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Şenel B, Başaran E, Akyıl E, Güven UM, Büyükköroğlu G. Co-Delivery of siRNA and Docetaxel to Cancer Cells by NLC for Therapy. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:11671-11685. [PMID: 38496987 PMCID: PMC10938417 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c09098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
The present study aims to develop a delivery system that can carry small interference RNA (siRNA) with small-molecule chemotherapeutic drugs, which can be used in cancer treatment. The drug delivery system combines the advantages of a therapeutic agent with two different mechanisms to ensure that it is used efficiently for cancer therapy. In this study, a nanostructured lipid carrier system was prepared, Docetaxel was loaded to these systems, and the Eph siRNA was adsorbed to the outer surface. In addition, DOTAP was added to the lipophilic phase to load a positive charge on the lipidic structure for interaction with the cells. Moreover, characterization, cytotoxicity, and transfection procedures were performed on the whole system. This candidate system was also compared to Taxotere, which is the first approved Docetaxel-containing drug on the market. Given the results, it was determined that the particle size of NLC-DTX was 165.3 ± 3.5 nm, the ζ potential value was 38.2 ± 1.7 mV, and the PDI was 0.187 ± 0.024. Entrapment efficacy of nanoparticles was found to be 92.89 ± 0.21%. It was determined that the lipidic system prepared in vitro release analyses were able to provide sustained release and exhibit cytotoxicity, even at doses lower than the dose used for Taxotere. The formulations prepared had a higher level of effect on cells when compared with pure DTX and Taxotere, but they also exhibited time-dependent cytotoxicity. It was also observed that the use of Eph siRNA together with the chemotherapeutic agent via formulation also contributed to this cell death. The results of the present study indicate that there is a promising carrier system in order to deliver hydrophilic nucleic acids, such as siRNA, together with lipophilic drugs in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behiye Şenel
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Anadolu University, 26470 Eskisehir, Türkiye
| | - Ebru Başaran
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Anadolu University, 26470 Eskisehir, Türkiye
| | - Evrim Akyıl
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Anadolu University, 26470 Eskisehir, Türkiye
| | - Umay Merve Güven
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Türkiye
| | - Gülay Büyükköroğlu
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Anadolu University, 26470 Eskisehir, Türkiye
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2
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Son JS, Chow R, Kim H, Lieu T, Xiao M, Kim S, Matuszewska K, Pereira M, Nguyen DL, Petrik J. Liposomal delivery of gene therapy for ovarian cancer: a systematic review. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2023; 21:75. [PMID: 37612696 PMCID: PMC10464441 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-023-01125-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To systematically identify and narratively synthesize the evidence surrounding liposomal delivery of gene therapy and the outcome for ovarian cancer. METHODS An electronic database search of the Embase, MEDLINE and Web of Science from inception until July 7, 2023, was conducted to identify primary studies that investigated the effect of liposomal delivery of gene therapy on ovarian cancer outcomes. Retrieved studies were assessed against the eligibility criteria for inclusion. RESULTS The search yielded 564 studies, of which 75 met the inclusion criteria. Four major types of liposomes were identified: cationic, neutral, polymer-coated, and ligand-targeted liposomes. The liposome with the most evidence involved cationic liposomes which are characterized by their positively charged phospholipids (n = 37, 49.3%). Similarly, those with neutrally charged phospholipids, such as 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine, were highly researched as well (n = 25, 33.3%). Eight areas of gene therapy research were identified, evaluating either target proteins/transcripts or molecular pathways: microRNAs, ephrin type-A receptor 2 (EphA2), interleukins, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), human-telomerase reverse transcriptase/E1A (hTERT/EA1), suicide gene, p53, and multidrug resistance mutation 1 (MDR1). CONCLUSION Liposomal delivery of gene therapy for ovarian cancer shows promise in many in vivo studies. Emerging polymer-coated and ligand-targeted liposomes have been gaining interest as they have been shown to have more stability and specificity. We found that gene therapy involving microRNAs was the most frequently studied. Overall, liposomal genetic therapy has been shown to reduce tumor size and weight and improve survivability. More research involving the delivery and targets of gene therapy for ovarian cancer may be a promising avenue to improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Sung Son
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of McMaster, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Ryan Chow
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Helena Kim
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of McMaster, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Toney Lieu
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of McMaster, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Maria Xiao
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of McMaster, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Sunny Kim
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of McMaster, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Kathy Matuszewska
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Madison Pereira
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - David Le Nguyen
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jim Petrik
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of McMaster, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of McMaster, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
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3
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Zong B, Sun L, Peng Y, Wang Y, Yu Y, Lei J, Zhang Y, Guo S, Li K, Liu S. HORMAD1 promotes docetaxel resistance in triple negative breast cancer by enhancing DNA damage tolerance. Oncol Rep 2021; 46:138. [PMID: 34036395 PMCID: PMC8165579 DOI: 10.3892/or.2021.8089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
HORMA domain‑containing protein 1 (HORMAD1), is normally expressed only in the germline, but is frequently re‑activated in human triple‑negative breast cancer (TNBC); however, its function in TNBC is largely unknown. In the present study, the expression and biological significance of HORMAD1 in human TNBC was evaluated. Bioinformatics analysis and reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR were used to evaluate HORMAD1 expression in datasets and cell lines. HORMAD1 protein expression was detected in TNBC samples using immunohistochemical assays, and the effect of HORMAD1 on cell proliferation was determined using Cell Counting Kit‑8, plate colony formation and standard growth curve assays. Cell cycle, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis analyses were conducted using flow cytometry. The activity of caspases was measured using caspase activity assay kit. The levels of key apoptosis regulators and autophagy markers were detected by western blot analysis. TNBC cell survival and apoptosis were not influenced by small interfering RNA targeting HORMAD1 alone; however, HORMAD1 knockdown enhanced autophagy and docetaxel (Doc)‑induced apoptosis, compared with the control group. Furthermore, higher ROS levels and caspase‑3, ‑8 and ‑9 activity were detected in MDA‑MB‑436 TNBC cells with HORMAD1 knockdown upon exposure to Doc. The levels of the induced DNA damage marker γH2AX were also higher, while those of the DNA repair protein RAD51 were lower in TNBC cells with HORMAD1 knockdown compared with the controls. Furthermore, the expression of the autophagy marker P62 was enhanced in MDA‑MB‑231 cells in response to HORMAD1 overexpression. Notably, Doc‑induced apoptosis was similarly increased by both HORMAD1 overexpression and treatment with the autophagy inhibitor, 3‑methyladenine (3MA); however, the Doc‑induced increase in autophagy was not inhibited by 3MA. The present data indicated that HORMAD1 was involved in autophagy and that the inhibition of autophagy can partially enhance the induction of apoptosis by Doc. The role of HORMAD1 in the DNA damage tolerance of tumor cells may be the main reason for Doc resistance; hence, HORMAD1 could be an important therapeutic target in TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beige Zong
- Department of Endocrine and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
- Chongqing City Key Lab of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Lu Sun
- Department of Endocrine and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Yang Peng
