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Ding X, Gao X, Ren A, Xu J, Jiang X, Liang X, Xie K, Zhou Y, Hu C, Huang D. Sevoflurane enhances autophagy via Rac1 to attenuate lung ischaemia‒reperfusion injury. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 397:111078. [PMID: 38815668 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2024.111078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Sevoflurane can attenuate lung ischaemia‒reperfusion injury (LIRI). However, the protective mechanism is unclear. In this study, we developed a LIRI model in vivo that animals (SD, n = 15) were subjected to the administration of 2.2 % sevoflurane 30 min before the onset of left pulmonary artery clamping for 45 min, which was then followed by 60 min of reperfusion treatment. Then, transcriptome sequencing was used to analyse lung tissues. Autophagy inhibition (3-MA) and Rac1-overexpression transfection plasmids were used in BEAS-2B cells, and BEAS-2B cells were subjected to hypoxia reoxygenation (H/R) and sevoflurane treatment. In both animal tissue and cells, inflammatory cytokines and apoptotic and autophagy molecules were measured by quantitative real-time PCR, western blotting and immunostaining. As a result, decreased arterial partial oxygen and damage to the histological structure of lung tissues were observed in LIRI model rats, and these effects were reversed by sevoflurane treatment. Activation of inflammation (elevated IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) and apoptosis (elevated cleaved caspase3/caspase3 and Bax, degraded expression of Bcl2) and inhibition of autophagy (elevated P62, degraded expression of Beclin1 and LC3-II/LC3I) in the model group were ameliorated by sevoflurane. Transcriptome sequencing indicated that the PI3K/Akt pathway regulated by Rac1 plays an important role in LIRI. Furthermore, overexpression of Rac1 in a cell line inhibited the protective effect of sevoflurane in LIRI. Autophagy inhibition (3-MA) also prevented the protective effect of sevoflurane on inflammation and apoptosis. As shown in the present study, sevoflurane enhances autophagy via Rac1/PI3K/AKT signalling to attenuate lung ischaemia‒reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Ding
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214000, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 350001, China
| | - Aolin Ren
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Jiangnan University Medical Center, Wuxi No.2 People's Hospital, 214002, China
| | - Jingjing Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 214023, China
| | - Xuliang Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 200030, China
| | - Xiao Liang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Jiangnan University Medical Center, Wuxi No.2 People's Hospital, 214002, China
| | - Kangjie Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Research Center for Neuro-Oncology Interaction, Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 214023, China
| | - Chunxiao Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 214023, China
| | - Dongxiao Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Jiangnan University Medical Center, Wuxi No.2 People's Hospital, 214002, China.
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McMann E, Gorski SM. Last but not least: emerging roles of the autophagy-related protein ATG4D. Autophagy 2024. [PMID: 38920354 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2024.2369436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The evolutionarily conserved ATG4 cysteine proteases regulate macroautophagy/autophagy through the priming and deconjugation of the Atg8-family proteins. In mammals there are four ATG4 family members (ATG4A, ATG4B, ATG4C, ATG4D) but ATG4D has been relatively understudied. Heightened interest in ATG4D has been stimulated by recent links to human disease. Notably, genetic variations in human ATG4D were implicated in a heritable neurodevelopmental disorder. Genetic analyses in dogs, along with loss-of-function zebrafish and mouse models, further support a neuroprotective role for ATG4D. Here we discuss the evidence connecting ATG4D to neurological diseases and other pathologies and summarize its roles in both autophagy-dependent and autophagy-independent cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily McMann
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre at BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC
- Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Sharon M Gorski
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre at BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC
- Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- 2Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
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Lee ZY, Lee WH, Lim JS, Ali AAA, Loo JSE, Wibowo A, Mohammat MF, Foo JB. Golgi apparatus targeted therapy in cancer: Are we there yet? Life Sci 2024:122868. [PMID: 38936604 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Membrane trafficking within the Golgi apparatus plays a pivotal role in the intracellular transportation of lipids and proteins. Dysregulation of this process can give rise to various pathological manifestations, including cancer. Exploiting Golgi defects, cancer cells capitalise on aberrant membrane trafficking to facilitate signal transduction, proliferation, invasion, immune modulation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Despite the identification of several molecular signalling pathways associated with Golgi abnormalities, there remains a lack of approved drugs specifically targeting cancer cells through the manipulation of the Golgi apparatus. In the initial section of this comprehensive review, the focus is directed towards delineating the abnormal Golgi genes and proteins implicated in carcinogenesis. Subsequently, a thorough examination is conducted on the impact of these variations on Golgi function, encompassing aspects such as vesicular trafficking, glycosylation, autophagy, oxidative mechanisms, and pH alterations. Lastly, the review provides a current update on promising Golgi apparatus-targeted inhibitors undergoing preclinical and/or clinical trials, offering insights into their potential as therapeutic interventions. Significantly more effort is required to advance these potential inhibitors to benefit patients in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Yang Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wen Hwei Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jing Sheng Lim
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Afiqah Ali Ajmel Ali
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jason Siau Ee Loo
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia; Digital Health and Medical Advancements Impact Lab, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Agustono Wibowo
- Faculty of Applied Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Pahang, Jengka Campus, 26400 Bandar Tun Abdul Razak Jengka, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Fazli Mohammat
- Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Institute of Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jhi Biau Foo
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia; Digital Health and Medical Advancements Impact Lab, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
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4
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Huang SE, Hsu JH, Shiau BW, Liu YC, Wu BN, Dai ZK, Liu CP, Yeh JL. Optimizing myocardial cell protection with xanthine derivative KMUP-3 potentiates autophagy through the PI3K/Akt/eNOS axis. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2024; 134:818-832. [PMID: 38583870 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.14007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autophagy can have either beneficial or detrimental effects on various heart diseases. Pharmacological interventions improve cardiac function, which is correlated with enhanced autophagy. To assess whether a xanthine derivative (KMUP-3) treatment coincides with enhanced autophagy while also providing cardio-protection, we investigated the hypothesis that KMUP-3 treatment activation of autophagy through PI3K/Akt/eNOS signalling offered cardioprotective properties. METHODS The pro-autophagic effect of KMUP-3 was performed in a neonatal rat model targeting cardiac fibroblasts and cardiomyocytes, and by assessing the impact of KMUP-3 treatment on cardiotoxicity, we used antimycin A-induced cardiomyocytes. RESULTS As determined by transmission electron microscopy observation, KMUP-3 enhanced autophagosome formation in cardiac fibroblasts. Furthermore, KMUP-3 significantly increased the expressions of autophagy-related proteins, LC3 and Beclin-1, both in a time- and dose-dependent manner; moreover, the pro-autophagy and nitric oxide enhancement effects of KMUP-3 were abolished by inhibitors targeting eNOS and PI3K in cardiac fibroblasts and cardiomyocytes. Notably, KMUP-3 ameliorated cytotoxic effects induced by antimycin A, demonstrating its protective autophagic response. CONCLUSION These findings enable the core pathway of PI3K/Akt/eNOS axis in KMUP-3-enhanced autophagy activation and suggest its principal role in safeguarding against cardiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-En Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jong-Hau Hsu
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Wen Shiau
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ching Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Bin-Nan Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Zen-Kong Dai
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | | | - Jwu-Lai Yeh
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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5
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Nähse V, Stenmark H, Schink KO. Omegasomes control formation, expansion, and closure of autophagosomes. Bioessays 2024; 46:e2400038. [PMID: 38724256 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202400038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Autophagy, an essential cellular process for maintaining cellular homeostasis and eliminating harmful cytoplasmic objects, involves the de novo formation of double-membraned autophagosomes that engulf and degrade cellular debris, protein aggregates, damaged organelles, and pathogens. Central to this process is the phagophore, which forms from donor membranes rich in lipids synthesized at various cellular sites, including the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which has emerged as a primary source. The ER-associated omegasomes, characterized by their distinctive omega-shaped structure and accumulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI3P), play a pivotal role in autophagosome formation. Omegasomes are thought to serve as platforms for phagophore assembly by recruiting essential proteins such as DFCP1/ZFYVE1 and facilitating lipid transfer to expand the phagophore. Despite the critical importance of phagophore biogenesis, many aspects remain poorly understood, particularly the complete range of proteins involved in omegasome dynamics, and the detailed mechanisms of lipid transfer and membrane contact site formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola Nähse
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Harald Stenmark
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kay O Schink
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Eickhorst C, Babic R, Rush-Kittle J, Lucya L, Imam FL, Sánchez-Martín P, Hollenstein DM, Michaelis J, Münch C, Meisinger C, Slade D, Gámez-Díaz L, Kraft C. FIP200 Phosphorylation Regulates Late Steps in Mitophagy. J Mol Biol 2024:168631. [PMID: 38821350 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2024.168631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Mitophagy is a specific type of autophagy responsible for the selective elimination of dysfunctional or superfluous mitochondria, ensuring the maintenance of mitochondrial quality control. The initiation of mitophagy is coordinated by the ULK1 kinase complex, which engages mitophagy receptors via its FIP200 subunit. Whether FIP200 performs additional functions in the subsequent later phases of mitophagy beyond this initial step and how its regulation occurs, remains unclear. Our findings reveal that multiple phosphorylation events on FIP200 differentially control the early and late stages of mitophagy. Furthermore, these phosphorylation events influence FIP200's interaction with ATG16L1. In summary, our results highlight the necessity for precise and dynamic regulation of FIP200, underscoring its importance in the progression of mitophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Eickhorst
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Riccardo Babic
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jorrell Rush-Kittle
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Leon Lucya
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Fatimah Lami Imam
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Pablo Sánchez-Martín
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - David M Hollenstein
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Department for Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Vienna, Center for Molecular Biology, Vienna Biocenter Campus (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030 Vienna, Austria; Mass Spectrometry Facility, Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter Campus (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 7, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jonas Michaelis
- Institute of Molecular Systems Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christian Münch
- Institute of Molecular Systems Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Chris Meisinger
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; CIBSS - Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dea Slade
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Laura Gámez-Díaz
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; CIBSS - Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Claudine Kraft
