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Lou Y, Chen D, Gu Q, Zhu Q, Sun H. PANoptosis-related molecule CASP2 affects the immune microenvironment and immunotherapy response of hepatocellular carcinoma. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27302. [PMID: 38509889 PMCID: PMC10950493 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The involvement of molecules associated with PANoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is still not well understood. Methods Various R packages were utilized to analyze within the R software. Data that was freely accessible was obtained from the databases of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC). Results Here, we comprehensively explored the role of PANoptosis-related genes in HCC. The caspase 2 (CASP2) was identified as the interest gene for further analysis. We found that CASP2 is related to the poor prognosis and worse clinical features of HCC patients. Moreover, we explored the biological pathway CASP2 is involved in and found that CASP2 is associated with multiple carcinogenic pathways. Also, we noticed that CASP2 can significantly reshape the HCC immune microenvironment and affect the response rate of immunotherapy. Analysis of drug sensitivity suggested that individuals exhibiting elevated CASP2 levels may display increased susceptibility to doxorubicin and vorinostat while demonstrating resistance towards erlotinib, lapatinib, sunitinib, and temsirolimus. Meanwhile, we explored the single-cell distribution of CASP2 in the HCC microenvironment. To enhance the clinical application of CASP2 in HCC, we constructed a prognosis model using the molecules derived from CASP2, which demonstrated good efficiency in predicting patients prognosis. Moreover, in vitro experiments indicated that CASP2 can significantly inhibits cell proliferation, invasion and migration ability of HCC cells. Conclusions Our study comprehensively explored the role of PANoptosis-related molecule CASP2 in HCC, which can provide directions for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Qi Gu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongcheng Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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2
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Tiwari M, Srivastava P, Abbas S, Jegatheesan J, Ranjan A, Sharma S, Maurya VP, Saxena AK, Sharma LK. Emerging Role of Autophagy in Governing Cellular Dormancy, Metabolic Functions, and Therapeutic Responses of Cancer Stem Cells. Cells 2024; 13:447. [PMID: 38474411 DOI: 10.3390/cells13050447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Tumors are composed of heterogeneous populations of dysregulated cells that grow in specialized niches that support their growth and maintain their properties. Tumor heterogeneity and metastasis are among the major hindrances that exist while treating cancer patients, leading to poor clinical outcomes. Although the factors that determine tumor complexity remain largely unknown, several genotypic and phenotypic changes, including DNA mutations and metabolic reprograming provide cancer cells with a survival advantage over host cells and resistance to therapeutics. Furthermore, the presence of a specific population of cells within the tumor mass, commonly known as cancer stem cells (CSCs), is thought to initiate tumor formation, maintenance, resistance, and recurrence. Therefore, these CSCs have been investigated in detail recently as potential targets to treat cancer and prevent recurrence. Understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in CSC proliferation, self-renewal, and dormancy may provide important clues for developing effective therapeutic strategies. Autophagy, a catabolic process, has long been recognized to regulate various physiological and pathological processes. In addition to regulating cancer cells, recent studies have identified a critical role for autophagy in regulating CSC functions. Autophagy is activated under various adverse conditions and promotes cellular maintenance, survival, and even cell death. Thus, it is intriguing to address whether autophagy promotes or inhibits CSC functions and whether autophagy modulation can be used to regulate CSC functions, either alone or in combination. This review describes the roles of autophagy in the regulation of metabolic functions, proliferation and quiescence of CSCs, and its role during therapeutic stress. The review further highlights the autophagy-associated pathways that could be used to regulate CSCs. Overall, the present review will help to rationalize various translational approaches that involve autophagy-mediated modulation of CSCs in controlling cancer progression, metastasis, and recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Tiwari
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Science, Patna 801507, India
| | - Pransu Srivastava
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Biotechnology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Science, Lucknow 226014, India
| | - Sabiya Abbas
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Biotechnology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Science, Lucknow 226014, India
| | - Janani Jegatheesan
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Science, Patna 801507, India
| | - Ashish Ranjan
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Science, Patna 801507, India
| | - Sadhana Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Science, Patna 801507, India
| | - Ved Prakash Maurya
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, India
| | - Ajit Kumar Saxena
- Department of Pathology/Lab Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Science, Patna 801507, India
| | - Lokendra Kumar Sharma
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Biotechnology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Science, Lucknow 226014, India
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3
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Dawar S, Benitez MC, Lim Y, Dite TA, Yousef JM, Thio N, Garciaz S, Jackson TD, Milne JV, Dagley LF, Phillips WA, Kumar S, Clemons NJ. Caspase-2 protects against ferroptotic cell death. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:182. [PMID: 38429264 PMCID: PMC10907636 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06560-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Caspase-2, one of the most evolutionarily conserved members of the caspase family, is an important regulator of the cellular response to oxidative stress. Given that ferroptosis is suppressed by antioxidant defense pathways, such as that involving selenoenzyme glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), we hypothesized that caspase-2 may play a role in regulating ferroptosis. This study provides the first demonstration of an important and unprecedented function of caspase-2 in protecting cancer cells from undergoing ferroptotic cell death. Specifically, we show that depletion of caspase-2 leads to the downregulation of stress response genes including SESN2, HMOX1, SLC7A11, and sensitizes mutant-p53 cancer cells to cell death induced by various ferroptosis-inducing compounds. Importantly, the canonical catalytic activity of caspase-2 is not required for its role and suggests that caspase-2 regulates ferroptosis via non-proteolytic interaction with other proteins. Using an unbiased BioID proteomics screen, we identified novel caspase-2 interacting proteins (including heat shock proteins and co-chaperones) that regulate cellular responses to stress. Finally, we demonstrate that caspase-2 limits chaperone-mediated autophagic degradation of GPX4 to promote the survival of mutant-p53 cancer cells. In conclusion, we document a novel role for caspase-2 as a negative regulator of ferroptosis in cells with mutant p53. Our results provide evidence for a novel function of caspase-2 in cell death regulation and open potential new avenues to exploit ferroptosis in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Dawar
- Division of Cancer Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| | - Mariana C Benitez
- Division of Cancer Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Yoon Lim
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Toby A Dite
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Jumana M Yousef
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Niko Thio
- Division of Cancer Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Sylvain Garciaz
- Division of Cancer Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Thomas D Jackson
- Division of Cancer Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Julia V Milne
- Division of Cancer Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Laura F Dagley
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Wayne A Phillips
- Division of Cancer Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Department of Surgery (St Vincent's Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Sharad Kumar
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Nicholas J Clemons
- Division of Cancer Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
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4
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Li S, Xu B, Luo Y, Luo J, Huang S, Guo X. Autophagy and Apoptosis in Rabies Virus Replication. Cells 2024; 13:183. [PMID: 38247875 PMCID: PMC10814280 DOI: 10.3390/cells13020183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Rabies virus (RABV) is a single-stranded negative-sense RNA virus belonging to the Rhabdoviridae family and Lyssavirus genus, which is highly neurotropic and can infect almost all warm-blooded animals, including humans. Autophagy and apoptosis are two evolutionarily conserved and genetically regulated processes that maintain cellular and organismal homeostasis, respectively. Autophagy recycles unnecessary or dysfunctional intracellular organelles and molecules in a cell, whereas apoptosis eliminates damaged or unwanted cells in an organism. Studies have shown that RABV can induce both autophagy and apoptosis in target cells. To advance our understanding of pathogenesis of rabies, this paper reviews the molecular mechanisms of autophagy and apoptosis induced by RABV and the effects of the two cellular events on RABV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saisai Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (S.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Bowen Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China;
| | - Yongwen Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (S.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Jun Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (S.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Shile Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, USA;
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, USA
- Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (S.L.); (Y.L.)
