah S, Hust M, Zielonka S. Antibody display technologies: selecting the cream of the crop. Biol Chem 2021; 403:455-477. [PMID: 33759431 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2020-0377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Antibody display technologies enable the successful isolation of antigen-specific antibodies with therapeutic potential. The key feature that facilitates the selection of an antibody with prescribed properties is the coupling of the protein variant to its genetic information and is referred to as genotype phenotype coupling. There are several different platform technologies based on prokaryotic organisms as well as strategies employing higher eukaryotes. Among those, phage display is the most established system with more than a dozen of therapeutic antibodies approved for therapy that have been discovered or engineered using this approach. In recent years several other technologies gained a certain level of maturity, most strikingly mammalian display. In this review, we delineate the most important selection systems with respect to antibody generation with an emphasis on recent developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Valldorf
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Development, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, D-64293Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Steffen C Hinz
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, D-64287Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Giulio Russo
- Abcalis GmbH, Inhoffenstrasse 7, D-38124Braunschweig, Germany.,Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, D-38106Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Lukas Pekar
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, D-64293Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Laura Mohr
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience and Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, University of Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 13, D-60438Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Janina Klemm
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, D-64287Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Achim Doerner
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, D-64293Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Simon Krah
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, D-64293Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Michael Hust
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, D-38106Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stefan Zielonka
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, D-64293Darmstadt, Germany
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32
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Meyer TC, Michalik S, Holtfreter S, Weiss S, Friedrich N, Völzke H, Kocher T, Kohler C, Schmidt F, Bröker BM, Völker U. A Comprehensive View on the Human Antibody Repertoire Against Staphylococcus aureus Antigens in the General Population. Front Immunol 2021; 12:651619. [PMID: 33777051 PMCID: PMC7987813 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.651619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Our goal was to provide a comprehensive overview of the antibody response to Staphylococcus aureus antigens in the general population as a basis for defining disease-specific profiles and diagnostic signatures. We tested the specific IgG and IgA responses to 79 staphylococcal antigens in 996 individuals from the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania. Using a dilution-based multiplex suspension array, we extended the dynamic range of specific antibody detection to seven orders of magnitude, allowing the precise quantification of high and low abundant antibody specificities in the same sample. The observed IgG and IgA antibody responses were highly heterogeneous with differences between individuals as well as between bacterial antigens that spanned several orders of magnitude. Some antigens elicited significantly more IgG than IgA and vice versa. We confirmed a strong influence of colonization on the antibody response and quantified the influence of sex, smoking, age, body mass index, and serum glucose on anti-staphylococcal IgG and IgA. However, all host parameters tested explain only a small part of the extensive variability in individual response to the different antigens of S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja C Meyer
- Department Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stephan Michalik
- Department Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Silva Holtfreter
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stefan Weiss
- Department Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nele Friedrich
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Thomas Kocher
- Unit of Periodontology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christian Kohler
- Friedrich Loeffler Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Frank Schmidt
- Department Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,Proteomics Core, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Qatar Foundation-Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Barbara M Bröker
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Uwe Völker
- Department Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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33
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Cheung GYC, Bae JS, Liu R, Hunt RL, Zheng Y, Otto M. Bacterial virulence plays a crucial role in MRSA sepsis. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009369. [PMID: 33630954 PMCID: PMC7942999 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial sepsis is a major global cause of death. However, the pathophysiology of sepsis has remained poorly understood. In industrialized nations, Staphylococcus aureus represents the pathogen most commonly associated with mortality due to sepsis. Because of the alarming spread of antibiotic resistance, anti-virulence strategies are often proposed to treat staphylococcal sepsis. However, we do not yet completely understand if and how bacterial virulence contributes to sepsis, which is vital for a thorough assessment of such strategies. We here examined the role of virulence and quorum-sensing regulation in mouse and rabbit models of sepsis caused by methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). We determined that leukopenia was a predictor of disease outcome during an early critical stage of sepsis. Furthermore, in device-associated infection as the most frequent type of staphylococcal blood infection, quorum-sensing deficiency resulted in significantly higher mortality. Our findings give important guidance regarding anti-virulence drug development strategies for the treatment of staphylococcal sepsis. Moreover, they considerably add to our understanding of how bacterial sepsis develops by revealing a critical early stage of infection during which the battle between bacteria and leukocytes determines sepsis outcome. While sepsis has traditionally been attributed mainly to host factors, our study highlights a key role of the invading pathogen and its virulence mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon Y. C. Cheung
