1
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Bishop D, Schwarz Q, Wiszniak S. Endothelial-derived angiocrine factors as instructors of embryonic development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1172114. [PMID: 37457293 PMCID: PMC10339107 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1172114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood vessels are well-known to play roles in organ development and repair, primarily owing to their fundamental function in delivering oxygen and nutrients to tissues to promote their growth and homeostasis. Endothelial cells however are not merely passive conduits for carrying blood. There is now evidence that endothelial cells of the vasculature actively regulate tissue-specific development, morphogenesis and organ function, as well as playing roles in disease and cancer. Angiocrine factors are growth factors, cytokines, signaling molecules or other regulators produced directly from endothelial cells to instruct a diverse range of signaling outcomes in the cellular microenvironment, and are critical mediators of the vascular control of organ function. The roles of angiocrine signaling are only beginning to be uncovered in diverse fields such as homeostasis, regeneration, organogenesis, stem-cell maintenance, cell differentiation and tumour growth. While in some cases the specific angiocrine factor involved in these processes has been identified, in many cases the molecular identity of the angiocrine factor(s) remain to be discovered, even though the importance of angiocrine signaling has been implicated. In this review, we will specifically focus on roles for endothelial-derived angiocrine signaling in instructing tissue morphogenesis and organogenesis during embryonic and perinatal development.
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2
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Hong L, Li N, Gasque V, Mehta S, Ye L, Wu Y, Li J, Gewies A, Ruland J, Hirschi KK, Eichmann A, Hendry C, van Dijk D, Mani A. Prdm6 controls heart development by regulating neural crest cell differentiation and migration. JCI Insight 2022; 7:156046. [PMID: 35108221 PMCID: PMC8876496 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.156046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms that drive the acquisition of distinct neural crest cell (NCC) fates is still poorly understood. Here, we identified Prdm6 as an epigenetic modifier that temporally and spatially regulates the expression of NCC specifiers and determines the fate of a subset of migrating cardiac NCCs (CNCCs). Using transcriptomic analysis and genetic and fate mapping approaches in transgenic mice, we showed that disruption of Prdm6 was associated with impaired CNCC differentiation, delamination, and migration and led to patent ductus arteriosus (DA) and ventricular noncompaction. Bulk and single-cell RNA-Seq analyses of the DA and CNCCs identified Prdm6 as a regulator of a network of CNCC specification genes, including Wnt1, Tfap2b, and Sox9. Loss of Prdm6 in CNCCs diminished its expression in the pre-epithelial–mesenchymal transition (pre-EMT) cluster, resulting in the retention of NCCs in the dorsal neural tube. This defect was associated with diminished H4K20 monomethylation and G1-S progression and augmented Wnt1 transcript levels in pre-EMT and neural tube clusters, which we showed was the major driver of the impaired CNCC migration. Altogether, these findings revealed Prdm6 as a key regulator of CNCC differentiation and migration and identified Prdm6 and its regulated network as potential targets for the treatment of congenital heart diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingjuan Hong
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America
| | - Na Li
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America
| | - Victor Gasque
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America
| | - Sameet Mehta
- Yale Center for Genome Analysis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America
| | - Lupeng Ye
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America
| | - Yinyu Wu
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America
| | - Jinyu Li
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America
| | | | | | - Karen K Hirschi
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, United States of America
| | - Anne Eichmann
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America
| | - Caroline Hendry
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America
| | - David van Dijk
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America
| | - Arya Mani
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America
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3
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Termini CM, Pang A, Fang T, Roos M, Chang VY, Zhang Y, Setiawan NJ, Signaevskaia L, Li M, Kim MM, Tabibi O, Lin PK, Sasine JP, Chatterjee A, Murali R, Himburg HA, Chute JP. Neuropilin 1 regulates bone marrow vascular regeneration and hematopoietic reconstitution. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6990. [PMID: 34848712 PMCID: PMC8635308 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27263-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation and chemotherapy deplete hematopoietic stem cells and damage the vascular niche wherein hematopoietic stem cells reside. Hematopoietic stem cell regeneration requires signaling from an intact bone marrow (BM) vascular niche, but the mechanisms that control BM vascular niche regeneration are poorly understood. We report that BM vascular endothelial cells secrete semaphorin 3 A (SEMA3A) in response to myeloablation and SEMA3A induces p53 - mediated apoptosis in BM endothelial cells via signaling through its receptor, Neuropilin 1 (NRP1), and activation of cyclin dependent kinase 5. Endothelial cell - specific deletion of Nrp1 or Sema3a or administration of anti-NRP1 antibody suppresses BM endothelial cell apoptosis, accelerates BM vascular regeneration and concordantly drives hematopoietic reconstitution in irradiated mice. In response to NRP1 inhibition, BM endothelial cells increase expression and secretion of the Wnt signal amplifying protein, R spondin 2. Systemic administration of anti - R spondin 2 blocks HSC regeneration and hematopoietic reconstitution which otherwise occurrs in response to NRP1 inhibition. SEMA3A - NRP1 signaling promotes BM vascular regression following myelosuppression and therapeutic blockade of SEMA3A - NRP1 signaling in BM endothelial cells accelerates vascular and hematopoietic regeneration in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Termini
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Hematology & Cellular Therapy, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Amara Pang
