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Frąszczak K, Barczyński B. The Role of Cancer Stem Cell Markers in Ovarian Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 16:40. [PMID: 38201468 PMCID: PMC10778113 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynaecological cancer and the eighth most common female cancer. The early diagnosis of ovarian cancer remains a clinical problem despite the significant development of technology. Nearly 70% of patients with ovarian cancer are diagnosed with stages III-IV metastatic disease. Reliable diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers are currently lacking. Ovarian cancer recurrence and resistance to chemotherapy pose vital problems and translate into poor outcomes. Cancer stem cells appear to be responsible for tumour recurrence resulting from chemotherapeutic resistance. These cells are also crucial for tumour initiation due to the ability to self-renew, differentiate, avoid immune destruction, and promote inflammation and angiogenesis. Studies have confirmed an association between CSC occurrence and resistance to chemotherapy, subsequent metastases, and cancer relapses. Therefore, the elimination of CSCs appears important for overcoming drug resistance and improving prognoses. This review focuses on the expression of selected ovarian CSC markers, including CD133, CD44, CD24, CD117, and aldehyde dehydrogenase 1, which show potential prognostic significance. Some markers expressed on the surface of CSCs correlate with clinical features and can be used for the diagnosis and prognosis of ovarian cancer. However, due to the heterogeneity and plasticity of CSCs, the determination of specific CSC phenotypes is difficult.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bartłomiej Barczyński
- 1st Chair and Department of Oncological Gynaecology and Gynaecology, Medical University in Lublin, 20-081 Lublin, Poland;
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van Kerkhof P, Kralj T, Spanevello F, van Bloois L, Jordens I, van der Vaart J, Jamieson C, Merenda A, Mastrobattista E, Maurice MM. RSPO3 Furin domain-conjugated liposomes for selective drug delivery to LGR5-high cells. J Control Release 2023; 356:72-83. [PMID: 36813038 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
The transmembrane receptor LGR5 potentiates Wnt/β-catenin signaling by binding both secreted R-spondin (RSPOs) and the Wnt tumor suppressors RNF43/ZNRF3, directing clearance of RNF43/ZNRF3 from the cell surface. Besides being widely used as a stem cell marker in various tissues, LGR5 is overexpressed in many types of malignancies, including colorectal cancer. Its expression characterizes a subpopulation of cancer cells that play a crucial role in tumor initiation, progression and cancer relapse, known as cancer stem cells (CSCs). For this reason, ongoing efforts are aimed at eradicating LGR5-positive CSCs. Here, we engineered liposomes decorated with different RSPO proteins to specifically detect and target LGR5-positive cells. Using fluorescence-loaded liposomes, we show that conjugation of full-length RSPO1 to the liposomal surface mediates aspecific, LGR5-independent cellular uptake, largely mediated by heparan sulfate proteoglycan binding. By contrast, liposomes decorated only with the Furin (FuFu) domains of RSPO3 are taken up by cells in a highly specific, LGR5-dependent manner. Moreover, encapsulating doxorubicin in FuFuRSPO3 liposomes allowed us to selectively inhibit the growth of LGR5-high cells. Thus, FuFuRSPO3-coated liposomes allow for the selective detection and ablation of LGR5-high cells, providing a potential drug delivery system for LGR5-targeted anti-cancer strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter van Kerkhof
- Oncode Institute and Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Tomica Kralj
- Oncode Institute and Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Francesca Spanevello
- Oncode Institute and Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Louis van Bloois
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Jordens
- Oncode Institute and Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jelte van der Vaart
- Oncode Institute and Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Cara Jamieson
- Oncode Institute and Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Alessandra Merenda
- Oncode Institute and Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Enrico Mastrobattista
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Madelon M Maurice
- Oncode Institute and Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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Zhang L, He Y, Dong L, Liu C, Su L, Guo R, Luo Q, Gan B, Cao F, Wang Y, Song H, Li X. Perturbation of intestinal stem cell homeostasis and radiation enteritis recovery via dietary titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Cell Prolif 2023:e13427. [PMID: 36798041 PMCID: PMC10392070 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Small intestinal health and enteritis incidence are tightly coupled to the homeostasis of intestinal stem cells (ISCs), which are sensitive to dietary alterations. However, little is known about the impact of food additives on ISC pool. Here, we demonstrate that chronic exposure to low-dose TiO2 NPs, a commonly used food additive, significantly hampers primary human and mouse ISC-derived organoid formation and growth by specifically attenuating Wnt signal transduction. Mechanistically, TiO2 NPs alter the endocytic trafficking of the Wnt receptor LRP6 and prevent the nuclear entry of β-catenin. Notably, dietary TiO2 NPs elicit modest chronic stress in healthy intestines and considerably impede the recovery of radiation enteritis by perturbing the homeostasis of ISCs in vivo. Our results identify a health concern of TiO2 NP exposure on ISC homeostasis and radiation enteritis recovery. These findings suggest extra precaution during the treatment of radiation enteritis and provide new insights into food additive-ISC interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linpei Zhang
- BioBank, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yinli He
- BioBank, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lele Dong
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chang Liu
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Su
- BioBank, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ruirui Guo
- BioBank, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qinying Luo
- BioBank, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Baoyu Gan
- BioBank, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fang Cao
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yawen Wang
- BioBank, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Haiyun Song
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojiao Li
- BioBank, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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4
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Leung RWH, Lee TKW. Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling as a Driver of Stemness and Metabolic Reprogramming in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14215468. [PMID: 36358885 PMCID: PMC9656505 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14215468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Aberrant Wnt/β-catenin signaling has been reported to play crucial role in pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In this review, we focus on the regulatory role of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in cancer stemness and metabolic reprogramming, which are two emerging hallmarks of cancer. Understanding the role of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in regulation of the above processes reveals novel therapeutic strategy against this deadly disease. Abstract Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major cause of cancer death worldwide due to its high rates of tumor recurrence and metastasis. Aberrant Wnt/β-catenin signaling has been shown to play a significant role in HCC development, progression and clinical impact on tumor behavior. Accumulating evidence has revealed the critical involvement of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in driving cancer stemness and metabolic reprogramming, which are regarded as emerging cancer hallmarks. In this review, we summarize the regulatory mechanism of Wnt/β-catenin signaling and its role in HCC. Furthermore, we provide an update on the regulatory roles of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in metabolic reprogramming, cancer stemness and drug resistance in HCC. We also provide an update on preclinical and clinical studies targeting Wnt/β-catenin signaling alone or in combination with current therapies for effective cancer therapy. This review provides insights into the current opportunities and challenges of targeting this signaling pathway in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainbow Wing Hei Leung
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Terence Kin Wah Lee
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +852-3400-8799; Fax: +852-2364-9932
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Using GPCRs as Molecular Beacons to Target Ovarian Cancer with Nanomedicines. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14102362. [PMID: 35625966 PMCID: PMC9140059 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14102362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The five-year survival rate for women with ovarian cancer is very poor despite radical cytoreductive surgery and chemotherapy. Although most patients initially respond to platinum-based chemotherapy, the majority experience recurrence and ultimately develop chemoresistance, resulting in fatal outcomes. The current administration of cytotoxic compounds is hampered by dose-limiting severe adverse effects. There is an unmet clinical need for targeted drug delivery systems that transport chemotherapeutics selectively to tumor cells while minimizing off-target toxicity. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of membrane receptors, and many are overexpressed in solid tumors, including ovarian cancer. This review summarizes the progress in engineered nanoparticle research for drug delivery for ovarian cancer and discusses the potential use of GPCRs as molecular entry points to deliver anti-cancer compounds into ovarian cancer cells. A newly emerging treatment paradigm could be the personalized design of nanomedicines on a case-by-case basis.
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Abdelrahman AE, El-Azony A, Elsebai E, Ibrahim HM. Prognostic Impact of LGR5, Prox1, and Notch1 Biomarkers in Stage II to III Colon Cancer. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2022; 30:126-135. [PMID: 34657081 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The potentiation and activation of Wnt signaling pathways are now assumed to mediate the self-renewal and proliferation of colon cancer stem cells that are responsible for therapeutic resistance, tumor relapse, and metastasis. We aimed to evaluate LGR5, Prox1, and Notch1 immunohistochemical expression in stage II to III colon cancer. Their predictive role of tumor relapse, overall survival, and disease-free survival was statistically analyzed. Our results revealed that high LGR5 expression was identified in 56.7% of the patients, LGR5 expression was significantly associated with left-sided tumors (P<0.001). Moreover, its expression was significantly associated with the unfavorable tumor characteristics including high grade, deep invasion (pT), lymph node metastasis, and advanced tumor stage (P<0.001 for each). High Prox1 expression was observed in 65% of the cases, and its expression was significantly associated with tumor grade, lymph node metastasis, and the advanced tumor stage (P=0.004, 0.009, 0.016, respectively). Positive Notch1 expression was identified in 35% of patients, and it was inversely associated with high grade lymph node metastasis, deep invasion (pT), and advanced tumor stage (P<0.001 for each). During the follow-up period, the tumor relapse was significantly associated with high LGR5, high Prox1, and negative Notch1 expression. Shorter overall survival and disease-free survival were significantly associated with high LGR5, high Prox1, and negative Notch1 expression. High LGR5, high Prox1, and negative Notch1 expression are unfavorable prognostic factors in colon cancer. Prox1 is a crucial regulator of Notch-independent LGR5+ stem cells that is mostly responsible for relapse and therapeutic resistance in stage II to III colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmed El-Azony
- Clinical Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Eman Elsebai
- Clinical Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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Shibahara Y, Espin-Garcia O, Conner J, Weiss J, Derouet M, Allen J, Allison F, Kalimuthu S, Yeung JC, Darling GE. Intestinal Stem Cell Marker ASCL2 is a Novel Prognostic Predictor in Esophageal Adenocarcinoma. Cureus 2022; 14:e21021. [PMID: 35154991 PMCID: PMC8818334 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.21021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Intestinal stem cell markers play a significant role in esophageal adenocarcinoma carcinogenesis via Barrett’s esophagus; however, its utility as a prognostic biomarker has not been established. Methods We analyzed the immunohistochemical expression of intestinal stem cell markers, ASCL2 and LGR5, using whole slides (35 cases) and tissue microarray (TMA; 64 cases). On TMA slides, adjacent normal squamous epithelium, metaplastic glandular epithelium (Barrett's esophagus), and dysplastic glandular epithelium were inserted when applicable. Two pathologists semi-quantitatively scored stained slides independently, and the results were correlated with clinicopathologic factors and outcomes. Results In whole slides, 51% and 57% expressed high ASCL2 and high LGR5; in TMA, 69% and 88% expressed high ASCL2 and high LGR5, respectively. In TMA, high ASCL2 and low LGR5 expression significantly correlated to a higher number of involved lymph nodes (p=0.027 and p=0.0039), and LGR5 expression significantly correlated to the pathological stage (p=0.0032). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed a negative impact of high ASCL2 expression on overall survival (OS; WS p=0.0168, TMA p=0.0276) as well as progression-free survival (PFS; WS p=0.000638, TMA p=0.0466) but not LGR5. Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that ASCL2 expression is an independent prognostic factor for esophageal adenocarcinoma (OS; WS p=0.25, TMA p=0.011. PFS; WS p=0.012, TMA p=0.038). Analysis of the TCGA dataset showed that ASCL2 mRNA levels were correlated to nodal status but not overall survival. Conclusion High expression of the intestinal stem cell marker ASCL2 may predict unfavorable outcomes in surgically resected esophageal adenocarcinoma.