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Justin S. Bae
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ryan Liu
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rachelle L. Hunt
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yue Zheng
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michael Otto
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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34
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Vlaeminck J, Raafat D, Surmann K, Timbermont L, Normann N, Sellman B, van Wamel WJB, Malhotra-Kumar S. Exploring Virulence Factors and Alternative Therapies against Staphylococcus aureus Pneumonia. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12110721. [PMID: 33218049 PMCID: PMC7698915 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12110721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumonia is an acute pulmonary infection associated with high mortality and an immense financial burden on healthcare systems. Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen capable of inducing S. aureus pneumonia (SAP), with some lineages also showing multidrug resistance. Given the high level of antibiotic resistance, much research has been focused on targeting S. aureus virulence factors, including toxins and biofilm-associated proteins, in an attempt to develop effective SAP therapeutics. Despite several promising leads, many hurdles still remain for S. aureus vaccine research. Here, we review the state-of-the-art SAP therapeutics, highlight their pitfalls, and discuss alternative approaches of potential significance and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle Vlaeminck
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Institute, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (J.V.); (L.T.)
| | - Dina Raafat
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (D.R.); (N.N.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
| | - Kristin Surmann
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany;
| | - Leen Timbermont
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Institute, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (J.V.); (L.T.)
| | - Nicole Normann
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (D.R.); (N.N.)
| | - Bret Sellman
- Microbiome Discovery, Microbial Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R & D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA;
| | - Willem J. B. van Wamel
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Surbhi Malhotra-Kumar
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Institute, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (J.V.); (L.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-3-265-27-52
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35
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Bennett MR, Thomsen IP. Epidemiological and Clinical Evidence for the Role of Toxins in S. aureus Human Disease. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12060408. [PMID: 32575633 PMCID: PMC7354447 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12060408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus asymptomatically colonizes approximately 30–50% of the population and is a leading cause of bacteremia, bone/joint infections, and skin infections in the US. S. aureus has become a major public health threat due to antibiotic resistance and an increasing number of failed vaccine attempts. To develop new anti-staphylococcal preventive therapies, it will take a more thorough understanding of the current role S. aureus virulence factors play in contributing to human disease. This review focuses on the clinical association of individual toxins with S. aureus infection as well as attempted treatment options. Further understanding of these associations will increase understanding of toxins and their importance to S. aureus pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique R. Bennett
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA;
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Research Program, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Isaac P. Thomsen
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA;
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Research Program, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Correspondence:
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36
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Convergent Evolution of Neutralizing Antibodies to Staphylococcus aureus γ-Hemolysin C That Recognize an Immunodominant Primary Sequence-Dependent B-Cell Epitope. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.00460-20. [PMID: 32546616 PMCID: PMC7298706 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00460-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus infection is a major public health threat in part due to the spread of antibiotic resistance and repeated failures to develop a protective vaccine. Infection is associated with production of virulence factors that include exotoxins that attack host barriers and cellular defenses, such as the leukocidin (Luk) family of bicomponent pore-forming toxins. To investigate the structural basis of antibody-mediated functional inactivation of Luk toxins, we generated a panel of murine monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) that neutralize host cell killing by the γ-hemolysin HlgCB. Staphylococcus aureus infection is a major public health threat in part due to the spread of antibiotic resistance and repeated failures to develop a protective vaccine. Infection is associated with production of virulence factors that include exotoxins that attack host barriers and cellular defenses, such as the leukocidin (Luk) family of bicomponent pore-forming toxins. To investigate the structural basis of antibody-mediated functional inactivation of Luk toxins, we generated a panel of murine monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) that neutralize host cell killing by the γ-hemolysin HlgCB. By biopanning these MAbs against a phage-display library of random Luk peptide fragments, we identified a small subregion within the rim domain of HlgC as the epitope for all the MAbs. Within the native holotoxin, this subregion folds into a conserved β-hairpin structure, with exposed key residues, His252 and Tyr253, required for antibody binding. On the basis of the phage-display results and molecular modeling, a 15-amino-acid synthetic peptide representing the minimal epitope on HlgC (HlgC241-255) was designed, and preincubation with this peptide blocked antibody-mediated HIgCB neutralization. Immunization of mice with HlgC241-255 or the homologous LukS246-260 subregion peptide elicited serum antibodies that specifically recognized the native holotoxin subunits. Furthermore, serum IgG from patients who were convalescent for invasive S. aureus infection showed neutralization of HlgCB toxin activity ex vivo, which recognized the immunodominant HlgC241-255 peptide and was dependent on His252 and Tyr253 residues. We have thus validated an efficient, rapid, and scalable experimental workflow for identification of immunodominant and immunogenic leukotoxin-neutralizing B-cell epitopes that can be exploited for new S. aureus-protective vaccines and immunotherapies.