- Division of Hematology & Cellular Therapy, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tiancheng Fang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Martina Roos
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Stem Cell Research Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Vivian Y Chang
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yurun Zhang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nicollette J Setiawan
- Division of Hematology & Cellular Therapy, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lia Signaevskaia
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michelle Li
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mindy M Kim
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Orel Tabibi
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Paulina K Lin
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joshua P Sasine
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Hematology & Cellular Therapy, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Avradip Chatterjee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Research Division of Immunology, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Ramachandran Murali
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Research Division of Immunology, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Heather A Himburg
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - John P Chute
- Division of Hematology & Cellular Therapy, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Samuel Oschin Cancer Center, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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4
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Mehta AS, Ha P, Zhu K, Li S, Ting K, Soo C, Zhang X, Zhao M. Physiological electric fields induce directional migration of mammalian cranial neural crest cells. Dev Biol 2021; 471:97-105. [PMID: 33340512 PMCID: PMC7856271 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
During neurulation, cranial neural crest cells (CNCCs) migrate long distances from the neural tube to their terminal site of differentiation. The pathway traveled by the CNCCs defines the blueprint for craniofacial construction, abnormalities of which contribute to three-quarters of human birth defects. Biophysical cues like naturally occurring electric fields (EFs) have been proposed to be one of the guiding mechanisms for CNCC migration from the neural tube to identified position in the branchial arches. Such endogenous EFs can be mimicked by applied EFs of physiological strength that has been reported to guide the migration of amphibian and avian neural crest cells (NCCs), namely galvanotaxis or electrotaxis. However, the behavior of mammalian NCCs in external EFs has not been reported. We show here that mammalian CNCCs migrate towards the anode in direct current (dc) EFs. Reversal of the field polarity reverses the directedness. The response threshold was below 30 mV/mm and the migration directedness and displacement speed increased with increase in field strength. Both CNCC line (O9-1) and primary mouse CNCCs show similar galvanotaxis behavior. Our results demonstrate for the first time that the mammalian CNCCs respond to physiological EFs by robust directional migration towards the anode in a voltage-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abijeet Singh Mehta
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, Institute for Regenerative Cures, Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Suite 1630, Room 1617, 2921 Stockton Blvd., Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Pin Ha
- Section of Orthodontics, Division of Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kan Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, Institute for Regenerative Cures, Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Suite 1630, Room 1617, 2921 Stockton Blvd., Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - ShiYu Li
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, Institute for Regenerative Cures, Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Suite 1630, Room 1617, 2921 Stockton Blvd., Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kang Ting
- Section of Orthodontics, Division of Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chia Soo
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Xinli Zhang
- Section of Orthodontics, Division of Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Min Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, Institute for Regenerative Cures, Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Suite 1630, Room 1617, 2921 Stockton Blvd., Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
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5
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Holt E, Stanton-Turcotte D, Iulianella A. Development of the Vertebrate Trunk Sensory System: Origins, Specification, Axon Guidance, and Central Connectivity. Neuroscience 2021; 458:229-243. [PMID: 33460728 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Crucial to an animal's movement through their environment and to the maintenance of their homeostatic physiology is the integration of sensory information. This is achieved by axons communicating from organs, muscle spindles and skin that connect to the sensory ganglia composing the peripheral nervous system (PNS), enabling organisms to collect an ever-constant flow of sensations and relay it to the spinal cord. The sensory system carries a wide spectrum of sensory modalities - from sharp pain to cool refreshing touch - traveling from the periphery to the spinal cord via the dorsal root ganglia (DRG). This review covers the origins and development of the DRG and the cells that populate it, and focuses on how sensory connectivity to the spinal cord is achieved by the diverse developmental and molecular processes that control axon guidance in the trunk sensory system. We also describe convergences and differences in sensory neuron formation among different vertebrate species to gain insight into underlying developmental mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Holt
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, and Brain Repair Centre, Life Science Research Institute, 1348 Summer Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H-4R2, Canada
| | - Danielle Stanton-Turcotte
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, and Brain Repair Centre, Life Science Research Institute, 1348 Summer Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H-4R2, Canada
| | - Angelo Iulianella
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, and Brain Repair Centre, Life Science Research Institute, 1348 Summer Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H-4R2, Canada.