- Department of Endocrine and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
- Chongqing City Key Lab of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Yihua Wang
- Department of Endocrine and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Yu Yu
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400015, P.R. China
| | - Jinwei Lei
- Department of Endocrine and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
- Chongqing City Key Lab of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Yingzi Zhang
- Department of Endocrine and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
- Chongqing City Key Lab of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Shipeng Guo
- Chongqing City Key Lab of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Kang Li
- Department of Endocrine and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
- Chongqing City Key Lab of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Shengchun Liu
- Department of Endocrine and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
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4
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Gong H, Nie D, Li Z. Targeting Six Hallmarks of Cancer in Ovarian Cancer Therapy. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2020; 20:853-867. [PMID: 32807056 DOI: 10.2174/1568009620999200816130218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Normal cells must overcome multiple protective mechanisms to develop into cancer cells. Their new capabilities include self-sufficiency in growth signals and insensitivity to antigrowth signals, evasion of apoptosis, a limitless replicative potential, sustained angiogenesis, and tissue invasion and metastasis; these are also termed the six hallmarks of cancer. A deep understanding of the genetic and protein alterations involved in these processes has enabled the development of targeted therapeutic strategies and clinical trial design in the search for ovarian cancer treatments. Clinically, significantly longer progression-free survival has been observed in the single use of PARP, MEK, VEGF and Chk1/Chk2 inhibitors. However, the clinical efficacy of the targeted agents is still restricted to specific molecular subtypes and no trials illustrate a benefit in overall survival. Exploring novel drug targets or combining current feasible biological agents hold great promise to further improve outcomes in ovarian cancer. In this review, we intend to provide a comprehensive description of the molecular alterations involved in ovarian cancer carcinogenesis and of emerging biological agents and combined strategies that target aberrant pathways, which might shed light on future ovarian cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Gong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Dan Nie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Zhengyu Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
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5
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Roh JW, Choi JE, Han HD, Hu W, Matsuo K, Nishimura M, Lee JS, Kwon SY, Cho CH, Kim J, Coleman RL, Lopez-Bernstein G, Sood AK. Clinical and biological significance of EZH2 expression in endometrial cancer. Cancer Biol Ther 2019; 21:147-156. [PMID: 31640461 PMCID: PMC7012102 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2019.1672455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the clinical significance of EZH2 expression and the therapeutic efficacy of its silencing in endometrial cancer. EZH2 expression in clinical samples was evaluated using a tissue microarray and correlated with clinical outcomes. The biological roles of EZH2 were assayed in vitro and in vivo. Gene expression was examined to reveal the molecular mechanism underlying the roles of EZH2 in endometrial cancer. We found that EZH2 overexpression was significantly correlated with disease-free and overall survival of patients with endometrial cancer. EZH2 silencing resulted in decreased cell viability and invasiveness, and increased apoptosis. In addition, EZH2 silencing enhanced the cytotoxicity of taxanes and cisplatin in Hec-1A and Ishikawa endometrial cancer cells. EZH2 silencing using small-interfering RNA (siRNA) incorporated into chitosan nanoparticles (siRNA/CN) induced a significant anti-tumor effect compared with that observed in controls (66.6% reduction in Hec-1A cells and 63.2% reduction in Ishikawa cells, p < .05 for both). Moreover, EZH2 siRNA/CN in combination with taxanes produced more robust anti-tumor effects versus those induced by monotherapies (77.0% for Hec-1A cells and 57.7% for Ishikawa cells, p < .05 for both). These results were associated with decreased angiogenesis and cell proliferation, and enhanced apoptosis. Genomic analyses revealed that EZH2 silencing decreased the expression levels of many genes associated with tumor growth, including PRDX6. Collectively, these results support EZH2 as an attractive target for the therapeutic management of endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Won Roh
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Dongguk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jung Eun Choi
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Dongguk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Dong Han
- Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju, Republic of Korea
| | - Wei Hu
- Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Koji Matsuo
- Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Masato Nishimura
- Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ju-Seog Lee
- Departments of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sun Young Kwon
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi Heum Cho
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongseung Kim
- Departments of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Family Medicine, Boramae Medical Center, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Robert L. Coleman
- Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gabriel Lopez-Bernstein
- Center for RNAi and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Departments of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Departments of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anil K. Sood
- Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for RNAi and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Departments of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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6
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Senapati D, Patra BC, Kar A, Chini DS, Ghosh S, Patra S, Bhattacharya M. Promising approaches of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) mediated cancer gene therapy. Gene 2019; 719:144071. [PMID: 31454539 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.144071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) has extensive potential to revolutionize every aspect of clinical application in biomedical research. One of the promising tools is the Small interfering RNA (siRNA) molecules within a cellular component. Principally, siRNA mediated innovative advances are increasing rapidly in support of cancer diagnosis and therapeutic purposes. Conversely, it has some delivery challenges to the site of action within the cells of a target organ, due to the progress of nucleic acids engineering and advance material science research contributing to the exceptional organ-specific targeted therapy. This siRNA based therapeutic technique definitely favors a unique and effective prospect to cancer patients. Herein, the significant drive also takes to review and summarize the major organ specific targets of diverse siRNAs based gene silencing mechanism. This machinery promisingly served as the inhibitor components for cancer development in the human model. Furthermore, the focus is also given to current applications on siRNA based quantifiable therapy leading to the silencing of cancer related gene expression in a sequence dependent and selective manner for cancer treatment. That might be a potent tool against the traditional chemotherapy techniques. Therefore, the siRNA mediated cancer gene therapy definitely require sharp attention like future weapons in opposition to cancer by the method of non-invasive siRNA delivery and effective gene silencing approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debabrata Senapati
- Department of Zoology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore 721102, West Bengal, India
| | - Bidhan Chandra Patra
- Department of Zoology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore 721102, West Bengal, India
| | - Avijit Kar
- Department of Zoology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore 721102, West Bengal, India
| | - Deep Sankar Chini
- Department of Zoology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore 721102, West Bengal, India
| | - Soumendu Ghosh
- Department of Zoology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore 721102, West Bengal, India
| | - Shinjan Patra
- Department of General Medicine, Midnapore Medical College and Hospital, Midnapore, West Bengal 721101, India
| | - Manojit Bhattacharya
- Department of Zoology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore 721102, West Bengal, India.
