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Hengst JA, Nduwumwami AJ, Sharma A, Yun JK. Fanning the Flames of Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Stress: Can Sphingolipid Metabolism Be Targeted to Enhance ER Stress-Associated Immunogenic Cell Death in Cancer? Mol Pharmacol 2024; 105:155-165. [PMID: 38164594 PMCID: PMC10877730 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.123.000786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The three arms of the unfolded protein response (UPR) surveil the luminal environment of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and transmit information through the lipid bilayer to the cytoplasm to alert the cell of stress conditions within the ER lumen. That same lipid bilayer is the site of de novo synthesis of phospholipids and sphingolipids. Thus, it is no surprise that lipids are modulated by and are modulators of ER stress. Given that sphingolipids have both prosurvival and proapoptotic effects, they also exert opposing effects on life/death decisions in the face of prolonged ER stress detected by the UPR. In this review, we will focus on several recent studies that demonstrate how sphingolipids affect each arm of the UPR. We will also discuss the role of sphingolipids in the process of immunogenic cell death downstream of the protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK)/eukaryotic initiating factor 2α (eIF2α) arm of the UPR. Furthermore, we will discuss strategies to target the sphingolipid metabolic pathway that could potentially act synergistically with agents that induce ER stress as novel anticancer treatments. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This review provides the readers with a brief discussion of the sphingolipid metabolic pathway and the unfolded protein response. The primary focus of the review is the mechanism(s) by which sphingolipids modulate the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response pathways and the critical role of sphingolipids in the process of immunogenic cell death associated with the ER stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy A Hengst
- Departments of Pediatrics (J.A.H.) and Pharmacology (A.S., J.K.Y.), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; and Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, National Center for Advancing Translational Science, Rockville, Maryland (A.J.N.)
| | - Asvelt J Nduwumwami
- Departments of Pediatrics (J.A.H.) and Pharmacology (A.S., J.K.Y.), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; and Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, National Center for Advancing Translational Science, Rockville, Maryland (A.J.N.)
| | - Arati Sharma
- Departments of Pediatrics (J.A.H.) and Pharmacology (A.S., J.K.Y.), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; and Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, National Center for Advancing Translational Science, Rockville, Maryland (A.J.N.)
| | - Jong K Yun
- Departments of Pediatrics (J.A.H.) and Pharmacology (A.S., J.K.Y.), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; and Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, National Center for Advancing Translational Science, Rockville, Maryland (A.J.N.)
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Babazadeh SM, Zolfaghari MR, Zargar M, Baesi K, Hosseini SY, Ghaemi A. Interleukin-24-mediated antitumor effects against human glioblastoma via upregulation of P38 MAPK and endogenous TRAIL-induced apoptosis and LC3-II activation-dependent autophagy. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:519. [PMID: 37280571 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-11021-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanoma differentiation-associated gene 7 (Mda-7) encodes IL-24, which can induce apoptosis in cancer cells. A novel gene therapy approach to treat deadly brain tumors, recombinant mda-7 adenovirus (Ad/mda-7) efficiently kills glioma cells. In this study, we investigated the factors affecting cell survival and apoptosis and autophagy mechanisms that destroy glioma cells by Ad/IL-24. METHODS Human glioblastoma U87 cell line was exposed to a multiplicity of infections of Ad/IL-24. Antitumor activities of Ad/IL-24 were assessed by cell proliferation (MTT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release analysis. Using flow cytometry, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis were investigated. Using the ELISA method, the tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) level was determined as an apoptosis-promoting factor and Survivin level as an anti-apoptotic factor. The expression levels of TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand(TRAIL) and P38 MAPK genes were assessed by the Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction(RT‑qPCR) method. The expression levels of caspase-3 and protein light chain 3-II (LC3-II) proteins were analyzed by flow cytometry as intervening factors in the processes of apoptosis and autophagy in the cell death signaling pathway, respectively. RESULTS The present findings demonstrated that transduction of IL-24 inhibited cell proliferation and induced cell cycle arrest and cell apoptosis in glioblastoma. Compared with cells of the control groups, Ad/IL24-infected U87 cells exhibited significantly increased elevated caspase-3, and TNF-α levels, while the survivin expression was decreased. TRAIL was shown to be upregulated in tumor cells after Ad/IL-24 infection and studies of the apoptotic cascade regulators indicate that Ad/IL-24 could further enhance the activation of apoptosis through the TNF family of death receptors. In the current study, we demonstrate that P38 MAPK is significantly activated by IL-24 expression. In addition, the overexpression of mda-7/IL-24 in GBM cells induced autophagy, which was triggered by the upregulation of LC3-II. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates the antitumor effect of IL-24 on glioblastoma and may be a promising therapeutic approach for GBM cancer gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Maliheh Babazadeh
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Science, Qom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Zolfaghari
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Science, Qom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran.