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; CIBSS - Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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Tang J, Fang D, Zhong J, Li M. Missing WD40 Repeats in ATG16L1 Delays Canonical Autophagy and Inhibits Noncanonical Autophagy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4493. [PMID: 38674078 PMCID: PMC11050548 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Canonical autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved process that forms double-membrane structures and mediates the degradation of long-lived proteins (LLPs). Noncanonical autophagy (NCA) is an important alternative pathway involving the formation of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3)-positive structures that are independent of partial core autophagy proteins. NCA has been defined by the conjugation of ATG8s to single membranes (CASM). During canonical autophagy and NCA/CASM, LC3 undergoes a lipidation modification, and ATG16L1 is a crucial protein in this process. Previous studies have reported that the WDR domain of ATG16L1 is not necessary for canonical autophagy. However, our study found that WDR domain deficiency significantly impaired LLP degradation in basal conditions and slowed down LC3-II accumulation in canonical autophagy. We further demonstrated that the observed effect was due to a reduced interaction between ATG16L1 and FIP200/WIPI2, without affecting lysosome function or fusion. Furthermore, we also found that the WDR domain of ATG16L1 is crucial for chemical-induced NCA/CASM. The results showed that removing the WDR domain or introducing the K490A mutation in ATG16L1 significantly inhibited the NCA/CASM, which interrupted the V-ATPase-ATG16L1 axis. In conclusion, this study highlights the significance of the WDR domain of ATG16L1 for both canonical autophagy and NCA functions, improving our understanding of its role in autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuge Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Dongmei Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jialing Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Kinnart I, Manders L, Heyninck T, Imberechts D, Praschberger R, Schoovaerts N, Verfaillie C, Verstreken P, Vandenberghe W. Elevated α-synuclein levels inhibit mitophagic flux. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2024; 10:80. [PMID: 38594264 PMCID: PMC11004019 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-024-00696-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The pathogenic effect of SNCA gene multiplications indicates that elevation of wild-type α-synuclein levels is sufficient to cause Parkinson's disease (PD). Mitochondria have been proposed to be a major target of α-synuclein-induced damage. PINK1/parkin/DJ-1-mediated mitophagy is a defense strategy that allows cells to selectively eliminate severely damaged mitochondria. Here, we quantified mitophagic flux and non-mitochondrial autophagic flux in three models of increased α-synuclein expression: 1/Drosophila melanogaster that transgenically express human wild-type and mutant α-synuclein in flight muscle; 2/human skin fibroblasts transfected with α-synuclein or β-synuclein; and 3/human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neurons carrying an extra copy of wild-type SNCA under control of a doxycycline-inducible promoter, allowing titratable α-synuclein upregulation. In each model, elevated α-synuclein levels potently suppressed mitophagic flux, while non-mitochondrial autophagy was preserved. In human neurons, a twofold increase in wild-type α-synuclein was already sufficient to induce this effect. PINK1 and parkin activation and mitochondrial translocation of DJ-1 after mitochondrial depolarization were not affected by α-synuclein upregulation. Overexpression of the actin-severing protein cofilin or treatment with CK666, an inhibitor of the actin-related protein 2/3 (Arp2/3) complex, rescued mitophagy in neurons with increased α-synuclein, suggesting that excessive actin network stabilization mediated the mitophagy defect. In conclusion, elevated α-synuclein levels inhibit mitophagic flux. Disruption of actin dynamics may play a key role in this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge Kinnart
- Department of Neurosciences, Laboratory for Parkinson Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Liselot Manders
- Department of Neurosciences, Laboratory for Parkinson Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thibaut Heyninck
- Department of Neurosciences, Laboratory for Parkinson Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dorien Imberechts
- Department of Neurosciences, Laboratory for Parkinson Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Roman Praschberger
- Department of Neurosciences, Laboratory for Neuronal Communication, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nils Schoovaerts
- Department of Neurosciences, Laboratory for Neuronal Communication, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Patrik Verstreken
- Department of Neurosciences, Laboratory for Neuronal Communication, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim Vandenberghe
- Department of Neurosciences, Laboratory for Parkinson Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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9
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Li C, Lin X, Su J. HSP90B1 regulates autophagy via PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling, mediating HNSC biological behaviors. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17028. [PMID: 38590708 PMCID: PMC11000640 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Autophagy, a crucial cellular mechanism, facilitates the degradation and removal of misfolded proteins and impaired organelles. Recent research has increasingly highlighted the intimate connection between autophagy and heat shock proteins (HSPs) in the context of tumor development. However, the specific role and underlying mechanisms of heat shock protein 90 beta family member 1 (HSP90B1) in modulating autophagy within head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) remain elusive. Methods Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), Western blot (WB), immunohistochemistry (IHC) were used to detect the expression in HNSC cell lines and tissues. The relationship between HSP90B1 and clinicopathologic features was explored based on TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas) data and IHC results. The biological functions of HSP90B1 were analyzed through in vitro and in vivo models to evaluate proliferation, migration, invasion, and autophagy. The mechanisms of HSP90B1 were studied using bioinformatics and WB. Results HSP90B1 was upregulated in HNSC cells and tissues. High HSP90B1 levels were associated with T-stage, M-stage, clinical stage, and poor prognosis in HNSC patients. Functionally, HSP90B1 promotes HNSC cell proliferation, migration, invasion and inhibits apoptosis. We discovered that HSP90B1 obstructs autophagy and advances HNSC progression through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Conclusion Our study demonstrates that HSP90B1 is highly expressed in HNSC. Furthermore, HSP90B1 may regulate autophagy through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, mediating HNSC cell biological behaviors. These provide new insights into potential biomarkers and targets for HNSC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xiaoyu Lin
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jiping Su
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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10
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Ding WX, Ma X, Kim S, Wang S, Ni HM. Recent insights about autophagy in pancreatitis. EGASTROENTEROLOGY 2024; 2:e100057. [PMID: 38770349 PMCID: PMC11104508 DOI: 10.1136/egastro-2023-100057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis is a common inflammatory gastrointestinal disease without any successful treatment. Pancreatic exocrine acinar cells have high rates of protein synthesis to produce and secrete large amounts of digestive enzymes. When the regulation of organelle and protein homeostasis is disrupted, it can lead to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, damage to the mitochondria and improper intracellular trypsinogen activation, ultimately resulting in acinar cell damage and the onset of pancreatitis. To balance the homeostasis of organelles and adapt to protect themselves from organelle stress, cells use protective mechanisms such as autophagy. In the mouse pancreas, defective basal autophagy disrupts ER homoeostasis, leading to ER stress and trypsinogen activation, resulting in spontaneous pancreatitis. In this review, we discuss the regulation of autophagy and its physiological role in maintaining acinar cell homeostasis and function. We also summarise the current understanding of the mechanisms and the role of defective autophagy at multiple stages in experimental pancreatitis induced by cerulein or alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Xing Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Xiaowen Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Sydney Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Shaogui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Hong-Min Ni
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
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11
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Ke PY. Molecular Mechanism of Autophagosome-Lysosome Fusion in Mammalian Cells. Cells 2024; 13:500. [PMID: 38534345 DOI: 10.3390/cells13060500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotes, targeting intracellular components for lysosomal degradation by autophagy represents a catabolic process that evolutionarily regulates cellular homeostasis. The successful completion of autophagy initiates the engulfment of cytoplasmic materials within double-membrane autophagosomes and subsequent delivery to autolysosomes for degradation by acidic proteases. The formation of autolysosomes relies on the precise fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes. In recent decades, numerous studies have provided insights into the molecular regulation of autophagosome-lysosome fusion. In this review, an overview of the molecules that function in the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes is provided. Moreover, the molecular mechanism underlying how these functional molecules regulate autophagosome-lysosome fusion is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Yuan Ke
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
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12
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Zhang C, Ma Y, Zhao Y, Guo N, Han C, Wu Q, Mu C, Zhang Y, Tan S, Zhang J, Liu X. Systematic review of melatonin in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury: critical role and therapeutic opportunities. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1356112. [PMID: 38375039 PMCID: PMC10875093 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1356112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is the predominant causes for the poor prognosis of ischemic stroke patients after reperfusion therapy. Currently, potent therapeutic interventions for cerebral I/R injury are still very limited. Melatonin, an endogenous hormone, was found to be valid in preventing I/R injury in a variety of organs. However, a systematic review covering all neuroprotective effects of melatonin in cerebral I/R injury has not been reported yet. Thus, we perform a comprehensive overview of the influence of melatonin on cerebral I/R injury by collecting all available literature exploring the latent effect of melatonin on cerebral I/R injury as well as ischemic stroke. In this systematic review, we outline the extensive scientific studies and summarize the beneficial functions of melatonin, including reducing infarct volume, decreasing brain edema, improving neurological functions and attenuating blood-brain barrier breakdown, as well as its key protective mechanisms on almost every aspect of cerebral I/R injury, including inhibiting oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, apoptosis, excessive autophagy, glutamate excitotoxicity and mitochondrial dysfunction. Subsequently, we also review the predictive and therapeutic implications of melatonin on ischemic stroke reported in clinical studies. We hope that our systematic review can provide the most comprehensive introduction of current advancements on melatonin in cerebral I/R injury and new insights into personalized diagnosis and treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenguang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yumei Ma
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yating Zhao
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Na Guo
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Chen Han
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Qian Wu
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Changqing Mu
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Shutong Tan
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xu Liu
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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13
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Kundu S, Sarkar S, Acharya Chowdhury A. Anti-Leukemic Attributes of Natural Compounds Targeting Autophagy: A Closer Look into the Molecular Mechanisms. Nutr Cancer 2024; 76:236-251. [PMID: 38263604 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2024.2306682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Leukemia is a heterogeneous clonal cancer that affects millions of individuals around the world. Despite substantial breakthroughs in cancer treatment, traditional chemotherapy and radiotherapy remain ineffective, and therapeutic resistance still stands as a big obstacle. As a result, there is an increasing attention being paid currently toward the potency of natural compounds as a complementary or alternative therapy for leukemia. Autophagy, a conserved cellular process where damaged or defective cytosolic components and macromolecules are destroyed and recycled, plays a dual role in promoting or suppressing the continuance of cancer at different junctures of its development. Current studies have reported that autophagy has a cardinal function in the genesis and progression of leukemia, making it a promising target for novel treatments. In this review, we have explored the effectiveness of certain natural compounds, such as curcumin, resveratrol, tanshinone IIA, quercetin, tetrandrine, parthenolide, berberine, pristimerin, and alantolactone, that modulate autophagy and regulate its associated signaling cascades at a molecular level in different types of leukemia. They have been shown to have synergistic effects with conventional chemotherapy, emphasizing their potential as supplementary medicines. However, additional research is required to fully comprehend their mechanisms of action and to maximize their role in clinical perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sweta Kundu
- Department of Biosciences, JIS University, Kolkata, India
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14
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Germain K, So RWL, DiGiovanni LF, Watts JC, Bandsma RHJ, Kim PK. Upregulated pexophagy limits the capacity of selective autophagy. Nat Commun 2024; 15:375. [PMID: 38195640 PMCID: PMC10776696 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44005-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Selective autophagy is an essential process to maintain cellular homeostasis through the constant recycling of damaged or superfluous components. Over a dozen selective autophagy pathways mediate the degradation of diverse cellular substrates, but whether these pathways can influence one another remains unknown. We address this question using pexophagy, the autophagic degradation of peroxisomes, as a model. We show in cells that upregulated pexophagy impairs the selective autophagy of both mitochondria and protein aggregates by exhausting the autophagy initiation factor, ULK1. We confirm this finding in cell models of the pexophagy-mediated form of Zellweger Spectrum Disorder, a disease characterized by peroxisome dysfunction. Further, we extend the generalizability of limited selective autophagy by determining that increased protein aggregate degradation reciprocally reduces pexophagy using cell models of Parkinson's Disease and Huntington's Disease. Our findings suggest that the degradative capacity of selective autophagy can become limited by an increase in one substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyla Germain
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Raphaella W L So
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Toronto, ON, M5T 0S8, Canada
| | - Laura F DiGiovanni
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Joel C Watts
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Toronto, ON, M5T 0S8, Canada
| | - Robert H J Bandsma
- Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada.
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S1A8, Canada.
| | - Peter K Kim
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.
