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Collins MH, Alexander ES, Martin LJ, Grotjan TM, Mukkada VA, Sheil A, Abonia JP, Putnam PE, Rothenberg ME. Acquired Esophageal Strictures in Children: Morphometric and Immunohistochemical Analyses. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2022; 25:124-133. [PMID: 34515576 PMCID: PMC10102868 DOI: 10.1177/10935266211041086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Esophageal strictures (ES) in children are not well characterized pathologically. We report unique histopathologic analyses of resected acquired ES and control esophagi (CE). METHODS Muscle layer thicknesses were measured in intact well-oriented areas; inflammatory cells were counted in the most inflamed high power field (hpf). Sections were stained with relevant antibodies. Results were expressed as median, lower and upper quartiles. Wilcoxon Rank Sums non-parametric test was used to compare groups; P ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS All ES (N = 10) showed focal replacement of lamina propria, muscularis mucosa and submucosa by actin+ fibers emanating from muscularis propria. Compared to CE (N = 8), ES displayed significantly thickened muscularis mucosa and propria, and increased mast cells (tryptase- and chymase-positive), and eosinophils in muscle layers (all P ≤ 0.01). Matrix proteins periostin and fibronectin were identified in the muscle layers of CE, and in the extracellular matrix in areas of disrupted architecture in ES. CONCLUSIONS Compared to CE, acquired ES in children show significant structural alterations, including obliterative muscularization, inflammatory cell mural infiltrates, and extracellular matrix protein deposits. Therapies targeting connective tissue expansion, mast cells, eosinophils and inflammation may be beneficial to treat ES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret H Collins
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Eileen S Alexander
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Lisa J Martin
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Tommie M Grotjan
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Vincent A Mukkada
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Amy Sheil
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Juan P Abonia
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Philip E Putnam
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Marc E Rothenberg
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
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2
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Nikoloudaki G, Snider P, Simmons O, Conway SJ, Hamilton DW. Periostin and matrix stiffness combine to regulate myofibroblast differentiation and fibronectin synthesis during palatal healing. Matrix Biol 2020; 94:31-56. [PMID: 32777343 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2020.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although the matricellular protein periostin is prominently upregulated in skin and gingival healing, it plays contrasting roles in myofibroblast differentiation and matrix synthesis respectively. Palatal healing is associated with scarring that can alter or restrict maxilla growth, but the expression pattern and contribution of periostin in palatal healing is unknown. Using periostin-knockout (Postn-/-) and wild-type (WT) mice, the contribution of periostin to palatal healing was investigated through 1.5 mm full-thickness excisional wounds in the hard palate. In WT mice, periostin was upregulated 6 days post-wounding, with mRNA levels peaking at day 12. Genetic deletion of periostin significantly reduced wound closure rates compared to WT mice. Absence of periostin reduced mRNA levels of pivotal genes in wound repair, including α-SMA/acta2, fibronectin and βigh3. Recruitment of fibroblasts and inflammatory cells, as visualized by immunofluorescent staining for fibroblast specific factor-1, vimentin, and macrophages markers Arginase-1 and iNOS was also impaired in Postn-/-, but not WT mice. Palatal fibroblasts isolated from the hard palate of mice were cultured on collagen gels and prefabricated silicon substrates with varying stiffness. Postn-/- fibroblasts showed a significantly reduced ability to contract a collagen gel, which was rescued by the exogenous addition of recombinant periostin. As the stiffness increased, Postn-/- fibroblasts increasingly differentiated into myofibroblasts, but not to the same degree as the WT. Pharmacological inhibition of Rac rescued the deficient myofibroblastic phenotype of Postn-/- cells. Low stiffness substrates (0.2 kPa) resulted in upregulation of fibronectin in WT cells, an effect which was significantly reduced in Postn-/- cells. Quantification of immunostaining for vinculin and integrinβ1 adhesions revealed that Periostin is required for the formation of focal and fibrillar adhesions in mPFBs. Our results suggest that periostin modulates myofibroblast differentiation and contraction via integrinβ1/RhoA pathway, and fibronectin synthesis in an ECM stiffness dependent manner in palatal healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Nikoloudaki
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada.
| | - Paige Snider
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 West Walnut, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Olga Simmons
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 West Walnut, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Simon J Conway
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 West Walnut, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Douglas W Hamilton
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada; Division of Oral Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada.