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37
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Chow SH, Deo P, Yeung ATY, Kostoulias XP, Jeon Y, Gao ML, Seidi A, Olivier FAB, Sridhar S, Nethercott C, Cameron D, Robertson AAB, Robert R, Mackay CR, Traven A, Jin ZB, Hale C, Dougan G, Peleg AY, Naderer T. Targeting NLRP3 and Staphylococcal pore-forming toxin receptors in human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived macrophages. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:967-981. [PMID: 32531864 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4ma0420-497r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus causes necrotizing pneumonia by secreting toxins such as leukocidins that target front-line immune cells. The mechanism by which leukocidins kill innate immune cells and trigger inflammation during S. aureus lung infection, however, remains unresolved. Here, we explored human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived macrophages (hiPSC-dMs) to study the interaction of the leukocidins Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) and LukAB with lung macrophages, which are the initial leukocidin targets during S. aureus lung invasion. hiPSC-dMs were susceptible to the leukocidins PVL and LukAB and both leukocidins triggered NLPR3 inflammasome activation resulting in IL-1β secretion. hiPSC-dM cell death after LukAB exposure, however, was only temporarily dependent of NLRP3, although NLRP3 triggered marked cell death after PVL treatment. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated deletion of the PVL receptor, C5aR1, protected hiPSC-dMs from PVL cytotoxicity, despite the expression of other leukocidin receptors, such as CD45. PVL-deficient S. aureus had reduced ability to induce lung IL-1β levels in human C5aR1 knock-in mice. Unexpectedly, inhibiting NLRP3 activity resulted in increased wild-type S. aureus lung burdens. Our findings suggest that NLRP3 induces macrophage death and IL-1β secretion after PVL exposure and controls S. aureus lung burdens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong H Chow
- Infection & Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pankaj Deo
- Infection & Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amy T Y Yeung
- The Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Xenia P Kostoulias
- Infection & Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yusun Jeon
- Infection & Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mei-Ling Gao
- Laboratory of Stem Cell & Retinal Regeneration, Institute of Stem Cell Research, Division of Ophthalmic Genetics, The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,National Center for International Research in Regenerative Medicine and Neurogenetics, National Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmology, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Wenzhou, China
| | - Azadeh Seidi
- Infection & Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Françios Alwyn Benson Olivier
- Infection & Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sushmita Sridhar
- The Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Cara Nethercott
- Infection & Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - David Cameron
- Infection & Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Avril A B Robertson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Remy Robert
- Infection & Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Charles R Mackay
- Infection & Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ana Traven
- Infection & Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Zi-Bing Jin
- Laboratory of Stem Cell & Retinal Regeneration, Institute of Stem Cell Research, Division of Ophthalmic Genetics, The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,National Center for International Research in Regenerative Medicine and Neurogenetics, National Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmology, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Wenzhou, China
| | - Christine Hale
- The Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gordon Dougan
- The Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Medicine, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anton Y Peleg
- Infection & Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, the Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Thomas Naderer
- Infection & Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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38
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Tham EH, Koh E, Common JEA, Hwang IY. Biotherapeutic Approaches in Atopic Dermatitis. Biotechnol J 2020; 15:e1900322. [PMID: 32176834 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201900322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The skin microbiome plays a central role in inflammatory skin disorders such as atopic dermatitis (AD). In AD patients, an imbalance between pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and resident skin symbionts creates a state of dysbiosis which induces immune dysregulation and impairs skin barrier function. There are now exciting new prospects for microbiome-based interventions for AD prevention. In the hopes of achieving sustained control and management of disease in AD patients, current emerging biotherapeutic strategies aim to harness the skin microbiome associated with health by restoring a more diverse symbiotic skin microbiome, while selectively removing pathogenic S. aureus. Examples of such strategies are demonstrated in skin microbiome transplants, phage-derived anti-S. aureus endolysins, monoclonal antibodies, and quorum sensing (QS) inhibitors. However, further understanding of the skin microbiome and its role in AD pathogenesis is still needed to understand how these biotherapeutics alter the dynamics of the microbiome community; to optimize patient selection, drug delivery, and treatment duration; overcome rapid recolonization upon treatment cessation; and improve efficacy to allow these therapeutic options to eventually reach routine clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Huiwen Tham