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Amason ME, Li L, Harvest CK, Lacey CA, Miao EA. Validation of the Intermolecular Disulfide Bond in Caspase-2. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:49. [PMID: 38248479 PMCID: PMC10813798 DOI: 10.3390/biology13010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Caspases are a family of proteins involved in cell death. Although several caspase members have been well characterized, caspase-2 remains enigmatic. Caspase-2 has been implicated in several phenotypes, but there has been no consensus in the field about its upstream activating signals or its downstream protein targets. In addition, the unique ability of caspase-2 to form a disulfide-bonded dimer has not been studied in depth. Herein, we investigate the disulfide bond in the context of inducible dimerization, showing that disulfide bond formation is dimerization dependent. We also explore and review several stimuli published in the caspase-2 field, test ferroptosis-inducing stimuli, and study in vivo infection models. We hypothesize that the disulfide bond will ultimately prove to be essential for the evolved function of caspase-2. Proving this will require the discovery of cell death phenotypes where caspase-2 is definitively essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E. Amason
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Lupeng Li
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Carissa K. Harvest
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Carolyn A. Lacey
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Edward A. Miao
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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6
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Volik PI, Kopeina GS, Zhivotovsky B, Zamaraev AV. Total recall: the role of PIDDosome components in neurodegeneration. Trends Mol Med 2023; 29:996-1013. [PMID: 37716905 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2023.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
The PIDDosome is a multiprotein complex that includes p53-induced protein with a death domain 1 (PIDD1), receptor-interacting protein-associated ICH-1/CED-3 homologous protein with a death domain (RAIDD), and caspase-2, the activation of which is driven by PIDDosome assembly. In addition to the key role of the PIDDosome in the regulation of cell differentiation, tissue homeostasis, and organogenesis and regeneration, caspase-2, RAIDD and PIDD1 engagement in neuronal development was shown. Here, we focus on the involvement of PIDDosome components in neurodegenerative disorders, including retinal neuropathies, different types of brain damage, and Alzheimer's disease (AD), Huntington's disease (HD), and Lewy body disease. We also discuss pathogenic variants of PIDD1, RAIDD, and caspase-2 that are associated with intellectual, behavioral, and psychological abnormalities, together with prospective PIDDosome inhibition strategies and their potential clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel I Volik
- Facuty of Medicine, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, RAS, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Gelina S Kopeina
- Facuty of Medicine, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, RAS, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Boris Zhivotovsky
- Facuty of Medicine, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, RAS, 119991 Moscow, Russia; Division of Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Alexey V Zamaraev
- Facuty of Medicine, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, RAS, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
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7
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Gulia S, Chandra P, Das A. The Prognosis of Cancer Depends on the Interplay of Autophagy, Apoptosis, and Anoikis within the Tumor Microenvironment. Cell Biochem Biophys 2023; 81:621-658. [PMID: 37787970 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-023-01179-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Within the tumor microenvironment, the fight between the immune system and cancer influences tumor transformation. Metastasis formation is an important stage in the progression of cancer. This process is aided by cellular detachment and resistance to anoikis, which are achieved by altering intercellular signaling. Autophagy, specifically pro-survival autophagy, aids cancer cells in developing treatment resistance. Numerous studies have shown that autophagy promotes tumor growth and resistance to anoikis. To regulate protective autophagy, cancer-related genes phosphorylate both pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins. Apoptosis, a type of controlled cell death, eliminates damaged or unwanted cells. Anoikis is a type of programmed cell death in which cells lose contact with the extracellular matrix. The dysregulation of these cellular pathways promotes tumor growth and spread. Apoptosis, anoikis, and autophagy interact meticulously and differently depending on the cellular circumstances. For instance, autophagy can protect cancer cells from apoptosis by removing cellular components that are damaged and might otherwise trigger apoptotic pathways. Similarly, anoikis dysregulation can trigger autophagy by causing cellular harm and metabolic stress. In order to prevent or treat metastatic disease, specifically, targeting these cellular mechanisms may present a promising prospect for cancer therapy. This review discourses the state of our understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying tumor transformation and the establishment of metastatic tumors. To enhance the prognosis for cancer, we highlight and discuss potential therapeutic approaches that target these processes and genes involved in them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Gulia
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Main Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042, India
| | - Prakash Chandra
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Main Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042, India
| | - Asmita Das
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Main Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042, India.
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8
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Sahoo G, Samal D, Khandayataray P, Murthy MK. A Review on Caspases: Key Regulators of Biological Activities and Apoptosis. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:5805-5837. [PMID: 37349620 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03433-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Caspases are proteolytic enzymes that belong to the cysteine protease family and play a crucial role in homeostasis and programmed cell death. Caspases have been broadly classified by their known roles in apoptosis (caspase-3, caspase-6, caspase-7, caspase-8, and caspase-9 in mammals) and in inflammation (caspase-1, caspase-4, caspase-5, and caspase-12 in humans, and caspase-1, caspase-11, and caspase-12 in mice). Caspases involved in apoptosis have been subclassified by their mechanism of action as either initiator caspases (caspase-8 and caspase-9) or executioner caspases (caspase-3, caspase-6, and caspase-7). Caspases that participate in apoptosis are inhibited by proteins known as inhibitors of apoptosis (IAPs). In addition to apoptosis, caspases play a role in necroptosis, pyroptosis, and autophagy, which are non-apoptotic cell death processes. Dysregulation of caspases features prominently in many human diseases, including cancer, autoimmunity, and neurodegenerative disorders, and increasing evidence shows that altering caspase activity can confer therapeutic benefits. This review covers the different types of caspases, their functions, and their physiological and biological activities and roles in different organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayatri Sahoo
- Department of Zoology, PSSJ College, Banarpal, 759128, Odisha, India
| | - Dibyaranjan Samal
- Department of Biotechnology, Academy of Management and Information Technology (AMIT, affiliated to Utkal University), Khurda, 752057, Odisha, India
| | | | - Meesala Krishna Murthy
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, Chitkara School of Health Sciences, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, 140401, India.
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9
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Abruscato G, Chiarelli R, Lazzara V, Punginelli D, Sugár S, Mauro M, Librizzi M, Di Stefano V, Arizza V, Vizzini A, Vazzana M, Luparello C. In Vitro Cytotoxic Effect of Aqueous Extracts from Leaves and Rhizomes of the Seagrass Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile on HepG2 Liver Cancer Cells: Focus on Autophagy and Apoptosis. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12040616. [PMID: 37106816 PMCID: PMC10135731 DOI: 10.3390/biology12040616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous extracts from Posidonia oceanica's green and brown (beached) leaves and rhizomes were prepared, submitted to phenolic compound and proteomic analysis, and examined for their potential cytotoxic effect on HepG2 liver cancer cells in culture. The chosen endpoints related to survival and death were cell viability and locomotory behavior, cell-cycle analysis, apoptosis and autophagy, mitochondrial membrane polarization, and cell redox state. Here, we show that 24 h exposure to both green-leaf- and rhizome-derived extracts decreased tumor cell number in a dose-response manner, with a mean half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) estimated at 83 and 11.5 μg of dry extract/mL, respectively. Exposure to the IC50 of the extracts appeared to inhibit cell motility and long-term cell replicating capacity, with a more pronounced effect exerted by the rhizome-derived preparation. The underlying death-promoting mechanisms identified involved the down-regulation of autophagy, the onset of apoptosis, the decrease in the generation of reactive oxygen species, and the dissipation of mitochondrial transmembrane potential, although, at the molecular level, the two extracts appeared to elicit partially differentiating effects, conceivably due to their diverse composition. In conclusion, P. oceanica extracts merit further investigation to develop novel promising prevention and/or treatment agents, as well as beneficial supplements for the formulation of functional foods and food-packaging material with antioxidant and anticancer properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Abruscato
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Roberto Chiarelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Valentina Lazzara
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Diletta Punginelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Simon Sugár
- MS Proteomics Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Manuela Mauro
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Mariangela Librizzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Vita Di Stefano
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Arizza
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Aiti Vizzini
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Mirella Vazzana
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Claudio Luparello
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
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10
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Zhang M, Li L, Li S, Liu Z, Zhang N, Sun B, Wang Z, Jia D, Liu M, Wang Q. Development of Clioquinol Platinum(IV) Conjugates as Autophagy-Targeted Antimetastatic Agents. J Med Chem 2023; 66:3393-3410. [PMID: 36891739 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
A series of autophagy-targeted antimetastatic clioquinol (CLQ) platinum(IV) conjugates were designed and prepared by incorporating an autophagy activator CLQ into the platinum(IV) system. Complex 5 with the cisplatin core bearing dual CLQ ligands with potent antitumor properties was screened out as a candidate. More importantly, it displayed potent antimetastatic properties both in vitro and in vivo as expected. Mechanism investigation manifested that complex 5 induced serious DNA damage to increase γ-H2AX and P53 expression and caused mitochondria-mediated apoptosis through the Bcl-2/Bax/caspase3 pathway. Then, it promoted prodeath autophagy by suppressing PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling and activating the HIF-1α/Beclin1 pathway. The T-cell immunity was elevated by restraining the PD-L1 expression and subsequently increasing CD3+ and CD8+ T cells. Ultimately, metastasis of tumor cells was suppressed by the synergistic effects of DNA damage, autophagy promotion, and immune activation aroused by CLQ platinum(IV) complexes. Key proteins VEGFA, MMP-9, and CD34 tightly associated with angiogenesis and metastasis were downregulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, P. R. China
| | - Linming Li
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, P. R. China
| | - Suying Li
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, P. R. China
| | - Zhifang Liu
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, P. R. China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, P. R. China
| | - Bin Sun
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, P. R. China
| | - Zhengping Wang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, P. R. China.,Liaocheng High-Tech Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Liaocheng 252059, P. R. China
| | - Dianlong Jia
- School of Pharmacy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, P. R. China
| | - Min Liu
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, P. R. China
| | - Qingpeng Wang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, P. R. China
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11
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Khezri MR, Ghasemnejad-Berenji M. The Role of Caspases in Alzheimer's Disease: Pathophysiology Implications and Pharmacologic Modulation. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 91:71-90. [PMID: 36442198 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder worldwide. Although the main cause of the onset and development of AD is not known yet, neuronal death due to pathologic changes such as amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition, tau aggregation, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and calcium dyshomeostasis are considered to be the main cause. At the present, there is no cure for this insidious disorder. However, accurate identification of molecular changes in AD can help provide new therapeutic goals. Caspases are a group of proteases which are known because of their role in cellular apoptosis. In addition, different caspases are involved in other cellular responses to the environment, such as induction of inflammation. Emerging evidence suggest that these proteases play a central role in AD pathophysiology due to their role in the processing of amyloid-β protein precursor, tau cleavage, and neuroinflammation. Therefore, it seems that targeting caspases may be a suitable therapeutic option to slow the progression of AD. This review focuses on the role of caspases in AD pathophysiology and introduce results from studies targeted caspases in different models of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Morteza Ghasemnejad-Berenji
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.,Research Center for Experimental and Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
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12
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Dhage PA, Sharbidre AA, Magdum SM. Interlacing the relevance of caspase activation in the onset and progression of Alzheimer's disease. Brain Res Bull 2023; 192:83-92. [PMID: 36372374 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Caspases, a family of cysteine proteases is a renowned regulator of apoptosis. Members of this family are responsible for the proteolytic dismantling of numerous cellular structures. Apart from apoptosis, caspases remarkably contribute to a diverse range of molecular processes. Being the imperative members of several cellular cascades their abnormal activation/deactivation has severe implications and also leads to various diseased conditions. Similar aberrant activation of caspases is one of the several causes of neuropathologies associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD), a form of dementia severely affecting neuropsychiatric and cognitive functions. Emerging studies are providing deeper insights into the mechanisms of caspase action in the progression of AD. Current article is an attempt to review these studies and present the action mechanisms of different mammalian caspases in the advancement of AD associated neuropathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajakta A Dhage
- Department of Zoology, K.R.T. Arts, B.H. Commerce and A.M. Science College (KTHM College), Nashik 422002, MS, India.