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15
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Sakai Y, Takahashi S, Koyama-Honda I, Saito C, Mizushima N. Experimental determination and mathematical modeling of standard shapes of forming autophagosomes. Nat Commun 2024; 15:91. [PMID: 38167876 PMCID: PMC10762205 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44442-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The formation of autophagosomes involves dynamic morphological changes of a phagophore from a flat membrane cisterna into a cup-shaped intermediate and a spherical autophagosome. However, the physical mechanism behind these morphological changes remains elusive. Here, we determine the average shapes of phagophores by statistically investigating three-dimensional electron micrographs of more than 100 phagophores. The results show that the cup-shaped structures adopt a characteristic morphology; they are longitudinally elongated, and the rim is catenoidal with an outwardly recurved shape. To understand these characteristic shapes, we establish a theoretical model of the shape of entire phagophores. The model quantitatively reproduces the average morphology and reveals that the characteristic shape of phagophores is primarily determined by the relative size of the open rim to the total surface area. These results suggest that the seemingly complex morphological changes during autophagosome formation follow a stable path determined by elastic bending energy minimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Sakai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
- Department of Biosystems Science, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
- Interdisciplinary Theoretical and Mathematical Sciences (iTHEMS) Program, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Ikuko Koyama-Honda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Chieko Saito
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Noboru Mizushima
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
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16
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Tooze SA, Zhang W, Lazzeri G, Gahlot D, Thukral L, Covino R, Nishimura T. Membrane association of the ATG8 conjugation machinery emerges as a key regulatory feature for autophagosome biogenesis. FEBS Lett 2024; 598:107-113. [PMID: 37259601 PMCID: PMC10952647 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved intracellular pathway that is essential for survival in all eukaryotes. In healthy cells, autophagy is used to remove damaged intracellular components, which can be as simple as unfolded proteins or as complex as whole mitochondria. Once the damaged component is captured, the autophagosome engulfs it and closes, isolating the content from the cytoplasm. The autophagosome then fuses with the late endosome and/or lysosome to deliver its content to the lysosome for degradation. Formation of the autophagosome, sequestration or capture of content, and closure all require the ATG proteins, which constitute the essential core autophagy protein machinery. This brief 'nutshell' will highlight recent data revealing the importance of small membrane-associated domains in the ATG proteins. In particular, recent findings from two parallel studies reveal the unexpected key role of α-helical structures in the ATG8 conjugation machinery and ATG8s. These studies illustrate how unique membrane association modules can control the formation of autophagosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon A. Tooze
- Molecular Cell Biology of Autophagy LaboratoryThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUK
| | - Wenxin Zhang
- Molecular Cell Biology of Autophagy LaboratoryThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUK
| | | | - Deepanshi Gahlot
- CSIR‐Institute of Genomics and Integrative BiologyNew DelhiIndia
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)GhaziabadIndia
| | - Lipi Thukral
- CSIR‐Institute of Genomics and Integrative BiologyNew DelhiIndia
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)GhaziabadIndia
| | | | - Taki Nishimura
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology AgencyTokyoJapan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoJapan
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17
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Nguyen A, Faesen AC. The role of the HORMA domain proteins ATG13 and ATG101 in initiating autophagosome biogenesis. FEBS Lett 2024; 598:114-126. [PMID: 37567770 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a process of regulated degradation. It eliminates damaged and unnecessary cellular components by engulfing them with a de novo-generated organelle: the double-membrane autophagosome. The past three decades have provided us with a detailed parts list of the autophagy initiation machinery, have developed important insights into how these processes function and have identified regulatory proteins. It is now clear that autophagosome biogenesis requires the timely assembly of a complex machinery. However, it is unclear how a putative stable machine is assembled and disassembled and how the different parts cooperate to perform its overall function. Although they have long been somewhat enigmatic in their precise role, HORMA domain proteins (first identified in Hop1p, Rev7p and MAD2 proteins) autophagy-related protein 13 (ATG13) and ATG101 of the ULK-kinase complex have emerged as important coordinators of the autophagy-initiating subcomplexes. Here, we will particularly focus on ATG13 and ATG101 and the role of their unusual metamorphosis in initiating autophagosome biogenesis. We will also explore how this metamorphosis could potentially be purposefully rate-limiting and speculate on how it could regulate the spontaneous self-assembly of the autophagy-initiating machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Nguyen
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Signal Dynamics, Max-Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alex C Faesen
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Signal Dynamics, Max-Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
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18
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Liao Z, Liu X, Fan D, Sun X, Zhang Z, Wu P. Autophagy-mediated nanomaterials for tumor therapy. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1194524. [PMID: 38192627 PMCID: PMC10773885 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1194524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a lysosomal self-degradation pathway that plays an important protective role in maintaining intracellular environment. Deregulation of autophagy is related to several diseases, including cancer, infection, neurodegeneration, aging, and heart disease. In this review, we will summarize recent advances in autophagy-mediated nanomaterials for tumor therapy. Firstly, the autophagy signaling pathway for tumor therapy will be reviewed, including oxidative stress, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling and autophagy-associated genes pathway. Based on that, many autophagy-mediated nanomaterials have been developed and applied in tumor therapy. According to the different structure of nanomaterials, we will review and evaluate these autophagy-mediated nanomaterials' therapeutic efficacy and potential clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijian Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Targeting Oncology, National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Targeting Oncology, National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Dianfa Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Targeting Oncology, National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xingjun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Targeting Oncology, National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhikun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Targeting Oncology, National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Pan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Targeting Oncology, National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- School of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
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19
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Puri C, Gratian MJ, Rubinsztein DC. Mammalian autophagosomes form from finger-like phagophores. Dev Cell 2023; 58:2746-2760.e5. [PMID: 37683632 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
The sequence of morphological intermediates that leads to mammalian autophagosome formation and closure is a crucial yet poorly understood issue. Previous studies have shown that yeast autophagosomes evolve from cup-shaped phagophores with only one closure point, and mammalian studies have inferred that mammalian phagophores also have single openings. Our superresolution microscopy studies in different human cell lines in conditions of basal and nutrient-deprivation-induced autophagy identified autophagosome precursors with multifocal origins that evolved into unexpected finger-like phagophores with multiple openings before becoming more spherical structures. Compatible phagophore structures were observed with whole-mount and conventional electron microscopy. This sequence of events was visualized using advanced SIM2 superresolution live microscopy. The finger-shaped phagophore apertures remained open when ESCRT function was compromised. The efficient closure of autophagic structures is important for their release from the recycling endosome. This has important implications for understanding how autophagosomes form and capture various cargoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Puri
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, The Keith Peters Building Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Matthew J Gratian
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - David C Rubinsztein
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, The Keith Peters Building Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK.
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20
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Martin KR, Celano SL, Sheldon RD, Jones RG, MacKeigan JP. Quantitative Analysis of Autophagy in Single Cells: Differential Response to Amino Acid and Glucose Starvation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.01.569679. [PMID: 38077042 PMCID: PMC10705537 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.01.569679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved, intracellular recycling process by which cytoplasmic contents are degraded in the lysosome. This process occurs at a low level constitutively; however, it is induced robustly in response to stressors, in particular, starvation of critical nutrients such as amino acids and glucose. That said, the relative contribution of these inputs is ambiguous and many starvation medias are poorly defined or devoid of multiple nutrients. Here, we sought to generate a quantitative catalog of autophagy across multiple stages and in single, living cells under normal growth conditions as well as in media starved specifically of amino acids or glucose. We found that autophagy is induced by starvation of amino acids, but not glucose, in U2OS cells, and that MTORC1-mediated ULK1 regulation and autophagy are tightly linked to amino acid levels. While autophagy is engaged immediately during amino acid starvation, a heightened response occurs during a period marked by transcriptional upregulation of autophagy genes during sustained starvation. Finally, we demonstrated that cells immediately return to their initial, low-autophagy state when nutrients are restored, highlighting the dynamic relationship between autophagy and environmental conditions. In addition to sharing our findings here, we provide our data as a high-quality resource for others interested in mathematical modeling or otherwise exploring autophagy in individual cells across a population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie R. Martin
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Stephanie L. Celano
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Ryan D. Sheldon
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Russell G. Jones
- Department of Metabolism and Nutritional Programming, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Jeffrey P. MacKeigan
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
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21
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Ye J, Zhang J, Zhu Y, Wang L, Jiang X, Liu B, He G. Targeting autophagy and beyond: Deconvoluting the complexity of Beclin-1 from biological function to cancer therapy. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:4688-4714. [PMID: 38045051 PMCID: PMC10692397 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Beclin-1 is the firstly-identified mammalian protein of the autophagy machinery, which functions as a molecular scaffold for the assembly of PI3KC3 (class III phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase) complex, thus controlling autophagy induction and other cellular trafficking events. Notably, there is mounting evidence establishing the implications of Beclin-1 in diverse tumorigenesis processes, including tumor suppression and progression as well as resistance to cancer therapeutics and CSC (cancer stem-like cell) maintenance. More importantly, Beclin-1 has been confirmed as a potential target for the treatment of multiple cancers. In this review, we provide a comprehensive survey of the structure, functions, and regulations of Beclin-1, and we discuss recent advances in understanding the controversial roles of Beclin-1 in oncology. Moreover, we focus on summarizing the targeted Beclin-1-regulating strategies in cancer therapy, providing novel insights into a promising strategy for regulating Beclin-1 to improve cancer therapeutics in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ye
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yanghui Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lian Wang
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Laboratory of Dermatology, Clinical Institute of Inflammation and Immunology (CIII), Frontiers Science Center for Disease Related Molecular Network, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xian Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Gu He
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Laboratory of Dermatology, Clinical Institute of Inflammation and Immunology (CIII), Frontiers Science Center for Disease Related Molecular Network, Chengdu 610041, China
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22
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Bunker EN, Le Guerroué F, Wang C, Strub M, Werner A, Tjandra N, Youle RJ. Nix interacts with WIPI2 to induce mitophagy. EMBO J 2023; 42:e113491. [PMID: 37621214 PMCID: PMC10646555 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2023113491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Nix is a membrane-anchored outer mitochondrial protein that induces mitophagy. While Nix has an LC3-interacting (LIR) motif that binds to ATG8 proteins, it also contains a minimal essential region (MER) that induces mitophagy through an unknown mechanism. We used chemically induced dimerization (CID) to probe the mechanism of Nix-mediated mitophagy and found that both the LIR and MER are required for robust mitophagy. We find that the Nix MER interacts with the autophagy effector WIPI2 and recruits WIPI2 to mitochondria. The Nix LIR motif is also required for robust mitophagy and converts a homogeneous WIPI2 distribution on the surface of the mitochondria into puncta, even in the absence of ATG8s. Together, this work reveals unanticipated mechanisms in Nix-induced mitophagy and the elusive role of the MER, while also describing an interesting example of autophagy induction that acts downstream of the canonical initiation complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric N Bunker
- Surgical Neurology BranchNational Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
| | - François Le Guerroué
- Surgical Neurology BranchNational Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Chunxin Wang
- Surgical Neurology BranchNational Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Marie‐Paule Strub
- Biochemistry and Biophysics CenterNational Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Achim Werner
- Stem Cell Biochemistry UnitNational Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Nico Tjandra
- Biochemistry and Biophysics CenterNational Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Richard J Youle
- Surgical Neurology BranchNational Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
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23
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Zhang R, Yang Y, He C, Zhang X, Torraca V, Wang S, Liu N, Yang J, Liu S, Yuan J, Gou D, Li S, Dong X, Xie Y, He J, Bai H, Hu M, Liao Z, Huang Y, Lyu H, Xiao S, Guo D, Ali DW, Michalak M, Ma C, Chen XZ, Tang J, Zhou C. RUNDC1 inhibits autolysosome formation and survival of zebrafish via clasping ATG14-STX17-SNAP29 complex. Cell Death Differ 2023; 30:2231-2248. [PMID: 37684417 PMCID: PMC10589263 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-023-01215-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy serves as a pro-survival mechanism for a cell or a whole organism to cope with nutrient stress. Our understanding of the molecular regulation of this fusion event remains incomplete. Here, we identified RUNDC1 as a novel ATG14-interacting protein, which is highly conserved across vertebrates, including zebrafish and humans. By gain and loss of function studies, we demonstrate that RUNDC1 negatively modulates autophagy by blocking fusion between autophagosomes and lysosomes via inhibiting the assembly of the STX17-SNAP29-VAMP8 complex both in human cells and the zebrafish model. Moreover, RUNDC1 clasps the ATG14-STX17-SNAP29 complex via stimulating ATG14 homo-oligomerization to inhibit ATG14 dissociation. This also prevents VAMP8 from binding to STX17-SNAP29. We further identified that phosphorylation of RUNDC1 Ser379 is crucial to inhibit the assembly of the STX17-SNAP29-VAMP8 complex via promoting ATG14 homo-oligomerization. In line with our findings, RunDC1 is crucial for zebrafish in their response to nutrient-deficient conditions. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that RUNDC1 is a negative regulator of autophagy that restricts autophagosome fusion with lysosomes by clasping the ATG14-STX17-SNAP29 complex to hinder VAMP8 binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuyan Yang
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chao He
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Vincenzo Torraca
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK
| | - Shen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Nan Liu
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiaren Yang
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shicheng Liu
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinglei Yuan
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dongzhi Gou
- School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shi Li
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xueying Dong
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yufei Xie
- School of food science and bioengineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Junling He
- Department of Nephrology, Daping hospital, Army Medical Center, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hua Bai
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengyu Hu
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiquan Liao
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan Huang
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Lyu
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuai Xiao
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dong Guo
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Marek Michalak
- Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Cong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xing-Zhen Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jingfeng Tang
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Cefan Zhou
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China.