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A tumour-resident Lgr5 + stem-cell-like pool drives the establishment and progression of advanced gastric cancers. Nat Cell Biol 2021; 23:1299-1313. [PMID: 34857912 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-021-00793-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is among the most prevalent and deadliest of cancers globally. To derive mechanistic insight into the pathways governing this disease, we generated a Claudin18-IRES-CreERT2 allele to selectively drive conditional dysregulation of the Wnt, Receptor Tyrosine Kinase and Trp53 pathways within the gastric epithelium. This resulted in highly reproducible metastatic, chromosomal-instable-type gastric cancer. In parallel, we developed orthotopic cancer organoid transplantation models to evaluate tumour-resident Lgr5+ populations as functional cancer stem cells via in vivo ablation. We show that Cldn18 tumours accurately recapitulate advanced human gastric cancer in terms of disease morphology, aberrant gene expression, molecular markers and sites of distant metastases. Importantly, we establish that tumour-resident Lgr5+ stem-like cells are critical to the initiation and maintenance of tumour burden and are obligatory for the establishment of metastases. These models will be invaluable for deriving clinically relevant mechanistic insights into cancer progression and as preclinical models for evaluating therapeutic targets.
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Singh D, Dheer D, Samykutty A, Shankar R. Antibody drug conjugates in gastrointestinal cancer: From lab to clinical development. J Control Release 2021; 340:1-34. [PMID: 34673122 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are one the fastest growing biotherapeutics in oncology and are still in their infancy in gastrointestinal (GI) cancer for clinical applications to improve patient survival. The ADC based approach is developed with tumor specific antigen, antibody carrying cytotoxic agents to precisely target and deliver chemotherapeutics at the tumor site. To date, 11 ADCs have been approved by US-FDA, and more than 80 are in the clinical development phase for different oncological indications. However, The ADCs based therapies in GI cancers are still far from having high-efficient clinical outcomes. The limited success of these ADCs and lessons learned from the past are now being used to develop a newer generation of ADC against GI cancers. In this review, we did a comprehensive assessment of the key components of ADCs, including tumor marker, antibody, cytotoxic payload, and linkage strategy, with a focus on technical improvement and some future trends in the pipeline for clinical translation. The various preclinical and clinical ADCs used in gastrointestinal malignancies, their target, composition and bioconjugation, along with preclinical and clinical outcomes, are discussed. The emphasis is also given to new generation ADCs employing novel mAb, payload, linker, and bioconjugation methods are also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davinder Singh
- Natural Products and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Divya Dheer
- Natural Products and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Abhilash Samykutty
- Stephenson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
| | - Ravi Shankar
- Natural Products and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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Bindhya S, Sidhanth C, Krishnapriya S, Garg M, Ganesan TS. Development and in vitro characterisation of an induced pluripotent stem cell model of ovarian cancer. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2021; 138:106051. [PMID: 34343671 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2021.106051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer recurs despite advances in treatment and is due to drug resistance. The persistence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) is one of the causes. It has been challenging to maintain CSCs long term in culture from primary malignant cells. Reprogramming cancer cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) could be an approach to achieve this. An ovarian cancer cell line, PEO4, was initially reprogrammed into iPSCs using the classical four factors OCT4, SOX2, KLF4 and MYC (OSKM) using lentivirus transduction. The PEO4-OSKM-cells had all the hallmarks of iPSCs. As MYC is oncogenic, we have replaced it with GLIS1 and show that PEO4 cells could be transformed into iPSCs. The transfection efficiency was two-fold better with OCT4-SOX2-KLF4-GLIS1 (OSKG) with larger colonies. Further, normal fallopian tube epithelial cells were also transformed using OSKG into iPSCs. iPSCs expressed CSCs markers such as CD133, EPHA1, ALDH1A1 and LGR5 prominently and were more resistant to cisplatin and taxol as compared to parental PEO4 cells. PEO4-OSKM-iPSCs cells formed more colonies in a clonogenic assay as compared to PEO4-OSKG-iPSCs and parental cells. These results provide a first insight that both an ovarian cancer cell line and fallopian tube epithelial cells can be reprogrammed and GLIS1 can successfully replace MYC as a transcription factor. This in vitro model is useful for future experiments to understand the characteristics of CSCs in the pathogenesis of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bindhya
- Laboratory for Cancer Biology, Department of Medical Oncology and Clinical Research, Cancer Institute (WIA), Chennai, India
| | - C Sidhanth
- Laboratory for Cancer Biology, Department of Medical Oncology and Clinical Research, Cancer Institute (WIA), Chennai, India
| | - S Krishnapriya
- Laboratory for Cancer Biology, Department of Medical Oncology and Clinical Research, Cancer Institute (WIA), Chennai, India
| | - Manoj Garg
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - T S Ganesan
- Laboratory for Cancer Biology, Department of Medical Oncology and Clinical Research, Cancer Institute (WIA), Chennai, India.
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Alharbi SA, Ovchinnikov DA, Wolvetang E. Leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5 marks different cancer stem cell compartments in human Caco-2 and LoVo colon cancer lines. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:1578-1594. [PMID: 33958845 PMCID: PMC8058648 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i15.1578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colon cancer cell lines are widely used for research and for the screening of drugs that specifically target the stem cell compartment of colon cancers. It was reported that colon cancer carcinoma specimens contain a subset of leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5 (LGR5)-expressing stem cells, these so-called “tumour-initiating” cells, reminiscent in their properties of the normal intestinal stem cells (ISCs), may explain the apparent heterogeneity of colon cancer cell lines. Also, colon cancer is initiated by aberrant Wnt signaling in ISCs known to express high levels of LGR5. Furthermore, in vivo reports demonstrate the clonal expansion of intestinal adenomas from a single LGR5-expressing cell.
AIM To investigate whether colon cancer cell lines contain cancer stem cells and to characterize these putative cancer stem cells.
METHODS A portable fluorescent reporter construct based on a conserved fragment of the LGR5 promoter was used to isolate the cell compartments expressing different levels of LGR5 in two widely used colon cancer cell lines (Caco-2 and LoVo). These cells were then characterized according to their proliferation capacity, gene expression signatures of ISC markers, and their tumorigenic properties in vivo and in vitro.
RESULTS The data revealed that the LGR5 reporter can be used to identify and isolate a classical intestinal crypt stem cell-like population from the Caco-2, but not from the LoVo, cell lines, in which the cancer stem cell population is more akin to B lymphoma Moloney murine leukemia virus insertion region 1 homolog (+4 crypt) stem cells. This sub-population within Caco-2 cells exhibits an intestinal cancer stem cell gene expression signature and can both self-renew and generate differentiated LGR5 negative progeny. Our data also show that cells expressing high levels of LGR5/enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP) from this cell line exhibit tumorigenic-like properties in vivo and in vitro. In contrast, cell compartments of LoVo that are expressing high levels of LGR5/EYFP did not show these stem cell-like properties. Thus, cells that exhibit high levels of LGR5/EYFP expression represent the cancer stem cell compartment of Caco-2 colon cancer cells, but not LoVo cells.
CONCLUSION Our findings highlight the presence of a spectrum of different ISC-like compartments in different colon cancer cell lines. Their existence is an important consideration for their screening applications and should be taken into account when interpreting drug screening data. We have generated a portable LGR5-reporter that serves as a valuable tool for the identification and isolation of different colon cancer stem cell populations in colon cancer lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samah Abdulaali Alharbi
- Physiology Department, College of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24231, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Stem Cell Engineering Group, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Dmitry A Ovchinnikov
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Ernst Wolvetang
- Department of Stem Cell Engineering Group, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, QLD, Australia
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12
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Lei X, He Q, Li Z, Zou Q, Xu P, Yu H, Ding Y, Zhu W. Cancer stem cells in colorectal cancer and the association with chemotherapy resistance. Med Oncol 2021; 38:43. [PMID: 33738588 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-021-01488-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer (CRC) have always been among the highest in the world, although the diagnosis and treatment are becoming more and more advanced. At present, the main reason is that patients have acquired drug resistance after long-term conventional drug treatment. An increasing number of evidences confirm the existence of cancer stem cells (CSCs), which are a group of special cells in cancer, only a small part of cancer cells. These special cell populations are not eliminated by chemotherapeutic drugs and result in tumor recurrence and metastasis after drug treatment. CSCs have the ability of self-renewal and multidirectional differentiation, which is associated with the occurrence and development of cancer. CSCs can be screened and identified by related surface markers. In this paper, the characteristic surface markers of CSCs in CRC and the related mechanism of drug resistance will be discussed in detail. A better understanding of the mechanism of CSCs resistance to chemotherapy may lead to better targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Lei
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Medical University, No.1 Xincheng Road, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Qinglian He
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Medical University, No.1 Xincheng Road, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ziqi Li
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Medical University, No.1 Xincheng Road, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Qian Zou
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Medical University, No.1 Xincheng Road, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Pingrong Xu
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Medical University, No.1 Xincheng Road, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Haibing Yu
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yuanlin Ding
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Medical University, No.1 Xincheng Road, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong Province, China.