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228, Singapore.,Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore, 119074, Singapore
| | - Elvin Koh
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228, Singapore.,NUS Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
| | - John E A Common
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore, 308232, Singapore
| | - In Young Hwang
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228, Singapore.,NUS Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
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39
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Unbiased Identification of Immunogenic Staphylococcus aureus Leukotoxin B-Cell Epitopes. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00785-19. [PMID: 32014894 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00785-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Unbiased identification of individual immunogenic B-cell epitopes in major antigens of a pathogen remains a technology challenge for vaccine discovery. We therefore developed a platform for rapid phage display screening of deep recombinant libraries consisting of as few as one major pathogen antigen. Using the bicomponent pore-forming leukocidin (Luk) exotoxins of the major pathogen Staphylococcus aureus as a prototype, we randomly fragmented and separately ligated the hemolysin gamma A (HlgA) and LukS genes into a custom-built phage display system, termed pComb-Opti8. Deep sequence analysis of barcoded amplimers of the HlgA and LukS gene fragment libraries demonstrated that biopannng against a cross-reactive anti-Luk monoclonal antibody (MAb) recovered convergent molecular clones with short overlapping homologous sequences. We thereby identified an 11-amino-acid sequence that is highly conserved in four Luk toxin subunits and is ubiquitous in representation within S. aureus clinical isolates. The isolated 11-amino-acid peptide probe was predicted to retain the native three-dimensional (3D) conformation seen within the Luk holotoxin. Indeed, this peptide was recognized by the selecting anti-Luk MAb, and, using mutated peptides, we showed that a particular amino acid side chain was essential for these interactions. Furthermore, murine immunization with this peptide elicited IgG responses that were highly reactive with both the autologous synthetic peptide and the full-length Luk toxin homologues. Thus, using a gene fragment- and phage display-based pipeline, we have identified and validated immunogenic B-cell epitopes that are cross-reactive between members of the pore-forming leukocidin family. This approach could be harnessed to identify novel epitopes for a much-needed S. aureus-protective subunit vaccine.
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40
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Marchetti M, De Bei O, Bettati S, Campanini B, Kovachka S, Gianquinto E, Spyrakis F, Ronda L. Iron Metabolism at the Interface between Host and Pathogen: From Nutritional Immunity to Antibacterial Development. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2145. [PMID: 32245010 PMCID: PMC7139808 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutritional immunity is a form of innate immunity widespread in both vertebrates and invertebrates. The term refers to a rich repertoire of mechanisms set up by the host to inhibit bacterial proliferation by sequestering trace minerals (mainly iron, but also zinc and manganese). This strategy, selected by evolution, represents an effective front-line defense against pathogens and has thus inspired the exploitation of iron restriction in the development of innovative antimicrobials or enhancers of antimicrobial therapy. This review focuses on the mechanisms of nutritional immunity, the strategies adopted by opportunistic human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus to circumvent it, and the impact of deletion mutants on the fitness, infectivity, and persistence inside the host. This information finally converges in an overview of the current development of inhibitors targeting the different stages of iron uptake, an as-yet unexploited target in the field of antistaphylococcal drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marialaura Marchetti
- Interdepartmental Center Biopharmanet-TEC, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (M.M.); (S.B.)
| | - Omar De Bei
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (O.D.B.); (B.C.)
| | - Stefano Bettati
- Interdepartmental Center Biopharmanet-TEC, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (M.M.); (S.B.)