| | - Archana A Sharbidre
- Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, MS, India.
| | - Sujata M Magdum
- Department of Zoology, K.R.T. Arts, B.H. Commerce and A.M. Science College (KTHM College), Nashik 422002, MS, India.
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13
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Wang X, Xu P, Liu Y, Wang Z, Lenahan C, Fang Y, Lu J, Zheng J, Wang K, Wang W, Zhou J, Chen S, Zhang J. New Insights of Early Brain Injury after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Focus on the Caspase Family. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:392-408. [PMID: 35450528 PMCID: PMC10190145 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666220420115925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), primarily caused by ruptured intracranial aneurysms, remains a prominent clinical challenge with a high rate of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Accumulating clinical trials aiming at the prevention of cerebral vasospasm (CVS) have failed to improve the clinical outcome of patients with SAH. Therefore, a growing number of studies have shifted focus to the pathophysiological changes that occur during the periods of early brain injury (EBI). New pharmacological agents aiming to alleviate EBI have become a promising direction to improve outcomes after SAH. Caspases belong to a family of cysteine proteases with diverse functions involved in maintaining metabolism, autophagy, tissue differentiation, regeneration, and neural development. Increasing evidence shows that caspases play a critical role in brain pathology after SAH. Therefore, caspase regulation could be a potential target for SAH treatment. Herein, we provide an overview pertaining to the current knowledge on the role of caspases in EBI after SAH, and we discuss the promising therapeutic value of caspase-related agents after SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Penglei Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yibo Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zefeng Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Cameron Lenahan
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
- Burrell College of Osteopathic Medicine, Las Cruces, New Mexico
| | - Yuanjian Fang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianan Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingwei Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kaikai Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingyi Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Sheng Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, China
| | - Jianming Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Brain Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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14
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Hlynialuk C, Kemper L, Leinonen-Wright K, Petersen RC, Ashe K, Smith B. Caspase-2 mRNA levels are not elevated in mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, or Lewy Body dementia. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274784. [PMID: 36129947 PMCID: PMC9491574 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Caspase-2 is a member of the caspase family that exhibits both apoptotic and non-apoptotic properties, and has been shown to mediate synaptic deficits in models of several neurological conditions, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Huntington's disease (HD), and Lewy Body dementia (LBD). Our lab previously reported that caspase-2 protein levels are elevated in these diseases, leading us to hypothesize that elevated caspase-2 protein levels are due to increased transcription of caspase-2 mRNA. There are two major isoforms of caspase-2 mRNA, caspase-2L and caspase-2S. We tested our hypothesis by measuring the levels of these mRNA isoforms normalized to levels of RPL13 mRNA, a reference gene that showed no disease-associated changes. Here, we report no increases in caspase-2L mRNA levels in any of the three diseases studied, AD (with mild cognitive impairment (MCI)), HD and LBD, disproving our hypothesis. Caspase-2S mRNA showed a non-significant downward trend in AD. We also analyzed expression levels of SNAP25 and βIII-tubulin mRNA. SNAP25 mRNA was significantly lower in AD and there were downward trends in MCI, LBD, and HD. βIII-tubulin mRNA expression remained unchanged between disease groups and controls. These findings indicate that factors besides transcriptional regulation cause increases in caspase-2 protein levels. The reduction of SNAP25 mRNA expression suggests that presynaptic dysfunction contributes to cognitive deficits in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Hlynialuk
- N. Bud Grossman Center for Memory Research and Care, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Lisa Kemper
- N. Bud Grossman Center for Memory Research and Care, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Kailee Leinonen-Wright
- N. Bud Grossman Center for Memory Research and Care, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Ronald C. Petersen
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Karen Ashe
- N. Bud Grossman Center for Memory Research and Care, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
- Minneapolis VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Smith
- N. Bud Grossman Center for Memory Research and Care, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
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15
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Singh G, Liu P, Yao KR, Strasser JM, Hlynialuk C, Leinonen-Wright K, Teravskis PJ, Choquette JM, Ikramuddin J, Bresinsky M, Nelson KM, Liao D, Ashe KH, Walters MA, Pockes S. Caspase-2 Inhibitor Blocks Tau Truncation and Restores Excitatory Neurotransmission in Neurons Modeling FTDP-17 Tauopathy. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:1549-1557. [PMID: 35522720 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Synaptic and cognitive deficits mediated by a severe reduction in excitatory neurotransmission caused by a disproportionate accumulation of the neuronal protein tau in dendritic spines is a fundamental mechanism that has been found repeatedly in models of tauopathies, including Alzheimer's disease, Lewy body dementia, frontotemporal dementia, and traumatic brain injury. Synapses thus damaged may contribute to dementia, among the most feared cause of debilitation in the elderly, and currently there are no treatments to repair them. Caspase-2 (Casp2) is an essential component of this pathological cascade. Although it is believed that Casp2 exerts its effects by hydrolyzing tau at aspartate-314, forming Δtau314, it is also possible that a noncatalytic mechanism is involved because catalytically dead Casp2 is biologically active in at least one relevant cellular pathway, that is, autophagy. To decipher whether the pathological effects of Casp2 on synaptic function are due to its catalytic or noncatalytic properties, we discovered and characterized a new Casp2 inhibitor, compound 1 [pKi (Casp2) = 8.12], which is 123-fold selective versus Casp3 and >2000-fold selective versus Casp1, Casp6, Casp7, and Casp9. In an in vitro assay based on Casp2-mediated cleavage of tau, compound 1 blocked the production of Δtau314. Importantly, compound 1 prevented tau from accumulating excessively in dendritic spines and rescued excitatory neurotransmission in cultured primary rat hippocampal neurons expressing the P301S tau variant linked to FTDP-17, a familial tauopathy. These results support the further development of small-molecule Casp2 inhibitors to treat synaptic deficits in tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurpreet Singh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Neurology, The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Katherine R. Yao
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Jessica M. Strasser
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Chris Hlynialuk
- Department of Neurology, The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Kailee Leinonen-Wright
- Department of Neurology, The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Peter J. Teravskis
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Jessica M. Choquette
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Junaid Ikramuddin
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Merlin Bresinsky
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kathryn M. Nelson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Dezhi Liao
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Karen H. Ashe
- Department of Neurology, The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, GRECC, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55417, United States
| | - Michael A. Walters
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Steffen Pockes
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Department of Neurology, The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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16
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El-Derany MO, AbdelHamid SG. Upregulation of miR-96-5p by bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and their exosomes alleviate non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: Emphasis on caspase-2 signaling inhibition. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 190:114624. [PMID: 34052187 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) has evolved as the most common and devastating chronic liver disease. This study aimed to explore the underlined mechanism for the therapeutic potentials of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) and their derived exosomes (BM-MSCs-Exo) in an experimental model of high fat diet (HFD) induced NASH. Rats were fed with HFD for 12 weeks. At the seventh week, BM-MSCs were given at a dose of 1x106 cell i.v., per rat. A total of three doses of BM-MSCs were given per each rat in six weeks. BM-MSCs-Exo were given at a dose of 15, 30 and 120 µg/kg i.v., twice per week for six weeks. Perfect homing to the liver was detected. Beneficial effects were reported to BM-MSCs or BM-MSCs-Exo cotreatment; where the highest anti-steatotic effects were attributed to BM-MSCs-Exo (120 µg/kg) showing significant downregulation of fatty acid synthesis (SREB1, 2, ACC), downregulation in lipid uptake (CD36); accompanied by significant upregulation in fatty acid oxidation (PPARα, CPT1). These events were associated with abrogation of hepatic steatosis and ballooning in HFD-induced NASH. BM-MSCs or BM-MSCs-Exo cotreatment exerted significant anti-apoptotic effects mediated by significant decrease in Bax/Bcl2 ratio. Besides, significant increase in mitochondrial mitophagy genes (Parkin, PINK1, ULK1, BNIP3L, ATG5, ATG7, ATG12) were detected in BM-MSCs or BM-MSCs-Exo cotreated groups. These findings are thought to be modulated through upregulation of miRNA-96-5p which leads to downregulation of its downstream target caspase-2. Being a critical player in NASH development, caspase-2 targeting by miRNA-96-5p could be a promising therapeutic modality to treat NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa O El-Derany
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
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17
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The p53-caspase-2 axis in the cell cycle and DNA damage response. Exp Mol Med 2021; 53:517-527. [PMID: 33854186 PMCID: PMC8102494 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-021-00590-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Caspase-2 was discovered almost three decades ago. It was one of the first two mammalian homologs of CED-3, the other being interleukin 1β-converting enzyme (ICE/caspase-1). Despite high similarity with CED-3 and its fly and mammalian counterparts (DRONC and caspase-9, respectively), the function of caspase-2 in apoptosis has remained enigmatic. A number of recent studies suggest that caspase-2 plays an important role in the regulation of p53 in response to cellular stress and DNA damage to prevent the proliferation and accumulation of damaged or aberrant cells. Here, we review these recent observations and their implications in caspase-2-mediated cellular death, senescence, and tumor suppression.