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13
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Little DW, Dumontet T, LaPensee CR, Hammer GD. β-catenin in adrenal zonation and disease. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 522:111120. [PMID: 33338548 PMCID: PMC8006471 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.111120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The Wnt signaling pathway is a critical mediator of the development and maintenance of several tissues. The adrenal cortex is highly dependent upon Wnt/β-catenin signaling for proper zonation and endocrine function. Adrenocortical cells emerge in the peripheral capsule and subcapsular cortex of the gland as progenitor cells that centripetally differentiate into steroid hormone-producing cells of three functionally distinct concentric zones that respond robustly to various endocrine stimuli. Wnt/β-catenin signaling mediates adrenocortical progenitor cell fate and tissue renewal to maintain the gland throughout life. Aberrant Wnt/β-catenin signaling contributes to various adrenal disorders of steroid production and growth that range from hypofunction and hypoplasia to hyperfunction, hyperplasia, benign adrenocortical adenomas, and malignant adrenocortical carcinomas. Great strides have been made in defining the molecular underpinnings of adrenocortical homeostasis and disease, including the interplay between the capsule and cortex, critical components involved in maintaining the adrenocortical Wnt/β-catenin signaling gradient, and new targets in adrenal cancer. This review seeks to examine these and other recent advancements in understanding adrenocortical Wnt/β-catenin signaling and how this knowledge can inform therapeutic options for adrenal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Typhanie Dumontet
- Training Program in Organogenesis, Center for Cell Plasticity and Organ Design, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, USA
| | - Christopher R LaPensee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, USA
| | - Gary D Hammer
- Doctoral Program in Cancer Biology, USA; Training Program in Organogenesis, Center for Cell Plasticity and Organ Design, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, USA; Endocrine Oncology Program, Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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14
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Costanzi E, Simioni C, Conti I, Laface I, Varano G, Brenna C, Neri LM. Two neuroendocrine G protein-coupled receptor molecules, somatostatin and melatonin: Physiology of signal transduction and therapeutic perspectives. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:2505-2518. [PMID: 32989768 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), the largest signal-conveying receptor family, are targets for mutations occurring frequently in different cancer types. GPCR alterations associated with cancer development represent significant challenges for the discovery and the advancement of targeted therapeutics. Among the different molecules that can activate GPCRs, we focused on two molecules that exert their biological actions regulating many typical features of tumorigenesis such as cellular proliferation, survival, and invasion: somatostatin and melatonin. The modulation of signaling pathways, that involves these two molecules, opens an interesting scenario for cancer therapy, with the opportunity to act at different molecular levels. Therefore, the aim of this review is the analysis of the biological activity and the therapeutic potential of somatostatin and melatonin, displaying a high affinity for GPCRs, that interfere with cancer development and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Costanzi
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Carolina Simioni
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA)-Electron Microscopy Center, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Ilaria Conti
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Ilaria Laface
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Gabriele Varano
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Cinzia Brenna
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Luca M Neri
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA)-Electron Microscopy Center, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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15
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Saikia S, Bordoloi M, Sarmah R. Established and In-trial GPCR Families in Clinical Trials: A Review for Target Selection. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 20:522-539. [PMID: 30394207 DOI: 10.2174/1389450120666181105152439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The largest family of drug targets in clinical trials constitute of GPCRs (G-protein coupled receptors) which accounts for about 34% of FDA (Food and Drug Administration) approved drugs acting on 108 unique GPCRs. Factors such as readily identifiable conserved motif in structures, 127 orphan GPCRs despite various de-orphaning techniques, directed functional antibodies for validation as drug targets, etc. has widened their therapeutic windows. The availability of 44 crystal structures of unique receptors, unexplored non-olfactory GPCRs (encoded by 50% of the human genome) and 205 ligand receptor complexes now present a strong foundation for structure-based drug discovery and design. The growing impact of polypharmacology for complex diseases like schizophrenia, cancer etc. warrants the need for novel targets and considering the undiscriminating and selectivity of GPCRs, they can fulfill this purpose. Again, natural genetic variations within the human genome sometimes delude the therapeutic expectations of some drugs, resulting in medication response differences and ADRs (adverse drug reactions). Around ~30 billion US dollars are dumped annually for poor accounting of ADRs in the US alone. To curb such undesirable reactions, the knowledge of established and currently in clinical trials GPCRs families can offer huge understanding towards the drug designing prospects including "off-target" effects reducing economical resource and time. The druggability of GPCR protein families and critical roles played by them in complex diseases are explained. Class A, class B1, class C and class F are generally established family and GPCRs in phase I (19%), phase II(29%), phase III(52%) studies are also reviewed. From the phase I studies, frizzled receptors accounted for the highest in trial targets, neuropeptides in phase II and melanocortin in phase III studies. Also, the bioapplications for nanoparticles along with future prospects for both nanomedicine and GPCR drug industry are discussed. Further, the use of computational techniques and methods employed for different target validations are also reviewed along with their future potential for the GPCR based drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surovi Saikia
- Natural Products Chemistry Group, CSIR North East Institute of Science & Technology, Jorhat-785006, Assam, India
| | - Manobjyoti Bordoloi
- Natural Products Chemistry Group, CSIR North East Institute of Science & Technology, Jorhat-785006, Assam, India
| | - Rajeev Sarmah
- Allied Health Sciences, Assam Down Town University, Panikhaiti, Guwahati 781026, Assam, India
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16
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González-Mariscal L, Miranda J, Gallego-Gutiérrez H, Cano-Cortina M, Amaya E. Relationship between apical junction proteins, gene expression and cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183278. [PMID: 32240623 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The apical junctional complex (AJC) is a cell-cell adhesion system present at the upper portion of the lateral membrane of epithelial cells integrated by the tight junction (TJ) and the adherens junction (AJ). This complex is crucial to initiate and stabilize cell-cell adhesion, to regulate the paracellular transit of ions and molecules and to maintain cell polarity. Moreover, we now consider the AJC as a hub of signal transduction that regulates cell-cell adhesion, gene transcription and cell proliferation and differentiation. The molecular components of the AJC are multiple and diverse and depending on the cellular context some of the proteins in this complex act as tumor suppressors or as promoters of cell transformation, migration and metastasis outgrowth. Here, we describe these new roles played by TJ and AJ proteins and their potential use in cancer diagnostics and as targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenza González-Mariscal
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center of Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Jael Miranda
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center of Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Helios Gallego-Gutiérrez
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center of Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Misael Cano-Cortina
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center of Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Elida Amaya
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center of Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico
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17
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Leon K, Hennebold JD, Fei SS, Young KA. Transcriptome analysis during photostimulated recrudescence reveals distinct patterns of gene regulation in Siberian hamster ovaries†. Biol Reprod 2020; 102:539-559. [PMID: 31724051 PMCID: PMC7068109 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioz210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In Siberian hamsters, exposure to short days (SDs, 8 h light:16 h dark) reduces reproductive function centrally by decreasing gonadotropin secretion, whereas subsequent transfer of photoinhibited hamsters to stimulatory long days (LDs, 16 L:8 D) promotes follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) release inducing ovarian recrudescence. Although differences between SD and LD ovaries have been investigated, a systematic investigation of the ovarian transcriptome across photoperiod groups to identify potentially novel factors that contribute to photostimulated restoration of ovarian function had not been conducted. Hamsters were assigned to one of four photoperiod groups: LD to maintain ovarian cyclicity, SD to induce ovarian regression, or post transfer (PT), where females housed in SD for 14-weeks were transferred to LD for 2-days or 1-week to reflect photostimulated ovaries prior to (PTd2) and following (PTw1) the return of systemic FSH. Ovarian RNA was extracted to create RNA-sequencing libraries and short-read sequencing Illumina assays that mapped and quantified the ovarian transcriptomes (n = 4/group). Ovarian and uterine masses, plasma FSH, and numbers of antral follicles and corpora lutea decreased in SD as compared to LD ovaries (P < 0.05). When reads were aligned to the mouse genome, 18 548 genes were sufficiently quantified. Most of the differentially expressed genes noted between functional LD ovaries and regressed SD ovaries; however, five main expression patterns were identified across photoperiod groups. These results, generally corroborated by select protein immunostaining, provide a map of photoregulated ovary function and identify novel genes that may contribute to the photostimulated resumption of ovarian activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Leon
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, California, USA
| | - Jon D Hennebold
- Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Suzanne S Fei
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Core, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Kelly A Young
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, California, USA
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18
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Tsunedomi R, Yoshimura K, Suzuki N, Hazama S, Nagano H. Clinical implications of cancer stem cells in digestive cancers: acquisition of stemness and prognostic impact. Surg Today 2020; 50:1560-1577. [PMID: 32025858 DOI: 10.1007/s00595-020-01968-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Digestive system cancers are the most frequent cancers worldwide and often associated with poor prognosis because of their invasive and metastatic characteristics. Recent studies have found that the plasticity of cancer cells can impart cancer stem-like properties via the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Cancer stem-like properties such as tumor initiation are integral to the formation of metastasis, which is the main cause of poor prognosis. Numerous markers of cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been identified in many types of cancer. Therefore, CSCs, via their stem cell-like functions, may play an important role in prognosis after surgery. While several reports have described prognostic analysis using CSC markers, few reviews have summarized CSCs and their association with prognosis. Herein, we review the prognostic potential of eight CSC markers, CD133, CD44, CD90, ALDH1A1, EPCAM, SOX2, SOX9, and LGR5, in digestive cancers including those of the pancreas, colon, liver, gastric, and esophagus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryouichi Tsunedomi
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan.