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
- Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, 00136 Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Campanini
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (O.D.B.); (B.C.)
| | - Sandra Kovachka
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy; (S.K.); (E.G.); (F.S.)
| | - Eleonora Gianquinto
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy; (S.K.); (E.G.); (F.S.)
| | - Francesca Spyrakis
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy; (S.K.); (E.G.); (F.S.)
| | - Luca Ronda
- Interdepartmental Center Biopharmanet-TEC, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (M.M.); (S.B.)
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
- Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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41
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Bennett MR, Bombardi RG, Kose N, Parrish EH, Nagel MB, Petit RA, Read TD, Schey KL, Thomsen IP, Skaar EP, Crowe JE. Human mAbs to Staphylococcus aureus IsdA Provide Protection Through Both Heme-Blocking and Fc-Mediated Mechanisms. J Infect Dis 2020; 219:1264-1273. [PMID: 30496483 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The nutrient metal iron plays a key role in the survival of microorganisms. The iron-regulated surface determinant (Isd) system scavenges heme-iron from the human host, enabling acquisition of iron in iron-deplete conditions in Staphylococcus aureus during infection. The cell surface receptors IsdB and IsdH bind hemoproteins and transfer heme to IsdA, the final surface protein before heme-iron is transported through the peptidoglycan. To define the human B-cell response to IsdA, we isolated human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific to the surface Isd proteins and determined their mechanism of action. We describe the first isolation of fully human IsdA and IsdH mAbs, as well as cross-reactive Isd mAbs. Two of the identified IsdA mAbs worked in a murine septic model of infection to reduce bacterial burden during staphylococcal infection. Their protection was a result of both heme-blocking and Fc-mediated effector functions, underscoring the importance of targeting S. aureus using diverse mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique R Bennett
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Robin G Bombardi
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Nurgun Kose
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Erica H Parrish
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Marcus B Nagel
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Robert A Petit
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Timothy D Read
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Kevin L Schey
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Isaac P Thomsen
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Eric P Skaar
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Nashville, Tennessee.,Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - James E Crowe
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Nashville, Tennessee.,Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.,Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.,Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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42
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Shang Z, Chan SY, Song Q, Li P, Huang W. The Strategies of Pathogen-Oriented Therapy on Circumventing Antimicrobial Resistance. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2020; 2020:2016201. [PMID: 33083786 PMCID: PMC7539235 DOI: 10.34133/2020/2016201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The emerging antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses serious threats to the global public health. Conventional antibiotics have been eclipsed in combating with drug-resistant bacteria. Moreover, the developing and deploying of novel antimicrobial drugs have trudged, as few new antibiotics are being developed over time and even fewer of them can hit the market. Alternative therapeutic strategies to resolve the AMR crisis are urgently required. Pathogen-oriented therapy (POT) springs up as a promising approach in circumventing antibiotic resistance. The tactic underling POT is applying antibacterial compounds or materials directly to infected regions to treat specific bacteria species or strains with goals of improving the drug efficacy and reducing nontargeting and the development of drug resistance. This review exemplifies recent trends in the development of POTs for circumventing AMR, including the adoption of antibiotic-antibiotic conjugates, antimicrobial peptides, therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, nanotechnologies, CRISPR-Cas systems, and microbiota modulations. Employing these alternative approaches alone or in combination shows promising advantages for addressing the growing clinical embarrassment of antibiotics in fighting drug-resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zifang Shang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) & Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Siew Yin Chan