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18
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Kopeina GS, Zhivotovsky B. Caspase-2 as a master regulator of genomic stability. Trends Cell Biol 2021; 31:712-720. [PMID: 33752921 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Genomic instability underlies genesis and the development of various types of cancer. During tumorigenesis, cancer initiating cells assume a set of features, which allow them to survive and proliferate. Different mutations and chromosomal alterations promote a selection of the most aggressive cancer clones that worsen the prognosis of the disease. Despite that caspase-2 was described as a protease fulfilling an initiator and an effector function in apoptosis, it has recently been discovered to play an important role in the maintenance of genomic integrity and normal chromosome configuration. This protein is able to stabilize p53 and affect the level of transcription factors, which activates cell response to oxidative stress. Here we focus on the discussion on the mechanism(s) of how caspase-2 regulates genomic stability and decreases tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gelina S Kopeina
- Faculty of Medicine, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Boris Zhivotovsky
- Faculty of Medicine, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; Division of Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
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19
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Alshaker H, Mills R, Hunter E, Salter M, Ramadass A, Skinner BM, Westra W, Green J, Akoulitchev A, Winkler M, Pchejetski D. Chromatin conformation changes in peripheral blood can detect prostate cancer and stratify disease risk groups. J Transl Med 2021; 19:46. [PMID: 33509203 PMCID: PMC7845038 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-02710-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current diagnostic blood tests for prostate cancer (PCa) are unreliable for the early stage disease, resulting in numerous unnecessary prostate biopsies in men with benign disease and false reassurance of negative biopsies in men with PCa. Predicting the risk of PCa is pivotal for making an informed decision on treatment options as the 5-year survival rate in the low-risk group is more than 95% and most men would benefit from surveillance rather than active treatment. Three-dimensional genome architecture and chromosome structures undergo early changes during tumourigenesis both in tumour and in circulating cells and can serve as a disease biomarker. METHODS In this prospective study we screened whole blood of newly diagnosed, treatment naïve PCa patients (n = 140) and cancer-free controls (n = 96) for the presence of 14,241 chromosomal loops in the loci of 425 genes. RESULTS We have detected specific chromosome conformation changes in the loci of ETS1, MAP3K14, SLC22A3 and CASP2 genes in peripheral blood from PCa patients yielding PCa detection with 80% sensitivity and 80% specificity. Further analysis between PCa risk groups yielded prognostic validation sets consisting of HSD3B2, VEGFC, APAF1, BMP6, ERG, MSR1, MUC1, ACAT1 and DAPK1 genes that achieved 80% sensitivity and 93% specificity stratifying high-risk category 3 vs low risk category 1 and 84% sensitivity and 89% specificity stratifying high risk category 3 vs intermediate risk category 2 disease. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate specific chromosome conformations in the blood of PCa patients that allow PCa diagnosis and risk stratification with high sensitivity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba Alshaker
- School of Medicine, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Robert Mills
- Department of Urology, Norfolk and Norwich NHS Trust, Norwich, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mathias Winkler
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
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20
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Eberhardt W, Haeussler K, Nasrullah U, Pfeilschifter J. Multifaceted Roles of TRIM Proteins in Colorectal Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207532. [PMID: 33066016 PMCID: PMC7590211 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most frequently diagnosed tumor in humans and one of the most common causes of cancer-related death worldwide. The pathogenesis of CRC follows a multistage process which together with somatic gene mutations is mainly attributed to the dysregulation of signaling pathways critically involved in the maintenance of homeostasis of epithelial integrity in the intestine. A growing number of studies has highlighted the critical impact of members of the tripartite motif (TRIM) protein family on most types of human malignancies including CRC. In accordance, abundant expression of many TRIM proteins has been observed in CRC tissues and is frequently correlating with poor survival of patients. Notably, some TRIM members can act as tumor suppressors depending on the context and the type of cancer which has been assessed. Mechanistically, most cancer-related TRIMs have a critical impact on cell cycle control, apoptosis, epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), metastasis, and inflammation mainly through directly interfering with diverse oncogenic signaling pathways. In addition, some recent publications have emphasized the emerging role of some TRIM members to act as transcription factors and RNA-stabilizing factors thus adding a further level of complexity to the pleiotropic biological activities of TRIM proteins. The current review focuses on oncogenic signaling processes targeted by different TRIMs and their particular role in the development of CRC. A better understanding of the crosstalk of TRIMs with these signaling pathways relevant for CRC development is an important prerequisite for the validation of TRIM proteins as novel biomarkers and as potential targets of future therapies for CRC.
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21
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An HK, Chung KM, Park H, Hong J, Gim JE, Choi H, Lee YW, Choi J, Mun JY, Yu SW. CASP9 (caspase 9) is essential for autophagosome maturation through regulation of mitochondrial homeostasis. Autophagy 2019; 16:1598-1617. [DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1695398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Kyu An
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Min Chung
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunhee Park
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyun Hong
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Gim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyosun Choi
- BK21 Plus Program, Department of Senior Healthcare, Graduate School, Eulji University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Won Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Choi
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Young Mun
- Department of Structure and Function of Neural Network, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Woon Yu
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Neurometabolomics Research Center, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Republic of Korea
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22
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Palrasu M, Knapinska AM, Diez J, Smith L, LaVoi T, Giulianotti M, Houghten RA, Fields GB, Minond D. A Novel Probe for Spliceosomal Proteins that Induces Autophagy and Death of Melanoma Cells Reveals New Targets for Melanoma Drug Discovery. Cell Physiol Biochem 2019; 53:656-686. [PMID: 31573152 PMCID: PMC6990463 DOI: 10.33594/000000164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims: Despite recent advances in melanoma drug discovery, the average overall survival of patients with late stage metastatic melanoma is approximately 3 years, suggesting a need for approaches that identify new melanoma targets. We have previously reported a discovery of novel anti-melanoma compound 2155–14 (Onwuha-Ekpete et al., J Med Chem. 2014 Feb 27; 57(4):1599–608). In the report presented herein we aim to identify its target(s) and mechanism of action. Methods: We utilized biotinylated analog of 2155–14 to pull down its targets from melanoma cells. Proteomics in combination with western blot were used to identify the targets. Mechanism of action of 2155–14 was determined using flow cytometry, RT-PCR, microscopy, western blot, and enzymatic activity assays. Where applicable, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used followed by Dunnett post hoc test. Results: In the present study, we identified ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX1 and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) H1, H2 and A2/B1 as targets of anti-melanoma compound 2155–14. To the best of our knowledge, this is a first report suggesting that these proteins could be targeted for melanoma therapy. Mechanistic investigations showed that 2155–14 induces ER stress leading to potentiation of basal autophagy resulting in melanoma cell death in BRAF and NRAS mutated melanoma cells. Conclusion: Identification of mode of action of 2155–14 may provide insight into novel therapies against a broad range of melanoma subtypes. These studies were enabled by the novel probe derived from a mixture-based library, an important class of chemical biology tools for discovering novel targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manikandan Palrasu
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Anna M Knapinska
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Juan Diez
- Rumbaugh-Goodwin Institute for Cancer Research, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Lyndsay Smith
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Travis LaVoi
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port St. Lucie, FL, USA
| | - Marc Giulianotti
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port St. Lucie, FL, USA
| | | | - Gregg B Fields
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Dmitriy Minond
- Rumbaugh-Goodwin Institute for Cancer Research, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA.,Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Allopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA,
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23