| | - Kiyoshi Yoshimura
- Showa University Clinical Research Institute for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Suzuki
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Shoichi Hazama
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan.,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Translational Research and Developmental Therapeutics against Cancer, Yamaguchi University, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nagano
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
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19
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Zhou Y, Xiang J, Bhandari A, Wen J, Lin B, Kong L, Wang O. LRRC52-AS1 is associated with clinical progression and regulates cell migration and invasion in papillary thyroid cancer. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2020; 47:696-702. [PMID: 31855284 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of thyroid cancer has increased in recent decades. The potential molecular mechanisms of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) are still to be uncovered. In recent years, a number of studies reported that LRRC super family members are up-regulated in cancer cells. Cancer cells can experience a feature change from an epithelial to a mesenchymal phenotype, which is called epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) during cancer progression. We found that LRRC52-AS1 is highly expressed in PTC cell lines rather than normal tissues and this observation was consistent with The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohort. In a word, LRRC52-AS1 is associated with clinical progression in papillary thyroid cancer. In vitro experiments showed that knocking down LRRC52-AS1 significantly decreased the migration and invasion of the PTC cell lines (BCPAP and TPC). Meanwhile, LRRC52-AS1 may influence the progress of papillary thyroid cancer via mesenchymal markers N-cadherin, vimentin and TAZ. The LRRC52-AS1 gene is up-regulated in papillary thyroid cancer, and knockdown of LRRC52-AS1 could restrain cellular migration, and invasion in vitro. This study indicated that LRRC52-AS1 is a gene associated with PTC and might become a potential therapeutic target in PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Zhou
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Xiang
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Adheesh Bhandari
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jialiang Wen
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Bangyi Lin
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lingguo Kong
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ouchen Wang
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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20
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Xu L, Lin W, Wen L, Li G. Lgr5 in cancer biology: functional identification of Lgr5 in cancer progression and potential opportunities for novel therapy. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:219. [PMID: 31358061 PMCID: PMC6664754 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1288-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains one of the leading lethal diseases worldwide. Identifying biomarkers of cancers might provide insights into the strategies for the development of novel targeted anti-cancer therapies. Leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5 (Lgr5) has been recently discovered as a candidate marker of cancer stem cell populations. Aberrant increased expression of Lgr5 may represent one of the most common molecular alterations in some human cancers, leading to long-term potentiation of canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling. On the other hand, however, Lgr5-mediated suppression in canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling has also been reported in certain cancers, such as B cell malignancies. Until now, therapeutic approaches targeting Lgr5-associated signaling axis are not yet clinically available. Increasing evidence have indicated that endogenous Lgr5+ cell population is implicated in tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis. This review is to summarize our current knowledge about the importance of Lgr5 in cancer biology and the underlying molecular mechanisms of Lgr5-mediated tumor-promoting/suppressive activities, as well as potentially useful preventive strategies in treating tumor. Therefore, targeted therapeutic modulation of Lgr5+ cancer cell population by targeting Wnt/β-catenin signaling through targeted drug delivery system or targeted genome editing might be promising for potential novel anti-cancer treatments. Simultaneously, combination of therapeutics targeting both Lgr5+ and Lgr5- cancer cells may deserve further consideration considering the plasticity of cancer cells. Also, a more specific targeting of cancer cells using double biomarkers may be much safer and more effective for anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Laboratory of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weiping Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR PRC
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR PRC
| | - Longping Wen
- Nanobio Laboratory, Institute of Life Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong People’s Republic of China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR PRC
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR PRC
- The CUHK-ACC Space Medicine Centre on Health Maintenance of Musculoskeletal System, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
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21
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Wu V, Yeerna H, Nohata N, Chiou J, Harismendy O, Raimondi F, Inoue A, Russell RB, Tamayo P, Gutkind JS. Illuminating the Onco-GPCRome: Novel G protein-coupled receptor-driven oncocrine networks and targets for cancer immunotherapy. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:11062-11086. [PMID: 31171722 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev119.005601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest gene family of cell membrane-associated molecules mediating signal transmission, and their involvement in key physiological functions is well-established. The ability of GPCRs to regulate a vast array of fundamental biological processes, such as cardiovascular functions, immune responses, hormone and enzyme release from endocrine and exocrine glands, neurotransmission, and sensory perception (e.g. vision, odor, and taste), is largely due to the diversity of these receptors and the layers of their downstream signaling circuits. Dysregulated expression and aberrant functions of GPCRs have been linked to some of the most prevalent human diseases, which renders GPCRs one of the top targets for pharmaceutical drug development. However, the study of the role of GPCRs in tumor biology has only just begun to make headway. Recent studies have shown that GPCRs can contribute to the many facets of tumorigenesis, including proliferation, survival, angiogenesis, invasion, metastasis, therapy resistance, and immune evasion. Indeed, GPCRs are widely dysregulated in cancer and yet are underexploited in oncology. We present here a comprehensive analysis of GPCR gene expression, copy number variation, and mutational signatures in 33 cancer types. We also highlight the emerging role of GPCRs as part of oncocrine networks promoting tumor growth, dissemination, and immune evasion, and we stress the potential benefits of targeting GPCRs and their signaling circuits in the new era of precision medicine and cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, UCSD Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Huwate Yeerna
- Department of Medicine, UCSD Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Nijiro Nohata
- Department of Pharmacology, UCSD Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Joshua Chiou
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Olivier Harismendy
- Department of Medicine, UCSD Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, California 92093.,Department of Medicine, UCSD Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Francesco Raimondi
- CellNetworks, Bioquant, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Biochemie Zentrum Heidelberg (BZH), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Robert B Russell
- CellNetworks, Bioquant, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Biochemie Zentrum Heidelberg (BZH), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pablo Tamayo
- Department of Medicine, UCSD Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - J Silvio Gutkind
- Department of Pharmacology, UCSD Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, California 92093
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22
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Ko CJ, Li CJ, Wu MY, Chu PY. Overexpression of LGR-5 as a Predictor of Poor Outcome in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16101836. [PMID: 31126119 PMCID: PMC6572154 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16101836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocarcinogenesis and distant metastasis pose major challenges for physicians. They are regulated by several genes, such as AKT, JUK, Wnt, and P53, and their expression activates several important processes such as cell proliferation, migration, motility, and interaction in the microenvironment. The leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (LGR-5) is a novel biomarker, particularly in stem cells, and is involved in embryogenesis, tumor development, and tumor cell signal transduction. Here, we investigated LGR-5 expression using immunohistochemistry and analyzed the correlation between clinical features and prognosis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We found that LGR-5 expression was higher in tumor tissues than in normal liver tissues, and that high LGR-5 expression possibly favored poor outcomes in HCC, especially in well/moderate differentiation grade, hepatitis C virus (HCV)-negative, and hepatitis B virus (HBV)-positive groups. Thus, the LGR-5 marker is suggested to be a routine biomarker for poor prognosis, thereby providing a platform for anti-LGR-5-targeted therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Jan Ko
- Department of General Surgery, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan.
- School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Jung Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan.
| | - Meng-Yu Wu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei 231, Taiwan.
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan.
| | - Pei-Yi Chu
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei 242, Taiwan.
- Department of Pathology, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan.
- Department of Health Food, Chung Chou University of Science and Technology, Changhua 510, Taiwan.
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23
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Nagata H, Ishihara S, Abe H, Ushiku T, Kishikawa J, Tanaka T, Hata K, Kawai K, Fukayama M, Nozawa H. LGR5 expression predicts peritoneal recurrence after curative resection of primary colon cancer. Br J Cancer 2019; 120:996-1002. [PMID: 31000786 PMCID: PMC6734652 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-019-0442-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to clarify whether a cancer stem cell marker could be an indicator of post-operative peritoneal recurrence of colon cancer. Methods Expression of four putative markers (CD133, CD44 variant 6, aldehyde dehydrogenase-1 and leucine-rich repeating G-protein-coupled receptor-5 (LGR5)) was evaluated immunohistochemically in primary tumour samples from 292 patients who underwent curative resection for non-metastasised pT4 colon cancer at the University of Tokyo Hospital between 1997 and 2015. Results Peritoneal recurrence was significantly higher in LGR5-negative cases (5-year cumulative incidence: 27.5% vs. 14.4%, p = 0.037). Multivariable analysis confirmed that negative LGR5 expression was an independent risk factor for peritoneal recurrence (hazard ratio (HR) 2.79, p = 0.005) in addition to poor differentiation, positive lymph node metastasis, preoperative carcinoembryonic antigen > 5 ng/mL and anastomotic leakage. The addition of LGR5 significantly improved the predictive value of the multivariable model (net reclassification improvement: 0.186, p = 0.028: integrated discrimination improvement: 0.047, p = 0.008). Conclusions Negative LGR5 expression was a significant predictor of peritoneal recurrence in patients with pT4 colon cancer. Therefore, LGR5 might be a promising biomarker to identify patients at high risk of post-operative peritoneal metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Nagata
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Soichiro Ishihara
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Abe
- Department of Pathology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Ushiku
- Department of Pathology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junko Kishikawa
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Tanaka
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Hata
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazushige Kawai
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Hiroaki Nozawa
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Rot S, Kaune T, Taubert H, Greither T, Kotrba J, Güttler A, Wichmann H, Bilkenroth U, Wienke A, Al-Nawas B, Bache M, Vordermark D, Wickenhauser C, Bethmann D, Eckert AW, Kappler M. Prognostic impact of mRNA levels of LGR5 transcript variants in OSCC patients. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:155. [PMID: 30770730 PMCID: PMC6377725 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-5327-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The human leucine-rich, repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5 (LGR5) is a stem cell marker in numerous adult tissues and is overexpressed in a large number of human carcinoma including colon cancer, breast cancer and oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC). The role of the full length transcript (LGR5FL) in progression and prognosis of several cancers was reported. However, the biological function of three splice variants of LGR5 (LGR5Δ5, LGR5Δ8 and LGR5Δ5–8) has yet to be thoroughly investigated. Methods Seventy-eight frozen tumor samples from adult OSCC patients were studied using quantitative real-time TaqMan™ PCR analysis. The mRNA levels of full length LGR5, the splice variant of LGR5 lacking exon 5 (LGR5Δ5), the splice variant of LGR5 lacking exon 8 (LGR5Δ8) and the mRNA level of all known transcript variants together (LGR5all) were quantified and correlated to overall and disease-specific survival of OSCC patients, clinical parameters and the mRNA level of different tumor-associated markers. Results An elevated level of tumoral LGR5Δ5 mRNA, but not LGR5FL, LGR5Δ8 or LGR5all mRNA was significantly associated with a poor prognosis for the overall and disease-specific survival of OSCC patients (hazard ratio (HR) = 2.0; p = 0.02; 95% CI: 1.1–3.7; HR = 3.2; p = 0.01; 95% CI: 1.3–8.0; multivariable Cox regression), respectively. Additionally, a higher tumoral level of LGR5Δ5 mRNA in primary tumors was associated with the occurrence of regional lymph node metastases in OSCC patients (odds ratio (OR) = 3.1; p = 0.022; 95% CI: 1.2–7.9; binary logistic regression). Furthermore, the mRNA levels of all investigated LGR5 transcript variants were significantly correlated with the mRNA expression of Wnt-target genes and markers of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Conclusion The mRNA level of the LGR5 splice variant LGR5Δ5 is an independent negative prognostic marker for overall and disease-specific survival and metastasis in OSCC patients. Additionally, we suggest, all LGR5 transcript variants are involved in the EMT process mainly through activating the Wnt-signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swetlana Rot
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Str, 40 06097, Halle/Saale, Germany.