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6
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Kruepunga N, Hikspoors JPJM, Hülsman CJM, Mommen GMC, Köhler SE, Lamers WH. Development of extrinsic innervation in the abdominal intestines of human embryos. J Anat 2020; 237:655-671. [PMID: 32598482 PMCID: PMC7495293 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Compared to the intrinsic enteric nervous system (ENS), development of the extrinsic ENS is poorly documented, even though its presence is easily detectable with histological techniques. We visualised its development in human embryos and foetuses of 4–9.5 weeks post‐fertilisation using Amira 3D‐reconstruction and Cinema 4D‐remodelling software. The extrinsic ENS originated from small, basophilic neural crest cells (NCCs) that migrated to the para‐aortic region and then continued ventrally to the pre‐aortic region, where they formed autonomic pre‐aortic plexuses. From here, nerve fibres extended along the ventral abdominal arteries and finally connected to the intrinsic system. Schwann cell precursors (SCPs), a subgroup of NCCs that migrate on nerve fibres, showed region‐specific differences in differentiation. SCPs developed into scattered chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla dorsolateral to the coeliac artery (CA) and into more tightly packed chromaffin cells of the para‐aortic bodies ventrolateral to the inferior mesenteric artery (IMA), with reciprocal topographic gradients between both fates. The extrinsic ENS first extended along the CA and then along the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) and IMA 5 days later. Apart from the branch to the caecum, extrinsic nerves did not extend along SMA branches in the herniated parts of the midgut until the gut loops had returned in the abdominal cavity, suggesting a permissive role of the intraperitoneal environment. Accordingly, extrinsic innervation had not yet reached the distal (colonic) loop of the midgut at 9.5 weeks development. Based on intrinsic ENS‐dependent architectural remodelling of the gut layers, extrinsic innervation followed intrinsic innervation 3–4 Carnegie stages later.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nutmethee Kruepunga
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jill P J M Hikspoors
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Cindy J M Hülsman
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Greet M C Mommen
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - S Eleonore Köhler
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter H Lamers
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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7
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Papp T, Ferenczi Z, Petro M, Meszar Z, Kepes Z, Berenyi E. Disorders of neural crest derivates in oncoradiological practice. Transl Cancer Res 2019; 8:2916-2923. [PMID: 35117049 PMCID: PMC8799273 DOI: 10.21037/tcr.2019.10.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Hundreds of articles discuss the imaging characteristics and molecular background of prominent gastrointestinal (GI) motility disorders and tumors of the peripheral nervous system, but according to our knowledge an article focusing on the classification and developmental background of these heterogeneous diseases is not to be found. Our aim is to give insight on the common features of several diseases and tumors, starting with their common source of origin, the neural crest (NC). The NC is a transient cell population of the embryo, which differentiates into several organs/structures of our body (sympathetic trunk, adrenal medulla). Although the incidence of the individual tumors of NC cells is not high by themselves, the summation of these incidences may be relevant in the daily routine. In the introduction we mention the most prominent developmental routes and molecular pathways of NC cells, which is crucial to understand the pathogenesis and the wide range of involved cell types from the colon to the adrenal gland. We summarized the most important, useful pathological findings and imaging techniques from the X-ray to the positron emission tomography—computed tomography (CT) in order to help the identification of these diseases. This article may help to better understand NC lineage and its unique, diverse role during ontogeny, which may influence the radiologists to change several convictions, or understand better the background and/or connections of a wide range of tumors and syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamas Papp
- Department of Medical Imaging, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Ferenczi
- Department of Medical Imaging, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Matyas Petro
- Department of Medical Imaging, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltan Meszar
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zita Kepes
- Department of Medical Imaging, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ervin Berenyi
- Department of Medical Imaging, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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8
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He Z, Crenshaw E, Raper JA. Semaphorin/neuropilin binding specificities are stable over 400 million years of evolution. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 517:23-28. [PMID: 31349972 PMCID: PMC10863626 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.06.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Semaphorins are a large and important family of signaling molecules conserved in Bilateria. An important determinant of the biological function of their largest class, the secreted class 3 semaphorins, is the specificity of their binding to neuropilins, a key component of a larger holoreceptor complex. We compared these binding specificities in mice and zebrafish, species whose most recent common ancestor was more than 400 million years in the past. We also compared the binding specificities of zebrafish class 3 semaphorins that were duplicated very early within the teleost lineage. We found a surprising conservation of neuropilin binding specificities when comparing both paralogous zebrafish semaphorin pairs and orthologous zebrafish and mouse semaphorin pairs. This finding was further supported by a remarkable conservation of binding specificities in cross-species pairings of semaphorins and neuropilins. Our results suggest that the qualitative specificities with which particular semaphorins bind to particular neuropilins has remained nearly invariant over approximately 400 million years of evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhili He
- Dept. of Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Ezekiel Crenshaw
- Dept. of Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jonathan A Raper
- Dept. of Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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9
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Seelan RS, Pisano M, Greene RM. Nucleic acid methylation and orofacial morphogenesis. Birth Defects Res 2019; 111:1593-1610. [PMID: 31385455 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we highlight the current state of knowledge of the diverse roles nucleic acid methylation plays in the embryonic development of the orofacial region and how aberrant methylation may contribute to orofacial clefts. We also consider the role of methylation in the regulation of neural crest cell function as it pertains to orofacial ontogeny. Changes in DNA methylation, as a consequence of environmental effects, have been observed in the regulatory regions of several genes, potentially identifying new candidate genes for orofacial clefting and opening promising new avenues for further research. While the focus of this review is primarily on the nonsyndromic forms of orofacial clefting, syndromic forms are briefly discussed in the context of aberrant nucleic acid methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratnam S Seelan