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Zhao H, Sun Z, Ma Y, Song R, Yuan Y, Bian J, Gu J, Liu Z. Antiosteoclastic bone resorption activity of osteoprotegerin via enhanced AKT/mTOR/ULK1-mediated autophagic pathway. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:3002-3012. [PMID: 31535378 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy plays a critical role in the maintenance of bone homeostasis. Osteoprotegerin (OPG) is an inhibitor of osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. However, whether autophagy is involved in the antiosteoclastogenic effects of OPG remains unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the potential mechanism of autophagy during OPG-induced bone resorption via inhibition of osteoclasts differentiated from bone marrow-derived macrophages in BALB/c mice. The results showed that after treatment with receptor activator of nuclear factor-κΒ ligand and macrophage colony-stimulating factor for 3 days, TRAP+ osteoclasts formed, representing the resting state of autophagy. These osteoclasts were treated with OPG and underwent autophagy, as demonstrated by LC3-II accumulation, acidic vesicular organelle formation, and the presence of autophagosomes. The levels of autophagy-related proteins, LC3-II increased and P62 decreased at 3 hr in OPG-treated osteoclasts. The viability, differentiation, and bone resorption activity of osteoclasts declined after OPG treatment. Treatment with OPG and chloroquine, an autophagy inhibitor, attenuated OPG-induced inhibition of osteoclastic bone resorption, whereas rapamycin (RAP), an autophagy inducer, enhanced OPG-induced inhibition of differentiation, survival, and bone resorption activity of osteoclasts. Furthermore, OPG reduced the amount of phosphorylated(p) protein kinase B (AKT) and pmTOR and increased the level of pULK, in a dose-dependant manner. LY294002, a phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway inhibitor, attenuated the decline in pAKT, but enhanced the decline in pmTOR and the increase in pULK1 following OPG treatment. RAP enhanced the OPG-induced increase in pULK1. The PI3K inhibitor 3-methyladenine partly blocked OPG-induced autophagy. Thus, the results revealed that OPG inhibits osteoclast bone resorption by inducing autophagy via the AKT/mTOR/ULK1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ziqiang Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yonggang Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ruilong Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianchun Bian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianhong Gu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zongping Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
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24
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Inhibition of Caspase-2 Translation by the mRNA Binding Protein HuR: A Novel Path of Therapy Resistance in Colon Carcinoma Cells? Cells 2019; 8:cells8080797. [PMID: 31366165 PMCID: PMC6721497 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
An increased expression and cytoplasmic abundance of the ubiquitous RNA binding protein human antigen R (HuR) is critically implicated in the dysregulated control of post- transcriptional gene expression during colorectal cancer development and is frequently associated with a high grade of malignancy and therapy resistance. Regardless of the fact that HuR elicits a broad cell survival program by increasing the stability of mRNAs coding for prominent anti-apoptotic factors, recent data suggest that HuR is critically involved in the regulation of translation, particularly, in the internal ribosome entry site (IRES) controlled translation of cell death regulatory proteins. Accordingly, data from human colon carcinoma cells revealed that HuR maintains constitutively reduced protein and activity levels of caspase-2 through negative interference with IRES-mediated translation. This review covers recent advances in the understanding of mechanisms underlying HuR's modulatory activity on IRES-triggered translation. With respect to the unique regulatory features of caspase-2 and its multiple roles (e.g., in DNA-damage-induced apoptosis, cell cycle regulation and maintenance of genomic stability), the pathophysiological consequences of negative caspase-2 regulation by HuR and its impact on therapy resistance of colorectal cancers will be discussed in detail. The negative HuR-caspase-2 axis may offer a novel target for tumor sensitizing therapies.
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25
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Dang JW, Tiwari SK, Qin Y, Rana TM. Genome-wide Integrative Analysis of Zika-Virus-Infected Neuronal Stem Cells Reveals Roles for MicroRNAs in Cell Cycle and Stemness. Cell Rep 2019; 27:3618-3628.e5. [PMID: 31216479 PMCID: PMC6687627 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection is implicated in severe fetal developmental disorders, including microcephaly. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) post-transcriptionally regulate numerous processes associated with viral infection and neurodegeneration, but their contribution to ZIKV pathogenesis is unclear. We analyzed the mRNA and miRNA transcriptomes of human neuronal stem cells (hNSCs) during infection with ZIKV MR766 and Paraiba strains. Integration of the miRNA and mRNA expression data into regulatory interaction networks showed that ZIKV infection resulted in miRNA-mediated repression of genes regulating the cell cycle, stem cell maintenance, and neurogenesis. Bioinformatics analysis of Argonaute-bound RNAs in ZIKV-infected hNSCs identified a number of miRNAs with predicted involvement in microcephaly, including miR-124-3p, which dysregulates NSC maintenance through repression of the transferrin receptor (TFRC). Consistent with this, ZIKV infection upregulated miR-124-3p and downregulated TFRC mRNA in ZIKV-infected hNSCs and mouse brain tissue. These data provide insights into the roles of miRNAs in ZIKV pathogenesis, particularly the microcephaly phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason W Dang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0762, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Division of Genetics, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0762, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0412, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Shashi Kant Tiwari
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0762, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Division of Genetics, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0762, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yue Qin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0762, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Division of Genetics, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0762, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0419, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Tariq M Rana
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0762, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Division of Genetics, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0762, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Program in Immunology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0762, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0762, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0762, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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26
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Potent and selective caspase-2 inhibitor prevents MDM-2 cleavage in reversine-treated colon cancer cells. Cell Death Differ 2019; 26:2695-2709. [PMID: 30976094 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-019-0329-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Most caspases can be positioned unambiguously within the regulated cell death networks of apoptosis and pyroptosis, but the role of caspase-2, a highly conserved protease within the family, remains enigmatic. This is mainly due to lack of selective chemical and biochemical tools for the investigation of this protease. In this study, we used our hybrid combinatorial substrate library (HyCoSuL) approach to broadly profile caspase-2 substrate specificity using peptide scanning libraries. This screen uncovered previously unknown caspase-2 peptidyl substrate preferences, which were further used to develop caspase-2 selective fluorogenic substrates and covalent, irreversible AOMK inhibitors. Finally, we used the champion inhibitor (NH-23-C2) in reversine-treated HCT-116 colon cancer cells to selectively block caspase-2 activity and caspase-2-mediated MDM-2 cleavage. In addition, we showed that NH-23-C2 does not block caspase-3 or caspase-8, which makes it a powerful chemical tool to dissect the true role of caspase-2 in various biological setups.
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27
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Zhang R, Zhou W, Yu Z, Yang L, Liu G, Yu H, Zhou Q, Min Z, Zhang C, Wu Q, Hu XM, Yuan Q. miR-1247-3p mediates apoptosis of cerebral neurons by targeting caspase-2 in stroke. Brain Res 2019; 1714:18-26. [PMID: 30779911 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Brain stroke is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. We explored a potential stroke-related role for a newly found microRNA, miR-1247-3p, and one of its target genes, caspase-2, predicted by TargetScanVert. In the present study, we found that miR-1247-3p was downregulated during ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) and that LV-miR-1247-3p overexpression attenuated brain impairment induced by I/R. Similar results were observed in neuro2a (N2a) cells treated with oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R). Caspase-2 was upregulated in the I/R and OGD/R model, while Z-VDVAD-FMK - the inhibitor of caspase-2-inhibited apoptosis of N2a cells induced by OGD/R. An miR-1247-3p mimic inhibited caspase-2 expression and attenuated apoptosis of N2a cells induced by OGD/R. Myocardin-related transcription factor-A (MRTF-A) overexpression upregulated miR-1247 and mature miR-1247-3p levels and attenuated apoptosis induced by OGD/R, whereas its anti-apoptotic function could be blocked by a miR-1247-3p inhibitor. Hence, we conclude that miR-1247-3p may protect cells during brain stroke. This study offers insights for the development of effective therapeutics for promoting the survival of cerebral neurons during brain I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhang
- New Drug Innovation and Development Institute, Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China; Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine and School of Engineering, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Weipin Zhou
- New Drug Innovation and Development Institute, Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zhijun Yu
- New Drug Innovation and Development Institute, Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Ling Yang
- New Drug Innovation and Development Institute, Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Guangqi Liu
- New Drug Innovation and Development Institute, Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Haotian Yu
- New Drug Innovation and Development Institute, Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Qianyi Zhou
- New Drug Innovation and Development Institute, Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zhenli Min
- New Drug Innovation and Development Institute, Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Chunxiang Zhang
- New Drug Innovation and Development Institute, Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China; Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine and School of Engineering, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Qingming Wu
- New Drug Innovation and Development Institute, Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xia-Min Hu
- College of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Qiong Yuan
- New Drug Innovation and Development Institute, Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China; Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine and School of Engineering, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China.