| | - Mohsen Zargar
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Science, Qom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran
| | - Kazem Baesi
- Hepatitis and AIDS Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sayed Younes Hosseini
- Bacteriology and Virology Department, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amir Ghaemi
- Department of Influenza and other Respiratory Viruses, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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Sun C, Wei D, Pan Y, Xiao X, Wang F. BmCaspase-8-like regulates autophagy by suppressing BmDREDD-mediated cleavage of BmATG6. INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 30:365-374. [PMID: 36044542 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy plays an important role in tissue remodeling during insect development. The interplay between autophagy-related (ATG) proteins and caspases regulates the autophagic activity of ATGs, thereby modulating the process of autophagy. Our previous study characterized BmCaspase-8-like (BmCasp8L) as a caspase suppressor that inhibits apoptosis and immune signaling by suppressing the activation of death-related ced-3/Nedd2-like caspase (DREDD), a caspase-8 homolog in silkworm. In this study, we explored the regulatory role of BmCasp8L in autophagy. We found that the expression of Bmcasp8l increased from the late spinning stage to the pupa stage in the posterior silk gland (PSG), correlating with the expression patterns of Bmatg8 and Bmatg6. RNA interference-mediated downregulation of BmCasp8L expression significantly decreased starvation-induced autophagic influx as determined by the levels of BmATG8-phosphatidylethanolamine and the percentage of cells displaying punctate enhanced green fluorescent protein-BmATG8. Conversely, the overexpression of BmCasp8L significantly increased autophagic influx. We also found that BmCasp8L underwent autophagic degradation induced by starvation and that it was colocalized with BmATG8. Lastly, we demonstrated that BmDREDD attenuated autophagy and BmCasp8L suppressed BmDREDD-mediated cleavage of BmATG6. Taken together, our results demonstrated that BmCasp8L is a novel proautophagic molecule which suppresses BmDREDD-mediated cleavage of BmATG6 and is a target for autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dongmei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yumeng Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoyi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Sarkar J, Aoki H, Wu R, Aoki M, Hylemon P, Zhou H, Takabe K. Conjugated Bile Acids Accelerate Progression of Pancreatic Cancer Metastasis via S1PR2 Signaling in Cholestasis. Ann Surg Oncol 2023; 30:1630-1641. [PMID: 36396870 PMCID: PMC9911402 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-022-12806-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic cancer (PC) has an extremely high mortality rate, where obstructive jaundice due to cholestasis is a classic symptom. Conjugated bile acids (CBAs) such as taurocholic acid (TCA) have been reported to activate both the ERK1/2 and AKT signaling pathways via S1P receptor 2 (S1PR2) and promote growth of cholangiocarcinoma. Thus, we hypothesize that CBAs, which accumulate in cholestasis, accelerate PC progression via S1PR2. METHODS Murine Panc02-luc and human AsPC-1, MIA PaCa2, and BxPC-3 cells were treated with TCA, S1PR2 agonist CYM5520, S1PR2 antagonist JTE-013, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), and functional S1P receptor antagonist (except S1PR2) FTY720. Bile duct ligation (BDL) was performed on liver implantation or intraperitoneal injection of Panc02-luc cells. RESULTS Panc02-luc and AsPC-1 cells predominantly expressed S1PR2, and their growth and migration were stimulated by TCA or CYM5520 in dose-dependent manner, which was blocked by JTE-013. This finding was not seen in PC cell lines expressing other S1P receptors than S1PR2. Panc02-luc growth stimulation by S1P was not blocked by FTY720. BDL significantly increased PC liver metastasis compared with sham. PC peritoneal carcinomatosis was significantly worsened by BDL, confirmed by number of nodules, tumor weight, bioluminescence, Ki-67 stain, ascites, and worse survival compared with sham. CYM5520 significantly worsened PC carcinomatosis, whereas treatment with anti-S1P antibody or FTY720 also worsened progression. CONCLUSIONS CBAs accelerated growth of S1PR2 predominant PC both in vitro and in vivo. This finding implicates S1PR2 as a potential therapeutic target in metastatic S1PR2 predominant pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy Sarkar
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Hiroaki Aoki
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rongrong Wu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Masayo Aoki
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Phillip Hylemon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and, McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Huiping Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and, McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Kazuaki Takabe
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA.
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA, USA.
- Department of Surgery, University at Buffalo Jacob School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA.
- Department of Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.
- Department of Breast Surgery and Oncology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
- Department of Surgery, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan.
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Nduwumwami AJ, Hengst JA, Yun JK. Sphingosine Kinase Inhibition Enhances Dimerization of Calreticulin at the Cell Surface in Mitoxantrone-Induced Immunogenic Cell Death. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2021; 378:300-310. [PMID: 34158403 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.121.000629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Agents that induce immunogenic cell death (ICD) alter the cellular localization of calreticulin (CRT), causing it to become cell surface-exposed within the plasma membrane lipid raft microdomain [cell surface-exposed CRT (ectoCRT)] where it serves as a damage associated-molecular pattern that elicits an antitumor immune response. We have identified the sphingolipid metabolic pathway as an integral component of the process of ectoCRT exposure. Inhibition of the sphingosine kinases (SphKs) enhances mitoxantrone-induced production of hallmarks of ICD, including ectoCRT production, with an absolute mean difference of 40 MFI (95% CI: 19-62; P = 0.0014) and 1.3-fold increase of ATP secretion with an absolute mean difference of 87 RLU (95% CI: 55-120; P < 0.0001). Mechanistically, sphingosine kinase inhibition increases mitoxantrone-induced accumulation of ceramide species, including C16:0 ceramide 2.8-fold with an absolute mean difference of 1.390 pmol/nmol Pi (95% CI: 0.798-1.983; P = 0.0023). We further examined the localization of ectoCRT to the lipid raft microdomain and demonstrate that ectoCRT forms disulfide-bridged dimers. Together, our findings suggest that ceramide accumulation impinges on the homeostatic function of the endoplasmic reticulum to induce ectoCRT exposure and that structural alterations of ectoCRT may underlie its immunogenicity. Our findings further suggest that inhibition of the SphKs may represent a means to enhance the therapeutic immunogenic efficacy of ICD-inducing agents while reducing overt toxicity/immunosuppressive effects by allowing for the modification of dosing regimens or directly lowering the dosages of ICD-inducing agents employed in therapeutic regimens. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study demonstrates that inhibition of sphingosine kinase enhances the mitoxantrone-induced cell surface exposure of a dimeric form of the normally endoplasmic reticulum resident chaperone calreticulin as part of the process of a unique form of regulated cell death termed immunogenic cell death. Importantly, inhibition of sphingosine kinase may represent a means to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of immunogenic cell death-inducing agents, such as mitoxantrone, while reducing their overt toxicity and immunosuppressive effects, leading to better therapeutic outcomes for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asvelt J Nduwumwami