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Division of Craniofacial Development and Anomalies, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Michele Pisano
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Division of Craniofacial Development and Anomalies, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Robert M Greene
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Division of Craniofacial Development and Anomalies, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, Kentucky
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10
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Abstract
Semaphorins are extracellular signaling proteins that are essential for the development and maintenance of many organs and tissues. The more than 20-member semaphorin protein family includes secreted, transmembrane and cell surface-attached proteins with diverse structures, each characterized by a single cysteine-rich extracellular sema domain, the defining feature of the family. Early studies revealed that semaphorins function as axon guidance molecules, but it is now understood that semaphorins are key regulators of morphology and motility in many different cell types including those that make up the nervous, cardiovascular, immune, endocrine, hepatic, renal, reproductive, respiratory and musculoskeletal systems, as well as in cancer cells. Semaphorin signaling occurs predominantly through Plexin receptors and results in changes to the cytoskeletal and adhesive machinery that regulate cellular morphology. While much remains to be learned about the mechanisms underlying the effects of semaphorins, exciting work has begun to reveal how semaphorin signaling is fine-tuned through different receptor complexes and other mechanisms to achieve specific outcomes in various cellular contexts and physiological systems. These and future studies will lead to a more complete understanding of semaphorin-mediated development and to a greater understanding of how these proteins function in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Taylor Alto
- Departments of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Jonathan R Terman
- Departments of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
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11
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Rice R, Cebra-Thomas J, Haugas M, Partanen J, Rice DPC, Gilbert SF. Melanoblast development coincides with the late emerging cells from the dorsal neural tube in turtle Trachemys scripta. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12063. [PMID: 28935865 PMCID: PMC5608706 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12352-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Ectothermal reptiles have internal pigmentation, which is not seen in endothermal birds and mammals. Here we show that the development of the dorsal neural tube-derived melanoblasts in turtle Trachemys scripta is regulated by similar mechanisms as in other amniotes, but significantly later in development, during the second phase of turtle trunk neural crest emigration. The development of melanoblasts coincided with a morphological change in the dorsal neural tube between stages mature G15 and G16. The melanoblasts delaminated and gathered in the carapacial staging area above the neural tube at G16, and differentiated into pigment-forming melanocytes during in vitro culture. The Mitf-positive melanoblasts were not restricted to the dorsolateral pathway as in birds and mammals but were also present medially through the somites similarly to ectothermal anamniotes. This matched a lack of environmental barrier dorsal and lateral to neural tube and the somites that is normally formed by PNA-binding proteins that block entry to medial pathways. PNA-binding proteins may also participate in the patterning of the carapacial pigmentation as both the migratory neural crest cells and pigment localized only to PNA-free areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritva Rice
- Developmental Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. .,Orthodontics, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | | | - Maarja Haugas
- Department of Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Juha Partanen
- Department of Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - David P C Rice
- Orthodontics, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Orthodontics, Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Scott F Gilbert
- Developmental Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, USA
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12
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Lumb R, Buckberry S, Secker G, Lawrence D, Schwarz Q. Transcriptome profiling reveals expression signatures of cranial neural crest cells arising from different axial levels. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2017; 17:5. [PMID: 28407732 PMCID: PMC5390458 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-017-0147-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Background Cranial neural crest cells (NCCs) are a unique embryonic cell type which give rise to a diverse array of derivatives extending from neurons and glia through to bone and cartilage. Depending on their point of origin along the antero-posterior axis cranial NCCs are rapidly sorted into distinct migratory streams that give rise to axial specific structures. These migratory streams mirror the underlying segmentation of the brain with NCCs exiting the diencephalon and midbrain following distinct paths compared to those exiting the hindbrain rhombomeres (r). The genetic landscape of cranial NCCs arising at different axial levels remains unknown. Results Here we have used RNA sequencing to uncover the transcriptional profiles of mouse cranial NCCs arising at different axial levels. Whole transcriptome analysis identified over 120 transcripts differentially expressed between NCCs arising anterior to r3 (referred to as r1-r2 migratory stream for simplicity) and the r4 migratory stream. Eight of the genes differentially expressed between these populations were validated by RT-PCR with 2 being further validated by in situ hybridisation. We also explored the expression of the Neuropilins (Nrp1 and Nrp2) and their co-receptors and show that the A-type Plexins are differentially expressed in different cranial NCC streams. Conclusions Our analyses identify a large number of genes differentially regulated between cranial NCCs arising at different axial levels. This data provides a comprehensive description of the genetic landscape driving diversity of distinct cranial NCC streams and provides novel insight into the regulatory networks controlling the formation of specific skeletal elements and the mechanisms promoting migration along different paths. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12861-017-0147-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Lumb
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Frome Road, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.,University of Adelaide, Frome Road, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Sam Buckberry
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, WA, 6008, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Perth, 6009, WA, Australia
| | - Genevieve Secker
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Frome Road, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - David Lawrence
- ACRF Cancer Genomics Facility, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia.,School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Quenten Schwarz
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Frome Road, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.