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) & Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Qing Song
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) & Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an 710072, China
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays (KLOEID) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NUPT), Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Peng Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) & Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) & Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an 710072, China
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays (KLOEID) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NUPT), Nanjing 210023, China
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, China
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43
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Omersa N, Podobnik M, Anderluh G. Inhibition of Pore-Forming Proteins. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E545. [PMID: 31546810 PMCID: PMC6784129 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11090545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Perforation of cellular membranes by pore-forming proteins can affect cell physiology, tissue integrity, or immune response. Since many pore-forming proteins are toxins or highly potent virulence factors, they represent an attractive target for the development of molecules that neutralize their actions with high efficacy. There has been an assortment of inhibitors developed to specifically obstruct the activity of pore-forming proteins, in addition to vaccination and antibiotics that serve as a plausible treatment for the majority of diseases caused by bacterial infections. Here we review a wide range of potential inhibitors that can specifically and effectively block the activity of pore-forming proteins, from small molecules to more specific macromolecular systems, such as synthetic nanoparticles, antibodies, antibody mimetics, polyvalent inhibitors, and dominant negative mutants. We discuss their mechanism of inhibition, as well as advantages and disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neža Omersa
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Marjetka Podobnik
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Gregor Anderluh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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44
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Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Single-Ascending-Dose Study of the Penetration of a Monoclonal Antibody Combination (ASN100) Targeting Staphylococcus aureus Cytotoxins in the Lung Epithelial Lining Fluid of Healthy Volunteers. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.00350-19. [PMID: 31138568 PMCID: PMC6658777 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00350-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
ASN100 is a novel antibody combination of two fully human IgG1(κ) monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), ASN-1 and ASN-2, which neutralize six Staphylococcus aureus cytotoxins, alpha-hemolysin (Hla) and five bicomponent leukocidins. We assessed the safety, tolerability, and serum and lung pharmacokinetics of ASN100 in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled single-dose-escalation first-in-human study. ASN100 is a novel antibody combination of two fully human IgG1(κ) monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), ASN-1 and ASN-2, which neutralize six Staphylococcus aureus cytotoxins, alpha-hemolysin (Hla) and five bicomponent leukocidins. We assessed the safety, tolerability, and serum and lung pharmacokinetics of ASN100 in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled single-dose-escalation first-in-human study. Fifty-two healthy volunteers were enrolled and randomized to receive either ASN-1, ASN-2, a combination of both MAbs (ASN100), or a corresponding placebo. Thirty-two subjects in the double-blind dose escalation portion of the study received ASN-1 or ASN-2 at a 200-, 600-, 1,800-, or 4,000-mg dose, or placebo. Eight subjects received both MAbs simultaneously in a 1:1 ratio (ASN100) at 3,600 or 8,000 mg, or they received placebos. Twelve additional subjects received open-label ASN100 at 3,600 or 8,000 mg to assess the pharmacokinetics of ASN-1 and ASN-2 in epithelial lining fluid (ELF) by bronchoalveolar lavage fluid sampling. Subjects were monitored for 98 days (double-blind cohorts) or 30 days (open-label cohorts) for safety assessment. No dose-limiting toxicities were observed, and all adverse events were mild and transient, with only two adverse events considered possibly related to the investigational product. ASN100 exhibited linear serum pharmacokinetics with a half-life of approximately 3 weeks and showed detectable penetration into the ELF. No treatment-emergent anti-drug antibody responses were detected. The toxin neutralizing potency of ASN100 in human serum was confirmed up to 58 days postdosing. The favorable safety profile, ELF penetration, and maintained functional activity in serum supported the further clinical development of ASN100.