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Jeremy A Hengst
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Jong K Yun
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
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Tomaipitinca L, Petrungaro S, D'Acunzo P, Facchiano A, Dubey A, Rizza S, Giulitti F, Gaudio E, Filippini A, Ziparo E, Cecconi F, Giampietri C. c-FLIP regulates autophagy by interacting with Beclin-1 and influencing its stability. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:686. [PMID: 34238932 PMCID: PMC8266807 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03957-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
c-FLIP (cellular FLICE-like inhibitory protein) protein is mostly known as an apoptosis modulator. However, increasing data underline that c-FLIP plays multiple roles in cellular homoeostasis, influencing differently the same pathways depending on its expression level and isoform predominance. Few and controversial data are available regarding c-FLIP function in autophagy. Here we show that autophagic flux is less effective in c-FLIP−/− than in WT MEFs (mouse embryonic fibroblasts). Indeed, we show that the absence of c-FLIP compromises the expression levels of pivotal factors in the generation of autophagosomes. In line with the role of c-FLIP as a scaffold protein, we found that c-FLIPL interacts with Beclin-1 (BECN1: coiled-coil, moesin-like BCL2-interacting protein), which is required for autophagosome nucleation. By a combination of bioinformatics tools and biochemistry assays, we demonstrate that c-FLIPL interaction with Beclin-1 is important to prevent Beclin-1 ubiquitination and degradation through the proteasomal pathway. Taken together, our data describe a novel molecular mechanism through which c-FLIPL positively regulates autophagy, by enhancing Beclin-1 protein stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Tomaipitinca
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Cell Stress and Survival Unit, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Simonetta Petrungaro
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Pasquale D'Acunzo
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | | | - Amit Dubey
- Computational Chemistry and Drug Discovery Division, Quanta Calculus Pvt Ltd, Kushinagar, 274203, India.,Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Salvatore Rizza
- Redox Signaling and Oxidative Stress Group, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Federico Giulitti
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Filippini
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Elio Ziparo
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Cecconi
- Cell Stress and Survival Unit, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark.,Department of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology and Cell and Gene therapy, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, 00143, Italy.,Department of Biology, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, 00133, Italy
| | - Claudia Giampietri
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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Thomas M, Davis T, Nell T, Sishi B, Engelbrecht AM. Amino Acid Starvation Sensitizes Resistant Breast Cancer to Doxorubicin-Induced Cell Death. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:565915. [PMID: 33178685 PMCID: PMC7593593 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.565915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Many clinical trials are beginning to assess the effectiveness of compounds known to regulate autophagy in patients receiving anti-cancer chemotherapy. However, autophagy inhibition, through exogenous inhibitors, or activation, through starvation, has revealed conflicting roles in cancer management and chemotherapeutic outcome. This study aimed to assess the effect of amino acid starvation on doxorubicin-treated breast cancer cells by assessing the roles of autophagy and apoptosis. An in vitro breast cancer model consisting of the normal breast epithelial MCF12A and the metastatic breast cancer MDAMB231 cells was used. Apoptotic and autophagic parameters were assessed following doxorubicin treatments, alone or in combination with bafilomycin, ATG5 siRNA or amino acid starvation. Inhibition of autophagy, through ATG5 siRNA or bafilomycin treatment, increased caspase activity and intracellular doxorubicin concentrations in MCF12A and MDAMB231 cells during doxorubicin treatment. While amino acid starvation increased autophagic activity and decreased caspase activity and intracellular doxorubicin concentrations in MCF12A cells, no changes in autophagic parameters or caspase activity were observed in MDAMB231 cells. Our in vivo data showed that 24 h protein starvation during high dose doxorubicin treatment resulted in increased survival of tumor-bearing GFP-LC3 mice. Results from this study suggest that short term starvation during doxorubicin chemotherapy may be a realistic avenue for adjuvant therapy, especially with regards to the protection of non-cancerous cells. More research is however, needed to fully understand the regulation of autophagic flux during starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Thomas
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Tanja Davis
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Theo Nell
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Balindiwe Sishi
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Anna-Mart Engelbrecht
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.,African Cancer Institute (ACI), Department of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
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8
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Durbas M, Pabisz P, Wawak K, Wiśniewska A, Boratyn E, Nowak I, Horwacik I, Woźnicka O, Rokita H. GD2 ganglioside-binding antibody 14G2a and specific aurora A kinase inhibitor MK-5108 induce autophagy in IMR-32 neuroblastoma cells. Apoptosis 2019; 23:492-511. [PMID: 30027525 PMCID: PMC6153511 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-018-1472-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The process of autophagy and its role in survival of human neuroblastoma cell cultures was studied upon addition of an anti-GD2 ganglioside (GD2) 14G2a mouse monoclonal antibody (14G2a mAb) and an aurora A kinase specific inhibitor, MK-5108. It was recently shown that combination of these agents significantly potentiates cytotoxicity against IMR-32 and CHP-134 neuroblastoma cells in vitro, as compared to the inhibitor used alone. In this study we gained mechanistic insights on autophagy in the observed cytotoxic effects exerted by both agents using cytotoxicity assays, RT-qPCR, immunoblotting, and autophagy detection methods. Enhancement of the autophagy process in the 14G2a mAb- and MK-5108-treated IMR-32 cells was documented by assessing autophagic flux. Application of a lysosomotropic agent-chloroquine (CQ) affected the 14G2a mAb- and MK-5108-stimulated autophagic flux. It is our conclusion that the 14G2a mAb (40 μg/ml) and MK-5108 inhibitor (0.1 μM) induce autophagy in IMR-32 cells. Moreover, the combinatorial treatment of IMR-32 cells with the 14G2a mAb and CQ significantly potentiates cytotoxic effect, as compared to CQ used alone. Most importantly, we showed that interfering with autophagy at its early and late step augments the 14G2a mAb-induced apoptosis, therefore we can conclude that inhibition of autophagy is the primary mechanism of the CQ-mediated sensitization to the 14G2a mAb-induced apoptosis. Although, there was no virtual stimulation of autophagy in the 14G2a mAb-treated CHP-134 neuroblastoma cells, we were able to show that PHLDA1 protein positively regulates autophagy and this process exists in a mutually exclusive manner with apoptosis in PHLDA1-silenced CHP-134 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Durbas