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24
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Yuan W, Fang W, Zhang R, Lyu H, Xiao S, Guo D, Ali DW, Michalak M, Chen XZ, Zhou C, Tang J. Therapeutic strategies targeting AMPK-dependent autophagy in cancer cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2023; 1870:119537. [PMID: 37463638 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2023.119537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Macroautophagy is a health-modifying process of engulfing misfolded or aggregated proteins or damaged organelles, coating these proteins or organelles into vesicles, fusion of vesicles with lysosomes to form autophagic lysosomes, and degradation of the encapsulated contents. It is also a self-rescue strategy in response to harsh environments and plays an essential role in cancer cells. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is the central pathway that regulates autophagy initiation and autophagosome formation by phosphorylating targets such as mTORC1 and unc-51 like activating kinase 1 (ULK1). AMPK is an evolutionarily conserved serine/threonine protein kinase that acts as an energy sensor in cells and regulates various metabolic processes, including those involved in cancer. The regulatory network of AMPK is complicated and can be regulated by multiple upstream factors, such as LKB1, AKT, PPAR, SIRT1, or noncoding RNAs. Currently, AMPK is being investigated as a novel target for anticancer therapies based on its role in macroautophagy regulation. Herein, we review the effects of AMPK-dependent autophagy on tumor cell survival and treatment strategies targeting AMPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Yuan
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wanyi Fang
- Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Rui Zhang
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Lyu
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuai Xiao
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dong Guo
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Declan William Ali
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Marek Michalak
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Xing-Zhen Chen
- Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Cefan Zhou
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Jingfeng Tang
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China.
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25
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Banerjee C, Mehra D, Song D, Mancebo A, Park JM, Kim DH, Puchner EM. ULK1 forms distinct oligomeric states and nanoscopic structures during autophagy initiation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadh4094. [PMID: 37774021 PMCID: PMC10541014 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh4094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy induction involves extensive molecular and membrane reorganization. Despite substantial progress, the mechanism underlying autophagy initiation remains poorly understood. Here, we used quantitative photoactivated localization microscopy with single-molecule sensitivity to analyze the nanoscopic distribution of endogenous ULK1, the kinase that triggers autophagy. Under amino acid starvation, ULK1 formed large clusters containing up to 161 molecules at the endoplasmic reticulum. Cross-correlation analysis revealed that ULK1 clusters engaging in autophagosome formation require 30 or more molecules. The ULK1 structures with more than the threshold number contained varying levels of Atg13, Atg14, Atg16, LC3B, GEC1, and WIPI2. We found that ULK1 activity is dispensable for the initial clustering of ULK1, but necessary for the subsequent expansion of the clusters, which involves interaction with Atg14, Atg16, and LC3B and relies on Vps34 activity. This quantitative analysis at the single-molecule level has provided unprecedented insights into the behavior of ULK1 during autophagy initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiranjib Banerjee
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Dushyant Mehra
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Daihyun Song
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Angel Mancebo
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Ji-Man Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Do-Hyung Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Elias M. Puchner
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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26
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Zheng G, Ren J, Shang L, Bao Y. Role of autophagy in the pathogenesis and regulation of pain. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 955:175859. [PMID: 37429517 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Pain is a ubiquitous and highly concerned clinical symptom, usually caused by peripheral or central nervous injury, tissue damage, or other diseases. The long-term existence of pain can seriously affect daily physical function and quality of life and produce great torture on the physiological and psychological levels. However, the complex pathogenesis of pain involving molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways has not been fully elucidated, and managing pain remains highly challenging. As a result, finding new targets to pursue effective and long-term pain treatment strategies is required and urgent. Autophagy is an intracellular degradation and recycling process that maintains tissue homeostasis and energy supply, which can be cytoprotective and is vital in maintaining neural plasticity and proper nervous system function. Much evidence has shown that autophagy dysregulation is linked to the emergence of neuropathic pain, such as postherpetic neuralgia and cancer-related pain. Autophagy has also been connected to pain caused by osteoarthritis and lumbar disc degeneration. It is worth noting that in recent years, studies on traditional Chinese medicine have also proved that several traditional Chinese medicine monomers involve autophagy in the mechanism of pain relief. Therefore, autophagy can serve as a potential regulatory target to provide new ideas and inspiration for pain management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangda Zheng
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China.
| | - Juanxia Ren
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, 110847, Liaoning Province, China.
| | - Lu Shang
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, 110847, Liaoning Province, China.
| | - Yanju Bao
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China.
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27
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Wang X, Tian X, Shen H, Zhang X, Xie L, Chen M. Moderate Hyperkalemia Regulates Autophagy to Reduce Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in a CA/CPR Rat Model. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1285. [PMID: 37759886 PMCID: PMC10526941 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13091285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI) can cause irreversible brain damage and autophagy has been implicated in the pathophysiology. Increasing serum potassium (K+) levels reduces CIRI, but the relationship between its protective mechanism and autophagy is unclear. In this study, we aimed to find the optimal degree of raising serum (K+) and to investigate the relationship between high (K+) and autophagy and the underlying mechanisms in a cardiac arrest/cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CA/CPR) rat model. METHODS Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were divided into four groups: S group, N group, P group, and Q group. The rats S group and N group were administered saline. The rats P group and Q group were administered 640 mg/kg of potassium chloride (KCl) continuously pumped at 4 mL/h (21.3 mg/(kg·min) and divided according to the electrocardiogram (ECG) changes during the administration of KCl. After 24-h of resuscitation, neural damage was assessed by measuring neurological deficit score (NDS), oxidative stress markers, and pathological staining of the cerebral cortex. The level of autophagy and the expression of mTOR-ULK1-Beclin1 pathway-related proteins were evaluated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), immunostaining, and western blotting. RESULTS Our results revealed that high (K+) improved NDS and decreased the oxidative stress markers. The autophagosomes, autolysosomes, and lysosomes were decreased following treatment KCl. Furthermore, the levels of micro-tubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) Ⅱ/Ⅰ, Unc-51-like kinase 1 (ULK1), and Beclin1 were decreased, whereas mTOR expression was increased in the cortex. CONCLUSION The results demonstrated that moderate hyperkalemia could alleviate autophagy after CIRI via regulating the mTOR-ULK1-Beclin1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Wang
- The Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530007, China; (X.W.); (X.T.); (H.S.)
| | - Xinyue Tian
- The Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530007, China; (X.W.); (X.T.); (H.S.)
| | - Haiying Shen
- The Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530007, China; (X.W.); (X.T.); (H.S.)
| | - Xiaohua Zhang
- The Department of Physiology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China; (X.Z.); (L.X.)
| | - Lu Xie
- The Department of Physiology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China; (X.Z.); (L.X.)
| | - Menghua Chen
- The Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530007, China; (X.W.); (X.T.); (H.S.)
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28
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Sporbeck K, Haas ML, Pastor-Maldonado CJ, Schüssele DS, Hunter C, Takacs Z, Diogo de Oliveira AL, Franz-Wachtel M, Charsou C, Pfisterer SG, Gubas A, Haller PK, Knorr RL, Kaulich M, Macek B, Eskelinen EL, Simonsen A, Proikas-Cezanne T. The ABL-MYC axis controls WIPI1-enhanced autophagy in lifespan extension. Commun Biol 2023; 6:872. [PMID: 37620393 PMCID: PMC10449903 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05236-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Human WIPI β-propellers function as PI3P effectors in autophagy, with WIPI4 and WIPI3 being able to link autophagy control by AMPK and TORC1 to the formation of autophagosomes. WIPI1, instead, assists WIPI2 in efficiently recruiting the ATG16L1 complex at the nascent autophagosome, which in turn promotes lipidation of LC3/GABARAP and autophagosome maturation. However, the specific role of WIPI1 and its regulation are unknown. Here, we discovered the ABL-ERK-MYC signalling axis controlling WIPI1. As a result of this signalling, MYC binds to the WIPI1 promoter and represses WIPI1 gene expression. When ABL-ERK-MYC signalling is counteracted, increased WIPI1 gene expression enhances the formation of autophagic membranes capable of migrating through tunnelling nanotubes to neighbouring cells with low autophagic activity. ABL-regulated WIPI1 function is relevant to lifespan control, as ABL deficiency in C. elegans increased gene expression of the WIPI1 orthologue ATG-18 and prolonged lifespan in a manner dependent on ATG-18. We propose that WIPI1 acts as an enhancer of autophagy that is physiologically relevant for regulating the level of autophagic activity over the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Sporbeck
- Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School 'From Molecules to Organisms', Max Planck Institute for Biology and Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Maximilian L Haas
- Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Carmen J Pastor-Maldonado
- Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - David S Schüssele
- Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Catherine Hunter
- Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School 'From Molecules to Organisms', Max Planck Institute for Biology and Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Zsuzsanna Takacs
- Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School 'From Molecules to Organisms', Max Planck Institute for Biology and Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, A-1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ana L Diogo de Oliveira
- Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mirita Franz-Wachtel
- Proteome Center Tübingen, Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Chara Charsou
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0372, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Simon G Pfisterer
- Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, FI-00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andrea Gubas
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University Medical School, D-60590, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Patricia K Haller
- Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School 'From Molecules to Organisms', Max Planck Institute for Biology and Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Roland L Knorr
- Humboldt University of Berlin, Institute of Biology, D-10115, Berlin, Germany
- Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- International Research Frontiers Initiative, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Manuel Kaulich
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University Medical School, D-60590, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Boris Macek
- International Max Planck Research School 'From Molecules to Organisms', Max Planck Institute for Biology and Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Proteome Center Tübingen, Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Eeva-Liisa Eskelinen
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Fl-00790, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Anne Simonsen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0372, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tassula Proikas-Cezanne
- Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany.