| | - Tom Kaune
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Str, 40 06097, Halle/Saale, Germany.,Present address: Department of Internal Medicine I, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Helge Taubert
- Clinic of Urology and Pediatric Urology, FA University Hospital Erlangen, FA University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Greither
- Centre for Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Johanna Kotrba
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Str, 40 06097, Halle/Saale, Germany.,Present address: Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Antje Güttler
- Department of Radiotherapy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Henri Wichmann
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Str, 40 06097, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Wienke
- Institute of Medical Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Informatics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Bilal Al-Nawas
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Str, 40 06097, Halle/Saale, Germany.,Present address: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Plastic Surgery, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Bache
- Department of Radiotherapy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Dirk Vordermark
- Department of Radiotherapy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Claudia Wickenhauser
- Institute of Pathology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Daniel Bethmann
- Institute of Pathology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Alexander W Eckert
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Str, 40 06097, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Matthias Kappler
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Str, 40 06097, Halle/Saale, Germany
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Liu XS, Lin XK, Mei Y, Ahmad S, Yan CX, Jin HL, Yu H, Chen C, Lin CZ, Yu JR. Regulatory T Cells Promote Overexpression of Lgr5 on Gastric Cancer Cells via TGF-beta1 and Confer Poor Prognosis in Gastric Cancer. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1741. [PMID: 31417548 PMCID: PMC6682668 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The leucine-rich repeat containing G protein-coupled receptor 5 (Lgr5) is considered a cancer stem cell marker, and is often overexpressed in tumors. The interaction between Lgr5 and the immune-related tumor microenvironment is not completely understood. The aim of this study was to examine the role of Lgr5 in the microenvironment of gastric cancer (GC), and to explore possible immunological mechanisms influencing Lgr5 expression that are governed by regulatory T cells. Methods: Lgr5 expression was examined in 180 GC tumors by immunohistochemistry, and in 80 pairs of GC tumors for analysis of Th1/Th2 cytokines by ELISA. In addition, SGC7901 cells were co-cultured with patient-derived Tregs, varying concentrations of TGF-β1, TGF-β1 neutralizing antibody, or TGF-β receptor inhibitor SB431542, and Lgr5 and β-catenin expression were examined by qRT-PCR and western blot. Results: In this study, an immunosuppressive microenvironment was associated with high Lgr5 expression in GC. Furthermore, Lgr5 expression was up-regulated in GC cells co-cultured with Tregs or treated with exogenous TGF-β1. This up-regulation was partially inhibited by the TGF-β1 neutralizing antibody, or TGF-β1 receptor antagonist SB431542. β-catenin was up-regulated with high Lgr5 expression induced by exogenous TGF-β1, and this up-regulation was inhibited by SB431542. An increased number of Tregs and high Lgr5 expression in GC tissues were significantly associated with low overall survival. Conclusion: Tregs promoted increased Lgr5 expression in GC cells via TGF-β1 and TGF-β1 signaling pathway, which may involve activation of the Wnt signaling pathway. High Lgr5 expression via TGF-β confer poor prognosis in gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Sun Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xian-Ke Lin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Mei
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sabir Ahmad
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chong-Xian Yan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hai-Long Jin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hang Yu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cai-Zhao Lin
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ji-Ren Yu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Ji-Ren Yu
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26
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Pieterse Z, Amaya-Padilla MA, Singomat T, Binju M, Madjid BD, Yu Y, Kaur P. Ovarian cancer stem cells and their role in drug resistance. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 106:117-126. [PMID: 30508594 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is typically diagnosed at advanced stages (III or IV), with metastasis ensuing at stage III. Complete remission is infrequent and is not achieved in almost half of the women diagnosed with ovarian cancer. Consequently, management and treatment of this disease is challenging as many patients are faced with tumour recurrence disseminating to surrounding organs further complicated with acquired chemo-resistance. The cancer stem cell theory proposes the idea that a drug resistant subset of tumour cells drive tumour progression, metastasis and ultimately, recurrent disease. In the ovarian cancer field, cancer stem cells remain elusive with significant gaps in our knowledge. The characteristics and specific role of ovarian cancer stem cells in recurrence still requires further research since different studies often arrive at contradictory conclusions. Here we present a review and critical analysis of current research conducted in the field of ovarian cancer stem cells and their potential role in drug resistance including several signalling pathways within these cells that affect the viability of targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zalitha Pieterse
- School of Pharmacy & Biomedical Science, Curtin University, Curtin Health Innovative Research Institute, Australia
| | | | - Terence Singomat
- School of Pharmacy & Biomedical Science, Curtin University, Curtin Health Innovative Research Institute, Australia
| | - Mudra Binju
- School of Pharmacy & Biomedical Science, Curtin University, Curtin Health Innovative Research Institute, Australia
| | - Bau Dilam Madjid
- School of Pharmacy & Biomedical Science, Curtin University, Curtin Health Innovative Research Institute, Australia
| | - Yu Yu
- School of Pharmacy & Biomedical Science, Curtin University, Curtin Health Innovative Research Institute, Australia
| | - Pritinder Kaur
- School of Pharmacy & Biomedical Science, Curtin University, Curtin Health Innovative Research Institute, Australia.
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27
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Nakajima T, Uehara T, Kobayashi Y, Kinugawa Y, Yamanoi K, Maruyama Y, Suga T, Ota H. Leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5 expression and clinicopathological features of colorectal neuroendocrine neoplasms. Pathol Int 2018; 68:467-472. [PMID: 30043418 DOI: 10.1111/pin.12707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
LGR5 is expressed in various tumors and has been identified as a putative intestinal stem cell marker. Here we investigated LGR5 expression in colorectal neuroendocrine neoplasms and analyzed the correlation with pathological characteristics. We evaluated the clinicopathological features of 8 neuroendocrine tumor (NET) grade 1 (NET G1), 4 NET Grade 2 (NET G2), and 8 NET Grade 3 (NET G3; also termed neuroendocrine carcinoma, or NEC) cases. We examined LGR5 expression using an RNAscope, a newly developed RNA in situ hybridization technique, with a tissue microarray of the neuroendocrine neoplasm samples. LGR5 staining in individual tumor cells was semi-quantitatively scored using an H-score scale. We also performed a combination of LGR5 RNA in situ hybridization and synaptophysin immunohistochemistry. All cases contained tumor cells with some LGR5-positive dots. For all cases, H-scores showed a positive correlation with nuclear beta-catenin expression. In the NEC group, there was a strong positive correlation between H-score and beta-catenin expression. Our findings suggest that LGR5 may serve as a stem cell marker in NEC, as is the case in colon adenocarcinoma. The positive correlation between H-score and beta-catenin expression suggests that LGR5 expression might be affected by beta-catenin expression in neuroendocrine neoplasms and especially in NEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Nakajima
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Uehara
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Kobayashi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kinugawa
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Yamanoi
- Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Department of Advanced Medicine for Health Promotion, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Maruyama
- Department of Gastroenterology, Suwa Red Cross Hospital, Suwa, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Suga
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Ota
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
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28
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Tanaka K, Ikeda N, Miyashita K, Nuriya H, Hara T. DEAD box protein DDX1 promotes colorectal tumorigenesis through transcriptional activation of the LGR5 gene. Cancer Sci 2018; 109:2479-2489. [PMID: 29869821 PMCID: PMC6113447 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
DDX1, a member of the DEAD box RNA helicase family, plays a critical role in testicular tumors. However, it remains to be clarified whether DDX1 is involved in other types of malignant tumors such as colorectal cancer. We disrupted the DDX1 gene in a human colorectal cancer cell line LoVo using the CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated gene‐targeting system. DDX1‐KO LoVo cells exhibited a much slower growth rate, produced fewer colonies in soft agar medium, and generated smaller solid tumors in nude mice than parental LoVo cells. Such phenotypes of the DDX1‐KO cells were mostly reversed by exogenous expression of DDX1. These results indicate that DDX1 is required for tumorigenicity of colorectal cancer cells. In the DDX1‐KO cells, the cancer stem cell marker genes LGR5, CD133, ALDH1 and SOX2 were markedly suppressed. Among them, expression of LGR5, which is essential for tumorigenicity of colorectal cancer cells, was restored in the DDX1‐transfected DDX1‐KO cells. Consistently, the DDX1‐KO cells lost sphere‐forming capacity in a DDX1‐dependent fashion. Reporter and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed that DDX1 directly bound to the −1837 to −1662 region of the enhancer/promoter region of the human LGR5 gene and enhanced its transcription in LoVo cells. Repression of LGR5 by DDX1 knockdown was observed in 2 other human colorectal cancer cell lines, Colo320 and SW837. These results suggest that LGR5 is a critical effector of DDX1 in colorectal cancer cells. The DDX1‐LGR5 axis could be a new drug target for this type of malignant cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoko Tanaka
- Stem Cell Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Narumi Ikeda
- Stem Cell Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan.,Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuya Miyashita
- Stem Cell Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Cell Therapy, The Institute of Medical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideko Nuriya
- Core Technology and Research Center, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiko Hara
- Stem Cell Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan.,Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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29
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Liu W, Zhang J, Gan X, Shen F, Yang X, Du N, Xia D, Liu L, Qiao L, Pan J, Sun Y, Xi X. LGR5 promotes epithelial ovarian cancer proliferation, metastasis, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition through the Notch1 signaling pathway. Cancer Med 2018; 7:3132-3142. [PMID: 29777575 PMCID: PMC6051213 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5 (LGR5) plays a vital role in the development of malignant tumors; however, its biological role and underlying mechanism in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) remain unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the biological function and clinical significance of LGR5 in human EOC. We evaluated LGR5 expression in EOC cell lines and tissues from ovarian cancer patients by qPCR, Western blotting, and immunohistochemical analysis. Cell proliferation, colony formation, transwell invasion assay, and scratch-wound assays were conducted to evaluate the expansion and invasion abilities of EOC cells. Tumor xenograft experiments were performed in female BALB/c athymic nude mice to test cell proliferation in vivo. Western blot analysis was performed to confirm the expression of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) signature proteins and their association with Notch1 signaling. The results demonstrated that LGR5 was overexpressed in EOC tissues and cell lines. Aberrant expression of LGR5 was significantly associated with patient age (P = 0.006), tumor histologic type (P < 0.001), and distant metastasis (P = 0.025). Consistent with these findings, suppression of LGR5 expression led to decreased proliferation and metastasis of EOC cell lines. Furthermore, LGR5 could induce EMT and regulate the Notch1 signaling pathway. Taken together,LGR5 may have an important role in the promotion of tumorigenesis and metastasis of EOC and is a potential therapeutic target for EOC management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxue Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Xupei Gan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Fangqian Shen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Xiaoming Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Na Du
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Dandan Xia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Lianqiao Qiao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Jufang Pan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Yunyan Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Xiaowei Xi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200080, China
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30
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Wang W, Wan L, Wu S, Yang J, Zhou Y, Liu F, Wu Z, Cheng Y. Mesenchymal marker and LGR5 expression levels in circulating tumor cells correlate with colorectal cancer prognosis. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2018; 41:495-504. [PMID: 29949050 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-018-0386-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The presence of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) has been found to correlate with colorectal cancer (CRC) prognosis, whereas epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in CTCs has been found to be associated with CRC metastasis. LGR5 is a known target of Wnt signaling and plays an important role in CRC development. The aim of this study was to assess the clinical relevance of EMT and LGR5 expression in CTCs from CRC patients. METHODS Sixty-six CRC patients were included in this study. The detection and expression of EMT phenotypes in CTCs from these patients were assessed using CanPatrol™ CTC enrichment and mRNA in situ hybridization (ISH), respectively. LGR5 expression in the CTCs was assessed using mRNA ISH. RESULTS CTCs were detected in 86.4% (57/66) of the CRC patients included. Both the numbers of total CTCs and of CTCs displaying a mesenchymal phenotype (M+ CTCs) were found to significantly correlate with advanced disease stages and the occurrence of metastasis (p < 0.05). An adjusted multivariate analysis also indicated that the number of M+ CTCs significantly correlated with the occurrence of metastasis (p = 0.031). Additionally, we found that a high LGR5 expression level significantly correlated with the occurrence of metastasis (p < 0.05). We also found that the presence of ≥ 6 CTCs or ≥ 3 M+ CTCs per 5 ml blood significantly correlated with disease progression (p < 0.05). Patients with ≥ 6 CTCs or ≥ 3 M+ CTCs per 5 ml blood were found to exhibit poorer progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) rates (p < 0.05 in all cases). Using Cox regression analyses, we found that only total CTC numbers remained as independent prognostic factors for a worse PFS (p = 0.043). CONCLUSIONS From our data we conclude that CTC numbers and EMT phenotypes may serve as prognostic markers for disease progression and metastasis in CRC patients. In addition, we conclude that LGR5 expression in CTCs may serve as a marker for CRC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuyi Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The 1st Affiliated Hospital of CQMU, Chongqing, China
| | - Lin Wan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The 1st Affiliated Hospital of CQMU, Chongqing, China
| | | | - Jianguo Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The 1st Affiliated Hospital of CQMU, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The 1st Affiliated Hospital of CQMU, Chongqing, China
| | - Fang Liu
- SurExam Bio-Tech Co., Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Yong Cheng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The 1st Affiliated Hospital of CQMU, Chongqing, China.