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Virology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Paweł Pabisz
- Departament of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Wawak
- Departament of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Aneta Wiśniewska
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Virology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Boratyn
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Virology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Iwona Nowak
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Virology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Irena Horwacik
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Virology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Olga Woźnicka
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Hanna Rokita
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Virology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
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9
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Aoki H, Aoki M, Yang J, Katsuta E, Mukhopadhyay P, Ramanathan R, Woelfel IA, Wang X, Spiegel S, Zhou H, Takabe K. Murine model of long-term obstructive jaundice. J Surg Res 2016; 206:118-125. [PMID: 27916350 PMCID: PMC5142243 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2016.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the recent emergence of conjugated bile acids as signaling molecules in cancer, a murine model of obstructive jaundice by cholestasis with long-term survival is in need. Here, we investigated the characteristics of three murine models of obstructive jaundice. METHODS C57BL/6J mice were used for total ligation of the common bile duct (tCL), partial common bile duct ligation (pCL), and ligation of left and median hepatic bile duct with gallbladder removal (LMHL) models. Survival was assessed by Kaplan-Meier method. Fibrotic change was determined by Masson-Trichrome staining and Collagen expression. RESULTS Overall, 70% (7 of 10) of tCL mice died by day 7, whereas majority 67% (10 of 15) of pCL mice survived with loss of jaundice. A total of 19% (3 of 16) of LMHL mice died; however, jaundice continued beyond day 14, with survival of more than a month. Compensatory enlargement of the right lobe was observed in both pCL and LMHL models. The pCL model demonstrated acute inflammation due to obstructive jaundice 3 d after ligation but jaundice rapidly decreased by day 7. The LHML group developed portal hypertension and severe fibrosis by day 14 in addition to prolonged jaundice. CONCLUSIONS The standard tCL model is too unstable with high mortality for long-term studies. pCL may be an appropriate model for acute inflammation with obstructive jaundice, but long-term survivors are no longer jaundiced. The LHML model was identified to be the most feasible model to study the effect of long-term obstructive jaundice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Aoki
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Masayo Aoki
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Eriko Katsuta
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Partha Mukhopadhyay
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Rajesh Ramanathan
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Ingrid A Woelfel
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Sarah Spiegel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Huiping Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Kazuaki Takabe
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia; Division of Breast Surgery, Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York.
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10
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Li Y, Li S, Qin X, Hou W, Dong H, Yao L, Xiong L. The pleiotropic roles of sphingolipid signaling in autophagy. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1245. [PMID: 24853423 PMCID: PMC4047895 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The autophagic process involves encompassing damaged proteins and organelles within double- or multi-membraned structures and delivering these molecules to the lytic compartments of vacuoles. Sphingolipids (SLs), which are ubiquitous membrane lipids in eukaryotes, participate in the generation of various membrane structures, including rafts, caveolae, and cytosolic vesicles. SLs are a complex family of molecules that have a growing number of members, including ceramide, sphingosine-1-phosphate, and dihydroceramide, which have been associated with the essential cellular process of autophagy. This review highlights recent studies focusing on the regulation and function of SL-associated autophagy and its role in cell fate, diseases, and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Li
- 1] The State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China [2] Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - S Li
- 1] The State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China [2] Department of Oral Biology, Stomatology School, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - X Qin
- Department of Chemistry, Pharmacy School, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - W Hou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - H Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - L Yao
- The State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - L Xiong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
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11
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Deroyer C, Rénert AF, Merville MP, Fillet M. New role for EMD (emerin), a key inner nuclear membrane protein, as an enhancer of autophagosome formation in the C16-ceramide autophagy pathway. Autophagy 2014; 10:1229-40. [PMID: 24819607 DOI: 10.4161/auto.28777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, precise roles of EMD (emerin) remain poorly described. In this paper, we investigated the role of EMD in the C16-ceramide autophagy pathway. Ceramides are bioactive signaling molecules acting notably in the regulation of cell growth, differentiation, or cell death. However, the mechanisms by which they mediate these pathways are not fully understood. We found that C16-ceramide induces EMD phosphorylation on its LEM domain through PRKACA. Upon ceramide treatment, phosphorylated EMD binds MAP1LC3B leading to an increase of autophagosome formation. These data suggest a new role of EMD as an enhancer of autophagosome formation in the C16-ceramide autophagy pathway in colon cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Deroyer
- GIGA-R Proteomic Unit; University of Liège; Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Marie-Paule Merville
- Department of Clinical Chemistry; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège; Liège, Belgium
| | - Marianne Fillet
- GIGA-R Proteomic Unit; University of Liège; Liège, Belgium; Department of Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Department of Pharmacy; Centre Interfacultaire de Recherche du Médicament; University of Liège; Liège, Belgium
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12