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7
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Karim ME, Tha KK, Othman I, Borhan Uddin M, Chowdhury EH. Therapeutic Potency of Nanoformulations of siRNAs and shRNAs in Animal Models of Cancers. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:E65. [PMID: 29861465 PMCID: PMC6026921 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10020065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA Interference (RNAi) has brought revolutionary transformations in cancer management in the past two decades. RNAi-based therapeutics including siRNA and shRNA have immense scope to silence the expression of mutant cancer genes specifically in a therapeutic context. Although tremendous progress has been made to establish catalytic RNA as a new class of biologics for cancer management, a lot of extracellular and intracellular barriers still pose a long-lasting challenge on the way to clinical approval. A series of chemically suitable, safe and effective viral and non-viral carriers have emerged to overcome physiological barriers and ensure targeted delivery of RNAi. The newly invented carriers, delivery techniques and gene editing technology made current treatment protocols stronger to fight cancer. This review has provided a platform about the chronicle of siRNA development and challenges of RNAi therapeutics for laboratory to bedside translation focusing on recent advancement in siRNA delivery vehicles with their limitations. Furthermore, an overview of several animal model studies of siRNA- or shRNA-based cancer gene therapy over the past 15 years has been presented, highlighting the roles of genes in multiple cancers, pharmacokinetic parameters and critical evaluation. The review concludes with a future direction for the development of catalytic RNA vehicles and design strategies to make RNAi-based cancer gene therapy more promising to surmount cancer gene delivery challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Emranul Karim
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Kyi Kyi Tha
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Iekhsan Othman
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Mohammad Borhan Uddin
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Ezharul Hoque Chowdhury
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
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8
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Li T, Zhu YY, Ji Y, Zhou S. Interfering RNA with multi-targets for efficient gene suppression in HCC cells. Int J Mol Med 2018. [PMID: 29532863 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) technology has been widely used in therapeutics development, especially multiple targeted RNAi strategy, which is a better method for multiple gene suppression. In the study, interfering RNAs (iRNAs) were designed for carrying two or three different siRNA sequences in different secondary structure formats (loop or cloverleaf). By using these types of iRNAs, co-inhibition of survivin and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) was investigated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells, and we obtained promising gene silencing effects without showing undesirable interferon response. Furthermore, suppression effects on proliferation, invasion, and induced apoptosis in HCC cells were validated. The results suggest that long iRNAs with secondary structure may be a preferred strategy for multigenic disease therapy, especially for cancer and viral gene therapy and their iRNA drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiejun Li
- Small RNA Technology and Application Institute, Nantong University, Nantong 226016, P.R. China
| | - York Yuanyuan Zhu
- Small RNA Technology and Application Institute, Nantong University, Nantong 226016, P.R. China
| | - Yi Ji
- Small RNA Technology and Application Institute, Nantong University, Nantong 226016, P.R. China
| | - Songfeng Zhou
- Small RNA Technology and Application Institute, Nantong University, Nantong 226016, P.R. China
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9
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Xu B, Lefringhouse J, Liu Z, West D, Baldwin LA, Ou C, Chen L, Napier D, Chaiswing L, Brewer LD, St Clair D, Thibault O, van Nagell JR, Zhou BP, Drapkin R, Huang JA, Lu ML, Ueland FR, Yang XH. Inhibition of the integrin/FAK signaling axis and c-Myc synergistically disrupts ovarian cancer malignancy. Oncogenesis 2017; 6:e295. [PMID: 28134933 PMCID: PMC5294249 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2016.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrins, a family of heterodimeric receptors for extracellular matrix, are promising therapeutic targets for ovarian cancer, particularly high-grade serous-type (HGSOC), as they drive tumor cell attachment, migration, proliferation and survival by activating focal adhesion kinase (FAK)-dependent signaling. Owing to the potential off-target effects of FAK inhibitors, disruption of the integrin signaling axis remains to be a challenge. Here, we tackled this barrier by screening for inhibitors being functionally cooperative with small-molecule VS-6063, a phase II FAK inhibitor. From this screening, JQ1, a potent inhibitor of Myc oncogenic network, emerged as the most robust collaborator. Treatment with a combination of VS-6063 and JQ1 synergistically caused an arrest of tumor cells at the G2/M phase and a decrease in the XIAP-linked cell survival. Our subsequent mechanistic analyses indicate that this functional cooperation was strongly associated with the concomitant disruption of activation or expression of FAK and c-Myc as well as their downstream signaling through the PI3K/Akt pathway. In line with these observations, we detected a strong co-amplification or upregulation at genomic or protein level for FAK and c-Myc in a large portion of primary tumors in the TCGA or a local HGSOC patient cohort. Taken together, our results suggest that the integrin–FAK signaling axis and c-Myc synergistically drive cell proliferation, survival and oncogenic potential in HGSOC. As such, our study provides key genetic, functional and signaling bases for the small-molecule-based co-targeting of these two distinct oncogenic drivers as a new line of targeted therapy against human ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Xu
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - J Lefringhouse
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Z Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - D West
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - L A Baldwin
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - C Ou
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - L Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - D Napier
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - L Chaiswing
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - L D Brewer
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - D St Clair
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - O Thibault
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - J R van Nagell
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - B P Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - R Drapkin
- Department of Gynecologic Cancer Research, Basser Center for BRCA, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J-A Huang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - M L Lu
- Department of Biomedical Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - F R Ueland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - X H Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Province, PR China
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10
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Abstract
Ever since the discovery of RNA interference (RNAi), therapeutic delivery of siRNA has attracted a lot of interest. However, due to the nature and structure of siRNA, a carrier is needed for any mode of systemic treatment. Furthermore, specific imaging techniques are required to trace where the deposition of the siRNA occurs throughout the body after treatment. Tracking in vivo siRNA biodistribution allows understanding and interpreting therapeutics effects and side effects. A great advantage of noninvasive imaging techniques such as SPECT imaging is that several time points can be assessed in the same subject. Thus, the time course of biodistribution or metabolic processes can be followed. Therefore, we have described an approach to modify siRNA with a DTPA (Diethylene Triamine Pentaacetic Acid) chelator in order to utilize an indium labeled siRNA for SPECT imaging. Here, we explain the details of the labeling and purification procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Jones
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Olivia Merkel
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA. .,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Room 3132, 259 Mack Avenue, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
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11
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Jones SK, Lizzio V, Merkel OM. Folate Receptor Targeted Delivery of siRNA and Paclitaxel to Ovarian Cancer Cells via Folate Conjugated Triblock Copolymer to Overcome TLR4 Driven Chemotherapy Resistance. Biomacromolecules 2015; 17:76-87. [PMID: 26636884 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b01189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This paper focuses on the ability of a folate-decorated triblock copolymer to deliver a targeted dose of siRNA in order to overcome chemotherapy resistance which can commonly cause complications in ovarian cancer patients. The micelleplexes that are formed upon electrostatic interaction with siRNA are used to deliver siRNA in a targeted manner to SKOV-3 ovarian cancer cells that overexpress folate receptor-α (FRα). The triblock copolymer consists of polyethylenimine-graft-polycaprolactone-block-poly(ethylene glycol) (PEI-g-PCL-b-PEG-Fol). In this work, polymers of different molecular weights of PEG, as well as different grafting degrees of the (g-PCL-b-PEG-Fol) chains to PEI, were analyzed to optimize targeted siRNA delivery. The polymers, their micelleplexes, and the in vitro performance of the latter were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance, dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, flow cytrometry, western blot, confocal microscopy, and in luciferase assays. The different PEI-g-PCL-b-PEG-Fol conjugates showed suitable sizes below 260 nm, especially at N/P 5, which also allowed for full siRNA condensation. Furthermore, flow cytometry and Western blot analysis demonstrated that our best polymer was able to effectively deliver siRNA and that siRNA delivery resulted in efficient protein knockdown of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Consequently, TLR4 knock down within SKOV-3 cells resensitized them toward paclitaxel (PTX) treatment, and apoptotic events increased. This study demonstrates that PEI-g-PCL-b-PEG-Fol conjugates are a reliable delivery system for siRNA and are able to mediate therapeutic protein knockdown within ovarian cancer cells. Additionally, this study provides further evidence to link TLR4 levels to chemotherapy resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven K Jones