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3
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Nikoloudaki G, Creber K, Hamilton DW. Wound healing and fibrosis: a contrasting role for periostin in skin and the oral mucosa. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 318:C1065-C1077. [PMID: 32267719 PMCID: PMC7311745 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00035.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Both skin and oral mucosa are characterized by the presence of keratinized epithelium in direct apposition to an underlying collagen-dense connective tissue. Despite significant overlap in structure and physiological function, skin and the oral mucosa exhibit significantly different healing profiles in response to injury. The oral mucosa has a propensity for rapid restoration of barrier function with minimal underlying fibrosis, but in contrast, skin is associated with slower healing and scar formation. Modulators of cell function, matricellular proteins have been shown to play significant roles in cutaneous healing, but their role in restoration of the oral mucosa is poorly defined. As will be discussed in this review, over the last 12 years our research group has been actively investigating the role of the profibrotic matricellular protein periostin in tissue homeostasis and fibrosis, as well as healing, in both skin and gingiva. In the skin, periostin is highly expressed in fibrotic scars and is upregulated during cutaneous wound repair, where it facilitates myofibroblast differentiation. In contrast, in gingival healing, periostin regulates extracellular matrix synthesis but does not appear to be associated with the transition of mesenchymal cells to a contractile phenotype. The significance of these findings will be discussed, with a focus on periostin as a potential therapeutic to augment healing of soft tissues or suppress fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Nikoloudaki
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kendal Creber
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Douglas W Hamilton
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Oral Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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4
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Nikoloudaki G, Brooks S, Peidl AP, Tinney D, Hamilton DW. JNK Signaling as a Key Modulator of Soft Connective Tissue Physiology, Pathology, and Healing. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1015. [PMID: 32033060 PMCID: PMC7037145 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21031015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In healthy individuals, the healing of soft tissues such as skin after pathological insult or post injury follows a relatively predictable and defined series of cell and molecular processes to restore tissue architecture and function(s). Healing progresses through the phases of hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, remodeling, and concomitant with re-epithelialization restores barrier function. Soft tissue healing is achieved through the spatiotemporal interplay of multiple different cell types including neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages, fibroblasts, endothelial cells/pericytes, and keratinocytes. Expressed in most cell types, c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) are signaling molecules associated with the regulation of several cellular processes involved in soft tissue wound healing and in response to cellular stress. A member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase family (MAPK), JNKs have been implicated in the regulation of inflammatory cell phenotype, as well as fibroblast, stem/progenitor cell, and epithelial cell biology. In this review, we discuss our understanding of JNKs in the regulation of cell behaviors related to tissue injury, pathology, and wound healing of soft tissues. Using models as diverse as Drosophila, mice, rats, as well as human tissues, research is now defining important, but sometimes conflicting roles for JNKs in the regulation of multiple molecular processes in multiple different cell types central to wound healing processes. In this review, we focus specifically on the role of JNKs in the regulation of cell behavior in the healing of skin, cornea, tendon, gingiva, and dental pulp tissues. We conclude that while parallels can be drawn between some JNK activities and the control of cell behavior in healing, the roles of JNK can also be very specific modes of action depending on the tissue and the phase of healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Nikoloudaki
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada;
| | - Sarah Brooks
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada; (S.B.); (D.T.)
| | - Alexander P. Peidl
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada;
| | - Dylan Tinney
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada; (S.B.); (D.T.)
| | - Douglas W. Hamilton
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada;
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada; (S.B.); (D.T.)