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Matarrese P, Garofalo T, Manganelli V, Gambardella L, Marconi M, Grasso M, Tinari A, Misasi R, Malorni W, Sorice M. Evidence for the involvement of GD3 ganglioside in autophagosome formation and maturation. Autophagy 2014; 10:750-65. [PMID: 24589479 DOI: 10.4161/auto.27959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids are structural lipid components of cell membranes, including membrane of organelles, such as mitochondria or endoplasmic reticulum, playing a role in signal transduction as well as in the transport and intermixing of cell membranes. Sphingolipid microdomains, also called lipid rafts, participate in several metabolic and catabolic cell processes, including apoptosis. However, the defined role of lipid rafts in the autophagic flux is still unknown. In the present study we analyzed the role of gangliosides, a class of sphingolipids, in autolysosome morphogenesis in human and murine primary fibroblasts by means of biochemical and analytical cytology methods. Upon induction of autophagy, by using amino acid deprivation as well as tunicamycin, we found that GD3 ganglioside, considered as a paradigmatic raft constituent, actively contributed to the biogenesis and maturation of autophagic vacuoles. In particular, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and coimmunoprecipitation analyses revealed that this ganglioside interacts with phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate and can be detected in immature autophagosomes in association with LC3-II as well as in autolysosomes associated with LAMP1. Hence, it appears as a structural component of autophagic flux. Accordingly, we found that autophagy was significantly impaired by knocking down ST8SIA1/GD3 synthase (ST8 α-N-acetyl-neuraminide α-2,8-sialyltransferase 1) or by altering sphingolipid metabolism with fumonisin B1. Interestingly, exogenous administration of GD3 ganglioside was capable of reactivating the autophagic process inhibited by fumonisin B1. Altogether, these results suggest that gangliosides, via their molecular interaction with autophagy-associated molecules, could be recruited to autophagosome and contribute to morphogenic remodeling, e.g., to changes of membrane curvature and fluidity, finally leading to mature autolysosome formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Matarrese
- Section of Cell Aging and Degeneration; Department of Drug Research and Evaluation; Istituto Superiore di Sanita; Rome, Italy; Center of Metabolomics; Rome, Italy
| | - Tina Garofalo
- Department of Experimental Medicine; Sapienza University; Rome, Italy
| | | | - Lucrezia Gambardella
- Section of Cell Aging and Degeneration; Department of Drug Research and Evaluation; Istituto Superiore di Sanita; Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Marconi
- Section of Cell Aging and Degeneration; Department of Drug Research and Evaluation; Istituto Superiore di Sanita; Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Grasso
- Department of Experimental Medicine; Sapienza University; Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Tinari
- Department of Technology and Health; Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Misasi
- Department of Experimental Medicine; Sapienza University; Rome, Italy
| | - Walter Malorni
- Section of Cell Aging and Degeneration; Department of Drug Research and Evaluation; Istituto Superiore di Sanita; Rome, Italy; Istituto San Raffaele Sulmona; L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Maurizio Sorice
- Department of Experimental Medicine; Sapienza University; Rome, Italy
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13
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MDA-7/IL-24: multifunctional cancer killing cytokine. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 818:127-53. [PMID: 25001534 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4471-6458-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
First identified almost two decades ago as a novel gene differentially expressed in human melanoma cells induced to terminally differentiate, MDA-7/IL-24 has since shown great potential as an anti-cancer gene. MDA-7/IL24, a secreted protein of the IL-10 family, functions as a cytokine at normal physiological levels and is expressed in tissues of the immune system. At supra-physiological levels, MDA-7/IL-24 plays a prominent role in inhibiting tumor growth, invasion, metastasis and angiogenesis and was recently shown to target tumor stem/initiating cells for death. Much of the attention focused on MDA-7/IL-24 originated from the fact that it can selectively induce cell death in cancer cells without affecting normal cells. Thus, this gene originally shown to be associated with melanoma cell differentiation has now proven to be a multi-functional protein affecting a broad array of cancers. Moreover, MDA-7/IL-24 has proven efficacious in a Phase I/II clinical trial in humans with multiple advanced cancers. As research in the field progresses, we will unravel more of the functions of MDA-7/IL-24 and define novel ways to utilize MDA-7/IL-24 in the treatment of cancer.
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14
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Abstract
One crucial barrier to progress in the treatment of cancer has been the inability to control the balance between cell proliferation and apoptosis: enter ceramide. Discoveries over the past 15 years have elevated this sphingolipid to the lofty position of a regulator of cell fate. Ceramide, it turns out, is a powerful tumour suppressor, potentiating signalling events that drive apoptosis, autophagic responses and cell cycle arrest. However, defects in ceramide generation and metabolism in cancer cells contribute to tumour cell survival and resistance to chemotherapy. This Review focuses on ceramide signalling and the targeting of specific metabolic junctures to amplify the tumour suppressive activities of ceramide. The potential of ceramide-based therapeutics in the treatment of cancer is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samy A F Morad
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute at Saint John's Health Center, 2200 Santa Monica Boulevard, Santa Monica, California 90404, USA.
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15
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Yi P, Higa A, Taouji S, Bexiga MG, Marza E, Arma D, Castain C, Le Bail B, Simpson JC, Rosenbaum J, Balabaud C, Bioulac-Sage P, Blanc JF, Chevet E. Sorafenib-Mediated Targeting of the AAA+ ATPase p97/VCP Leads to Disruption of the Secretory Pathway, Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, and Hepatocellular Cancer Cell Death. Mol Cancer Ther 2012; 11:2610-20. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-12-0516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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Levy JMM, Thorburn A. Modulation of pediatric brain tumor autophagy and chemosensitivity. J Neurooncol 2012; 106:281-90. [PMID: 21842312 PMCID: PMC3811079 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-011-0684-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Brain and spinal tumors are the second most common malignancies in childhood after leukemia, and they remain the leading cause of death from childhood cancer. Autophagy is a catabolic cellular process that is thought to regulate chemosensitivity, however its role in pediatric tumors is unknown. Here we present studies in pediatric medulloblastoma cell lines (DAOY, ONS76) and atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor cell lines (BT-16, BT-12) to test this role. Autophagy was inhibited using siRNA against autophagy-related genes ATG12 and ATG7 or pharmacologically induced or inhibited using rapamycin and chloroquine to test the effect of autophagy on chemosensitivity. Autophagic flux was measured using Western blot analysis of LC3-II and p62 and cell viability was determined using MTS assays and clonogenic growth. We found that when pediatric brain tumor cells under starvation stress, exposed to known autophagy inducers such as rapamycin, or treated with current chemotherapeutics (lomustine, cisplatin), all stimulate autophagy. Silencing ATG12 and ATG7 or exposure to a known autophagy inhibitor, chloroquine, could inhibit this autophagy increase; however, the effect of autophagy on tumor cell killing was small. These results may have clinical relevance in the future planning of therapeutic regimens for pediatric brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean M Mulcahy Levy