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31
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Targeting LGR5 in Colorectal Cancer: therapeutic gold or too plastic? Br J Cancer 2018; 118:1410-1418. [PMID: 29844449 PMCID: PMC5988707 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-018-0118-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein coupled receptor (LGR5 or GPR49) potentiates canonical Wnt/β-catenin signalling and is a marker of normal stem cells in several tissues, including the intestine. Consistent with stem cell potential, single isolated LGR5+ cells from the gut generate self-organising crypt/villus structures in vitro termed organoids or 'mini-guts', which accurately model the parent tissue. The well characterised deregulation of Wnt/β-catenin signalling that occurs during the adenoma-carcinoma sequence in colorectal cancer (CRC) renders LGR5 an interesting therapeutic target. Furthermore, recent studies demonstrating that CRC tumours contain LGR5+ subsets and retain a degree of normal tissue architecture has heightened translational interest. Such reports fuel hope that specific subpopulations or molecules within a tumour may be therapeutically targeted to prevent relapse and induce long-term remissions. Despite these observations, many studies within this field have produced conflicting and confusing results with no clear consensus on the therapeutic value of LGR5. This review will recap the various oncogenic and tumour suppressive roles that have been described for the LGR5 molecule in CRC. It will further highlight recent studies indicating the plasticity or redundancy of LGR5+ cells in intestinal cancer progression and assess the overall merit of therapeutically targeting LGR5 in CRC.
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32
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Jha R, Singh M, Wu Q, Gentillon C, Preininger MK, Xu C. Downregulation of LGR5 Expression Inhibits Cardiomyocyte Differentiation and Potentiates Endothelial Differentiation from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 9:513-527. [PMID: 28793247 PMCID: PMC5550222 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding molecules involved in differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells is important in advancing hPSCs for cell therapy and drug testing. Here, we report that LGR5, a leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor, plays a critical role in hPSC differentiation into cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells. LGR5 expression was transiently upregulated during the early stage of cardiomyocyte differentiation, and knockdown of LGR5 resulted in reduced expression of cardiomyocyte-associated markers and poor cardiac differentiation. In contrast, knockdown of LGR5 promoted differentiation of endothelial-like cells with increased expression of endothelial cell markers and appropriate functional characteristics, including the ability to form tube-like structures and to take up acetylated low-density lipoproteins. Furthermore, knockdown of LGR5 significantly reduced the proliferation of differentiated cells and increased the nuclear translocation of β-catenin and expression of Wnt signaling-related genes. Therefore, regulation of LGR5 may facilitate efficient generation of cardiomyocytes or endothelial cells from hPSCs. LGR5 expression is upregulated in the early stage of cardiomyocyte differentiation Knockdown of LGR5 inhibits differentiation of cardiomyocytes Knockdown of LGR5 increases differentiation of endothelial cells Knockdown of LGR5 decreases the expression of Wnt signaling-related genes
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajneesh Jha
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 2015 Uppergate Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Monalisa Singh
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 2015 Uppergate Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Qingling Wu
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 2015 Uppergate Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Cinsley Gentillon
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 2015 Uppergate Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Marcela K Preininger
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 2015 Uppergate Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Chunhui Xu
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 2015 Uppergate Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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33
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Jian Y, Wang M, Zhang Y, Ou R, Zhu Z, Ou Y, Chen X, Liang X, Ding Y, Song L, Xu X, Liao W. Jade family PHD finger 3 (JADE3) increases cancer stem cell-like properties and tumorigenicity in colon cancer. Cancer Lett 2018; 428:1-11. [PMID: 29660380 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Jade family PHD finger 3 (JADE3) plays a role in inducing histone acetylation during transcription, and is involved in the progression of several human cancers; however, its role in colon cancer remains unclear. Herein, we found that JADE3 was markedly upregulated in colon cancer tissues and significantly correlated with cancer progression, and predicted shorter patient survival. Further, JADE3 was expressed much higher in colon cancer cell lines that are enriched with a stem-like signature. Overexpression of JADE3 increased, while silencing JADE3 reduced cancer stem cell-like traits in colon cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, silencing of JADE3 strongly impaired the tumor initiating capacity of colon cancer cells in vivo. Furthermore, JADE3 interacted with the promoters of colon stem cell marker LGR5 and activated its transcription, by increasing the occupancy of p300 acetyltransferase and histone acetylation on the promoters. Finally, we found that JADE3 expression was substantially induced by Wnt/β-catenin signaling. These findings suggest an oncogenic role of JADE3 by regulating cancer stem cell-like traits in the colon cancer, and therefore JADE3 might be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunting Jian
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Medicine Oncology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ruizhang Ou
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ziyuan Zhu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yangying Ou
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Xiangfu Chen
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Xin Liang
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yanqing Ding
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Libing Song
- Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China.