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University , 4100 John R Street, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Vincent Lizzio
- School of Medicine, Wayne State University , 540 East Canfield Street, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University , 259 Mack Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Olivia M Merkel
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University , 4100 John R Street, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University , 259 Mack Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
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12
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Abstract
The erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular carcinoma (Eph) receptor tyrosine kinase family plays important roles in developmental processes, adult tissue homeostasis, and various diseases. Interaction with Eph receptor-interacting protein (ephrin) ligands on the surface of neighboring cells triggers Eph receptor kinase-dependent signaling. The ephrins can also transmit signals, leading to bidirectional cell contact-dependent communication. Moreover, Eph receptors and ephrins can function independently of each other through interplay with other signaling systems. Given their involvement in many pathological conditions ranging from neurological disorders to cancer and viral infections, Eph receptors and ephrins are increasingly recognized as attractive therapeutic targets, and various strategies are being explored to modulate their expression and function. Eph receptor/ephrin upregulation in cancer cells, the angiogenic vasculature, and injured or diseased tissues also offer opportunities for Eph/ephrin-based targeted drug delivery and imaging. Thus, despite the challenges presented by the complex biology of the Eph receptor/ephrin system, exciting possibilities exist for therapies exploiting these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Barquilla
- Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037; ,
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13
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Pecot CV, Wu SY, Bellister S, Filant J, Rupaimoole R, Hisamatsu T, Bhattacharya R, Maharaj A, Azam S, Rodriguez-Aguayo C, Nagaraja AS, Morelli MP, Gharpure KM, Waugh TA, Gonzalez-Villasana V, Zand B, Dalton HJ, Kopetz S, Lopez-Berestein G, Ellis LM, Sood AK. Therapeutic silencing of KRAS using systemically delivered siRNAs. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 13:2876-85. [PMID: 25281617 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-14-0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite being among the most common oncogenes in human cancer, to date, there are no effective clinical options for inhibiting KRAS activity. We investigated whether systemically delivered KRAS siRNAs have therapeutic potential in KRAS-mutated cancer models. We identified KRAS siRNA sequences with notable potency in knocking down KRAS expression. Using lung and colon adenocarcinoma cell lines, we assessed antiproliferative effects of KRAS silencing in vitro. For in vivo experiments, we used a nanoliposomal delivery platform, DOPC, for systemic delivery of siRNAs. Various lung and colon cancer models were used to determine efficacy of systemic KRAS siRNA based on tumor growth, development of metastasis, and downstream signaling. KRAS siRNA sequences induced >90% knockdown of KRAS expression, significantly reducing viability in mutant cell lines. In the lung cancer model, KRAS siRNA treatment demonstrated significant reductions in primary tumor growth and distant metastatic disease, while the addition of CDDP was not additive. Significant reductions in Ki-67 indices were seen in all treatment groups, whereas significant increases in caspase-3 activity were only seen in the CDDP treatment groups. In the colon cancer model, KRAS siRNA reduced tumor KRAS and pERK expression. KRAS siRNAs significantly reduced HCP1 subcutaneous tumor growth, as well as outgrowth of liver metastases. Our studies demonstrate a proof-of-concept approach to therapeutic KRAS targeting using nanoparticle delivery of siRNA. This study highlights the potential translational impact of therapeutic RNA interference, which may have broad applications in oncology, especially for traditional "undruggable" targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad V Pecot
- Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Sherry Y Wu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Seth Bellister
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Justyna Filant
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Rajesha Rupaimoole
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Takeshi Hisamatsu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Rajat Bhattacharya
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Salma Azam
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Cristian Rodriguez-Aguayo
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Archana S Nagaraja
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Maria Pia Morelli
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Kshipra M Gharpure
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Trent A Waugh
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | | | - Behrouz Zand
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Heather J Dalton
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Scott Kopetz
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Gabriel Lopez-Berestein
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Lee M Ellis
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Anil K Sood
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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14
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Vasculogenic mimicry: a new prognostic sign of human osteosarcoma. Hum Pathol 2014; 45:2120-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2014.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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15
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Li T, Wu M, Zhu YY, Chen J, Chen L. Development of RNA Interference–Based Therapeutics and Application of Multi-Target Small Interfering RNAs. Nucleic Acid Ther 2014; 24:302-12. [DOI: 10.1089/nat.2014.0480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tiejun Li
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Small RNA Technology and Application Institute, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Department of Life Science Center, Biomics Biotechnologies Co., Ltd., Nantong, China
| | - Meihua Wu
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Small RNA Technology and Application Institute, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Department of Life Science Center, Biomics Biotechnologies Co., Ltd., Nantong, China
| | - York Yuanyuan Zhu
- Small RNA Technology and Application Institute, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Department of Life Science Center, Biomics Biotechnologies Co., Ltd., Nantong, China
| | - Jianxin Chen
- Small RNA Technology and Application Institute, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Department of Life Science Center, Biomics Biotechnologies Co., Ltd., Nantong, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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16
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Toma MI, Erdmann K, Diezel M, Meinhardt M, Zastrow S, Fuessel S, Wirth MP, Baretton GB. Lack of ephrin receptor A1 is a favorable independent prognostic factor in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102262. [PMID: 25025847 PMCID: PMC4099180 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The EPH receptor tyrosine kinases and their cell-bound ligands, the ephrins, have been shown to be associated with cancer development and progression. In this study, mRNA and protein expression of the receptors EPHA1 and EPHA2 as well as of their ligand EFNA1 and their prognostic relevance in clear cell renal cell carcinoma was evaluated. Gene expression was measured in 75 cryo-preserved primary tumors and matched non-malignant renal specimens by quantitative PCR. Protein expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry on tissue microarrays comprising non-malignant, primary tumors and metastatic renal tissues of 241 patients. Gene and protein expression of all three factors was altered in tumor specimens with EPHA1 and EPHA2 being generally diminished in tumors compared to normal renal tissue, whereas EFNA1 was commonly elevated. A positive EPHA1 and EPHA2 protein staining as well as a low EFNA1 protein level were significantly linked to more aggressive tumor features, but only a positive EPHA1 immunoreactivity was significantly associated with poor survival. In subgroup analyses, EPHA1 and EPHA2 protein levels were significantly higher in metastatic than in primary lesions. Patients with EPHA1/EPHA2-positive tumors or with tumors with positive EPHA1 and low EFNA1 immunoreactivity had the shortest survival rates compared to the respective other combinations. In a multivariate model, EPHA1 was an independent prognostic marker for different survival endpoints. In conclusion, an impaired EPH-ephrin signaling could contribute to the pathogenesis and progression of clear cell renal cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieta I. Toma
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Kati Erdmann
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Diezel
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Matthias Meinhardt
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Zastrow
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Susanne Fuessel
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Manfred P. Wirth
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gustavo B. Baretton
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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17
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Lin PJC, Tam Y, Cullis P. Development and clinical applications of siRNA-encapsulated lipid nanoparticles in cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.2217/clp.14.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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18