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado 12801 E 17 Ave RC-1 South, Rm 6400D Mail Stop 8303 Aurora, CO, USA, 80045
| | - Andrew Thorburn
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado 12801 E 17 Ave RC-1 South, Rm 6400D Mail Stop 8303 Aurora, CO, USA, 80045
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17
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Choi JM, Chu SJ, Ahn KH, Kim SK, Ji JE, Won JH, Kim HC, Back MJ, Kim DK. C(6)-ceramide enhances phagocytic activity of Kupffer cells through the production of endogenous ceramides. Mol Cells 2011; 32:325-31. [PMID: 21874540 PMCID: PMC3887646 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-011-1034-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Revised: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ceramide has been suggested to be not only a tumor-suppressive lipid but also a regulator of phagocytosis. We examined whether exogenous cell-permeable C(6)-ceramide enhances the phagocytic activity of Kupffer cells (KCs) and affects the level of cellular ceramides. Rat KCs were isolated by collagenase digestion and differential centrifugation, using Percoll system. Phagocytic activity was measured by FACS analysis after incubating KCs with fluorescence-conjugated latex beads, and the level of cellular ceramide was analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). In this study we found that permeable C(6)-ceramide increases the cellular levels of endogenous ceramides via a sphingosine-recycling pathway leading to enhanced phagocytosis by KCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Min Choi
- Department of Environmental and Health Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - So Jung Chu
- Department of Environmental and Health Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Kyong Hoon Ahn
- Department of Environmental and Health Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea
| | - Seok Kyun Kim
- Department of Environmental and Health Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea
| | - Jung Eun Ji
- Department of Environmental and Health Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea
| | - Jong Hoon Won
- Department of Environmental and Health Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea
| | - Hyung Chul Kim
- Department of Environmental and Health Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea
| | - Moon Jung Back
- Department of Environmental and Health Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea
| | - Dae Kyong Kim
- Department of Environmental and Health Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea
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18
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PERK integrates autophagy and oxidative stress responses to promote survival during extracellular matrix detachment. Mol Cell Biol 2011; 31:3616-29. [PMID: 21709020 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.05164-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammary epithelial cells (MECs) detached from the extracellular matrix (ECM) produce deleterious reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induce autophagy to survive. The coordination of such opposing responses likely dictates whether epithelial cells survive ECM detachment or undergo anoikis. Here, we demonstrate that the endoplasmic reticulum kinase PERK facilitates survival of ECM-detached cells by concomitantly promoting autophagy, ATP production, and an antioxidant response. Loss-of-function studies show that ECM detachment activates a canonical PERK-eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α)-ATF4-CHOP pathway that coordinately induces the autophagy regulators ATG6 and ATG8, sustains ATP levels, and reduces ROS levels to delay anoikis. Inducible activation of an Fv2E-ΔNPERK chimera by persistent activation of autophagy and reduction of ROS results in lumen-filled mammary epithelial acini. Finally, luminal P-PERK and LC3 levels are reduced in PERK-deficient mammary glands, whereas they are increased in human breast ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) versus normal breast tissues. We propose that the normal proautophagic and antioxidant PERK functions may be hijacked to promote the survival of ECM-detached tumor cells in DCIS lesions.
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19
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Bodas M, Min T, Vij N. Critical role of CFTR-dependent lipid rafts in cigarette smoke-induced lung epithelial injury. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2011; 300:L811-20. [PMID: 21378025 PMCID: PMC3119127 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00408.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis of lung epithelial and endothelial cells by exposure to cigarette smoke (CS) severely damages the lung tissue, leading to the pathogenesis of emphysema, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. We have recently established a direct correlation between decreased lipid raft CFTR expression and emphysema progression through increased ceramide accumulation. In the present work, we investigated the role of membrane CFTR in regulating apoptosis and autophagy responses to CS exposure. We report a constitutive and CS-induced increase in the number of TUNEL-positive apoptotic cells in Cftr(-/-) murine lungs compared with Cftr(+/+) murine lungs that also correlated with a concurrent increase in the expression of ceramide, NF-κB, CD95/Fas, lipid raft proteins, and zonula occludens (ZO)-1/2 (P < 0.001). We also verified that stable wild-type CFTR expression in CFBE41o(-) cells controls constitutively elevated caspase-3/7 activity (-1.6-fold, P < 0.001). Our data suggest that membrane CFTR regulates ceramide-enriched lipid raft signaling platforms required for the induction of Fas-mediated apoptotic signaling. In addition, lack of membrane CFTR also modulates autophagy, as demonstrated by the significant increase in constitutive (P < 0.001) and CSE-induced (P < 0.005) perinuclear accumulation of green fluorescent protein-microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain-3 (LC3) in the absence of membrane CFTR (CFBE41o(-) cells). The significant constitutive and CS-induced increase (P < 0.05) in p62 and LC3β expression in CFTR-deficient cells and mice corroborates these findings and suggest a defective autophagy response in the absence of membrane CFTR. Our data demonstrate the critical role of membrane-localized CFTR in regulating apoptotic and autophagic responses in CS-induced lung injury that may be involved in the pathogenesis of severe emphysema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Bodas
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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20
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Levy JMM, Thorburn A. Targeting autophagy during cancer therapy to improve clinical outcomes. Pharmacol Ther 2011; 131:130-41. [PMID: 21440002 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic process that turns over long-lived proteins and organelles and contributes to cell and organism survival in times of stress. Current cancer therapies including chemotherapy and radiation are known to induce autophagy within tumor cells. This is therefore an attractive process to target during cancer therapy as there are safe, clinically available drugs known to both inhibit and stimulate autophagy. However, there are conflicting positive and negative effects of autophagy and no current consensus on how to manipulate autophagy to improve clinical outcomes. Careful and rigorous evaluation of autophagy with a focus on how to translate laboratory findings into relevant clinical therapies remains an important aspect of improving clinical outcomes in patients with malignant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean M Mulcahy Levy