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28
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Sharma LK, Tiwari M, Rai NK, Bai Y. Mitophagy activation repairs Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy-associated mitochondrial dysfunction and improves cell survival. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 28:422-433. [PMID: 30304398 PMCID: PMC6489411 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is a classical mitochondrial disease caused by mutations in the mitochondrial DNA encoding complex I subunits. Oxidative stress associated with complex I defect has been implicated in developing LHON phenotype such as retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death and loss of vision. However, the mechanism of LHON pathogenesis is still not very clear and thus no effective therapies are available to date. Using cybrid models for LHON, we show that autophagy is significantly compromised in cells carrying LHON-specific mtDNA mutations, which results in reduced clearance of dysfunctional mitochondria contributing to cell death. We further show that pharmacological activation of autophagy selectively clears the damaged mitochondria and thus repairs mitochondrial defects and improves overall cell survival in LHON cell models. Our results suggest that compromised autophagy is the missing link from oxidative stress to LHON pathogenesis. Activation of mitophagy ameliorates mitochondrial defects and exerts a protective role by improving cell survival in cells carrying LHON mutations that could be utilized as a potential therapeutic target for LHON treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokendra Kumar Sharma
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Biotechnology, Centre for Biological Sciences, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, Bihar, India
| | - Meenakshi Tiwari
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Pathology / Lab Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences-Patna, Phulwarisharif, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Neeraj Kumar Rai
- Department of Biotechnology, Centre for Biological Sciences, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, Bihar, India
| | - Yidong Bai
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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29
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Egorshina AY, Zamaraev AV, Lavrik IN, Zhivotovsky BD, Kopeina GS. Caspase-2 as an Oncosupressor and Metabolism Regulator: What Life Will Bring over the Long Run? Mol Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893318050060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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30
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Till Death Do Us Part: The Marriage of Autophagy and Apoptosis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:4701275. [PMID: 29854084 PMCID: PMC5964578 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4701275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a widely conserved catabolic process that is necessary for maintaining cellular homeostasis under normal physiological conditions and driving the cell to switch back to this status quo under times of starvation, hypoxia, and oxidative stress. The potential similarities and differences between basal autophagy and stimulus-induced autophagy are still largely unknown. Both act by clearing aberrant or unnecessary cytoplasmic material, such as misfolded proteins, supernumerary and defective organelles. The relationship between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and autophagy is complex. Cellular ROS is predominantly derived from mitochondria. Autophagy is triggered by this event, and by clearing the defective organelles effectively, it lowers cellular ROS thereby restoring cellular homeostasis. However, if cellular homeostasis cannot be reached, the cells can switch back and choose a regulated cell death response. Intriguingly, the autophagic and cell death machines both respond to the same stresses and share key regulatory proteins, suggesting that the pathways are intricately connected. Here, the intersection between autophagy and apoptosis is discussed with a particular focus on the role ROS plays.
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31
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Chen D, Chen J, Guo Y, Li Y. Cinobufacini promotes apoptosis of bladder cancer cells by influencing the expression of autophagy-related genes. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:7104-7110. [PMID: 29725433 PMCID: PMC5920381 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of cinobufacini on apoptosis of human bladder cancer T24 cells and the expression of autophagy-related genes and proteins were studied. The human bladder cancer T24 cells were selected, and the inhibitory effect of cinobufacini on the proliferation of human bladder cancer cells was detected by cell viability assay. Flow cytometry and Hoechst staining were used to detect the changes in the apoptosis of bladder cancer cells after being treated with cinobufacini; the changes in the expression levels of human bladder cancer cell apoptosis-related genes and proteins, cleaved caspase-3, Bax, B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) and autophagy-related genes and proteins, p62, light chain 3 (LC3) and autophagy-related protein 7 (Atg7) after treatment with cinobufacini were detected by western blot analysis and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The results showed that 0.1 mg/ml cinobufacini significantly inhibited the proliferation of human bladder cancer cells cultured in vitro (P<0.01), and it was dose- and time-dependent. Both flow cytometry and Hoechst staining showed that cinobufacini promoted the apoptosis of cells (P<0.01), and the level of cell apoptosis increased with the increase of drug concentration. Both western blot analysis and RT-PCR showed that cinobufacini could decrease the expression level of Bcl-2 in T24 cells (P<0.01), increase the expression levels of Bax and cleaved caspase-3 (P<0.01), increase the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 (P<0.01), upregulate the expression level of the angiotensin-related protein p62 (P<0.01), reduce the ratio of LC3-II/I (P<0.01) and decrease the expression level of Atg7 (P<0.01). After treatment with rapamycin, the expression levels of Bcl-2, Bax, cleaved caspase-3, autophagy-related genes and proteins, p62, LC3-II/I and Atg7 were similar to those in the control group. Cinobufacini can inhibit the autophagy activation of bladder cancer cells, thus promoting apoptosis of bladder cancer T24 cells and inhibiting the proliferation of T24 cells, which may provide a theoretical basis for the development of new anti-bladder cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Chen
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362000, P.R. China
| | - Junyi Chen
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362000, P.R. China
| | - Yihong Guo
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362000, P.R. China
| | - Yining Li
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362000, P.R. China
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32
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Forsberg J, Li X, Akpinar B, Salvatori R, Ott M, Zhivotovsky B, Olsson M. A caspase-2-RFXANK interaction and its implication for MHC class II expression. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:80. [PMID: 29362422 PMCID: PMC5833739 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0144-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite recent achievements implicating caspase-2 in tumor suppression, the enzyme stands out from the apoptotic caspase family as a factor whose function requires further clarification. To specify enzyme characteristics through the definition of interacting proteins in apoptotic or non-apoptotic settings, a yeast 2-hybrid (Y2H) screen was performed using the full-length protein as bait. The current report describes the analysis of a captured prey and putative novel caspase-2 interacting factor, the regulatory factor X-associated ankyrin-containing protein (RFXANK), previously associated with CIITA, the transactivator regulating cell-type specificity and inducibility of MHC class II gene expression. The interaction between caspase-2 and RFXANK was verified by co-immunoprecipitations using both exogenous and endogenous proteins, where the latter approach suggested that binding of the components occurs in the cytoplasm. Cellular co-localization was confirmed by transfection of fluorescently conjugated proteins. Enhanced caspase-2 processing in RFXANK-overexpressing HEK293T cells treated with chemotherapeutic agents further supported Y2H data. Yet, no distinct differences with respect to MHC class II expression were observed in plasma membranes of antigen-presenting cells derived from wild type and caspase-2-/- mice. In contrast, increased levels of the total MHC class II protein was evident in protein lysates from caspase-2 RNAi-silenced leukemia cell lines and B-cells isolated from gene-targeted mice. Together, these data identify a novel caspase-2-interacting factor, RFXANK, and indicate a potential non-apoptotic role for the enzyme in the control of MHC class II gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Forsberg
- Division of Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xinge Li
- Division of Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Birce Akpinar
- Division of Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roger Salvatori
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Ott
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Boris Zhivotovsky
- Division of Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Magnus Olsson
- Division of Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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33
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Forsberg J, Zhivotovsky B, Olsson M. Caspase-2: an orphan enzyme out of the shadows. Oncogene 2017; 36:5441-5444. [PMID: 28581521 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Caspase-2 has been embodied as an initiator or executioner protease in diverse apoptotic scenarios. However, accumulating evidence is challenging this view, pertaining to its true role. The enzyme's catalytic activity is currently implicated in various functions required for correct cell proliferation, such as counteracting genomic instability, as well as suppressing tumorigenesis. Here, apart from summarizing the latest observations in caspase-2-related research, we make an attempt to reconcile these findings and discuss their implications for future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Forsberg
- Division of Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - B Zhivotovsky
- Division of Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - M Olsson
- Division of Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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34
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Tsapras P, Nezis IP. Caspase involvement in autophagy. Cell Death Differ 2017; 24:1369-1379. [PMID: 28574508 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2017.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Caspases are a family of cysteine proteases widely known as the principal mediators of the apoptotic cell death response, but considerably less so as the contributors to the regulation of pathways outside cellular demise. In regards to autophagy, the modulatory roles of caspases have only recently begun to be adequately described. In contrast to apoptosis, autophagy promotes cell survival by providing energy and nutrients through the lysosomal degradation of cytoplasmic constituents. Under basal conditions autophagy and apoptosis cross-regulate each other through an elaborate network of interconnections which also includes the interplay between autophagy-related proteins (ATGs) and caspases. In this review we focus on the effects of this crosstalk at the cellular level, as we aim to concentrate the main observations from research conducted so far on the fine-tuning of autophagy by caspases. Several members of this protease-family have been found to directly interact with key ATGs involved in different tiers across the autophagic cascade. Therefore, we firstly outline the core mechanism of macroautophagy in brief. In an effort to emphasize the importance of the intricate cross-regulation of ATGs and caspases, we also present examples of autophagy's contribution to apoptotic cell death during development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ioannis P Nezis
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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Millan MJ. Linking deregulation of non-coding RNA to the core pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease: An integrative review. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 156:1-68. [PMID: 28322921 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The human genome encodes a vast repertoire of protein non-coding RNAs (ncRNA), some specific to the brain. MicroRNAs, which interfere with the translation of target mRNAs, are of particular interest since their deregulation has been implicated in neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, it remains challenging to link the complex body of observations on miRNAs and AD into a coherent framework. Using extensive graphical support, this article discusses how a diverse panoply of miRNAs convergently and divergently impact (and are impacted by) core pathophysiological processes underlying AD: neuroinflammation and oxidative stress; aberrant generation of β-amyloid-42 (Aβ42); anomalies in the production, cleavage and post-translational marking of Tau; impaired clearance of Aβ42 and Tau; perturbation of axonal organisation; disruption of synaptic plasticity; endoplasmic reticulum stress and the unfolded protein response; mitochondrial dysfunction; aberrant induction of cell cycle re-entry; and apoptotic loss of neurons. Intriguingly, some classes of miRNA provoke these cellular anomalies, whereas others act in a counter-regulatory, protective mode. Moreover, changes in levels of certain species of miRNA are a consequence of the above-mentioned anomalies. In addition to miRNAs, circular RNAs, piRNAs, long non-coding RNAs and other types of ncRNA are being increasingly implicated in AD. Overall, a complex mesh of deregulated and multi-tasking ncRNAs reciprocally interacts with core pathophysiological mechanisms underlying AD. Alterations in ncRNAs can be detected in CSF and the circulation as well as the brain and are showing promise as biomarkers, with the ultimate goal clinical exploitation as targets for novel modes of symptomatic and course-altering therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Millan
- Centre for Therapeutic Innovation in Neuropsychiatry, institut de recherche Servier, 125 chemin de ronde, 78290 Croissy sur Seine, France.