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Kam MKM, Lui VCH. Roles of Hoxb5 in the development of vagal and trunk neural crest cells. Dev Growth Differ 2015; 57:158-68. [PMID: 25703667 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Neural crest cells (NC) are a group of multipotent stem cells uniquely present in vertebrates. They are destined to form various organs according to their anterior-posterior (A-P) levels of origin in the neural tube (NT). They develop into a wide spectrum of cell lineages under the influence of signaling cascades, neural plate border genes and NC specifier genes. Although this complex gene regulatory network (GRN) specifies the fate of NC and the combinatory action of Hox genes executed at the time of NC induction governs the patterning of NC for the formation of specific structures along the A-P axis, not much information on how GRN and Hox genes directly interact and orchestrate is available. This review summarizes recent findings on the multiple roles of Hoxb5 on the survival and cell lineage differentiation of vagal and trunk NC cells during early development, by direct transcriptional regulation of NC specifier genes (Sox9 and Foxd3) of the GRN. We will also review findings on the transcriptional regulation of Ret by Hoxb5 in the population of the vagal NC that are committed to the enteric neuron and glia lineages. Functional redundancy between Hox proteins (Hoxa5 and Hoxc5) from the same paralogue group as Hoxb5, and the cooperative effects of Hox cofactors, collaborators and transcription factors in the Hoxb5 transcriptional regulation of target genes will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy K M Kam
- Department of Surgery, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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14
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Lumb R, Schwarz Q. Sympathoadrenal neural crest cells: the known, unknown and forgotten? Dev Growth Differ 2015; 57:146-57. [PMID: 25581786 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Neural crest cells (NCCs) are highly migratory progenitor cells that give rise to a vast array of differentiated cell types. One of their key derivatives is the autonomic nervous system (ANS) that is comprised in part from chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla and organ of Zuckerkandl, the sympathetic chain and additional prevertebral ganglia such as the celiac ganglia, suprarenal ganglia and mesenteric ganglia. In this review we discuss recent advances toward our understanding of how the NCC precursors of the ANS migrate to their target regions, how they are instructed to differentiate into the correct cell types, and the morphogenetic signals controlling their development. Many of these processes remain enigmatic to developmental biologists worldwide. Taking advantage of lineage tracing mouse models one of our own aims is to address the morphogenetic events underpinning the formation of the ANS and to identify the molecular mechanisms that help to segregate a mixed population of NCCs into pathways specific for the sympathetic ganglia, sensory ganglia or adrenal medulla.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Lumb
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia; Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
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Lumb R, Wiszniak S, Kabbara S, Scherer M, Harvey N, Schwarz Q. Neuropilins define distinct populations of neural crest cells. Neural Dev 2014; 9:24. [PMID: 25363691 PMCID: PMC4233049 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8104-9-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neural crest cells (NCCs) are a transient embryonic cell type that give rise to a wide spectrum of derivatives, including neurons and glia of the sensory and autonomic nervous system, melanocytes and connective tissues in the head. Lineage-tracing and functional studies have shown that trunk NCCs migrate along two distinct paths that correlate with different developmental fates. Thus, NCCs migrating ventrally through the anterior somite form sympathetic and sensory ganglia, whereas NCCs migrating dorsolaterally form melanocytes. Although the mechanisms promoting migration along the dorsolateral path are well defined, the molecules providing positional identity to sympathetic and sensory-fated NCCs that migrate along the same ventral path are ill defined. Neuropilins (Nrp1 and Nrp2) are transmembrane glycoproteins that are essential for NCC migration. Nrp1 and Nrp2 knockout mice have disparate phenotypes, suggesting that these receptors may play a role in sorting NCCs biased towards sensory and sympathetic fates to appropriate locations. Results Here we have combined in situ hybridisation, immunohistochemistry and lineage-tracing analyses to demonstrate that neuropilins are expressed in a non-overlapping pattern within NCCs. Whereas Nrp1 is expressed in NCCs emigrating from hindbrain rhombomere 4 (r4) and within trunk NCCs giving rise to sympathetic and sensory ganglia, Nrp2 is preferentially expressed in NCCs emigrating from r2 and in trunk NCCs giving rise to sensory ganglia. By generating a tamoxifen-inducible lineage-tracing system, we further demonstrate that Nrp2-expressing NCCs specifically populate sensory ganglia including the trigeminal ganglia (V) in the head and the dorsal root ganglia in the trunk. Conclusions Taken together, our results demonstrate that Nrp1 and Nrp2 are expressed in different populations of NCCs, and that Nrp2-expressing NCCs are strongly biased towards a sensory fate. In the trunk, Nrp2-expressing NCCs specifically give rise to sensory ganglia, whereas Nrp1-expressing NCCs likely give rise to both sensory and sympathetic ganglia. Our findings therefore suggest that neuropilins play an essential role in coordinating NCC migration with fate specification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Quenten Schwarz
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Frome Road, Adelaide 5000, Australia.
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Zhang D, Ighaniyan S, Stathopoulos L, Rollo B, Landman K, Hutson J, Newgreen D. The neural crest: a versatile organ system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 102:275-98. [PMID: 25227568 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The neural crest is the name given to the strip of cells at the junction between neural and epidermal ectoderm in neurula-stage vertebrate embryos, which is later brought to the dorsal neural tube as the neural folds elevate. The neural crest is a heterogeneous and multipotent progenitor cell population whose cells undergo EMT then extensively and accurately migrate throughout the embryo. Neural crest cells contribute to nearly every organ system in the body, with derivatives of neuronal, glial, neuroendocrine, pigment, and also mesodermal lineages. This breadth of developmental capacity has led to the neural crest being termed the fourth germ layer. The neural crest has occupied a prominent place in developmental biology, due to its exaggerated migratory morphogenesis and its remarkably wide developmental potential. As such, neural crest cells have become an attractive model for developmental biologists for studying these processes. Problems in neural crest development cause a number of human syndromes and birth defects known collectively as neurocristopathies; these include Treacher Collins syndrome, Hirschsprung disease, and 22q11.2 deletion syndromes. Tumors in the neural crest lineage are also of clinical importance, including the aggressive melanoma and neuroblastoma types. These clinical aspects have drawn attention to the selection or creation of neural crest progenitor cells, particularly of human origin, for studying pathologies of the neural crest at the cellular level, and also for possible cell therapeutics. The versatility of the neural crest lends itself to interlinked research, spanning basic developmental biology, birth defect research, oncology, and stem/progenitor cell biology and therapy.