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Gomes-da-Silva LC, Simões S, Moreira JN. Challenging the future of siRNA therapeutics against cancer: the crucial role of nanotechnology. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:1417-38. [PMID: 24221135 PMCID: PMC11113222 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1502-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 10/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The identification of numerous deregulated signaling pathways on cancer cells and supportive stromal cells has revealed several molecular targets whose downregulation can elicit significant benefits for cancer treatment. In this respect, gene downregulation can be efficiently achieved by exploiting the RNA interference mechanism, particularly by the delivery of chemical synthesized small-interfering RNAs (siRNAs), which have the ability to mediate, in a specific manner, the degradation of any mRNA with complementary nucleotide sequence. However, several concerns regarding off-target effects and immune stimulation have been raised. Depending on their sequence, siRNAs can trigger an innate immune response, which might mediate undesirable side effects that ultimately compromise their clinical utility. This is a very relevant effect that will be discussed in the present manuscript. Moreover, the major drawback in the translation of siRNAs into the clinical practice is undoubtedly their inability to accumulate in tumor sites, particularly in organs other than the liver. In fact, upon systemic administration, owing to siRNAs physico-chemical features, they are rapidly cleared from the blood stream. Therefore, the development of a proper drug delivery system is of utmost importance. In this review, some of the latest advances on different nanotechnological platforms for siRNA delivery under clinical evaluation will be discussed. Along with this, targeting approaches towards cancer and/or endothelial cells will also be addressed, as these are some of the most promising strategies to enhance specific tumor accumulation while avoiding healthy tissues. Finally, clinical information on ongoing studies in patients with advanced solid tumors will be also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lígia Catarina Gomes-da-Silva
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- FFUC - Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sérgio Simões
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- FFUC - Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Nuno Moreira
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- FFUC - Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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19
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Xi HQ, Wu XS, Wei B, Chen L. Eph receptors and ephrins as targets for cancer therapy. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 16:2894-909. [PMID: 22862837 PMCID: PMC4393718 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2012.01612.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Eph receptor tyrosine kinases and their ephrin ligands are involved in various signalling pathways and mediate critical steps of a wide variety of physiological and pathological processes. Increasing experimental evidence demonstrates that both Eph receptor and ephrin ligands are overexpressed in a number of human tumours, and are associated with tumour growth, invasiveness and metastasis. In this regard, the Eph/ephrin system provides the foundation for potentially exciting new targets for anticancer therapies for Eph-expressing tumours. The purpose of this review is to outline current advances in the role of Eph receptors and ephrin ligands in cancer, and to discuss novel therapeutic approaches of anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Qing Xi
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
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20
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Giaginis C, Tsoukalas N, Bournakis E, Alexandrou P, Kavantzas N, Patsouris E, Theocharis S. Ephrin (Eph) receptor A1, A4, A5 and A7 expression in human non-small cell lung carcinoma: associations with clinicopathological parameters, tumor proliferative capacity and patients' survival. BMC Clin Pathol 2014; 14:8. [PMID: 24495444 PMCID: PMC4234387 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6890-14-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ephrin (Eph) receptors are frequently overexpressed in a wide variety of human malignant tumors, being associated with tumor growth, invasion, metastasis and angiogenesis. The present study aimed to evaluate the clinical significance of EphA1, A4, A5 and A7 protein expression in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). Methods EphA1, A4, A5 and A7 protein expression was assessed immunohistochemically in tissue microarrays of 88 surgically resected NSCLC and was analyzed in relation with clinicopathological characteristics and patients’ survival. Results Elevated EphA4 expression was significantly associated with low histopathological stage and presence of inflammation (p = 0.047 and p = 0.026, respectively). Elevated EphA7 expression was significantly associated with older patients’ age, presence of fibrosis and smaller tumor size (p = 0.036, p = 0.029 and p = 0.018, respectively). EphA1, A5 and A7 expression were positively associated with tumor proliferative capacity (p = 0.047, p = 0.002 and p = 0.046, respectively). Elevated EphA4, A5 and A7 expression were identified as predictors of favourable patients’ survival at both univariate (Log-rank test, 0 = 0.019, p = 0.006 and p = 0.012, respectively) and multivariate levels (Cox-regression analysis, p = 0.029, p = 0.068 and p = 0.044, respectively). Conclusions The present study supported evidence that Ephs may be involved in lung cancer progression, reinforcing their utility as clinical biomarkers for patients’ management and prognosis, as also as potential targets for future therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Stamatios Theocharis
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 M, Asias str,, Goudi, Athens GR11527, Greece.
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21
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Matsuo K, Nishimura M, Komurov K, Shahzad MMK, Ali-Fehmi R, Roh JW, Lu C, Cody DD, Ram PT, Loizos N, Coleman RL, Sood AK. Platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRα) targeting and relevant biomarkers in ovarian carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 2014; 132:166-75. [PMID: 24183729 PMCID: PMC3946949 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2013.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRα) is believed to be associated with cell survival. We examined (i) whether PDGFRα blockade enhances the antitumor activity of taxanes in ovarian carcinoma and (ii) potential biomarkers of response to anti-PDGFRα therapy. METHODS PDGFRα expression in 176 ovarian carcinomas was evaluated with tissue microarray and correlated to survival outcome. Human-specific monoclonal antibody to PDGFRα (IMC-3G3) was used for in vitro and in vivo experiments with or without docetaxel. Gene microarrays and reverse-phase protein arrays with pathway analyses were performed to identify potential predictive biomarkers. RESULTS When compared to low or no PDGFRα expression, increased PDGFRα expression was associated with significantly poorer overall survival of patients with ovarian cancer (P=0.014). Although treatment with IMC-3G3 alone did not affect cell viability or increase apoptosis, concurrent use of IMC-3G3 with docetaxel significantly enhanced sensitization to docetaxel and apoptosis. In an orthotopic mouse model, IMC-3G3 monotherapy had no significant antitumor effects in SKOV3-ip1 (low PDGFRα expression), but showed significant antitumor effects in HeyA8-MDR (high PDGFRα expression). Concurrent use of IMC-3G3 with docetaxel, compared with use of docetaxel alone, significantly reduced tumor weight in all tested cell lines. In protein ontology, the EGFR and AKT pathways were downregulated by IMC-3G3 therapy. MAPK and CCNB1 were downregulated only in the HeyA8-MDR model. CONCLUSION These data identify IMC-3G3 as an attractive therapeutic strategy and identify potential predictive markers for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Matsuo
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Masato Nishimura
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kakajan Komurov
- Department of System Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mian M K Shahzad
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rouba Ali-Fehmi
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Ju-Won Roh
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chunhua Lu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dianna D Cody
- Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Prahlad T Ram
- Department of System Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Robert L Coleman
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anil K Sood
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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22
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Theocharis S, Klijanienko J, Giaginis C, Alexandrou P, Patsouris E, Sastre-Garau X. Ephrin receptor (Eph) -A1, -A2, -A4 and -A7 expression in mobile tongue squamous cell carcinoma: associations with clinicopathological parameters and patients survival. Pathol Oncol Res 2013; 20:277-84. [PMID: 24022400 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-013-9692-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Ephrin receptors (Ephs) are frequently overexpressed in a wide variety of human malignant tumors, being associated with tumor growth, invasion, metastasis and angiogenesis. The present study aimed to evaluate the clinical significance of Eph-A1, -A2, -A4 and -A7 protein expression in mobile tongue squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Eph-A1, -A2, -A4 and -A7 protein expression was assessed immunohistochemically on 37 mobile tongue SCC tissue samples and was analyzed in relation with clinicopathological characteristics, overall and disease-free patients' survival. All the examined mobile tongue SCC cases were found positive for Eph-A1, -A2, -A4 and -A7. Significant associations were noted between high Eph-A1, -A4 and -A7 expression and absence of lymph node metastases (p = 0.0263, p = 0.0461 and p = 0.0461, respectively). High Eph-A1, -A2 and -A7 expression was significantly more frequently observed in patients presenting absence of vascular invasion (p = 0.0444), dense stromal inflammatory reaction (p = 0.0063) and female gender (p = 0.0327), respectively. Mobile tongue SCC patients with high Eph-A7 expression presented longer overall and disease-free survival compared to those with low Eph-A7 expression (log-rank test, p = 0.0093 and p = 0.0164, respectively). In multivariate analysis, Eph-A7 expression was identified as independent prognostic factor of overall survival (Cox-regression analysis, p = 0.0426). The present study supported evidence that Ephs may participate in the malignant transformation of mobile tongue SCC, reinforcing their utility as clinical markers for patients' management and prognosis, as also as targets for potential therapeutic intervention in tongue chemoprevention.