- International Max Planck Research School 'From Molecules to Organisms', Max Planck Institute for Biology and Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany.
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29
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Pena-Francesch M, Vanoaica LD, Zhu GF, Stumpe M, Sankar DS, Nowag H, Valencia-Camargo AD, Hammerschmidt W, Dengjel J, Ligeon LA, Münz C. The autophagy machinery interacts with EBV capsids during viral envelope release. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2211281120. [PMID: 37579175 PMCID: PMC10451551 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2211281120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy serves as a defense mechanism against intracellular pathogens, but several microorganisms exploit it for their own benefit. Accordingly, certain herpesviruses include autophagic membranes into their infectious virus particles. In this study, we analyzed the composition of purified virions of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a common oncogenic γ-herpesvirus. In these, we found several components of the autophagy machinery, including membrane-associated LC3B-II, and numerous viral proteins, such as the capsid assembly proteins BVRF2 and BdRF1. Additionally, we showed that BVRF2 and BdRF1 interact with LC3B-II via their common protein domain. Using an EBV mutant, we identified BVRF2 as essential to assemble mature capsids and produce infectious EBV. However, BdRF1 was sufficient for the release of noninfectious viral envelopes as long as autophagy was not compromised. These data suggest that BVRF2 and BdRF1 are not only important for capsid assembly but together with the LC3B conjugation complex of ATG5-ATG12-ATG15L1 are also critical for EBV envelope release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pena-Francesch
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich8057, Switzerland
| | - Liliana Danusia Vanoaica
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich8057, Switzerland
| | - Gao-Feng Zhu
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich8057, Switzerland
| | - Michael Stumpe
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg1700, Switzerland
| | | | - Heike Nowag
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich8057, Switzerland
| | | | - Wolfgang Hammerschmidt
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health and German Center for Infection Research, D-81377Munich, Germany
| | - Jörn Dengjel
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg1700, Switzerland
| | - Laure-Anne Ligeon
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich8057, Switzerland
| | - Christian Münz
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich8057, Switzerland
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30
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Wang Y, Que H, Li C, Wu Z, Jian F, Zhao Y, Tang H, Chen Y, Gao S, Wong CC, Li Y, Zhao C, Rong Y. ULK phosphorylation of STX17 controls autophagosome maturation via FLNA. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202211025. [PMID: 37389864 PMCID: PMC10316704 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202211025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved and tightly regulated intracellular quality control pathway. ULK is a key kinase in autophagy initiation, but whether ULK kinase activity also participates in the late stages of autophagy remains unknown. Here, we found that the autophagosomal SNARE protein, STX17, is phosphorylated by ULK at residue S289, beyond which it localizes specifically to autophagosomes. Inhibition of STX17 phosphorylation prevents such autophagosome localization. FLNA was then identified as a linker between ATG8 family proteins (ATG8s) and STX17 with essential involvement in STX17 recruitment to autophagosomes. Phosphorylation of STX17 S289 promotes its interaction with FLNA, activating its recruitment to autophagosomes and facilitating autophagosome-lysosome fusion. Disease-causative mutations around the ATG8s- and STX17-binding regions of FLNA disrupt its interactions with ATG8s and STX17, inhibiting STX17 recruitment and autophagosome-lysosome fusion. Cumulatively, our study reveals an unexpected role of ULK in autophagosome maturation, uncovers its regulatory mechanism in STX17 recruitment, and highlights a potential association between autophagy and FLNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufen Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huilin Que
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - ChuangPeng Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhe Wu
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fenglei Jian
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Haohao Tang
- Center for Precision Medicine Multi-Omics Research, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Center for Precision Medicine Multi-Omics Research, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuaixin Gao
- Human Nutrition Program and James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Catherine C.L. Wong
- Clinical Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Chongchong Zhao
- The HIT Center for Life Sciences, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Yueguang Rong
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Cell Architecture Research Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Apostolova N, Vezza T, Muntane J, Rocha M, Víctor VM. Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Mitophagy in Type 2 Diabetes: Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Targets. Antioxid Redox Signal 2023; 39:278-320. [PMID: 36641637 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2022.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Type 2 diabetes mellitus, which is related to oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, is one of the most prevalent diseases in the world. In the past decade, alterations in autophagy have been shown to play a fundamental role in the development and control of type 2 diabetes. Further, mitophagy has been recognized as a key player in eliminating dysfunctional mitochondria in this disease. Recent Advances: Recently, much progress has been made in understanding the molecular events associated with oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and alterations in autophagy and mitophagy in type 2 diabetes. Critical Issues: Despite increasing evidence of a relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and alterations of autophagy and mitophagy and their role in the pathophysiolology of type 2 diabetes, effective therapeutic strategies to combat the disease through targeting mitochondria, autophagy, and mitophagy are yet to be implemented. Future Directions: This review provides a wide perspective of the existing literature concerning the complicated interplay between autophagy, mitophagy, and mitochondrial dysfunction in type 2 diabetes. Further, potential therapeutic targets based on these molecular mechanisms are explored. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 39, 278-320.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezda Apostolova
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- National Network of Biomedical Research on Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), Valencia, Spain
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain
| | - Teresa Vezza
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain
- Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, University Hospital Doctor Peset, FISABIO, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jordi Muntane
- National Network of Biomedical Research on Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), Valencia, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Department of General Surgery, Hospital University "Virgen del Rocío"/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain
- Department of Medical Physiology and Biophysics, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Milagros Rocha
- National Network of Biomedical Research on Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), Valencia, Spain
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain
- Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, University Hospital Doctor Peset, FISABIO, Valencia, Spain
| | - Víctor M Víctor
- National Network of Biomedical Research on Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), Valencia, Spain
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain
- Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, University Hospital Doctor Peset, FISABIO, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
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Yin L, Yuan L, Tang Y, Luo Z, Lin X, Wang S, Liang P, Jiang B. NUCLEOLIN PROMOTES AUTOPHAGY THROUGH PGC-1Α IN LPS-INDUCED MYOCARDIAL INJURY. Shock 2023; 60:227-237. [PMID: 37249064 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000002152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT As a multifunctional protein, nucleolin can participate in a variety of cellular processes. Nucleolin also has multiple protective effects on heart disease. Previous studies have shown that nucleolin could not only resist oxidative stress damage and inflammatory damage, but also regulate autophagy to play a protective role in cardiac ischemia. However, the specific mechanism has not been fully elucidated in LPS-induced myocardial injury. Therefore, the aim of this study is to explore the underlying mechanism by which nucleolin regulates autophagy to protect against LPS-induced myocardial injury in vivo and in vitro . In our study, we found that nucleolin could bind to PGC-1α, and we predicted that this interaction could promote autophagy and played a role in inhibiting cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Downregulation of nucleolin in H9C2 cells resulted in decreased autophagy and increased cell apoptosis during LPS-induced myocardial injury, while upregulation of PGC-1α had the opposite protective effect. Upregulation of nucleolin expression in cardiomyocytes could increase the level of autophagy during LPS-induced myocardial injury. In contrast, interference with PGC-1α expression resulted in a decrease in the protective effect of nucleolin, leading to reduced autophagy and thus increasing apoptosis. By using tandem fluorescent-tagged LC3 autophagic flux detection system, we observed autophagic flux and determined that PGC-1α interference could block autophagic lysosomal progression. We further tested our hypothesis in the nucleolin cardiac-specific knockout mice. Finally, we also found that inhibition of autophagy can reduce mitochondrial biogenesis as well as increase apoptosis, which demonstrated the importance of autophagy. Therefore, we can speculate that nucleolin can protect LPS-induced myocardial injury by regulating autophagy, and this protective effect may be mediated by the interaction with PGC-1α, which can positively regulate the ULK1, an autophagy-related protein. Our study provides a new clue for the cardioprotective effect of nucleolin, and may provide new evidence for the treatment of LPS-induced myocardial injury through the regulation of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Pengfei Liang
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Yang Y, Nan Y, Du YH, Huang SC, Lu DD, Zhang JF, Li X, Chen Y, Zhang L, Yuan L. 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid promotes gastric cancer cell autophagy and inhibits proliferation by regulating miR-328-3p/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3. World J Gastroenterol 2023; 29:4317-4333. [PMID: 37545635 PMCID: PMC10401664 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i27.4317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common cancer types worldwide, and its prevention and treatment methods have garnered much attention. As the active ingredient of licorice, 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid (18β-GRA) has a variety of pharmacological effects. The aim of this study was to explore the effective target of 18β-GRA in the treatment of GC, in order to provide effective ideas for the clinical prevention and treatment of GC.
AIM To investigate the mechanism of 18β-GRA in inhibiting cell proliferation and promoting autophagy flux in GC cells.
METHODS Whole transcriptomic analyses were used to analyze and screen differentially expressed microRNAs (miRNAs) in GC cells after 18β-GRA intervention. Lentivirus-transfected GC cells and the Cell Counting Kit-8 were used to detect cell proliferation ability, cell colony formation ability was detected by the clone formation assay, and flow cytometry was used to detect the cell cycle and apoptosis. A nude mouse transplantation tumor model of GC cells was constructed to verify the effect of miR-328-3p overexpression on the tumorigenicity of GC cells. Tumor tissue morphology was observed by hematoxylin and eosin staining, and microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3) expression was detected by immunohistochemistry. TransmiR, STRING, and miRWalk databases were used to predict the relationship between miR-328-3p and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3)-related information. Expression of STAT3 mRNA and miR-328-3p was detected by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and the expression levels of STAT3, phosphorylated STAT3 (p-STAT3), and LC3 were detected by western blot analysis. The targeted relationship between miR-328-3p and STAT3 was detected using the dual-luciferase reporter gene system. AGS cells were infected with monomeric red fluorescent protein-green fluorescent protein-LC3 adenovirus double label. LC3 was labeled and autophagy flow was observed under a confocal laser microscope.