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17
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Kameda Y. Signaling molecules and transcription factors involved in the development of the sympathetic nervous system, with special emphasis on the superior cervical ganglion. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 357:527-48. [PMID: 24770894 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1847-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The cells that constitute the sympathetic nervous system originate from the neural crest. This review addresses the current understanding of sympathetic ganglion development viewed from molecular and morphological perspectives. Development of the sympathetic nervous system is categorized into three main steps, as follows: (1) differentiation and migration of cells in the neural crest lineage for formation of the primary sympathetic chain, (2) differentiation of sympathetic progenitors, and (3) growth and survival of sympathetic ganglia. The signaling molecules and transcription factors involved in each of these developmental stages are elaborated mostly on the basis of the results of targeted mutation of respective genes. Analyses in mutant mice revealed differences between the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) and the other posterior sympathetic ganglia. This review provides a summary of the similarities and differences in the development of the SCG and other posterior sympathetic ganglia. Relevant to the development of sympathetic ganglia is the demonstration that neuroendocrine cells, such as adrenal chromaffin cells and carotid body glomus cells, share a common origin with the sympathetic ganglia. Neural crest cells at the trunk level give rise to common sympathoadrenal progenitors of sympathetic neurons and chromaffin cells, while progenitors segregated from the SCG give rise to glomus cells. After separation from the sympathetic primordium, the progenitors of both chromaffin cells and glomus cells colonize the anlage of the adrenal gland and carotid body, respectively. This review highlights the biological properties of chromaffin cells and glomus cells, because, although both cell types are derivatives of sympathetic primordium, they are distinct in many respects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Kameda
- Department of Anatomy, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan,
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18
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Kipanyula MJ, Kimaro WH, Yepnjio FN, Aldebasi YH, Farahna M, Nwabo Kamdje AH, Abdel-Magied EM, Seke Etet PF. Signaling pathways bridging fate determination of neural crest cells to glial lineages in the developing peripheral nervous system. Cell Signal 2013; 26:673-82. [PMID: 24378534 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fate determination of neural crest cells is an essential step for the development of different crest cell derivatives. Peripheral glia development is marked by the choice of the neural crest cells to differentiate along glial lineages. The molecular mechanism underlying fate acquisition is poorly understood. However, recent advances have identified different transcription factors and genes required for the complex instructive signaling process that comprise both local environmental and cell intrinsic cues. Among others, at least the roles of Sox10, Notch, and neuregulin 1 have been documented in both in vivo and in vitro models. Cooperative interactions of such factors appear to be necessary for the switch from multipotent neural crest cells to glial lineage precursors in the peripheral nervous system. This review summarizes recent advances in the understanding of fate determination of neural crest cells into different glia subtypes, together with the potential implications in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maulilio John Kipanyula
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3016, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania.
| | - Wahabu Hamisi Kimaro
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3016, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Faustin N Yepnjio
- Neurology Department, Yaoundé Central Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 1937, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Yousef H Aldebasi
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, 51452 Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Farahna
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, 51452 Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Eltuhami M Abdel-Magied
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, 51452 Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Paul Faustin Seke Etet
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, 51452 Buraydah, Saudi Arabia.