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Nishimura M, Jung EJ, Shah MY, Lu C, Spizzo R, Shimizu M, Han HD, Ivan C, Rossi S, Zhang X, Nicoloso MS, Wu SY, Almeida MI, Bottsford-Miller J, Pecot CV, Zand B, Matsuo K, Shahzad MM, Jennings NB, Rodriguez-Aguayo C, Lopez-Berestein G, Sood AK, Calin GA. Therapeutic synergy between microRNA and siRNA in ovarian cancer treatment. Cancer Discov 2013; 3:1302-15. [PMID: 24002999 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-13-0159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Development of improved RNA interference-based strategies is of utmost clinical importance. Although siRNA-mediated silencing of EphA2, an ovarian cancer oncogene, results in reduction of tumor growth, we present evidence that additional inhibition of EphA2 by a microRNA (miRNA) further "boosts" its antitumor effects. We identified miR-520d-3p as a tumor suppressor upstream of EphA2, whose expression correlated with favorable outcomes in two independent patient cohorts comprising 647 patients. Restoration of miR-520d-3p prominently decreased EphA2 protein levels, and suppressed tumor growth and migration/invasion both in vitro and in vivo. Dual inhibition of EphA2 in vivo using 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (DOPC) nanoliposomes loaded with miR-520d-3p and EphA2 siRNA showed synergistic antitumor efficiency and greater therapeutic efficacy than either monotherapy alone. This synergy is at least in part due to miR-520d-3p targeting EphB2, another Eph receptor. Our data emphasize the feasibility of combined miRNA-siRNA therapy, and will have broad implications for innovative gene silencing therapies for cancer and other diseases. SIGNIFICANCE This study addresses a new concept of RNA inhibition therapy by combining miRNA and siRNA in nanoliposomal particles to target oncogenic pathways altered in ovarian cancer. Combined targeting of the Eph pathway using EphA2-targeting siRNA and the tumor suppressor miR-520d-3p exhibits remarkable therapeutic synergy and enhanced tumor suppression in vitro and in vivo compared with either monotherapy alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Nishimura
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Tokushima, Graduate School; Japan
| | - Eun-Jung Jung
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jin-ju, South Korea
| | - Maitri Y Shah
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Chunhua Lu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Riccardo Spizzo
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Masayoshi Shimizu
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hee Dong Han
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Cristina Ivan
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,The Center for RNA Interference and Non-coding RNAs, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Center, Houston, TX; USA
| | - Simona Rossi
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Bioinformatics Core Facility, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Batiment Genopode, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Xinna Zhang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,The Center for RNA Interference and Non-coding RNAs, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Center, Houston, TX; USA
| | - Milena S Nicoloso
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sherry Y Wu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Maria Ines Almeida
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Justin Bottsford-Miller
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chad V Pecot
- Department of Thoracic, Head & Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Behrouz Zand
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Koji Matsuo
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mian M Shahzad
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Nicholas B Jennings
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Cristian Rodriguez-Aguayo
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,The Center for RNA Interference and Non-coding RNAs, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Center, Houston, TX; USA
| | - Gabriel Lopez-Berestein
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,The Center for RNA Interference and Non-coding RNAs, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Center, Houston, TX; USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anil K Sood
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,The Center for RNA Interference and Non-coding RNAs, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Center, Houston, TX; USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - George A Calin
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,The Center for RNA Interference and Non-coding RNAs, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Center, Houston, TX; USA
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24
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Stegh AH. Toward personalized cancer nanomedicine - past, present, and future. Integr Biol (Camb) 2013; 5:48-65. [PMID: 22858688 DOI: 10.1039/c2ib20104f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tumors are composed of highly proliferate, migratory, invasive, and therapy-evading cells. These characteristics are conferred by an enormously complex landscape of genomic, (epi-)genetic, and proteomic aberrations. Recent efforts to comprehensively catalogue these reversible and irreversible modifications have began to identify molecular mechanisms that contribute to cancer pathophysiology, serve as novel therapeutic targets, and may constitute biomarkers for early diagnosis and prediction of therapy responses. With constantly evolving technologies that will ultimately enable a complete survey of cancer genomes, the challenges for discovery cancer science and drug development are daunting. Bioinformatic and functional studies must differentiate cancer-driving and -contributing mutations from mere bystanders or 'noise', and have to delineate their molecular mechanisms of action as a function of collaborating oncogenic and tumor suppressive signatures. In addition, the translation of these genomic discoveries into meaningful clinical endpoints requires the development of co-extinction strategies to therapeutically target multiple cancer genes, to robustly deliver therapeutics to tumor sites, and to enable widespread dissemination of therapies within tumor tissue. In this perspective, I will describe the most current paradigms to study and validate cancer gene function. I will highlight advances in the area of nanotechnology, in particular, the development of RNA interference (RNAi)-based platforms to more effectively deliver therapeutic agents to tumor sites, and to modulate critical cancer genes that are difficult to target using conventional small-molecule- or antibody-based approaches. I will conclude with an outlook on the deluge of challenges that genomic and bioengineering sciences must overcome to make the long-awaited era of personalized nano-medicine a clinical reality for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander H Stegh
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, The Brain Tumor Institute, The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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25
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Shen H, Mittal V, Ferrari M, Chang J. Delivery of gene silencing agents for breast cancer therapy. Breast Cancer Res 2013; 15:205. [PMID: 23659575 PMCID: PMC3706796 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of RNA interference has opened the door for the development of a new class of cancer therapeutics. Small inhibitory RNA oligos are being designed to specifically suppress expression of proteins that are traditionally considered nondruggable, and microRNAs are being evaluated to exert broad control of gene expression for inhibition of tumor growth. Since most naked molecules are not optimized for in vivo applications, the gene silencing agents need to be packaged into delivery vehicles in order to reach the target tissues as their destinations. Thus, the selection of the right delivery vehicles serves as a crucial step in the development of cancer therapeutics. The current review summarizes the status of gene silencing agents in breast cancer and recent development of candidate cancer drugs in clinical trials. Nanotechnology-based delivery vectors for the formulation and packaging of gene silencing agents are also described.
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26
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Malek A, Gyorffy B, Catapano CV, Schäfer R. Selection of optimal combinations of target genes for therapeutic multi-gene silencing based on miRNA co-regulation. Cancer Gene Ther 2013; 20:326-9. [DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2013.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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27
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Jehle J, Staudacher I, Wiedmann F, Schweizer P, Becker R, Katus H, Thomas D. Regulation of apoptosis in HL-1 cardiomyocytes by phosphorylation of the receptor tyrosine kinase EphA2 and protection by lithocholic acid. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 167:1563-72. [PMID: 22845314 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02117.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Heart failure and atrial fibrillation are associated with apoptosis of cardiomyocytes, suggesting common abnormalities in pro-apoptotic cardiac molecules. Activation of the receptor tyrosine kinase EphA2 causes apoptosis in vitro, and dysregulation of EphA2-dependent signalling is implicated in LEOPARD and Noonan syndromes associated with cardiomyopathy. Molecular pathways and regulation of EphA2 signalling in the heart are poorly understood. Here we elucidated the pathways of EphA2-dependent apoptosis and evaluated a therapeutic strategy to prevent EphA2 activation and cardiac cell death. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH EphA2 signalling was studied in an established model of doxazosin-induced apoptosis in HL-1 cells. Apoptosis was measured with TUNEL assays and as cell viability using a formazan method. Western blotting and siRNA for EphA2 were also used. KEY RESULTS Apoptosis induced by doxazosin (EC(50) = 17.3 μM) was associated with EphA2 activation through enhanced phosphorylation (2.2-fold). Activation of pro-apoptotic downstream factors, phospho-SHP-2 (3.9-fold), phospho-p38 MAPK (2.3-fold) and GADD153 (1.6-fold) resulted in cleavage of caspase 3. Furthermore, two anti-apoptotic enzymes were suppressed (focal adhesion kinase, by 41%; phospho-Akt, by 78%). Inactivation of EphA2 with appropriate siRNA mimicked pro-apoptotic effects of doxazosin. Finally, administration of lithocholic acid (LCA) protected against apoptosis by increasing EphA2 protein levels and decreasing EphA2 phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS EphA2 phosphorylation and activation of SHP-2 are critical steps in apoptosis. Reduction of EphA2 phosphorylation by LCA may represent a novel approach for future anti-apoptotic treatment of heart failure and atrial fibrillation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jehle