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45
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Masters EA, Trombetta RP, de Mesy Bentley KL, Boyce BF, Gill AL, Gill SR, Nishitani K, Ishikawa M, Morita Y, Ito H, Bello-Irizarry SN, Ninomiya M, Brodell JD, Lee CC, Hao SP, Oh I, Xie C, Awad HA, Daiss JL, Owen JR, Kates SL, Schwarz EM, Muthukrishnan G. Evolving concepts in bone infection: redefining "biofilm", "acute vs. chronic osteomyelitis", "the immune proteome" and "local antibiotic therapy". Bone Res 2019; 7:20. [PMID: 31646012 PMCID: PMC6804538 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-019-0061-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteomyelitis is a devastating disease caused by microbial infection of bone. While the frequency of infection following elective orthopedic surgery is low, rates of reinfection are disturbingly high. Staphylococcus aureus is responsible for the majority of chronic osteomyelitis cases and is often considered to be incurable due to bacterial persistence deep within bone. Unfortunately, there is no consensus on clinical classifications of osteomyelitis and the ensuing treatment algorithm. Given the high patient morbidity, mortality, and economic burden caused by osteomyelitis, it is important to elucidate mechanisms of bone infection to inform novel strategies for prevention and curative treatment. Recent discoveries in this field have identified three distinct reservoirs of bacterial biofilm including: Staphylococcal abscess communities in the local soft tissue and bone marrow, glycocalyx formation on implant hardware and necrotic tissue, and colonization of the osteocyte-lacuno canalicular network (OLCN) of cortical bone. In contrast, S. aureus intracellular persistence in bone cells has not been substantiated in vivo, which challenges this mode of chronic osteomyelitis. There have also been major advances in our understanding of the immune proteome against S. aureus, from clinical studies of serum antibodies and media enriched for newly synthesized antibodies (MENSA), which may provide new opportunities for osteomyelitis diagnosis, prognosis, and vaccine development. Finally, novel therapies such as antimicrobial implant coatings and antibiotic impregnated 3D-printed scaffolds represent promising strategies for preventing and managing this devastating disease. Here, we review these recent advances and highlight translational opportunities towards a cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elysia A. Masters
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA
| | - Ryan P. Trombetta
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA
| | - Karen L. de Mesy Bentley
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA
| | - Brendan F Boyce
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA
| | - Ann Lindley Gill
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA
| | - Steven R. Gill
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA
| | - Kohei Nishitani
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ishikawa
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yugo Morita
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiromu Ito
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Mark Ninomiya
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA
| | - James D. Brodell
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA
| | - Charles C. Lee
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA
| | - Stephanie P. Hao
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA
| | - Irvin Oh
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA
| | - Chao Xie
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA
| | - Hani A. Awad
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA
| | - John L. Daiss
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA
| | - John R. Owen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA USA
| | - Stephen L. Kates
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA USA
| | - Edward M. Schwarz
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA
| | - Gowrishankar Muthukrishnan
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA
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46
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Staphylococcus aureus Toxins: From Their Pathogenic Roles to Anti-virulence Therapy Using Natural Products. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-019-0059-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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47
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S. aureus Evades Macrophage Killing through NLRP3-Dependent Effects on Mitochondrial Trafficking. Cell Rep 2019; 22:2431-2441. [PMID: 29490278 PMCID: PMC7160668 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical severity of Staphylococcus aureus respiratory infection correlates with alpha toxin (AT) expression. AT activates the NLRP3 inflammasome; deletion of Nlrp3, or AT neutralization, protects mice from lethal S. aureus pneumonia. We tested the hypothesis that this protection is not due to a reduction in inflammasome-dependent cytokines (IL-1β/IL-18) but increased bactericidal function of macrophages. In vivo, neutralization of AT or NLRP3 improved bacterial clearance and survival, while blocking IL-1β/IL-18 did not. Primary human monocytes were used in vitro to determine the mechanism through which NLRP3 alters bacterial killing. In cells treated with small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting NLRP3 or infected with AT-null S. aureus, mitochondria co-localize with bacterial-containing phagosomes. Mitochondrial engagement activates caspase-1, a process dependent on complex II of the electron transport chain, near the phagosome, promoting its acidification. These data demonstrate a mechanism utilized by S. aureus to sequester itself from antimicrobial processes within the cell.