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Badawi A, Hehlgans S, Pfeilschifter J, Rödel F, Eberhardt W. Silencing of the mRNA-binding protein HuR increases the sensitivity of colorectal cancer cells to ionizing radiation through upregulation of caspase-2. Cancer Lett 2017; 393:103-112. [PMID: 28219770 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Increased abundance of the mRNA-binding protein human antigen R (HuR) is a characteristic feature of many cancers and frequently associated with a high grade malignancy and therapy resistance. HuR elicits a broad cell survival program mainly by stabilizing or increasing the translation of mRNAs coding for anti-apoptotic effector proteins. Conversally, we previously identified the pro-apoptotic caspase-2 as a novel HuR target which is mainly regulated at the level of translation. In this study, we investigated whether siRNA-mediated HuR knockdown interferes with cell survival and radiation sensitivity by monitoring apoptosis, DNA repair and three-dimensional (3D) clonogenic survival. We observed a significant elevation in caspase-2 upon HuR depletion and in turn, a sensitization of colorectal DLD-1 and HCT-15 cells to radiation-induced apoptosis as implicated by the dose-dependent elevation of sub-G1 phase cell entry and increased caspase-2, -3 and poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP)-cleavage, respectively. Coincidentally, HuR deficiency significantly elevated the number of radiation-induced γH2AX/53BP1-positive foci indicating an increase in DNA damage. Accordingly, the irradiation-dependent reduction in clonogenic cell survival was further impaired after knockdown of HuR. Importantly, HuR knockdown remained ineffective to radiation-induced cell responses after additional knockdown of caspase-2. Furthermore, by using RNA-pull down assay we demonstrate that irradiation (6 Gy) robustly increased HuR binding to caspase-2 mRNA. Collectively, sensitization of colon carcinoma cells to radiation-induced cell death and DNA-damage by HuR knockdown critically depends on caspase-2 and may represent a valuable approach to intervene with therapy resistance of colorectal cancer (CRC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amel Badawi
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, University of Frankfurt, Medical School, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Stephanie Hehlgans
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Josef Pfeilschifter
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, University of Frankfurt, Medical School, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Franz Rödel
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Eberhardt
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, University of Frankfurt, Medical School, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
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The Journey of the Autophagosome through Mammalian Cell Organelles and Membranes. J Mol Biol 2017; 429:497-514. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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38
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Liu J, Wang H, Gu J, Deng T, Yuan Z, Hu B, Xu Y, Yan Y, Zan J, Liao M, DiCaprio E, Li J, Su S, Zhou J. BECN1-dependent CASP2 incomplete autophagy induction by binding to rabies virus phosphoprotein. Autophagy 2017; 13:739-753. [PMID: 28129024 PMCID: PMC5388250 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2017.1280220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an essential component of host immunity and used by viruses for survival. However, the autophagy signaling pathways involved in virus replication are poorly documented. Here, we observed that rabies virus (RABV) infection triggered intracellular autophagosome accumulation and results in incomplete autophagy by inhibiting autophagy flux. Subsequently, we found that RABV infection induced the reduction of CASP2/caspase 2 and the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-AKT-MTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin) and AMPK-MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) pathways. Further investigation revealed that BECN1/Beclin 1 binding to viral phosphoprotein (P) induced an incomplete autophagy via activating the pathways CASP2-AMPK-AKT-MTOR and CASP2-AMPK-MAPK by decreasing CASP2. Taken together, our data first reveals a crosstalk of BECN1 and CASP2-dependent autophagy pathways by RABV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Liu
- a Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Hailong Wang
- a Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Jinyan Gu
- b Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , China
| | - Tingjuan Deng
- a Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Zhuangchuan Yuan
- a Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Boli Hu
- b Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , China
| | - Yunbin Xu
- a Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Yan Yan
- a Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China.,c Collaborative Innovation Center and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Jie Zan
- a Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Min Liao
- a Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China.,c Collaborative Innovation Center and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Erin DiCaprio
- d Department of Veterinary Biosciences , College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University , Columbus , OH , USA
| | - Jianrong Li
- d Department of Veterinary Biosciences , College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University , Columbus , OH , USA
| | - Shuo Su
- b Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , China
| | - Jiyong Zhou
- a Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China.,c Collaborative Innovation Center and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
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Miles M, Kitevska-Ilioski T, Hawkins C. Old and Novel Functions of Caspase-2. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 332:155-212. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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40
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Caspase-2 cleavage of tau reversibly impairs memory. Nat Med 2016; 22:1268-1276. [PMID: 27723722 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other tauopathies, the tau protein forms fibrils, which are believed to be neurotoxic. However, fibrillar tau has been dissociated from neuron death and network dysfunction, suggesting the involvement of nonfibrillar species. Here we describe a novel pathological process in which caspase-2 cleavage of tau at Asp314 impairs cognitive and synaptic function in animal and cellular models of tauopathies by promoting the missorting of tau to dendritic spines. The truncation product, Δtau314, resists fibrillation and is present at higher levels in brains from cognitively impaired mice and humans with AD. The expression of tau mutants that resisted caspase-2 cleavage prevented tau from infiltrating spines, dislocating glutamate receptors and impairing synaptic function in cultured neurons, and it prevented memory deficits and neurodegeneration in mice. Decreasing the levels of caspase-2 restored long-term memory in mice that had existing deficits. Our results suggest an overall treatment strategy for re-establishing synaptic function and restoring memory in patients with AD by preventing tau from accumulating in dendritic spines.
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Shao Y, Li C, Zhang W, Duan X, Li Y, Jin C, Xiong J, Qiu Q. Molecular cloning and characterization of four caspases members in Apostichopus japonicus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 55:203-211. [PMID: 27245866 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The caspase family representing aspartate-specific cysteine proteases have been demonstrated to possess key roles in apoptosis and immune response. We previously demonstrated that LPS challenged Apostichopus japonicus coelomocyte could significantly induced apoptosis in vitro. However, apoptosis related molecules were scarcely investigated in this economic species. In the present work, we cloned and characterized four members caspase family from A. japonicus (designated as Ajcaspase-2, Ajcaspase-3, Ajcaspase-6, and Ajcaspase-8, respectively) by RACE. Multiple sequence alignment and structural analysis revealed that all Ajcaspases contained the conservative CASC domain at C terminal, in which some unique features for each Ajcaspase made them different from each other. These specific domains together with phylogenetic analysis supported that all these four identified proteins belonged to novel members of apoptotic signaling pathway in sea cucumber. Tissue distribution analysis revealed that four Ajcaspase genes were constitutively expressed in all examined tissues. The expression of Ajcaspase-2 was tightly correlated with that of Ajcaspase-8 in each detected tissues. Ajcaspase-3 and Ajcaspase-6 transcripts were both highly expressed in immune tissue of coelomocytes. Furthermore, the Vibrio splendidus challenged sea cucumber coelomocytes could significantly up-regulate the mRNA expressions of four genes. The expression levels of Ajcaspase-2 and Ajcaspase-8 were relative earlier than those of Ajcaspase-6 and Ajcaspase-3, respectively, which could be inferred that Ajcapase-2 might directly modulate Ajcaspase-6, and Ajcaspase-8 initiate the expression of Ajcaspase-3. The induce expressions differed among each Ajcaspase depending upon their roles such as initiator or effector caspase. All our results demonstrated that four Ajcaspases present diversified functions in apoptotic cascade signaling pathway of sea cucumber under immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yina Shao
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, PR China
| | - Chenghua Li
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, PR China.
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, PR China
| | - Xuemei Duan
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, PR China
| | - Ye Li
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, PR China
| | - Chunhua Jin
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, PR China
| | - Jinbo Xiong
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, PR China
| | - Qiongfen Qiu
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, PR China
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Abstract
Autophagy constitutes a prominent mechanism through which eukaryotic cells preserve homeostasis in baseline conditions and in response to perturbations of the intracellular or extracellular microenvironment. Autophagic responses can be relatively non-selective or target a specific subcellular compartment. At least in part, this depends on the balance between the availability of autophagic substrates ("offer") and the cellular need of autophagic products or functions for adaptation ("demand"). Irrespective of cargo specificity, adaptive autophagy relies on a panel of sensors that detect potentially dangerous cues and convert them into signals that are ultimately relayed to the autophagic machinery. Here, we summarize the molecular systems through which specific subcellular compartments-including the nucleus, mitochondria, plasma membrane, reticular apparatus, and cytosol-convert homeostatic perturbations into an increased offer of autophagic substrates or an accrued cellular demand for autophagic products or functions.