RESULTS The expression of miR-328-3p was significantly upregulated after 18β-GRA intervention in AGS cells (P = 4.51E-06). Overexpression of miR-328-3p inhibited GC cell proliferation and colony formation ability, arrested the cell cycle in the G0/G1 phase, promoted cell apoptosis, and inhibited the growth of subcutaneous tumors in BALB/c nude mice (P < 0.01). No obvious necrosis was observed in the tumor tissue in the negative control group (no drug intervention or lentivirus transfection) and vector group (the blank vector for lentivirus transfection), and more cells were loose and necrotic in the miR-328-3p group. Bioinformatics tools predicted that miR-328-3p has a targeting relationship with STAT3, and STAT3 was closely related to autophagy markers such as p62. After overexpressing miR-328-3p, the expression level of STAT3 mRNA was significantly decreased (P < 0.01) and p-STAT3 was downregulated (P < 0.05). The dual-luciferase reporter gene assay showed that the luciferase activity of miR-328-3p and STAT3 3’ untranslated regions of the wild-type reporter vector group was significantly decreased (P < 0.001). Overexpressed miR-328-3p combined with bafilomycin A1 (Baf A1) was used to detect the expression of LC3 II. Compared with the vector group, the expression level of LC3 II in the overexpressed miR-328-3p group was downregulated (P < 0.05), and compared with the Baf A1 group, the expression level of LC3 II in the overexpressed miR-328-3p + Baf A1 group was upregulated (P < 0.01). The expression of LC3 II was detected after intervention of 18β-GRA in GC cells, and the results were consistent with the results of miR-328-3p overexpression (P < 0.05). Additional studies showed that 18β-GRA promoted autophagy flow by promoting autophagosome synthesis (P < 0.001). qPCR showed that the expression of STAT3 mRNA was downregulated after drug intervention (P < 0.05). Western blot analysis showed that the expression levels of STAT3 and p-STAT3 were significantly downregulated after drug intervention (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION 18β-GRA promotes the synthesis of autophagosomes and inhibits GC cell proliferation by regulating the miR-328-3p/STAT3 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yi Nan
- Key Laboratory of Ningxia Minority Medicine Modernization Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yu-Hua Du
- Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Shi-Cong Huang
- Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Dou-Dou Lu
- Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Jun-Fei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ningxia Minority Medicine Modernization Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Xia Li
- Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Ningxia Minority Medicine Modernization Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ningxia Minority Medicine Modernization Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Ling Yuan
- Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
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Javed R, Jain A, Duque T, Hendrix E, Paddar MA, Khan S, Claude‐Taupin A, Jia J, Allers L, Wang F, Mudd M, Timmins G, Lidke K, Rusten TE, Akepati PR, He Y, Reggiori F, Eskelinen E, Deretic V. Mammalian ATG8 proteins maintain autophagosomal membrane integrity through ESCRTs. EMBO J 2023; 42:e112845. [PMID: 37272163 PMCID: PMC10350836 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022112845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The canonical autophagy pathway in mammalian cells sequesters diverse cytoplasmic cargo within the double membrane autophagosomes that eventually convert into degradative compartments via fusion with endolysosomal intermediates. Here, we report that autophagosomal membranes show permeability in cells lacking principal ATG8 proteins (mATG8s) and are unable to mature into autolysosomes. Using a combination of methods including a novel in vitro assay to measure membrane sealing, we uncovered a previously unappreciated function of mATG8s to maintain autophagosomal membranes in a sealed state. The mATG8 proteins GABARAP and LC3A bind to key ESCRT-I components contributing, along with other ESCRTs, to the integrity and imperviousness of autophagic membranes. Autophagic organelles in cells lacking mATG8s are permeant, are arrested as amphisomes, and do not progress to functional autolysosomes. Thus, autophagosomal organelles need to be maintained in a sealed state in order to become lytic autolysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruheena Javed
- Department of Molecular Genetics and MicrobiologyUniversity of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerqueNMUSA
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biomedical Research ExcellenceUniversity of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerqueNMUSA
| | - Ashish Jain
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Thabata Duque
- Department of Molecular Genetics and MicrobiologyUniversity of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerqueNMUSA
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biomedical Research ExcellenceUniversity of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerqueNMUSA
| | - Emily Hendrix
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical BiologyThe University of New MexicoAlbuquerqueNMUSA
| | - Masroor Ahmad Paddar
- Department of Molecular Genetics and MicrobiologyUniversity of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerqueNMUSA
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biomedical Research ExcellenceUniversity of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerqueNMUSA
| | - Sajjad Khan
- Department of Physics and AstronomyThe University of New MexicoAlbuquerqueNMUSA
| | - Aurore Claude‐Taupin
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biomedical Research ExcellenceUniversity of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerqueNMUSA
| | - Jingyue Jia
- Department of Molecular Genetics and MicrobiologyUniversity of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerqueNMUSA
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biomedical Research ExcellenceUniversity of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerqueNMUSA
| | - Lee Allers
- Department of Molecular Genetics and MicrobiologyUniversity of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerqueNMUSA
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biomedical Research ExcellenceUniversity of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerqueNMUSA
| | - Fulong Wang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and MicrobiologyUniversity of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerqueNMUSA
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biomedical Research ExcellenceUniversity of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerqueNMUSA
| | - Michal Mudd
- Department of Molecular Genetics and MicrobiologyUniversity of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerqueNMUSA
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biomedical Research ExcellenceUniversity of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerqueNMUSA
| | - Graham Timmins
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biomedical Research ExcellenceUniversity of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerqueNMUSA
| | - Keith Lidke
- Department of Physics and AstronomyThe University of New MexicoAlbuquerqueNMUSA
| | | | - Prithvi Reddy Akepati
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of New MexicoAlbuquerqueNMUSA
| | - Yi He
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical BiologyThe University of New MexicoAlbuquerqueNMUSA
| | - Fulvio Reggiori
- Department of BiomedicineAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
- Aarhus Institute for Advanced Studies (AIAS)Aarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
| | | | - Vojo Deretic
- Department of Molecular Genetics and MicrobiologyUniversity of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerqueNMUSA
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biomedical Research ExcellenceUniversity of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerqueNMUSA
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Guo H, Bechtel-Walz W. The Interplay of Autophagy and Oxidative Stress in the Kidney: What Do We Know? Nephron Clin Pract 2023; 147:627-642. [PMID: 37442108 DOI: 10.1159/000531290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autophagy, as an indispensable metabolism, plays pivotal roles in maintaining intracellular homeostasis. Nutritional stress, amino acid deficiency, oxidative stress, and hypoxia can trigger its initiation. Oxidative stress in the kidney activates essential signal molecules, like mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and silent mating-type information regulation 2 homolog-1 (SIRT1), to stimulate autophagy, ultimately leading to degradation of intracellular oxidative substances and damaged organelles. Growing evidence suggests that autophagy protects the kidney from oxidative stress during acute ischemic kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, and even aging. SUMMARY This review emphasizes the cross talk between reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling pathways and autophagy during renal homeostasis and chronic kidney disease according to the current latest research and provides therapeutic targets during kidney disorders by adjusting autophagy and suppressing oxidative stress. KEY MESSAGES ROS arise through an imbalance of oxidation and antioxidant defense mechanisms, leading to impaired cellular and organ function. Targeting the overproduction of ROS and reactive nitrogen species, reducing the antioxidant enzyme activity and the recovery of the prooxidative-antioxidative balance provide novel therapeutic regimens to contribute to recovery in acute and chronic renal failure. Although, in recent years, great progress has been made in understanding the molecular mechanisms of oxidative stress and autophagy in acute and chronic renal failure, the focus on clinical therapies is still in its infancy. The growing number of studies on the interactive mechanisms of oxidative stress-mediated autophagy will be of great importance for the future treatment and prevention of kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihua Guo
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Wibke Bechtel-Walz
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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Nähse V, Raiborg C, Tan KW, Mørk S, Torgersen ML, Wenzel EM, Nager M, Salo VT, Johansen T, Ikonen E, Schink KO, Stenmark H. ATPase activity of DFCP1 controls selective autophagy. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4051. [PMID: 37422481 PMCID: PMC10329651 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39641-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular homeostasis is governed by removal of damaged organelles and protein aggregates by selective autophagy mediated by cargo adaptors such as p62/SQSTM1. Autophagosomes can assemble in specialized cup-shaped regions of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) known as omegasomes, which are characterized by the presence of the ER protein DFCP1/ZFYVE1. The function of DFCP1 is unknown, as are the mechanisms of omegasome formation and constriction. Here, we demonstrate that DFCP1 is an ATPase that is activated by membrane binding and dimerizes in an ATP-dependent fashion. Whereas depletion of DFCP1 has a minor effect on bulk autophagic flux, DFCP1 is required to maintain the autophagic flux of p62 under both fed and starved conditions, and this is dependent on its ability to bind and hydrolyse ATP. While DFCP1 mutants defective in ATP binding or hydrolysis localize to forming omegasomes, these omegasomes fail to constrict properly in a size-dependent manner. Consequently, the release of nascent autophagosomes from large omegasomes is markedly delayed. While knockout of DFCP1 does not affect bulk autophagy, it inhibits selective autophagy, including aggrephagy, mitophagy and micronucleophagy. We conclude that DFCP1 mediates ATPase-driven constriction of large omegasomes to release autophagosomes for selective autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola Nähse
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, N-0379, Oslo, Norway.
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379, Oslo, Norway.
- Department of Anatomy and Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Camilla Raiborg
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, N-0379, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kia Wee Tan
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, N-0379, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sissel Mørk
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, N-0379, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maria Lyngaas Torgersen
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, N-0379, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eva Maria Wenzel
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, N-0379, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mireia Nager
- Autophagy Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Veijo T Salo
- Department of Anatomy and Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Elina Ikonen
- Department of Anatomy and Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kay Oliver Schink
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, N-0379, Oslo, Norway.
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379, Oslo, Norway.
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1112, Blindern, 0317, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Harald Stenmark
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, N-0379, Oslo, Norway.
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379, Oslo, Norway.
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Li D, Peng X, He G, Liu J, Li X, Lin W, Fang J, Li X, Yang S, Yang L, Li H. Crosstalk between autophagy and CSCs: molecular mechanisms and translational implications. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:409. [PMID: 37422448 PMCID: PMC10329683 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05929-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells(CSCs) play a key role in regulating tumorigenesis, progression, as well as recurrence, and possess typical metabolic characteristics. Autophagy is a catabolic process that can aid cells to survive under stressful conditions such as nutrient deficiency and hypoxia. Although the role of autophagy in cancer cells has been extensively studied, CSCs possess unique stemness, and their potential relationship with autophagy has not been fully analyzed. This study summarizes the possible role of autophagy in the renewal, proliferation, differentiation, survival, metastasis, invasion, and treatment resistance of CSCs. It has been found that autophagy can contribute to the maintenance of CSC stemness, facilitate the tumor cells adapt to changes in the microenvironment, and promote tumor survival, whereas in some other cases autophagy acts as an important process involved in the deprivation of CSC stemness thus leading to tumor death. Mitophagy, which has emerged as another popular research area in recent years, has a great scope when explored together with stem cells. In this study, we have aimed to elaborate on the mechanism of action of autophagy in regulating the functions of CSCs to provide deeper insights for future cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
- Shenyang Clinical Medical Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Health Management of Early Digestive Cancer, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Xueqiang Peng
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
- Shenyang Clinical Medical Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Health Management of Early Digestive Cancer, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Guangpeng He
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
- Shenyang Clinical Medical Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Health Management of Early Digestive Cancer, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Jiaxing Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
- Shenyang Clinical Medical Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Health Management of Early Digestive Cancer, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Xian Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
- Shenyang Clinical Medical Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Health Management of Early Digestive Cancer, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Weikai Lin
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
- Shenyang Clinical Medical Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Health Management of Early Digestive Cancer, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Jianjun Fang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
- Shenyang Clinical Medical Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Health Management of Early Digestive Cancer, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
- Shenyang Clinical Medical Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Health Management of Early Digestive Cancer, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Shuo Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
- Shenyang Clinical Medical Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Health Management of Early Digestive Cancer, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Liang Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China.
- Shenyang Clinical Medical Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Health Management of Early Digestive Cancer, Shenyang, 110032, China.
| | - Hangyu Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China.
- Shenyang Clinical Medical Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Health Management of Early Digestive Cancer, Shenyang, 110032, China.