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48
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Rational Design of Toxoid Vaccine Candidates for Staphylococcus aureus Leukocidin AB (LukAB). Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11060339. [PMID: 31207937 PMCID: PMC6628420 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11060339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (SA) infections cause high mortality and morbidity in humans. Being central to its pathogenesis, S. aureus thwarts the host defense by secreting a myriad of virulence factors, including bicomponent, pore-forming leukotoxins. While all vaccine development efforts that aimed at achieving opsonophagocytic killing have failed, targeting virulence by toxoid vaccines represents a novel approach to preventing mortality and morbidity that are caused by SA. The recently discovered leukotoxin LukAB kills human phagocytes and monocytes and it is present in all known S. aureus clinical isolates. While using a structure-guided approach, we generated a library of mutations that targeted functional domains within the LukAB heterodimer to identify attenuated toxoids as potential vaccine candidates. The mutants were evaluated based on expression, solubility, yield, biophysical properties, cytotoxicity, and immunogenicity, and several fully attenuated LukAB toxoids that were capable of eliciting high neutralizing antibody titers were identified. Rabbit polyclonal antibodies against the lead toxoid candidate provided potent neutralization of LukAB. While the neutralization of LukAB alone was not sufficient to fully suppress leukotoxicity in supernatants of S. aureus USA300 isolates, a combination of antibodies against LukAB, α-toxin, and Panton-Valentine leukocidin completely neutralized the cytotoxicity of these strains. These data strongly support the inclusion of LukAB toxoids in a multivalent toxoid vaccine for the prevention of S. aureus disease.
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49
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Fleitas Martínez O, Cardoso MH, Ribeiro SM, Franco OL. Recent Advances in Anti-virulence Therapeutic Strategies With a Focus on Dismantling Bacterial Membrane Microdomains, Toxin Neutralization, Quorum-Sensing Interference and Biofilm Inhibition. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:74. [PMID: 31001485 PMCID: PMC6454102 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance constitutes one of the major challenges facing humanity in the Twenty-First century. The spread of resistant pathogens has been such that the possibility of returning to a pre-antibiotic era is real. In this scenario, innovative therapeutic strategies must be employed to restrict resistance. Among the innovative proposed strategies, anti-virulence therapy has been envisioned as a promising alternative for effective control of the emergence and spread of resistant pathogens. This review presents some of the anti-virulence strategies that are currently being developed, it will cover strategies focused on quench pathogen quorum sensing (QS) systems, disassemble of bacterial functional membrane microdomains (FMMs), disruption of biofilm formation and bacterial toxin neutralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osmel Fleitas Martínez
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Marlon Henrique Cardoso
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,S-inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Suzana Meira Ribeiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Dourados, Brazil
| | - Octavio Luiz Franco
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,S-inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Brazil
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50
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Preventing lung pathology and mortality in rabbit Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia models with cytotoxin-neutralizing monoclonal IgGs penetrating the epithelial lining fluid. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5339. [PMID: 30926865 PMCID: PMC6441091 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41826-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia is associated with high mortality irrespective of antibiotic susceptibility. Both MRSA and MSSA strains produce powerful cytotoxins: alpha-hemolysin(Hla) and up to five leukocidins - LukSF-PV, HlgAB, HlgCB, LukED and LukGH (LukAB) - to evade host innate defense mechanisms. Neutralizing cytotoxins has been shown to provide survival benefit in rabbit S. aureus pneumonia models. We studied the mechanisms of protection of ASN100, a combination of two human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), ASN-1 and ASN-2, that together neutralize Hla and the five leukocidins, in rabbit MRSA and MSSA pneumonia models. Upon prophylactic passive immunization, ASN100 displayed dose-dependent increase in survival and was fully protective against all S. aureus strains tested at 5 or 20 mg/kg doses. Macroscopic and microscopic lung pathology, edema rate, and bacterial burden were evaluated 12 hours post infection and reduced by ASN100. Pharmacokinetic analysis of ASN100 in bronchoalveolar-lavage fluid from uninfected animals detected efficient penetration to lung epithelial lining fluid reaching peak levels between 24 and 48 hours post dosing that were comparable to the mAb concentration measured in serum. These data confirm that the ASN100 mAbs neutralize the powerful cytotoxins of S. aureus in the lung and prevent damage to the mucosal barrier and innate immune cells.
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