- Division of Oral Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
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5
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Elliott CG, Wang J, Walker JT, Michelsons S, Dunmore-Buyze J, Drangova M, Leask A, Hamilton DW. Periostin and CCN2 Scaffolds Promote the Wound Healing Response in the Skin of Diabetic Mice. Tissue Eng Part A 2019; 25:1326-1339. [PMID: 30572781 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2018.0268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT Nonhealing skin wounds remain a significant burden on health care systems, with diabetic patients 20 times as likely to undergo a lower extremity amputation due to impaired healing. Novel treatments that suppress the proinflammatory signature and induce the proliferative and remodeling phases are needed clinically. We demonstrate that the addition of periostin and CCN2 in a scaffold form increases closure rates of full-thickness skin wounds in diabetic mice, concomitant with enhanced angiogenesis. Our results demonstrate the efficacy of periostin- and CCN2-containing biomaterials to stimulate wound closure, which could represent a novel method for the treatment of diabetic skin wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Elliott
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Jiarong Wang
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.,Department of Vascular Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - John T Walker
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Sarah Michelsons
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Joy Dunmore-Buyze
- Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Maria Drangova
- Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Andrew Leask
- Division of Oral Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Douglas W Hamilton
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.,Division of Oral Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
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6
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Kim SS, Nikoloudaki GE, Michelsons S, Creber K, Hamilton DW. Fibronectin synthesis, but not α-smooth muscle expression, is regulated by periostin in gingival healing through FAK/JNK signaling. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2708. [PMID: 30804350 PMCID: PMC6389918 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35805-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
During skin healing, periostin facilitates myofibroblast differentiation through a β1 integrin/FAK dependent mechanism and continued expression is associated with scarring. In contrast to skin, gingival tissue does not typically scar upon injury, but the role of periostin in gingival healing has never been investigated. Using a rat gingivectomy model, we show that the gingival architecture is re-established within 14 days of wounding. Periostin mRNA levels peak at day 7 post-wounding, with persistence of periostin protein in the connective tissue through day 14. Collagen type I and lysyl oxidase mRNA levels peak at day 7 post wounding, which corresponded with the peak of fibroblast proliferation. Although α-smooth muscle actin mRNA levels increased 200-fold in the tissue, no myofibroblasts were detected in the regenerating tissue. In vitro, human gingival fibroblast adhesion on periostin, but not collagen, was inhibited by blocking β1 integrins. Fibroblasts cultured on periostin exhibited similar rates of proliferation and myofibroblast differentiation to cells cultured on collagen only. However, human gingival fibroblasts cultured in the presence of periostin exhibited significantly increased fibronectin and collagen mRNA levels. Increases in fibronectin production were attenuated by pharmacological inhibition of FAK and JNK signaling in human gingival fibroblasts. In vivo, mRNA levels for fibronectin peaked at day 3 and 7 post wounding, with protein immunoreactivity highest at day 7, suggesting periostin is a modulator of fibronectin production during gingival healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawna S Kim
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1, Canada.,Dentistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Georgia E Nikoloudaki
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Sarah Michelsons
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Kendal Creber
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Douglas W Hamilton
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1, Canada. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1, Canada. .,Division of Oral Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1, Canada. .,Dentistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1, Canada.
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7
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Walker JT, McLeod K, Kim S, Conway SJ, Hamilton DW. Periostin as a multifunctional modulator of the wound healing response. Cell Tissue Res 2016; 365:453-65. [PMID: 27234502 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2426-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
During tissue healing, the dynamic and temporal alterations required for effective repair occur in the structure and composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Matricellular proteins (MPs) are a group of diverse non-structural ECM components that bind cell surface receptors mediating interactions between the cell and its microenviroment, effectively regulating adhesion, migration, proliferation, signaling, and cell phenotype. Periostin (Postn), a pro-fibrogenic secreted glycoprotein, is defined as an MP based on its expression pattern and regulatory roles during development and healing and in disease processes. Postn consists of a typical signal sequence, an EMI domain responsible for binding to fibronectin, four tandem fasciclin-like domains that are responsible for integrin binding, and a C-terminal region in which multiple splice variants originate. This review focuses specifically on the role of Postn in wound healing and remodeling, an area of intense research during the last 10 years, particularly as related to skin healing and myocardium post-infarction. Postn interacts with cells through various integrin pairs and is an essential downstream effector of transforming growth factor-β superfamily signaling. Across various tissues, Postn is associated with the pro-fibrogenic process: specifically, the transition of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts, collagen fibrillogenesis, and ECM synthesis. Although the complexity of Postn as a modulator of cell behavior in tissue healing is only beginning to be elucidated, its expression is clearly a defining event in moving wound healing through the proliferative and remodeling phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Walker
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON, Canada, N6A 5C1
| | - Karrington McLeod
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Engineering, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON, Canada, N6A 5C1
| | - Shawna Kim
- Division of Oral Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON, Canada, N6A 5C1
| | - Simon J Conway
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Douglas W Hamilton
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON, Canada, N6A 5C1.
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Engineering, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON, Canada, N6A 5C1.
- Division of Oral Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON, Canada, N6A 5C1.