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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28
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Zou L, Song X, Yi T, Li S, Deng H, Chen X, Li Z, Bai Y, Zhong Q, Wei Y, Zhao X. Administration of PLGA nanoparticles carrying shRNA against focal adhesion kinase and CD44 results in enhanced antitumor effects against ovarian cancer. Cancer Gene Ther 2013; 20:242-50. [PMID: 23492823 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2013.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The two membrane-bound proteins, focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and CD44, are involved in processes critical to cancer progression. FAK has an active role in angiogenesis, cell proliferation and cell apoptosis, whereas the heavily glycosylated CD44 has been implicated in cancer metastasis. Here, using short hairpin RNA (shRNA) against FAK and CD44, we demonstrate that simultaneous knockdown of both these genes inhibits cancer growth more efficiently than knockdown of either gene individually. Plasmids targeting these genes or non-relative control sequences were constructed and delivered to ovarian cancer targets by biodegradable poly D,L-lactide-co-glycolide acid nanoparticles (PLGANPs). Nude mice were utilized in an intraperitoneal model of ovarian carcinomatosis to assess antitumor efficacy in vivo. Single gene knockdown resulted in significantly smaller tumors than those observed in the empty-vector control (P's<0.001). More importantly, knockdown of both genes resulted in tumors smaller than both the empty-vector group (P<0.0001) and the single gene knockdown groups (P's<0.001). Knockdown of both FAK and CD44 resulted in tumors with inhibited angiogenesis, reduced proliferation and increased apoptosis as compared with controls (P's<0.001) and single knockdown groups (P's<0.05). These results indicate that dual knockdown of FAK and CD44 in the tumors of patients with ovarian cancer may have an enhanced therapeutic effect, and point toward a mechanism involving the inhibition of angiogenesis, cellular proliferation and the induction of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zou
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Key Laboratory of Obstetric and Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
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29
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Gowda R, Jones NR, Banerjee S, Robertson GP. Use of Nanotechnology to Develop Multi-Drug Inhibitors For Cancer Therapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 4. [PMID: 25013742 PMCID: PMC4085796 DOI: 10.4172/2157-7439.1000184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic agents that inhibit a single target often cannot combat a multifactorial disease such as cancer. Thus, multi-target inhibitors (MTIs) are needed to circumvent complications such as the development of resistance. There are two predominant types of MTIs, (a) single drug inhibitor (SDIs) that affect multiple pathways simultaneously, and (b) combinatorial agents or multi-drug inhibitors (MDIs) that inhibit multiple pathways. Single agent multi-target kinase inhibitors are amongst the most prominent class of compounds belonging to the former, whereas the latter includes many different classes of combinatorial agents that have been used to achieve synergistic efficacy against cancer. Safe delivery and accumulation at the tumor site is of paramount importance for MTIs because inhibition of multiple key signaling pathways has the potential to lead to systemic toxicity. For this reason, the development of drug delivery mechanisms using nanotechnology is preferable in order to ensure that the MDIs accumulate in the tumor vasculature, thereby increasing efficacy and minimizing off-target and systemic side effects. This review will discuss how nanotechnology can be used for the development of MTIs for cancer therapy and also it concludes with a discussion of the future of nanoparticle-based MTIs as well as the continuing obstacles being faced during the development of these unique agents.’
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghavendra Gowda
- Department of Pharmacology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA ; Penn State Hershey Melanoma Center, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA ; Penn State Melanoma Therapeutics Program, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA ; The Foreman Foundation for Melanoma Research, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Nathan R Jones
- Department of Pharmacology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Shubhadeep Banerjee
- Department of Pharmacology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA ; Penn State Hershey Melanoma Center, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA ; Penn State Melanoma Therapeutics Program, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Gavin P Robertson
- Department of Pharmacology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA ; Department of Pathology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA ; Department of Dermatology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA ; Department of Surgery, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA ; Penn State Hershey Melanoma Center, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA ; Penn State Melanoma Therapeutics Program, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA ; The Foreman Foundation for Melanoma Research, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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30
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Thanapprapasr D, Hu W, Sood AK, Coleman RL. Moving beyond VEGF for anti-angiogenesis strategies in gynecologic cancer. Curr Pharm Des 2012; 18:2713-9. [PMID: 22390757 DOI: 10.2174/138161212800626201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Gynecologic cancer is a major burden in both developed and developing countries. Almost a half million deaths from gynecologic cancer are reported each year. Understanding the molecular biology of cancer is a principle resource leading to the identification of new potential therapeutic targets, which may be parlayed into novel therapeutic options in gynecologic cancer. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase, which plays a pivotal role in many aspects of malignant growth including cancer cell survival, migration, invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis. Various human cancer tissues have demonstrated high expression of FAK or activated FAK, which has been correlated with survival of cancer patients. Among gynecologic cancers, reports have emerged demonstrating that FAK is involved in the pathogenesis of ovarian, endometrial, and cervical cancers. In addition, the polycomb group protein enhancer of Zeste homologue 2 (EZH2), Dll4/notch and EphA2 has also emerged as important regulators of endothelial cell biology and angiogenesis. Herein, we review the role of these new targets in tumor angiogenesis and the rationale for further clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duangmani Thanapprapasr
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1155 Herman Pressler Dr. CPB 6.3271, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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31
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Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) remains the most lethal gynecological malignancy despite several decades of progress in diagnosis and treatment. Taking advantage of the robust development of discovery and utility of prognostic biomarkers, clinicians and researchers are developing personalized and targeted treatment strategies. This review encompasses recently discovered biomarkers of ovarian cancer, the utility of published prognostic biomarkers for EOC (especially biomarkers related to angiogenesis and key signaling pathways), and their integration into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Huang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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32
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Shahzad MMK, Shin YH, Matsuo K, Lu C, Nishimura M, Shen DY, Kang Y, Hu W, Mora EM, Rodriguez-Aguayo C, Kapur A, Bottsford-Miller J, Lopez-Berestein G, Rajkovic A, Sood AK. Biological significance of HORMA domain containing protein 1 (HORMAD1) in epithelial ovarian carcinoma. Cancer Lett 2012; 330:123-9. [PMID: 22776561 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Revised: 06/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to determine the expression and biological significance of HORMAD1 in human epithelial ovarian carcinoma. We found that a substantial proportion of human epithelial ovarian cancers expressed HORMAD1. In vitro, HORMAD1 siRNA enhanced docetaxel induced apoptosis and substantially reduced the invasive and migratory potential of ovarian cancer cells (2774). In vivo, HORMAD1 siRNA-DOPC treatment resulted in reduced tumor weight, which was further enhanced in combination with cisplatin. HORMAD1 gene silencing resulted in significantly reduced VEGF protein levels and microvessel density compared to controls. Our data suggest that HORMAD1 may be an important therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mian M K Shahzad
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, U.T.M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States
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33