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, 12801 E 17th Ave, RC-1 South, Rm 6400D, Mail Stop 8303, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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21
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Ponnusamy S, Meyers-Needham M, Senkal CE, Saddoughi SA, Sentelle D, Selvam SP, Salas A, Ogretmen B. Sphingolipids and cancer: ceramide and sphingosine-1-phosphate in the regulation of cell death and drug resistance. Future Oncol 2011; 6:1603-24. [PMID: 21062159 DOI: 10.2217/fon.10.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids have emerged as bioeffector molecules, controlling various aspects of cell growth and proliferation in cancer, which is becoming the deadliest disease in the world. These lipid molecules have also been implicated in the mechanism of action of cancer chemotherapeutics. Ceramide, the central molecule of sphingolipid metabolism, generally mediates antiproliferative responses, such as cell growth inhibition, apoptosis induction, senescence modulation, endoplasmic reticulum stress responses and/or autophagy. Interestingly, recent studies suggest de novo-generated ceramides may have distinct and opposing roles in the promotion/suppression of tumors, and that these activities are based on their fatty acid chain lengths, subcellular localization and/or direct downstream targets. For example, in head and neck cancer cells, ceramide synthase 6/C(16)-ceramide addiction was revealed, and this was associated with increased tumor growth, whereas downregulation of its synthesis resulted in ER stress-induced apoptosis. By contrast, ceramide synthase 1-generated C(18)-ceramide has been shown to suppress tumor growth in various cancer models, both in situ and in vivo. In addition, ceramide metabolism to generate sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) by sphingosine kinases 1 and 2 mediates, with or without the involvement of G-protein-coupled S1P receptor signaling, prosurvival, angiogenesis, metastasis and/or resistance to drug-induced apoptosis. Importantly, recent findings regarding the mechanisms by which sphingolipid metabolism and signaling regulate tumor growth and progression, such as identifying direct intracellular protein targets of sphingolipids, have been key for the development of new chemotherapeutic strategies. Thus, in this article, we will present conclusions of recent studies that describe opposing roles of de novo-generated ceramides by ceramide synthases and/or S1P in the regulation of cancer pathogenesis, as well as the development of sphingolipid-based cancer therapeutics and drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suriyan Ponnusamy
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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22
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Sphingolipid metabolism and analysis in metabolic disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2011; 721:1-17. [PMID: 21910079 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-0650-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Sphingolipids are an important class of structural and signaling molecules within the cell. As sphingolipids have been implicated in the development and pathogenesis of insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome, it is important to understand their regulation and metabolism. Although these lipids are initially produced through a common pathway, there is no "generic" sphingolipid. Indeed, the biophysical and signaling properties of lipids may be manipulated by the subunit composition or isoform of their synthetic enzymes, via regulation of substrate integration. Functionally distinct pools of chemically-equivalent lipids may also be generated by de novo synthesis and recycling of existing complex sphingolipids. The highly integrated metabolism of the many bioactive sphingolipids means that manipulation of one enzyme or metabolite can result in a ripple effect, causing unforeseen changes in metabolite levels, enzyme activities, and cellular programmes. Fortunately, a suite of techniques, ranging from thin-layer chromatography to liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry approaches, allows investigators to undertake a functional characterization of all or part of the sphingolipidome in their systems of interest.
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23
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Schleicher SM, Moretti L, Varki V, Lu B. Progress in the unraveling of the endoplasmic reticulum stress/autophagy pathway and cancer: Implications for future therapeutic approaches. Drug Resist Updat 2010; 13:79-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2010.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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24
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Dalby KN, Tekedereli I, Lopez-Berestein G, Ozpolat B. Targeting the prodeath and prosurvival functions of autophagy as novel therapeutic strategies in cancer. Autophagy 2010; 6:322-9. [PMID: 20224296 PMCID: PMC2914492 DOI: 10.4161/auto.6.3.11625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved lysosomal pathway for degrading cytoplasmic proteins, macromolecules, and organelles. While autophagy has become one of the most attractive topics in cancer research, the current autophagy literature is often viewed as confusing, because of its association with apparently contradictory roles, such as survival and cell death. Autophagy can serve as a tumor suppressor, as a partial reduction in autophagic capacity or defective autophagy (e.g., heterozygous knockdown BECN1 (+/-) in mice) provides an oncogenic stimulus, causing malignant transformation and spontaneous tumors. In addition, autophagy seems to function as a protective cell survival mechanism against environmental and cellular stress (e.g., nutrient deprivation, hypoxia and therapeutic stress) and causes resistance to antineoplastic therapies. Recent studies have demonstrated that the inhibition of autophagy in cancer cells may be therapeutically beneficial in some circumstances, as it can sensitize cancer cells to different therapies, including DNA-damaging agents, antihormone therapies (e.g., tamoxifen), and radiation therapy. This supports the hypothesis that inhibiting autophagy can negatively influence cancer cell survival and increase cell death when combined with anticancer agents, providing a therapeutic advantage against cancer. On the other hand, the induction of autophagy by the inhibition of anti-autophagic proteins, such as Bcl-2, PKCdelta, and tissue transglutaminase 2 (TG2), may lead to autophagic cell death in some apoptosis-resistant cancers (i.e., breast and pancreatic cancers), indicating that the induction of autophagy alone may also be used as a potential therapy. Overall, the data suggest that, depending on the cellular features, either the induction or the inhibition of autophagy can provide therapeutic benefits to patients and that the design and synthesis of the first-generation modulators of autophagy may provide the tools for proof of concept experiments and the impetus for translational studies that may ultimately lead to new therapeutic strategies in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin N. Dalby
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry; College of Pharmacy; The University of Texas at Austin; Austin, TX USA