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Taneyhill LA, Schiffmacher AT. Cadherin dynamics during neural crest cell ontogeny. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2013; 116:291-315. [PMID: 23481200 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394311-8.00013-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Cell membrane-associated junctional complexes mediate cell-cell adhesion, intercellular interactions, and other fundamental processes required for proper embryo morphogenesis. Cadherins are calcium-dependent transmembrane proteins at the core of adherens junctions and are expressed in distinct spatiotemporal patterns throughout the development of an important vertebrate cell type, the neural crest. Multipotent neural crest cells arise from the ectoderm as epithelial cells under the influence of inductive cues, undergo an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, migrate throughout the embryonic body, and then differentiate into multiple derivatives at predetermined destinations. Neural crest cells change their expressed cadherin repertoires as they undergo each new morphogenetic transition, providing insight into distinct functions of expressed cadherins that are essential for proper completion of each specific stage. Cadherins modulate neural crest cell morphology, segregation, migration, and tissue formation. This chapter reviews the knowledge base of cadherin regulation, expression, and function during the ontogeny of the neural crest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Taneyhill
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, 1405 Animal Sciences Center, College Park, Maryland, USA
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20
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Perturbation of Hoxb5 signaling in vagal and trunk neural crest cells causes apoptosis and neurocristopathies in mice. Cell Death Differ 2013; 21:278-89. [PMID: 24141719 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2013.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural crest cells (NCCs) migrate from different regions along the anterior-posterior axis of the neural tube (NT) to form different structures. Defective NCC development causes congenital neurocristopathies affecting multiple NCC-derived tissues in human. Perturbed Hoxb5 signaling in vagal NCC causes enteric nervous system (ENS) defects. This study aims to further investigate if perturbed Hoxb5 signaling in trunk NCC contributes to defects of other NCC-derived tissues besides the ENS. We perturbed Hoxb5 signaling in NCC from the entire NT, and investigated its impact in the development of tissues derived from these cells in mice. Perturbation of Hoxb5 signaling in these NCC resulted in Sox9 downregulation, NCC apoptosis, hypoplastic sympathetic and dorsal root ganglia, hypopigmentation and ENS defects. Mutant mice with NCC-specific Sox9 deletion also displayed some of these phenotypes. In vitro and in vivo assays indicated that the Sox9 promoter was bound and trans-activated by Hoxb5. In ovo studies further revealed that Sox9 alleviated apoptosis induced by perturbed Hoxb5 signaling, and Hoxb5 induced ectopic Sox9 expression in chick NT. This study demonstrates that Hoxb5 regulates Sox9 expression in NCC and disruption of this signaling causes Sox9 downregulation, NCC apoptosis and multiple NCC-developmental defects. Phenotypes such as ENS deficiency, hypopigmentation and some of the neurological defects are reported in patients with Hirschsprung disease (HSCR). Whether dysregulation of Hoxb5 signaling and early depletion of NCC contribute to ENS defect and other neurocristopathies in HSCR patients deserves further investigation.
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21
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Chen Y, Fan JX, Zhang ZL, Wang G, Cheng X, Chuai M, Lee KKH, Yang X. The negative influence of high-glucose ambience on neurogenesis in developing quail embryos. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66646. [PMID: 23818954 PMCID: PMC3688607 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gestational diabetes is defined as glucose intolerance during pregnancy and it is presented as high blood glucose levels during the onset pregnancy. This condition has an adverse impact on fetal development but the mechanism involved is still not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of high glucose on the developing quail embryo, especially its impact on the development of the nervous system. We established that high glucose altered the central nervous system mophologically, such that neural tube defects (NTDs) developed. In addition, we found that high glucose impaired nerve differentiation at dorsal root ganglia and in the developing limb buds, as revealed by neurofilament (NF) immunofluorescent staining. The dorsal root ganglia are normally derived from neural crest cells (NCCs), so we examine the delamination of NCCs from dorsal side of the neural tube. We established that high glucose was detrimental to the NCCs, in vivo and in vitro. High glucose also negatively affected neural differentiation by reducing the number and length of neurites emanating from neurons in culture. We established that high glucose exposure caused an increase in reactive oxidative species (ROS) generation by primary cultured neurons. We hypothesized that excess ROS was the factor responsible for impairing neuron development and differentiation. We provided evidence for our hypothesis by showing that the addition of vitamin C (a powerful antioxidant) could rescue the damaging effects of high glucose on cultured neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Chen
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Division of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian-xia Fan
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhao-long Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Division of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guang Wang
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Division of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Cheng
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Division of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Manli Chuai
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth Ka Ho Lee
- Stem Cell and Regeneration Thematic Research Programme, School of Biomedical Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
- * E-mail: (XY); (KKHL)
| | - Xuesong Yang
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Division of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Fetal-Preterm Labor Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (XY); (KKHL)
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22
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Xia Z, Tong X, Liang F, Zhang Y, Kuok C, Zhang Y, Liu X, Zhu Z, Lin S, Zhang B. Eif3ba regulates cranial neural crest development by modulating p53 in zebrafish. Dev Biol 2013; 381:83-96. [PMID: 23791820 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Congenital diseases caused by abnormal development of the cranial neural crest usually present craniofacial malformations and heart defects while the precise mechanism is not fully understood. Here, we show that the zebrafish eif3ba mutant caused by pseudo-typed retrovirus insertion exhibited a similar phenotype due to the hypogenesis of cranial neural crest cells (NCCs). The derivatives of cranial NCCs, including the NCC-derived cell population of pharyngeal arches, craniofacial cartilage, pigment cells and the myocardium derived from cardiac NCCs, were affected in this mutant. The expression of several neural crest marker genes, including crestin, dlx2a and nrp2b, was specifically reduced in the cranial regions of the eif3ba mutant. Through fluorescence-tracing of the cranial NCC migration marker nrp2b, we observed reduced intensity of NCC-derived cells in the heart. In addition, p53 was markedly up-regulated in the eif3ba mutant embryos, which correlated with pronounced apoptosis in the cranial area as shown by TUNEL staining. These findings suggest a novel function of eif3ba during embryonic development and a novel level of regulation in the process of cranial NCC development, in addition to providing a potential animal model to mimic congenital diseases due to cranial NCC defects. Furthermore, we report the identification of a novel transgenic fish line Et(gata2a:EGFP)pku418 to trace the migration of cranial NCCs (including cardiac NCCs); this may serve as an invaluable tool for investigating the development and dynamics of cranial NCCs during zebrafish embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhidan Xia