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Broadbent DG, Barnaba C, Perez GI, Schmidt JC. Quantitative analysis of autophagy reveals the role of ATG9 and ATG2 in autophagosome formation. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202210078. [PMID: 37115157 PMCID: PMC10148237 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202210078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic pathway required for the recycling of cytoplasmic materials. To define the mechanisms underlying autophagy it is critical to quantitatively characterize the dynamic behavior of autophagy factors in living cells. Using a panel of cell lines expressing HaloTagged autophagy factors from their endogenous loci, we analyzed the abundance, single-molecule dynamics, and autophagosome association kinetics of autophagy proteins involved in autophagosome biogenesis. We demonstrate that autophagosome formation is inefficient and ATG2-mediated tethering to donor membranes is a key commitment step in autophagosome formation. Furthermore, our observations support the model that phagophores are initiated by the accumulation of autophagy factors on mobile ATG9 vesicles, and that the ULK1 complex and PI3-kinase form a positive feedback loop required for autophagosome formation. Finally, we demonstrate that the duration of autophagosome biogenesis is ∼110 s. In total, our work provides quantitative insight into autophagosome biogenesis and establishes an experimental framework to analyze autophagy in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G. Broadbent
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Carlo Barnaba
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Gloria I. Perez
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jens C. Schmidt
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Yu Q, Zeng S, Hu R, Li M, Liu Q, Wang Y, Dai M. Dexmedetomidine Alleviates Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm by Activating Autophagy Via AMPK/mTOR Pathway. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2023:10.1007/s10557-023-07483-8. [PMID: 37392236 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-023-07483-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) are a critical global health issue with increasing prevalence. Dexmedetomidine (DEX) is a highly selective α2-adrenoceptor agonist that has previously been shown to play a protective role in AAA. Nevertheless, the mechanisms underlying its protection effect remain not fully understood. METHODS A rat AAA model was established via intra-aortic porcine pancreatic elastase perfusion with or without DEX administration. The abdominal aortic diameters of rats were measured. Hematoxylin-eosin and Elastica van Gieson staining were conducted for histopathological observation. TUNEL and immunofluorescence staining were utilized to detect cell apoptosis and α-SMA/LC3 expression in the abdominal aortas. Protein levels were determined using western blotting. RESULTS DEX administration repressed the dilation of aortas, alleviated pathological damage and cell apoptosis, and suppressed phenotype switching of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Moreover, DEX activated autophagy and regulated the AMP-activated protein kinase/mammalian target of the rapamycin (AMPK/mTOR) signaling pathway in AAA rats. Administration of the AMPK inhibitor attenuated the DEX-mediated ameliorative effects on AAA in rats. CONCLUSION DEX ameliorates AAA in rat models by activating autophagy via the AMPK/mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Operative Medicine, Medical Center of Anesthesiology and Pain, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330052, Jiangxi, China
| | - Simin Zeng
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1519, Dongyue Avenue, Nanchang, 330052, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ruilin Hu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1519, Dongyue Avenue, Nanchang, 330052, Jiangxi, China
| | - Muqi Li
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1519, Dongyue Avenue, Nanchang, 330052, Jiangxi, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1519, Dongyue Avenue, Nanchang, 330052, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1519, Dongyue Avenue, Nanchang, 330052, Jiangxi, China
| | - Min Dai
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1519, Dongyue Avenue, Nanchang, 330052, Jiangxi, China.
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40
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Li X, Ma XL, Nan Y, Du YH, Yang Y, Lu DD, Zhang JF, Chen Y, Zhang L, Niu Y, Yuan L. 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid inhibits proliferation of gastric cancer cells through regulating the miR-345-5p/TGM2 signaling pathway. World J Gastroenterol 2023; 29:3622-3644. [PMID: 37398884 PMCID: PMC10311615 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i23.3622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer (GC) is a common gastrointestinal malignancy worldwide. Based on cancer-related mortality, the current prevention and treatment strategies for GC still show poor clinical results. Therefore, it is important to find effective drug treatment targets.
AIM To explore the molecular mechanism of 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid (18β-GRA) regulating the miR-345-5p/TGM2 signaling pathway to inhibit the proliferation of GC cells.
METHODS CCK-8 assay was used to determine the effect of 18β-GRA on the survival rate of GES-1 cells and AGS and HGC-27 cells. Cell cycle and apoptosis were detected by flow cytometry, cell migration was detected by a wound healing assay, the effect of 18β-GRA on subcutaneous tumor growth in BALB/c nude mice was investigated, and the cell autophagy level was determined by MDC staining. TMT proteomic analysis was used to detect the differentially expressed autophagy-related proteins in GC cells after 18β-GRA intervention, and then the protein-protein interaction was predicted using STRING (https://string-db.org/). MicroRNAs (miRNAs) transcriptome analysis was used to detect the miRNA differential expression profile, and use miRBase (https://www.mirbase/) and TargetScan (https://www.targetscan.org/) to predict the miRNA and complementary binding sites. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the expression level of miRNA in 18β-GRA treated cells, and western blot was used to detect the expression of autophagy related proteins. Finally, the effect of miR-345-5p on GC cells was verified by mir-345-5p overexpression.
RESULTS 18β-GRA could inhibit GC cells viability, promote cell apoptosis, block cell cycle, reduce cell wound healing ability, and inhibit the GC cells growth in vivo. MDC staining results showed that 18β-GRA could promote autophagy in GC cells. By TMT proteomic analysis and miRNAs transcriptome analysis, it was concluded that 18β-GRA could down-regulate TGM2 expression and up-regulate miR-345-5p expression in GC cells. Subsequently, we verified that TGM2 is the target of miR-345-5p, and that overexpression of miR-345-5p significantly inhibited the protein expression level of TGM2. Western blot showed that the expression of autophagy-related proteins of TGM2 and p62 was significantly reduced, and LC3II, ULK1 and AMPK expression was significantly increased in GC cells treated with 18β-GRA. Overexpression of miR-345-5p not only inhibited the expression of TGM2, but also inhibited the proliferation of GC cells by promoting cell apoptosis and arresting cell cycle.
CONCLUSION 18β-GRA inhibits the proliferation of GC cells and promotes autophagy by regulating the miR-345-5p/TGM2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Li
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Ma
- Traditional Chinese Medicine College, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yi Nan
- Traditional Chinese Medicine College, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
- Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization of Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yu-Hua Du
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yi Yang
- College of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Dou-Dou Lu
- College of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Jun-Fei Zhang
- College of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Traditional Chinese Medicine College, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization of Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yang Niu
- Traditional Chinese Medicine College, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
- Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization of Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Ling Yuan
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
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Tonkin-Reeves A, Giuliani CM, Price JT. Inhibition of autophagy; an opportunity for the treatment of cancer resistance. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1177440. [PMID: 37363731 PMCID: PMC10290173 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1177440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The process of macroautophagy plays a pivotal role in the degradation of long-lived, superfluous, and damaged proteins and organelles, which are later recycled for cellular use. Normal cells rely on autophagy to combat various stressors and insults to ensure survival. However, autophagy is often upregulated in cancer cells, promoting a more aggressive phenotype that allows mutated cells to evade death after exposure to therapeutic treatments. As a result, autophagy has emerged as a significant factor in therapeutic resistance across many cancer types, with underlying mechanisms such as DNA damage, cell cycle arrest, and immune evasion. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the role of autophagy in therapeutic resistance and the limitations of available autophagic inhibitors in cancer treatment. It also highlights the urgent need to explore new inhibitors that can synergize with existing therapies to achieve better patient treatment outcomes. Advancing research in this field is crucial for developing more effective treatments that can help improve the lives of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha Tonkin-Reeves
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Charlett M. Giuliani
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Victoria University and Western Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - John T. Price
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Victoria University and Western Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Ma Q, Huang F, Guo W, Feng K, Huang T, Cai Y. Identification of Phase-Separation-Protein-Related Function Based on Gene Ontology by Using Machine Learning Methods. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1306. [PMID: 37374089 DOI: 10.3390/life13061306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Phase-separation proteins (PSPs) are a class of proteins that play a role in the process of liquid-liquid phase separation, which is a mechanism that mediates the formation of membranelle compartments in cells. Identifying phase separation proteins and their associated function could provide insights into cellular biology and the development of diseases, such as neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Here, PSPs and non-PSPs that have been experimentally validated in earlier studies were gathered as positive and negative samples. Each protein's corresponding Gene Ontology (GO) terms were extracted and used to create a 24,907-dimensional binary vector. The purpose was to extract essential GO terms that can describe essential functions of PSPs and build efficient classifiers to identify PSPs with these GO terms at the same time. To this end, the incremental feature selection computational framework and an integrated feature analysis scheme, containing categorical boosting, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator, light gradient-boosting machine, extreme gradient boosting, and permutation feature importance, were used to build efficient classifiers and identify GO terms with classification-related importance. A set of random forest (RF) classifiers with F1 scores over 0.960 were established to distinguish PSPs from non-PSPs. A number of GO terms that are crucial for distinguishing between PSPs and non-PSPs were found, including GO:0003723, which is related to a biological process involving RNA binding; GO:0016020, which is related to membrane formation; and GO:0045202, which is related to the function of synapses. This study offered recommendations for future research aimed at determining the functional roles of PSPs in cellular processes by developing efficient RF classifiers and identifying the representative GO terms related to PSPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglan Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - FeiMing Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM) & Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200030, China
| | - KaiYan Feng
- Department of Computer Science, Guangdong AIB Polytechnic College, Guangzhou 510507, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Bio-Med Big Data Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yudong Cai
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
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Wang F, Peters R, Jia J, Mudd M, Salemi M, Allers L, Javed R, Duque TLA, Paddar MA, Trosdal ES, Phinney B, Deretic V. ATG5 provides host protection acting as a switch in the atg8ylation cascade between autophagy and secretion. Dev Cell 2023; 58:866-884.e8. [PMID: 37054706 PMCID: PMC10205698 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
ATG5 is a part of the E3 ligase directing lipidation of ATG8 proteins, a process central to membrane atg8ylation and canonical autophagy. Loss of Atg5 in myeloid cells causes early mortality in murine models of tuberculosis. This in vivo phenotype is specific to ATG5. Here, we show using human cell lines that absence of ATG5, but not of other ATGs directing canonical autophagy, promotes lysosomal exocytosis and secretion of extracellular vesicles and, in murine Atg5fl/fl LysM-Cre neutrophils, their excessive degranulation. This is due to lysosomal disrepair in ATG5 knockout cells and the sequestration by an alternative conjugation complex, ATG12-ATG3, of ESCRT protein ALIX, which acts in membrane repair and exosome secretion. These findings reveal a previously undescribed function of ATG5 in its host-protective role in murine experimental models of tuberculosis and emphasize the significance of the branching aspects of the atg8ylation conjugation cascade beyond the canonical autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulong Wang
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biochemical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 915 Camino de Salud, NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 915 Camino de Salud, NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Ryan Peters
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biochemical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 915 Camino de Salud, NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 915 Camino de Salud, NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Jingyue Jia
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biochemical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 915 Camino de Salud, NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 915 Camino de Salud, NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Michal Mudd
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biochemical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 915 Camino de Salud, NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 915 Camino de Salud, NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Michelle Salemi
- Proteomics Core Facility, UC Davis Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Lee Allers
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biochemical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 915 Camino de Salud, NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 915 Camino de Salud, NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Ruheena Javed
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biochemical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 915 Camino de Salud, NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 915 Camino de Salud, NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Thabata L A Duque
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biochemical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 915 Camino de Salud, NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 915 Camino de Salud, NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Masroor A Paddar
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biochemical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 915 Camino de Salud, NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 915 Camino de Salud, NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Einar S Trosdal
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biochemical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 915 Camino de Salud, NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 915 Camino de Salud, NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Brett Phinney
- Proteomics Core Facility, UC Davis Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Vojo Deretic
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biochemical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 915 Camino de Salud, NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 915 Camino de Salud, NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
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Nguyen TN, Sawa-Makarska J, Khuu G, Lam WK, Adriaenssens E, Fracchiolla D, Shoebridge S, Bernklau D, Padman BS, Skulsuppaisarn M, Lindblom RSJ, Martens S, Lazarou M. Unconventional initiation of PINK1/Parkin mitophagy by Optineurin. Mol Cell 2023; 83:1693-1709.e9. [PMID: 37207627 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2023.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Cargo sequestration is a fundamental step of selective autophagy in which cells generate a double-membrane structure termed an "autophagosome" on the surface of cargoes. NDP52, TAX1BP1, and p62 bind FIP200, which recruits the ULK1/2 complex to initiate autophagosome formation on cargoes. How OPTN initiates autophagosome formation during selective autophagy remains unknown despite its importance in neurodegeneration. Here, we uncover an unconventional path of PINK1/Parkin mitophagy initiation by OPTN that does not begin with FIP200 binding or require the ULK1/2 kinases. Using gene-edited cell lines and in vitro reconstitutions, we show that OPTN utilizes the kinase TBK1, which binds directly to the class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex I to initiate mitophagy. During NDP52 mitophagy initiation, TBK1 is functionally redundant with ULK1/2, classifying TBK1's role as a selective autophagy-initiating kinase. Overall, this work reveals that OPTN mitophagy initiation is mechanistically distinct and highlights the mechanistic plasticity of selective autophagy pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Ngoc Nguyen
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA.