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8
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Cobo T, Obaya A, Cal S, Solares L, Cabo R, Vega JA, Cobo J. Immunohistochemical localization of periostin in human gingiva. Eur J Histochem 2015; 59:2548. [PMID: 26428890 PMCID: PMC4598602 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2015.2548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Revised: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The periostin is a matricellular protein expressed in collagen-rich tissues including some dental and periodontal tissues where it is regulated by mechanical forces, growth factors and cytokines. Interestingly the expression of this protein has been found modified in different gingival pathologies although the expression of periostin in normal human gingiva was never investigated. Here we used Western blot and double immunofluorescence coupled to laser-confocal microscopy to investigated the occurrence and distribution of periostin in different segments of the human gingival in healthy subjects. By Western blot a protein band with an estimated molecular mass of 94 kDa was observed. Periostin was localized at the epithelial-connective tissue junction, or among the fibers of the periodontal ligament, and never co-localized with cytokeratin or vimentin thus suggesting it is an extracellular protein. These results demonstrate the occurrence of periostin in adult human gingiva; its localization suggests a role in the bidirectional interactions between the connective tissue and the epithelial cells, and therefore in the physiopathological conditions in which these interactions are altered.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Cobo
- Instituto Asturiano de Odontología.
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9
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Elliott CG, Forbes TL, Leask A, Hamilton DW. Inflammatory microenvironment and tumor necrosis factor alpha as modulators of periostin and CCN2 expression in human non-healing skin wounds and dermal fibroblasts. Matrix Biol 2015; 43:71-84. [PMID: 25779637 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Non-healing skin wounds remain a significant clinical burden, and in recent years, the regulatory role of matricellular proteins in skin healing has received significant attention. Periostin and CCN2 are both upregulated at day 3 post-wounding in murine skin, where they regulate aspects of the proliferative phase of repair including mesenchymal cell infiltration and myofibroblast differentiation. In this study, we examined 1) the wound phenotype and expression patterns of periostin and CCN2 in non-healing skin wounds in humans and 2) the regulation of their expression in wound fibroblasts by tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1). Chronic skin wounds had a pro-inflammatory phenotype, characterized by macrophage infiltration, TNFα immunoreactivity, and neutrophil infiltration. Periostin, but not CCN2, was significantly suppressed in non-healing wound edge tissue at the mRNA and protein level compared with non-involved skin. In vitro, human wound edge fibroblasts populations were still able to proliferate and contract collagen gels. Compared to cells from non-involved skin, periostin and α-SMA mRNA levels increased significantly in the presence of TGF-β1 in wound cells and were significantly decreased by TNFα, but not those of Col1A2 or CCN2. In the presence of both TGF-β1 and TNFα, periostin and α-SMA mRNA levels were significantly reduced compared to TGF-β1 treated wound cells. Effects of TGF-β1 and TNFα on gene expression were also more pronounced in wound edge cells compared to non-involved fibroblasts. We conclude that variations in the expression of periostin and CCN2, are related to an inflammatory microenvironment and the presence of TNFα in human chronic wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Elliott
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond St, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Thomas L Forbes
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond St, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Andrew Leask
- Division of Oral Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond St, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Douglas W Hamilton
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond St, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada; Division of Oral Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond St, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada.
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10
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Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) is not only involved in the maintenance of normal physiological tissue but also in interactions with other ECM components, tissue remodeling, and modulating immune responses. The skin provides a distinctive environment characterized by rich fibroblasts producing various ECM proteins, epithelial-mesenchymal interactions, and immune responses induced by external stimuli. Recently, periostin-a matricellular protein-has been highlighted for its pivotal functions in the skin. Analysis of periostin null mice has revealed that periostin contributes to collagen fibrillogenesis, collagen cross-linking, and the formation of ECM meshwork via interactions with other ECM components. Periostin expression is enhanced by mechanical stress or skin injury; this is indicative of the physiologically protective functions of periostin, which promotes wound repair by acting on keratinocytes and fibroblasts. Along with its physiological functions, periostin plays pathogenic roles in skin fibrosis and chronic allergic inflammation. In systemic sclerosis (SSc) patients, periostin levels reflect the severity of skin fibrosis. Periostin null mice have shown reduced skin fibrosis in a bleomycin-induced SSc mouse model, indicating a key role of periostin in fibrosis. Moreover, in atopic dermatitis (AD), attenuated AD phenotype has been observed in periostin null mice in a house dust mite extract-induced AD mouse model. Th2 cytokine-induced periostin acts on keratinocytes to produce inflammatory cytokines that further enhance the Th2 response, thereby sustaining and amplifying chronic allergic inflammation. Thus, periostin is deeply involved in the pathogenesis of AD and other inflammation-related disorders affecting the skin. Understanding the dynamic actions of periostin would be key to dissecting pathogenesis of skin-related diseases and to developing novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukie Yamaguchi
- Department of Environmental Immuno-Dermatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
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