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
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Wiszniak S, Lumb R, Kabbara S, Scherer M, Schwarz Q. Li-gazing at the crest: modulation of the neural crest by the ubiquitin pathway. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 45:1087-91. [PMID: 23458963 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Neural crest cells are a transient population of stem cells that give rise to a diverse range of cell types during embryonic development. Through gain-of-function and loss-of-function studies in several model organisms many key signalling pathways and cell-type specific transcription factors essential for neural crest cell development have been identified. However, the role of post-translational regulation remains largely unexplored. Here we review this cell type with a foray into the known and potential roles of the ubiquitination pathway in key signalling events during neural crest cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Wiszniak
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology, Adelaide 5000, Australia
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24
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Raimondi C, Ruhrberg C. Neuropilin signalling in vessels, neurons and tumours. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2013; 24:172-8. [PMID: 23319134 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The neuropilins NRP1 and NRP2 are transmembrane proteins that regulate many different aspects of vascular and neural development. Even though they were originally identified as adhesion molecules, they are most commonly studied as co-receptors for secreted signalling molecules of the class 3 semaphorin (SEMA) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) families. During nervous system development, both classes of ligands control soma migration, axon patterning and synaptogenesis in the central nervous system, and they additionally help to guide the neural crest cell precursors of neurons and glia in the peripheral nervous system. Both classes of neuropilin ligands also control endothelial cell behaviour, with NRP1 acting as a VEGF-A isoform receptor in blood vascular endothelium and as a semaphorin receptor in lymphatic valve endothelium, and NRP2 promoting lymphatic vessel growth induced by VEGF-C. Here we provide an overview of neuropilin function in neurons and neural crest cells, discuss current knowledge of neuropilin signalling in the vasculature and conclude with a summary of neuropilin roles in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Raimondi
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
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25
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Maden CH, Gomes J, Schwarz Q, Davidson K, Tinker A, Ruhrberg C. NRP1 and NRP2 cooperate to regulate gangliogenesis, axon guidance and target innervation in the sympathetic nervous system. Dev Biol 2012; 369:277-85. [PMID: 22790009 PMCID: PMC3430865 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) arises from neural crest (NC) cells during embryonic development and innervates the internal organs of vertebrates to modulate their stress response. NRP1 and NRP2 are receptors for guidance cues of the class 3 semaphorin (SEMA) family and are expressed in partially overlapping patterns in sympathetic NC cells and their progeny. By comparing the phenotypes of mice lacking NRP1 or its ligand SEMA3A with mice lacking NRP1 in the sympathetic versus vascular endothelial cell lineages, we demonstrate that SEMA3A signalling through NRP1 has multiple cell-autonomous roles in SNS development. These roles include neuronal cell body positioning, neuronal aggregation and axon guidance, first during sympathetic chain assembly and then to regulate the innervation of the heart and aorta. Loss of NRP2 or its ligand SEMA3F impaired sympathetic gangliogenesis more mildly than loss of SEMA3A/NRP1 signalling, but caused ectopic neurite extension along the embryonic aorta. The analysis of compound mutants lacking SEMA3A and SEMA3F or NRP1 and NRP2 in the SNS demonstrated that both signalling pathways cooperate to organise the SNS. We further show that abnormal sympathetic development in mice lacking NRP1 in the sympathetic lineage has functional consequences, as it causes sinus bradycardia, similar to mice lacking SEMA3A.
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27
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The Neurovascular Link in Health and Disease: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications. Neuron 2011; 71:406-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Pickell L, Wu Q, Wang XL, Leclerc D, Friedman H, Peterson AC, Rozen R. Targeted insertion of two Mthfr promoters in mice reveals temporal- and tissue-specific regulation. Mamm Genome 2011; 22:635-47. [PMID: 21769670 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-011-9351-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), a key enzyme in folate metabolism, synthesizes 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, the main circulatory form of folate which is required for maintaining nontoxic levels of homocysteine and providing one-carbon units for methylation. A common 677C → T variant in MTHFR confers mild MTHFR deficiency and has been associated with a number of human disorders, including neural tube defects and vascular disease. Two promoters of Mthfr, designated as upstream and downstream promoters, are located upstream of a transcription start site cluster and have previously demonstrated cell-specific activities. In this study we used a unique approach for targeted, single-copy transgene insertion to generate transgenic mice carrying a Mthfr upstream or Mthfr downstream promoter-reporter construct located 5' to the endogenous Hprt (hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase) locus. The Mthfr downstream promoter demonstrated activity in the neural tube, neural crest cells, dorsal root ganglia, heart, and endothelial cells of blood vessels in 10.5-days post coitum embryos and placentas. Upstream promoter activity was absent at this developmental stage. Postnatally, both promoters demonstrated activity in the brain stem, hippocampus, and thalamus of 1-week-old brain that became stronger in the adult. The Mthfr upstream promoter also showed activity in the cerebellum and cerebral cortex. Both promoters were active in male reproductive tissues, including 1-week-old epididymides, and there was upstream promoter-specific activity in the adult testis. Our investigation of Mthfr regulation in an in vivo mouse model revealed temporal- and tissue-specific regulation that supports important roles for MTHFR in the developing embryo, and in postnatal brain and male reproductive tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pickell
- Departments of Human Genetics and Pediatrics, McGill University and Montreal Children's Hospital Research Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
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