| | - Justyna Sawa-Makarska
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, Vienna BioCenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Grace Khuu
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Wai Kit Lam
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Elias Adriaenssens
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, Vienna BioCenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dorotea Fracchiolla
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, Vienna BioCenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephen Shoebridge
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, Vienna BioCenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Bernklau
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, Vienna BioCenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Benjamin Scott Padman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Marvin Skulsuppaisarn
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Runa S J Lindblom
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Sascha Martens
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, Vienna BioCenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Michael Lazarou
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA.
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Metur SP, Lei Y, Zhang Z, Klionsky DJ. Regulation of autophagy gene expression and its implications in cancer. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:jcs260631. [PMID: 37199330 PMCID: PMC10214848 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic cellular process that targets and eliminates superfluous cytoplasmic components via lysosomal degradation. This evolutionarily conserved process is tightly regulated at multiple levels as it is critical for the maintenance of homeostasis. Research in the past decade has established that dysregulation of autophagy plays a major role in various diseases, such as cancer and neurodegeneration. However, modulation of autophagy as a therapeutic strategy requires identification of key players that can fine tune the induction of autophagy without complete abrogation. In this Review, we summarize the recent discoveries on the mechanism of regulation of ATG (autophagy related) gene expression at the level of transcription, post transcription and translation. Furthermore, we briefly discuss the role of aberrant expression of ATG genes in the context of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shree Padma Metur
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yuchen Lei
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Zhihai Zhang
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Daniel J. Klionsky
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Sharma A, Anand SK, Singh N, Dwivedi UN, Kakkar P. AMP-activated protein kinase: An energy sensor and survival mechanism in the reinstatement of metabolic homeostasis. Exp Cell Res 2023; 428:113614. [PMID: 37127064 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2023.113614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Cells are programmed to favorably respond towards the nutrient availability by adapting their metabolism to meet energy demands. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a highly conserved serine/threonine energy-sensing kinase. It gets activated upon a decrease in the cellular energy status as reflected by an increased AMP/ATP ratio, ADP, and also during the conditions of glucose starvation without change in the adenine nucelotide ratio. AMPK functions as a centralized regulator of metabolism, acting at cellular and physiological levels to circumvent the metabolic stress by restoring energy balance. This review intricately highlights the integrated signaling pathways by which AMPK gets activated allosterically or by multiple non-canonical upstream kinases. AMPK activates the ATP generating processes (e.g., fatty acid oxidation) and inhibits the ATP consuming processes that are non-critical for survival (e.g., cell proliferation, protein and triglyceride synthesis). An integrated signaling network with AMPK as the central effector regulates all the aspects of enhanced stress resistance, qualified cellular housekeeping, and energy metabolic homeostasis. Importantly, the AMPK mediated amelioration of cellular stress and inflammatory responses are mediated by stimulation of transcription factors such as Nrf2, SIRT1, FoxO and inhibition of NF-κB serving as main downstream effectors. Moreover, many lines of evidence have demonstrated that AMPK controls autophagy through mTOR and ULK1 signaling to fine-tune the metabolic pathways in response to different cellular signals. This review also highlights the critical involvement of AMPK in promoting mitochondrial health, and homeostasis, including mitophagy. Loss of AMPK or ULK1 activity leads to aberrant accumulation of autophagy-related proteins and defective mitophagy thus, connecting cellular energy sensing to autophagy and mitophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Sharma
- Herbal Research Laboratory, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, India; Department of Biochemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, 226007, India; Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli, Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Post Office Mati, Lucknow, 226002, India.
| | - Sumit Kr Anand
- Herbal Research Laboratory, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India; Department of Pathology, LSU Health, 1501 Kings Hwy, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA.
| | - Neha Singh
- Herbal Research Laboratory, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
| | | | - Poonam Kakkar
- Herbal Research Laboratory, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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Keller CW, Adamopoulos IE, Lünemann JD. Autophagy pathways in autoimmune diseases. J Autoimmun 2023; 136:103030. [PMID: 37001435 PMCID: PMC10709713 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2023.103030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy comprises a growing range of cellular pathways, which occupy central roles in response to energy deprivation, organelle turnover and proteostasis. Over the years, autophagy has been increasingly linked to governing several aspects of immunity, including host defence against various pathogens, unconventional secretion of cytokines and antigen presentation. While canonical autophagy-mediated antigen processing in thymic epithelial cells supports the generation of a self-tolerant CD4+ T cell repertoire, mounting evidence suggests that deregulated autophagy pathways contribute to or sustain autoimmune responses. In animal models of multiple sclerosis (MS), non-canonical autophagy pathways such as microtubule-associated protein 1 A/1 B-light chain 3 (LC3)-associated phagocytosis can contribute to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II presentation of autoantigen, thereby amplifying autoreactive CD4+ T cell responses. In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), increased type 1 interferon production is linked to excessive autophagy in plasmacytoid dendritic cells (DCs). In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), autophagy proteins contribute to pathological citrullination of autoantigen. Immunotherapies effective in autoimmune diseases modulate autophagy functions, and strategies harnessing autophagy pathways to restrain autoimmune responses have been developed. This review illustrates recent insights in how autophagy, distinct autophagy pathways and autophagy protein functions intersect with the evolution and progression of autoimmune diseases, focusing on MS, SLE and RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian W Keller
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Iannis E Adamopoulos
- Department of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jan D Lünemann
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, 48149, Germany.
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Ke PY. Crosstalk between Autophagy and RLR Signaling. Cells 2023; 12:cells12060956. [PMID: 36980296 PMCID: PMC10047499 DOI: 10.3390/cells12060956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy plays a homeostatic role in regulating cellular metabolism by degrading unwanted intracellular materials and acts as a host defense mechanism by eliminating infecting pathogens, such as viruses. Upon viral infection, host cells often activate retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptor (RLR) signaling to induce the transcription of type I interferons, thus establishing the first line of the innate antiviral response. In recent years, numerous studies have shown that virus-mediated autophagy activation may benefit viral replication through different actions on host cellular processes, including the modulation of RLR-mediated innate immunity. Here, an overview of the functional molecules and regulatory mechanism of the RLR antiviral immune response as well as autophagy is presented. Moreover, a summary of the current knowledge on the biological role of autophagy in regulating RLR antiviral signaling is provided. The molecular mechanisms underlying the crosstalk between autophagy and RLR innate immunity are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Yuan Ke
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
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Alim Al-Bari A, Ito Y, Thomes PG, Menon MB, García-Macia M, Fadel R, Stadlin A, Peake N, Faris ME, Eid N, Klionsky DJ. Emerging mechanistic insights of selective autophagy in hepatic diseases. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1149809. [PMID: 37007026 PMCID: PMC10060854 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1149809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy (hereafter referred to as autophagy), a highly conserved metabolic process, regulates cellular homeostasis by degrading dysfunctional cytosolic constituents and invading pathogens via the lysosomal system. In addition, autophagy selectively recycles specific organelles such as damaged mitochondria (via mitophagy), and lipid droplets (LDs; via lipophagy) or eliminates specialized intracellular pathogenic microorganisms such as hepatitis B virus (HBV) and coronaviruses (via virophagy). Selective autophagy, particularly mitophagy, plays a key role in the preservation of healthy liver physiology, and its dysfunction is connected to the pathogenesis of a wide variety of liver diseases. For example, lipophagy has emerged as a defensive mechanism against chronic liver diseases. There is a prominent role for mitophagy and lipophagy in hepatic pathologies including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and drug-induced liver injury. Moreover, these selective autophagy pathways including virophagy are being investigated in the context of viral hepatitis and, more recently, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-associated hepatic pathologies. The interplay between diverse types of selective autophagy and its impact on liver diseases is briefly addressed. Thus, modulating selective autophagy (e.g., mitophagy) would seem to be effective in improving liver diseases. Considering the prominence of selective autophagy in liver physiology, this review summarizes the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms and functions of selective autophagy (mainly mitophagy and lipophagy) in liver physiology and pathophysiology. This may help in finding therapeutic interventions targeting hepatic diseases via manipulation of selective autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Alim Al-Bari
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Yuko Ito
- Department of General and Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Paul G. Thomes
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Manoj B. Menon
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Marina García-Macia
- Institute of Functional Biology and Genomics (IBFG), Universidad de Salamanca-CSIC, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Raouf Fadel
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Al Manama, Bahrain
| | - Alfreda Stadlin
- Basic Medical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, Ajman university, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nicholas Peake
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - MoezAlIslam Ezzat Faris
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nabil Eid
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Human Biology, School of Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- *Correspondence: Nabil Eid,
| | - Daniel J. Klionsky
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of MI, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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Mitochondrial Lon-induced mitophagy benefits hypoxic resistance via Ca 2+-dependent FUNDC1 phosphorylation at the ER-mitochondria interface. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:199. [PMID: 36927870 PMCID: PMC10020552 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05723-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
During hypoxia, FUNDC1 acts as a mitophagy receptor and accumulates at the ER (endoplasmic reticulum)-mitochondria contact sites (EMC), also called mitochondria-associated membranes (MAM). In mitophagy, the ULK1 complex phosphorylates FUNDC1(S17) at the EMC site. However, how mitochondria sense the stress and send the signal from the inside to the outside of mitochondria to trigger mitophagy is still unclear. Mitochondrial Lon was reported to be localized at the EMC under stress although the function remained unknown. In this study, we explored the mechanism of how mitochondrial sensors of hypoxia trigger and stabilize the FUNDC1-ULK1 complex by Lon in the EMC for cell survival and cancer progression. We demonstrated that Lon is accumulated in the EMC and associated with FUNDC1-ULK1 complex to induce mitophagy via chaperone activity under hypoxia. Intriguingly, we found that Lon-induced mitophagy is through binding with mitochondrial Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCLX) to promote FUNDC1-ULK1-mediated mitophagy at the EMC site in vitro and in vivo. Accordingly, our findings highlight a novel mechanism responsible for mitophagy initiation under hypoxia by chaperone Lon in mitochondria through the interaction with FUNDC1-ULK1 complex at the EMC site. These findings provide a direct correlation between Lon and mitophagy on cell survival and cancer progression.
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