| | - Xuehu Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Wenting Liao
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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34
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Xi HQ, Zhang KC, Li JY, Cui JX, Gao YH, Wei B, Huang D, Chen L. RNAi-mediated inhibition of Lgr5 leads to decreased angiogenesis in gastric cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 8:31581-31591. [PMID: 28404940 PMCID: PMC5458231 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5 (Lgr5) is a novel gastric cancer marker. However, it is unclear whether it can play roles in tumor angiogenesis. In this study, we aim to investigate the role of Lgr5 on gastric cancer angiogenesis. Lgr5, VEGF expression levels and microvessel density (MVD) were detected in tumor tissue. Then, Lgr5 mRNA was downregulated by small interference RNA technique. Western blotting and real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) were performed to detect the expression of Lgr5 and VEGF protein and mRNA in Lgr5 siRNA-transfected gastric cancer cells. The effect of silencing Lgr5 on angiogenesis was examined by assessing human umbilical vein endothelia cell (HUVEC) capillary tube formation. The results indicated that Lgr5 expression was upregulated in gastric cancer and positively correlated with VEGF (r=0.305, P=0.001) and MVD (r=0.312, P=0.001). Silencing of Lgr5 expression resulted in suppression of VEGF mRNA and protein (all P=0.001). Moreover, when HUVECs were stimulated with conditioned medium from Lgr5 siRNA-transfected gastric cancer cells, tube formation was significantly decreased (2.51 ± 0.19 mm/mm2) compared with the treatment with regular cell culture medium (DMEM) (7.34 ± 0.30 mm/mm2) or medium from control siRNA-transfected cells (7.18 ± 0.33 mm/mm2) (all P=0.001). In conclusion, Lgr5 plays important roles in angiogenesis. Lgr5-specific siRNA could be designed into an effective therapeutic agent to inhibit gastric cancer angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Qing Xi
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Ke-Cheng Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Ji-Yang Li
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Jian-Xin Cui
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yun-He Gao
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Bo Wei
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Dongsheng Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
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35
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Lv Z, Yu JJ, Zhang WJ, Xiong L, Wang F, Li LF, Zhou XL, Gao XY, Ding XF, Han L, Cai YF, Ma W, Wang LX. Expression and functional regulation of stemness gene Lgr5 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 8:26492-26504. [PMID: 28404917 PMCID: PMC5432274 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are defined as a rare subpopulation of undifferentiated cells with biological characteristics that include the capacity for self-renewal, differentiation into various lineages, and tumor initiation. To explore the mechanism of CSCs in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), we focused on Leucine-rich repeat containing G protein-coupled receptor 5 (Lgr5), a target gene of the Wnt signaling pathway, which has been identified as a marker of intestinal stem cells and shown to be overexpressed in several human malignancies. Lgr5 expression was significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis, increased depth of invasion, increased tumor size, advanced differentiation, higher AJCC stage and poorer survival. Silencing of Lgr5 expression in the ESCC cell line KYSE450 by small interfering RNA (siRNA) strongly inhibited cell proliferation, migration and invasion ability, the expression of CSCs-related genes and Wnt/β-catenin signaling. In addition, Lgr5 was highly expressed in ESCC spheroid body cells, which were identified by high expression of CSCs-related genes, and high tumorigenicity in vivo. Taken together, these results demonstrate that Lgr5 activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling is a potential mechanism to promote the progression of ESCC and ESCC stem cell renewal, and Lgr5 may be used as a molecular target for the development of treatments for ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuan Lv
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jane J Yu
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Wei-Jie Zhang
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Li Xiong
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiang Ya Hospital of Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Li-Feng Li
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xue-Liang Zhou
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xin-Ya Gao
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xian-Fei Ding
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Li Han
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Ya-Fei Cai
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Wang Ma
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Liu-Xing Wang
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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Xu X, Lv Q, Xie P, Wei S, Wang C. Study on the Relationship between Expression of LGR5 and Clinicopathological Characteristics in Gastric Cancer Patients. Health (London) 2018. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2018.101013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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37
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Harada Y, Kazama S, Morikawa T, Murono K, Yasuda K, Otani K, Nishikawa T, Tanaka T, Kiyomatsu T, Kawai K, Hata K, Nozawa H, Yamaguchi H, Ishihara S, Watanabe T. Leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5 and CD133 expression is associated with tumor progression and resistance to preoperative chemoradiotherapy in low rectal cancer. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:7791-7798. [PMID: 29250176 PMCID: PMC5727605 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Preoperative chemoradiotherapy has been performed as a standard therapy for advanced low rectal cancer. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been reported to contribute to resistance to treatment and patient prognosis. Leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5 (LGR5) and cluster of differentiation (CD133) are putative markers for CSCs. However, their prognostic ability remains unknown, and evaluation of a single marker can be insufficient due to the heterogeneity of cancer. LGR5 and CD133 expression was immunohistochemically evaluated in surgical specimens of 56 patients who received curative resection following chemoradiotherapy for advanced low rectal cancer. In addition, the correlations between their expression levels, and clinicopathological features and patient prognosis were asessed. LGR5 expression was significantly correlated with lymphatic invasion, lymph node metastasis, and tumor node metastasic (TNM) stage. CD133 expression was significantly correlated with vascular invasion and the tumor regression grade. Combined expression was significantly correlated with lymphatic invasion, tumor regression grade and TNM stage, but not with overall, and disease-free survival. LGR5 and CD133 expressions may represent useful markers associated with tumor progression and resistance to chemoradiotherapy in patients with low rectal cancer. Furthermore, combined expression of these markers may be a more useful marker compared with the expression of each single marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzo Harada
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Kazama
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Teppei Morikawa
- Department of Pathology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Koji Murono
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Koji Yasuda
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kensuke Otani
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nishikawa
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Tanaka
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Tomomichi Kiyomatsu
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kazushige Kawai
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Keisuke Hata
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nozawa
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hironori Yamaguchi
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Soichiro Ishihara
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Watanabe
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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38
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Kalantari E, Asadi Lari MH, Roudi R, Korourian A, Madjd Z. Lgr5High/DCLK1High phenotype is more common in early stage and intestinal subtypes of gastric carcinomas. Cancer Biomark 2017; 20:563-573. [DOI: 10.3233/cbm-170383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elham Kalantari
- Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Asadi Lari
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Raheleh Roudi
- Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Korourian
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Madjd
- Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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39
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Huang PY, Kandyba E, Jabouille A, Sjolund J, Kumar A, Halliwill K, McCreery M, DelRosario R, Kang HC, Wong CE, Seibler J, Beuger V, Pellegrino M, Sciambi A, Eastburn DJ, Balmain A. Lgr6 is a stem cell marker in mouse skin squamous cell carcinoma. Nat Genet 2017; 49:1624-1632. [PMID: 28945253 PMCID: PMC5662105 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The G-protein-coupled receptors Lgr4/5/6 are Wnt signalling mediators, but their functions in squamous carcinomas (SCCs) are unclear. Using lineage tracing in Lgr5-EGFP-CreERT2- and Lgr6-EGFP-CreERT2- Rosa26/Tomato reporter mice, we demonstrate that Lgr6, but not Lgr5, acts as an epithelial stem cell marker in vivo in SCCs. We identify, by single molecule in situ hybridisation and cell sorting, rare Lgr6-positive cells in immortalised keratinocytes, and show that their frequency increases in advanced SCCs. Lgr6 expression is enriched in cells with stem cell characteristics, and Lgr6 downregulation in vivo causes increased epidermal proliferation, with expanded lineage tracing from Lgr6+ epidermal stem cells. Surprisingly, Lgr6 germline knockout mice are predisposed to SCC development, by a mechanism that includes compensatory upregulation of Lgr5. These data provide a model for human patients with germline loss of function mutations in WNT pathway genes RSPO1 or LGR4, who show increased susceptibility to squamous tumour development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillips Y Huang
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eve Kandyba
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Arnaud Jabouille
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jonas Sjolund
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden
| | - Atul Kumar
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kyle Halliwill
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Melissa McCreery
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Reyno DelRosario
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Adam Sciambi
- Mission Bio, Inc., San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Allan Balmain
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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40
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Nieto Gutierrez A, McDonald PH. GPCRs: Emerging anti-cancer drug targets. Cell Signal 2017; 41:65-74. [PMID: 28931490 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute the largest and most diverse protein family in the human genome with over 800 members identified to date. They play critical roles in numerous cellular and physiological processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, neurotransmission, development and apoptosis. Consequently, aberrant receptor activity has been demonstrated in numerous disorders/diseases, and as a result GPCRs have become the most successful drug target class in pharmaceuticals treating a wide variety of indications such as pain, inflammation, neurobiological and metabolic disorders. Many independent studies have also demonstrated a key role for GPCRs in tumourigenesis, establishing their involvement in cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis. Given the growing appreciation of the role(s) that GPCRs play in cancer pathogenesis, it is surprising to note that very few GPCRs have been effectively exploited in pursuit of anti-cancer therapies. The present review provides a broad overview of the roles that various GPCRs play in cancer growth and development, highlighting the potential of pharmacologically modulating these receptors for the development of novel anti-cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainhoa Nieto Gutierrez
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States.
| | - Patricia H McDonald
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States.
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41
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LGR5 promotes cancer stem cell traits and chemoresistance in cervical cancer. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e3039. [PMID: 28880275 PMCID: PMC5636966 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs), also known as tumor-initiating cells, contribute to tumorigenesis, resistance to chemoradiotherapy and recurrence in human cancers, suggesting targeting CSCs may represent a potential therapeutic strategy. Leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (LGR5) has recently been found to be a bona fide marker of colorectal CSCs. Our previous study showed that LGR5 functions as a tumor promoter in cervical cancer by activating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. However, very little is known about the function or contribution of LGR5 to cervical CSCs. Here, we have modulated the expression of LGR5 using an overexpression vector or short hairpin RNA in cervical cancer cell lines. We demonstrated that elevated LGR5 expression in cervical cancer cells increased tumorsphere-forming efficiency; conferred chemoresistance to cisplatin treatment; augmented cell migration, invasion and clonogenicity; and elevated the levels of stem cell-related transcription factors in vitro. Furthermore, modulated LGR5+ cells, unlike LGR5- cells, were highly tumorigenic in vivo. In addition, the modulated LGR5+ cells could give rise to both LGR5+ and LGR5- cells in vitro and in vivo, thereby establishing a cellular hierarchy. Finally, we found that the increased tumorsphere-forming efficiency induced by LGR5 could be regulated through the inhibition or activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in cervical cancer cells. Taken together, these results indicate that LGR5 has a vital oncogenic role by promoting cervical CSC traits and may represent a potential clinical target.
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42
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Zhang J, Xu K, Shi L, Zhang L, Zhao Z, Xu H, Liang F, Li H, Zhao Y, Xu X, Tian Y. Overexpression of MicroRNA-216a Suppresses Proliferation, Migration, and Invasion of Glioma Cells by Targeting Leucine-Rich Repeat-Containing G Protein-Coupled Receptor 5. Oncol Res 2017; 25:1317-1327. [PMID: 28256193 PMCID: PMC7840945 DOI: 10.3727/096504017x14874323871217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing studies have suggested that microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in the development of gliomas. MicroRNA-216a has been reported to be a tumor-associated miRNA in many types of cancer, either as an oncogene or as a tumor suppressor. However, little is known about the function of miR-216a in gliomas. The present study was designed to explore the potential role of miR-216a in gliomas. We found that miR-216a was significantly decreased in glioma tissues and cell lines. Overexpression of miR-216a significantly suppressed the proliferation, migration, and invasion of glioma cells. Leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5 (LGR5) was identified as a target gene of miR-216a in glioma cells by bioinformatics analysis, dual-luciferase reporter assay, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and Western blot analysis. Moreover, miR-216a overexpression inhibited the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. The restoration of LGR5 expression markedly reversed the antitumor effect of miR-216a in glioma cells. Taken together, these findings suggest a tumor suppressor role for miR-216a in gliomas, which inhibits glioma cell proliferation, migration, and invasion by targeting LGR5. Our study suggests that miR-216a may serve as a potential therapeutic target for future glioma treatment.