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Li M, Gao P, Zhang J. Crosstalk between Autophagy and Apoptosis: Potential and Emerging Therapeutic Targets for Cardiac Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:332. [PMID: 26950124 PMCID: PMC4813194 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17030332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a cell survival process which is related to breaking down and reusing cytoplasm components. Moreover, autophagy regulates cell death under certain conditions. Apoptosis has the characteristics of chromatin agglutination and the shrinking of nuclear and apoptosis body form. Even if the mechanisms of autophagy and apoptosis have differences, some proteins modulate both autophagy and apoptosis. Crosstalk between them exists. This review highlights recent advances in the interaction of autophagy and apoptosis and its importance in the development of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China.
| | - Ping Gao
- Department of Medical Imaging, Urumqi General Hospital of Lanzhou Military Area Command, Urumqi 830000, China.
| | - Junping Zhang
- Department of cardiology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medcine, Tianjin 300192, China.
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Sex-specific alterations in glucose homeostasis and metabolic parameters during ageing of caspase-2-deficient mice. Cell Death Discov 2016; 2:16009. [PMID: 27551503 PMCID: PMC4979492 DOI: 10.1038/cddiscovery.2016.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Gender-specific differences are commonly found in metabolic pathways and in response to nutritional manipulation. Previously, we identified a role for caspase-2 in age-related glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism using male caspase-2-deficient (Casp2−/−) mice. Here we show that the resistance to age-induced glucose tolerance does not occur in female Casp2−/− mice and it appears to be independent of insulin sensitivity in males. Using fasting (18 h) as a means to further investigate the role of caspase-2 in energy and lipid metabolism, we identified sex-specific differences in the fasting response and lipid mobilization. In aged (18–22 months) male Casp2−/− mice, a significant decrease in fasting liver mass, but not total body weight, was observed while in females, total body weight, but not liver mass, was reduced when compared with wild-type (WT) animals. Fasting-induced lipolysis of adipose tissue was enhanced in male Casp2−/− mice as indicated by a significant reduction in white adipocyte cell size, and increased serum-free fatty acids. In females, white adipocyte cell size was significantly smaller in both fed and fasted Casp2−/− mice. No difference in fasting-induced hepatosteatosis was observed in the absence of caspase-2. Further analysis of white adipose tissue (WAT) indicated that female Casp2−/− mice may have enhanced fatty acid recycling and metabolism with expression of genes involved in glyceroneogenesis and fatty acid oxidation increased. Loss of Casp2 also increased fasting-induced autophagy in both male and female liver and in female skeletal muscle. Our observations suggest that caspase-2 can regulate glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism in a tissue and sex-specific manner.
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Machado MV, Michelotti GA, Jewell ML, Pereira TA, Xie G, Premont RT, Diehl AM. Caspase-2 promotes obesity, the metabolic syndrome and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2096. [PMID: 26890135 PMCID: PMC5399190 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and its resulting metabolic disturbances are major health threats. In response to energy surplus, overtaxed adipocytes release fatty acids and pro-inflammatory factors into the circulation, promoting organ fat accumulation (including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease), insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome. Recently, caspase-2 was linked to lipoapoptosis, so we hypothesized that caspase-2 might be a critical determinant of metabolic syndrome pathogenesis. Caspase-2-deficient and wild-type mice were fed a Western diet (high-fat diet, enriched with saturated fatty acids and 0.2% cholesterol, supplemented with fructose and glucose in the drinking water) for 16 weeks. Metabolic and hepatic outcomes were evaluated. In vitro studies assessed the role of caspase-2 in adipose tissue proliferative properties and susceptibility for lipoapoptosis. Caspase-2-deficient mice fed a Western diet were protected from abdominal fat deposition, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia and hepatic steatosis. Adipose tissue in caspase-2-deficient mice was more proliferative, upregulated mitochondrial uncoupling proteins consistent with browning, and was resistant to cell hypertrophy and cell death. The liver was protected from steatohepatitis through a decrease in circulating fatty acids and more efficient hepatic fat metabolism, and from fibrosis as a consequence of reduced fibrogenic stimuli from fewer lipotoxic hepatocytes. Caspase-2 deficiency protected mice from diet-induced obesity, metabolic syndrome and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Further studies are necessary to assess caspase-2 as a therapeutic target for those conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Machado
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,Gastroenterology Department, Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - G A Michelotti
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - M L Jewell
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - T A Pereira
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - G Xie
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - R T Premont
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - A M Diehl
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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Ye S, Gao Y, Wang S, Li Q, Li R, Li H. Characterization and expression analysis of a caspase-2 in an invertebrate echinoderm sea cumber Apostichopus japonicus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 48:266-272. [PMID: 26687532 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Caspase-2 is the most evolutionarily conserved member of the caspase family which mediates the programmed cell death and plays crucial roles in key cellular processes. In this study, a caspase-2 homolog was identified and functionally characterized in sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus, which we named AjCASP. The full-length cDNA consists of 2100 bp with an ORF encoding a protein of 378 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence shows that AjCASP consists of a conserved CARD-CASP2 domain and a CASs domain containing two active residues, two proteolytic cleavage residues, a substrate pocket and a dimer interface as well. In addition, a p20 large subunit with a characteristic five-peptide motif (QACRG) and a p10 small subunit in C-terminal were identified in CASs domain. Above data demonstrated that AjCASP is similar to CED-3 (the caspase-2 homolog of nematode Caenorhabditis elegans), which is further confirmed by phylogenetic tree analysis. AjCASP was ubiquitously expressed in sea cucumber and the obviously higher expression level was observed in coelomocyte, respiratory tree and intestine. Real-time PCR analyses further demonstrated that AjCASP was significantly induced by LPS. Taken together, these results strongly suggest that AjCASP is a caspase-2 homolog and it may be involved in invertebrate immune response, especially in eliminating and degrading invading pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Hua Li
- Dalian Ocean University, China.
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BOLKENT Ş, ÖZTAY F, GEZGİNCİ OKTAYOĞLU S, SANCAR BAŞ S, KARATUĞ A. A matter of regeneration and repair: caspases as the key molecules. Turk J Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.3906/biy-1507-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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48
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Inflammasome, mTORC1 activation, and metabolic derangement contribute to the susceptibility of diabetics to infections. Med Hypotheses 2015; 85:997-1001. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2015.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Abstract
Apoptosis and autophagy are both highly regulated biological processes that have important roles in development, differentiation, homeostasis, and disease. These processes may take place independently, with autophagy being cytoprotective for preventing cells from apoptosis and apoptosis blocking autophagy. But in most circumstances, both may be induced sequentially with autophagy preceding apoptosis. The simultaneous activation of both processes has been observed not only in experimental settings but also in pathophysiological conditions. In fact, these two pathways are tightly connected with each other by substantial interplays between them, enabling the coordinated regulation of cell fates by these two pathways. They share some common upstream signaling components, and some components of one pathway may play important roles in the other, and vice versa. Such proteins represent the critical interconnections of the two pathways, which seem to determine the cell for survival or death. Here several critical molecular interconnections between apoptosis and autophagy pathways are reviewed, with their action mechanisms being highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao-Xiang Zhao
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
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50
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Zhang M, Harashima N, Moritani T, Huang W, Harada M. The Roles of ROS and Caspases in TRAIL-Induced Apoptosis and Necroptosis in Human Pancreatic Cancer Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127386. [PMID: 26000607 PMCID: PMC4441514 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Death signaling provided by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) can induce death in cancer cells with little cytotoxicity to normal cells; this cell death has been thought to involve caspase-dependent apoptosis. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are also mediators that induce cell death, but their roles in TRAIL-induced apoptosis have not been elucidated fully. In the current study, we investigated ROS and caspases in human pancreatic cancer cells undergoing two different types of TRAIL-induced cell death, apoptosis and necroptosis. TRAIL treatment increased ROS in two TRAIL-sensitive pancreatic cancer cell lines, MiaPaCa-2 and BxPC-3, but ROS were involved in TRAIL-induced apoptosis only in MiaPaCa-2 cells. Unexpectedly, inhibition of ROS by either N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), a peroxide inhibitor, or Tempol, a superoxide inhibitor, increased the annexin V-/propidium iodide (PI)+ early necrotic population in TRAIL-treated cells. Additionally, both necrostatin-1, an inhibitor of receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIP1), and siRNA-mediated knockdown of RIP3 decreased the annexin V-/PI+ early necrotic population after TRAIL treatment. Furthermore, an increase in early apoptosis was induced in TRAIL-treated cancer cells under inhibition of either caspase-2 or -9. Caspase-2 worked upstream of caspase-9, and no crosstalk was observed between ROS and caspase-2/-9 in TRAIL-treated cells. Together, these results indicate that ROS contribute to TRAIL-induced apoptosis in MiaPaCa-2 cells, and that ROS play an inhibitory role in TRAIL-induced necroptosis of MiaPaCa-2 and BxPC-3 cells, with caspase-2 and -9 playing regulatory roles in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ningxia Medical University, Shengli Street, Yinchuan, China
- Department of Immunology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumi, Shimane, Japan
| | - Nanae Harashima
- Department of Immunology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumi, Shimane, Japan
| | - Tamami Moritani
- Department of Immunology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumi, Shimane, Japan
| | - Weidong Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ningxia Medical University, Shengli Street, Yinchuan, China
| | - Mamoru Harada
- Department of Immunology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumi, Shimane, Japan
- * E-mail:
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