| | - Ibrahim Tekedereli
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics; The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX USA
| | - Gabriel Lopez-Berestein
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics; The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX USA
| | - Bulent Ozpolat
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics; The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX USA
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25
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Yacoub A, Hamed HA, Allegood J, Mitchell C, Spiegel S, Lesniak MS, Ogretmen B, Dash R, Sarkar D, Broaddus WC, Grant S, Curiel DT, Fisher PB, Dent P. PERK-dependent regulation of ceramide synthase 6 and thioredoxin play a key role in mda-7/IL-24-induced killing of primary human glioblastoma multiforme cells. Cancer Res 2010; 70:1120-9. [PMID: 20103619 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-4043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma differentiation associated gene-7(mda-7) encodes IL-24, a cytokine that can selectively trigger apoptosis in transformed cells. Recombinant mda-7 adenovirus (Ad.mda-7) effectively kills glioma cells, offering a novel gene therapy strategy to address deadly brain tumors. In this study, we defined the proximal mechanisms by which Ad-mda-7 kills glioma cells. Key factors implicated included activation of the endoplasmic reticulum stress kinase protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), Ca(++) elevation, ceramide generation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. PERK inhibition blocked ceramide or dihydroceramide generation, which were critical for Ca(++) induction and subsequent ROS formation. Activation of autophagy and cell death relied upon ROS formation, the inhibition of which ablated Ad.mda-7-killing activity. In contrast, inhibiting TRX induced by Ad.MDA-7 enhanced tumor cytotoxicity and improved animal survival in an orthotopic tumor model. Our findings indicate that mda-7/IL-24 induces an endoplasmic reticulum stress response that triggers production of ceramide, Ca(2+), and ROS, which in turn promote glioma cell autophagy and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adly Yacoub
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Neurosurgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0035, USA
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Linking ER Stress to Autophagy: Potential Implications for Cancer Therapy. Int J Cell Biol 2010; 2010:930509. [PMID: 20145727 PMCID: PMC2817393 DOI: 10.1155/2010/930509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2009] [Revised: 09/25/2009] [Accepted: 10/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Different physiological and pathological conditions can perturb protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum, leading to a condition known as ER stress. ER stress activates a complex intracellular signal transduction pathway, called unfolded protein response (UPR). The UPR is tailored essentially to reestablish ER homeostasis also through adaptive mechanisms involving the stimulation of autophagy. However, when persistent, ER stress can switch the cytoprotective functions of UPR and autophagy into cell death promoting mechanisms. Recently, a variety of anticancer therapies have been linked to the induction of ER stress in cancer cells, suggesting that strategies devised to stimulate its prodeath function or block its prosurvival function, could be envisaged to improve their tumoricidial action. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms that determine the final outcome of UPR and autophagy activation by chemotherapeutic agents, will offer new opportunities to improve existing cancer therapies as well as unravel novel targets for cancer treatment.
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Park MA, Walker T, Martin AP, Allegood J, Vozhilla N, Emdad L, Sarkar D, Rahmani M, Graf M, Yacoub A, Koumenis C, Spiegel S, Curiel DT, Voelkel-Johnson C, Grant S, Fisher PB, Dent P. MDA-7/IL-24-induced cell killing in malignant renal carcinoma cells occurs by a ceramide/CD95/PERK-dependent mechanism. Mol Cancer Ther 2009; 8:1280-91. [PMID: 19417161 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-09-0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma differentiation associated gene-7/interleukin-24 (mda-7/IL-24) is a novel cytokine displaying selective apoptosis-inducing activity in transformed cells without harming normal cells. The present studies focused on clarifying the mechanism(s) by which glutathione S-transferase (GST)-MDA-7 altered cell survival of human renal carcinoma cells in vitro. GST-MDA-7 caused plasma membrane clustering of CD95 and the association of CD95 with procaspase-8. GST-MDA-7 lethality was suppressed by inhibition of caspase-8 or by overexpression of short-form cellular FLICE inhibitory protein, but only weakly by inhibition of cathepsin proteases. GST-MDA-7-induced CD95 clustering (and apoptosis) was blocked by knockdown of acidic sphingomyelinase or, to a greater extent, ceramide synthase-6 expression. GST-MDA-7 killing was, in parallel, dependent on inactivation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and on CD95-induced p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and c-jun NH(2)-terminal kinase-1/2 signaling. Knockdown of CD95 expression abolished GST-MDA-7-induced phosphorylation of protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase. GST-MDA-7 lethality was suppressed by knockout or expression of a dominant negative protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase that correlated with reduced c-jun NH(2)-terminal kinase-1/2 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling and maintained extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 phosphorylation. GST-MDA-7 caused vacuolization of LC3 through a mechanism that was largely CD95 dependent and whose formation was suppressed by knockdown of ATG5 expression. Knockdown of ATG5 suppressed GST-MDA-7 toxicity. Our data show that in kidney cancer cells GST-MDA-7 induces ceramide-dependent activation of CD95, which is causal in promoting an endoplasmic reticulum stress response that activates multiple proapoptotic pathways to decrease survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Massey Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0035, USA
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Abstract
The characteristics of tumor cell killing by an anticancer agent can determine the long-term effectiveness of the treatment. For example, if dying tumor cells release the immune modulator HMGB1 after treatment with anticancer drugs, they can activate a tumor-specific immune response that boosts the effectiveness of the initial treatment. Recent work from our group examined the mechanism of action of a targeted toxin called DT-EGF that selectively kills Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-expressing tumor cells. We found that DT-EGF kills glioblastoma cells by a caspase-independent mechanism that involves high levels of autophagy, which inhibits cell death by blocking apoptosis. In contrast, DT-EGF kills epithelial tumor cells by caspase-dependent apoptosis and in these cells autophagy is not induced. These differences allowed us to discover that the different death mechanisms were associated with differences in the release of HMGB1 and that autophagy induction is required and sufficient to cause release of HMGB1 from the dying cells. These data identify a new function for autophagy during cell death and open up the possibility of manipulating autophagy during cancer treatment as a way to influence the immunogenicity of dying tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Thorburn
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80010, USA
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