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43
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Liu J, Yu GZ, Cheng XK, Li XD, Zeng XT, Ren XQ. LGR5 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis through inducting epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Oncotarget 2017; 8:50896-50903. [PMID: 28881613 PMCID: PMC5584214 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the prognostic value of Leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein coupled receptor 5 (LGR5) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and its role in promoting HCC metastasis. The expression level of LGR5 in liver tumor tissues and adjacent non-tumor tissues were detected adopting immunohistochemistry (IHC), real-time PCR (RT-PCR) and western blot assays. Chi-square test was used to evaluate the correlation between LGR5 expression and clinicopathological characteristics. In addition, we assessed the relationship between LGR5 and two epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers (E-cadherin and N-cadherin) in HCC tissues and cell lines. Our results showed that the expression of LGR5 was significantly higher in liver tumor tissues than in adjacent non-tumor tissues. Moreover, up-regulated LGR5 was associated with larger tumor diameter (>5cm, P=0.001), higher TNM stage (P=0.021), increased recurrence (P=0.023) and growing metastasis (P=0.030). Besides, we found that the expression level of LGR5 was correlated with E-cadherin and N-cadherin. In conclusion, up-regulated LGR5 in HCC patients is associated with malignant clinicopathological characteristics. LGR5 may promote HCC metastasis through inducting EMT process, and thus can be regarded as a candidate biomarker for prognosis and as a target in therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, Henan Province, China.,Nursing Department, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, Henan Province, China
| | - Guo-Zheng Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Huangshi Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi 435000, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiao-Ke Cheng
- Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, Henan Province, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Li
- Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, Henan Province, China.,Department of Urology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, Henan Province, China
| | - Xian-Tao Zeng
- Center for Evidence-Based and Translation Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xue-Qun Ren
- Department of General Surgery, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, Henan Province, China.,Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, Henan Province, China
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44
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A Study on the Mechanism of Low-Expressed Cancer Stem Cell Marker Lgr5 in Inhibition of the Proliferation and Invasion of Colorectal Carcinoma. Cell Biochem Biophys 2017; 73:393-397. [PMID: 27352328 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-015-0640-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study intends to explore the influence of Lgr5 as a marker of tumor stem cells after siRNA interference on the proliferation and invasion of colorectal carcinoma (CRC) and its mechanism. The tissue samples were taken for biopsy from 32 cases of patients and 32 cases of normal subjects by colonoscopy. Real-time quantitative PCR was used to detect the differential expression of Lgr5. After siRNA interference of Lgr5 in CRC cell line CT-26 cells, RT-PCR method was used to detect the mRNA expression level of Lgr5 after interference of CT-26 cells. CCK8 method was used to observe the influence of Lgr5 interference on the proliferation, colony formation, and invasion of CT-26 cells. RT-PCR and Western blot were used to detect the E-cadherin mRNA and protein levels in CT-26 cells. Lgr5 expression level in CRC tissue was significantly higher than that in the corresponding para-carcinoma tissue and the control group, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Lgr5 mRNA expression level in tissue with lymph node metastasis was significantly higher than that in the tissue without lymph node metastasis, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, CT-26 cell proliferation, colony formation, and migration capability after Lgr5 siRNA transfection were all significantly reduced, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). CT-26 cells after Lgr5 interference were found with significantly reduced E-cadherin mRNA and protein levels. Lgr5 facilitates the cell proliferation, colony formation, and migration of colorectal carcinoma, which may be closely related to the expression level of E-cadherin.
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Alowolodu O, Johnson G, Alashwal L, Addou I, Zhdanova IV, Uversky VN. Intrinsic disorder in spondins and some of their interacting partners. INTRINSICALLY DISORDERED PROTEINS 2016; 4:e1255295. [PMID: 28232900 DOI: 10.1080/21690707.2016.1255295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Spondins, which are proteins that inhibit and promote adherence of embryonic cells so as to aid axonal growth are part of the thrombospondin-1 family. Spondins function in several important biological processes, such as apoptosis, angiogenesis, etc. Spondins constitute a thrombospondin subfamily that includes F-spondin, a protein that interacts with Aβ precursor protein and inhibits its proteolytic processing; R-spondin, a 4-membered group of proteins that regulates Wnt pathway and have other functions, such as regulation of kidney proliferation, induction of epithelial proliferation, the tumor suppressant action; M-spondin that mediates mechanical linkage between the muscles and apodemes; and the SCO-spondin, a protein important for neuronal development. In this study, we investigated intrinsic disorder status of human spondins and their interacting partners, such as members of the LRP family, LGR family, Frizzled family, and several other binding partners in order to establish the existence and importance of disordered regions in spondins and their interacting partners by conducting a detailed analysis of their sequences, finding disordered regions, and establishing a correlation between their structure and biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwole Alowolodu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida , Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Gbemisola Johnson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida , Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Lamis Alashwal
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida , Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Iqbal Addou
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida , Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Irina V Zhdanova
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA; USF Health Byrd Alzheimer Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA; Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
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Hirsch D, Ried T. Targeting colorectal cancer (stem-like) cells using LGR5 directed antibody drug conjugates. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2016; 4:508. [PMID: 28149870 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2016.11.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Hirsch
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Thomas Ried
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Karatas OF, Suer I, Yuceturk B, Yilmaz M, Oz B, Guven G, Cansiz H, Creighton CJ, Ittmann M, Ozen M. Identification of microRNA profile specific to cancer stem-like cells directly isolated from human larynx cancer specimens. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:853. [PMID: 27816053 PMCID: PMC5097853 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2863-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Emerging evidences proposed that microRNAs are associated with regulation of distinct physio-pathological processes including development of normal stem cells and carcinogenesis. In this study we aimed to investigate microRNA profile of cancer stem-like cells (CSLCs) isolated form freshly resected larynx cancer (LCa) tissue samples. Methods CD133 positive (CD133+) stem-like cells were isolated from freshly resected LCa tumor specimens. MicroRNA profile of 12 pair of CD133+ and CD133− cells was determined using microRNA microarray and differential expressions of selvected microRNAs were validated by quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR). Results MicroRNA profiling of CD133+ and CD133− LCa samples with microarray revealed that miR-26b, miR-203, miR-200c, and miR-363-3p were significantly downregulated and miR-1825 was upregulated in CD133+ larynx CSLCs. qRT-PCR analysis in a total of 25 CD133+/CD133− sample pairs confirmed the altered expressions of these five microRNAs. Expressions of miR-26b, miR-200c, and miR-203 were significantly correlated with miR-363-3p, miR-203, and miR-363-3p expressions, respectively. Furthermore, in silico analysis revealed that these microRNAs target both cancer and stem-cell associated signaling pathways. Conclusions Our results showed that certain microRNAs in CD133+ cells could be used as cancer stem cell markers. Based on these results, we propose that this panel of microRNAs might carry crucial roles in LCa pathogenesis through regulating stem cell properties of tumor cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-016-2863-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer Faruk Karatas
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ilknur Suer
- Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul University Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Betul Yuceturk
- Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul University Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul, Turkey.,Advanced Genomics and Bioinformatics Research Center, The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK), Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Yilmaz
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Buge Oz
- Department of Pathology, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gulgun Guven
- Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul University Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Harun Cansiz
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Chad J Creighton
- Department of Medicine and Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center Division of Biostatistics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael Ittmann
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Michael E. DeBakey VAMC, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Mustafa Ozen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul University Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul, Turkey. .,Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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The role of R-spondins and their receptors in bone metabolism. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 122:93-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Junttila MR, Mao W, Wang X, Wang BE, Pham T, Flygare J, Yu SF, Yee S, Goldenberg D, Fields C, Eastham-Anderson J, Singh M, Vij R, Hongo JA, Firestein R, Schutten M, Flagella K, Polakis P, Polson AG. Targeting LGR5+ cells with an antibody-drug conjugate for the treatment of colon cancer. Sci Transl Med 2016; 7:314ra186. [PMID: 26582901 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aac7433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are hypothesized to actively maintain tumors similarly to how their normal counterparts replenish differentiated cell types within tissues, making them an attractive therapeutic target for the treatment of cancer. Because most CSC markers also label normal tissue stem cells, it is unclear how to selectively target them without compromising normal tissue homeostasis. We evaluated a strategy that targets the cell surface leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5 (LGR5), a well-characterized tissue stem cell and CSC marker, with an antibody conjugated to distinct cytotoxic drugs. One antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) demonstrated potent tumor efficacy and safety in vivo. Furthermore, the ADC decreased tumor size and proliferation, translating to improved survival in a genetically engineered model of intestinal tumorigenesis. These data demonstrate that ADCs can be leveraged to exploit differences between normal and cancer stem cells to successfully target gastrointestinal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa R Junttila
- Research and Early Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Weiguang Mao
- Research and Early Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Xi Wang
- Research and Early Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Bu-Er Wang
- Research and Early Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Thinh Pham
- Research and Early Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - John Flygare
- Research and Early Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Shang-Fan Yu
- Research and Early Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Sharon Yee
- Research and Early Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - David Goldenberg
- Research and Early Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Carter Fields
- Research and Early Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | - Mallika Singh
- Research and Early Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Rajesh Vij
- Research and Early Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jo-Anne Hongo
- Research and Early Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Ron Firestein
- Research and Early Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Melissa Schutten
- Research and Early Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Kelly Flagella
- Research and Early Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Paul Polakis
- Research and Early Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Andrew G Polson
- Research and Early Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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Michelotti G, Jiang X, Sosa JA, Diehl AM, Henderson BB. LGR5 is associated with tumor aggressiveness in papillary thyroid cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 6:34549-60. [PMID: 26416247 PMCID: PMC4741472 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (LGR5) is a cancer stem cell marker and a down-stream target in Wnt/β-catenin signaling. In human papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), over activation of Wnt/β-catenin has been associated with tumor aggressiveness. PATIENTS AND METHODS Using established human cell lines (TPC-1, KTC-1, Nthy-ori-3–1), we report LGR5 and R-spondin (RSPO1–3) overexpression in PTC and manipulate LGR5 and Wnt/β-catenin signaling via both pharmacologic and genetic interventions. We test the association of LGR5 tumor expression with markers of PTC aggressiveness using a Discovery Cohort (n = 26 patients) and a Validation Cohort (n = 157 patients). Lastly, we explore the association between LGR5 and the BRAFV600E mutation (n = 33 patients). RESULTS Our results reveal that LGR5 and its ligand, RSPO, are overexpressed in human PTC, whereby Wnt/β-catenin signaling regulates LGR5 expression and promotes cellular migration. In two separate cohorts of patients, LGR5 and RSPO2 were associated with markers of tumor aggressiveness including: lymph node metastases, vascular invasion, increased tumor size, aggressive histology, advanced AJCC TNM stage, microscopic extra thyroidal extension, capsular invasion, and macroscopic invasion. As a biomarker, LGR5 positivity predicts lymph node metastasis with 95.5% sensitivity (95% CI 88.8%-98.7%) and 61% specificity (95% CI: 48.4%–72.4%) and has a negative predictive value (NPV) of 91.3% (95% CI 79.2%–97.5%) for lymph node metastatic disease. In human PTC, LGR5 is also strongly associated with the BRAFV600E mutation (p = 0.005). CONCLUSION We conclude that overexpression of LGR5 is associated with markers of tumor aggressiveness in human PTC. LGR5 may serve as a future potential biomarker for patient risk stratification and loco regional metastases in PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Michelotti
- Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Xiaoyin Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Julie Ann Sosa
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Anna Mae Diehl
- Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Brittany Bohinc Henderson
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
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