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Stone RL, Nick AM, McNeish IA, Balkwill F, Han HD, Bottsford-Miller J, Rupairmoole R, Armaiz-Pena GN, Pecot CV, Coward J, Deavers MT, Vasquez HG, Urbauer D, Landen CN, Hu W, Gershenson H, Matsuo K, Shahzad MMK, King ER, Tekedereli I, Ozpolat B, Ahn EH, Bond VK, Wang R, Drew AF, Gushiken F, Lamkin D, Collins K, DeGeest K, Lutgendorf SK, Chiu W, Lopez-Berestein G, Afshar-Kharghan V, Sood AK. Paraneoplastic thrombocytosis in ovarian cancer. N Engl J Med 2012; 366:610-8. [PMID: 22335738 PMCID: PMC3296780 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1110352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 581] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanisms of paraneoplastic thrombocytosis in ovarian cancer and the role that platelets play in abetting cancer growth are unclear. METHODS We analyzed clinical data on 619 patients with epithelial ovarian cancer to test associations between platelet counts and disease outcome. Human samples and mouse models of epithelial ovarian cancer were used to explore the underlying mechanisms of paraneoplastic thrombocytosis. The effects of platelets on tumor growth and angiogenesis were ascertained. RESULTS Thrombocytosis was significantly associated with advanced disease and shortened survival. Plasma levels of thrombopoietin and interleukin-6 were significantly elevated in patients who had thrombocytosis as compared with those who did not. In mouse models, increased hepatic thrombopoietin synthesis in response to tumor-derived interleukin-6 was an underlying mechanism of paraneoplastic thrombocytosis. Tumor-derived interleukin-6 and hepatic thrombopoietin were also linked to thrombocytosis in patients. Silencing thrombopoietin and interleukin-6 abrogated thrombocytosis in tumor-bearing mice. Anti-interleukin-6 antibody treatment significantly reduced platelet counts in tumor-bearing mice and in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer. In addition, neutralizing interleukin-6 significantly enhanced the therapeutic efficacy of paclitaxel in mouse models of epithelial ovarian cancer. The use of an antiplatelet antibody to halve platelet counts in tumor-bearing mice significantly reduced tumor growth and angiogenesis. CONCLUSIONS These findings support the existence of a paracrine circuit wherein increased production of thrombopoietic cytokines in tumor and host tissue leads to paraneoplastic thrombocytosis, which fuels tumor growth. We speculate that countering paraneoplastic thrombocytosis either directly or indirectly by targeting these cytokines may have therapeutic potential. (Funded by the National Cancer Institute and others.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Stone
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77230-1439, USA
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34
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Abstract
Src-family Kinases (SFKs) participate in the regulation of proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, autophagy, adhesion, migration, invasion and angiogenesis in normal and cancer cells. Abnormal expression of SFKs has been documented in cancers that arise in breast, colon, ovary, melanocyte, gastric mucosa, head and neck, pancreas, lung, and brain. Targeting SFKs in cancer cells has been shown to be a promising therapeutic strategy in solid tumors, particularly in ovarian, colon and breast cancers. Paclitaxel is one of most widely used chemotherapeutic agents for the management of ovarian, breast, lung and head/neck cancers. As a microtubule-stabilizing agent, paclitaxel possesses both mitosis-dependent and mitosis-independent activities against cancer cells. A variety of mechanisms such as deregulation of P-glycoprotein, alteration of tubulin isotypes, alteration of microtubule-regulatory proteins, deregulation of apoptotic signaling pathways, mutation of tubulins and overexpression of copper transporters have been implicated in the development of primary or secondary resistance to paclitaxel. By affecting cancer cell survival, proliferation, autophagy, microtubule stability, motility, and/or angiogenesis, SFKs interact with mechanisms that regulate paclitaxel sensitivity. Inhibition of SFKs can potentiate the anti-tumor activity of paclitaxel by enhancing apoptosis, autophagy and microtubule stability. Based on pre-clinical observations, administration of SFK inhibitors in combination with paclitaxel could improve treatment for ovarian, breast, lung and head/neck cancers. Identification and validation of predictive biomarkers could also permit personalization of the therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Feng Le
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA.
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35
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Kim HS, Han HD, Armaiz-Pena GN, Stone RL, Nam EJ, Lee JW, Shahzad MMK, Nick AM, Lee SJ, Roh JW, Nishimura M, Mangala LS, Bottsford-Miller J, Gallick GE, Lopez-Berestein G, Sood AK. Functional roles of Src and Fgr in ovarian carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:1713-21. [PMID: 21300758 PMCID: PMC3077122 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-2081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Src is an attractive target because it is overexpressed in a number of malignancies, including ovarian cancer. However, the effect of Src silencing on other Src family kinases (SFKs) is not known. We hypothesized that other SFK members could compensate for the lack of Src activity. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Cell viability after either Src or Fgr silencing was examined in ovarian cancer cell lines by MTT assay. Expression of SFKs after Src silencing in ovarian cancer cells was examined by real-time reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR. Therapeutic effect of in vivo Src and/or Fgr silencing was examined using siRNA incorporated into chitosan nanoparticles (siRNA/CH-NP). Microvessel density, cell proliferation, and apoptosis markers were determined by immunohistochemical staining in ovarian tumor tissues. RESULTS Src silencing enhanced cytotoxicity of docetaxel in both SKOV3ip1 and HeyA8 cells. In addition, Src silencing using siRNA/CH-NP in combination with docetaxel resulted in significant inhibition of tumor growth compared with control siRNA/CH-NP (81.8% reduction in SKOV3ip1, P = 0.017; 84.3% reduction in HeyA8, P < 0.005). These effects were mediated by decreased tumor cell proliferation and angiogenesis, and increased tumor cell apoptosis. Next, we assessed the effects of Src silencing on other SFK members in ovarian cancer cell lines. Src silencing resulted in significantly increased Fgr levels. Dual Src and Fgr silencing in vitro resulted in increased apoptosis that was mediated by increased caspase and AKT activity. In addition, dual silencing of Src and Fgr in vivo using siRNA/CH-NP resulted in the greatest reduction in tumor growth compared with silencing of either Src or Fgr alone in the HeyA8 model (68.8%, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that, in addition to Src, Fgr plays a biologically significant role in ovarian cancer growth and might represent an important target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Sun Kim
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, U.T. M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1155 Herman Pressler, Unit 1362, Houston, TX 77030
- Department of Pathology, Cheil General Hospital and Women’s Healthcare Center, Kwandong University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea 100-380
| | - Hee Dong Han
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, U.T. M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1155 Herman Pressler, Unit 1362, Houston, TX 77030
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-coding RNA, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center
| | - Guillermo N. Armaiz-Pena
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, U.T. M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1155 Herman Pressler, Unit 1362, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Rebecca L. Stone
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, U.T. M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1155 Herman Pressler, Unit 1362, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Eun Ji Nam
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, U.T. M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1155 Herman Pressler, Unit 1362, Houston, TX 77030
- Women’s Cancer Clinic, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea 120-752
| | - Jeong-Won Lee
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, U.T. M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1155 Herman Pressler, Unit 1362, Houston, TX 77030
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea 135-710
| | - Mian M. K. Shahzad
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, U.T. M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1155 Herman Pressler, Unit 1362, Houston, TX 77030
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology and UW Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792
| | - Alpa M. Nick
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, U.T. M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1155 Herman Pressler, Unit 1362, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Sun Joo Lee
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, U.T. M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1155 Herman Pressler, Unit 1362, Houston, TX 77030
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Konkuk University Hospital, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ju-Won Roh
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, U.T. M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1155 Herman Pressler, Unit 1362, Houston, TX 77030
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Dongguk University IIsan Hospital, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Masato Nishimura
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, U.T. M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1155 Herman Pressler, Unit 1362, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Lingegowda S. Mangala
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, U.T. M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1155 Herman Pressler, Unit 1362, Houston, TX 77030
- University of Space Research Association, NASA Johnson Space Center, Department of Radiation Biophysics, Houston, TX 77058
| | - Justin Bottsford-Miller
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, U.T. M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1155 Herman Pressler, Unit 1362, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Gary E. Gallick
- Genitourinary Medical Oncology, U.T. M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 0018-4, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Gabriel Lopez-Berestein
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, U.T. M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1155 Herman Pressler, Unit 1362, Houston, TX 77030
- Department of Cancer Biology, U.T. M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 173, Houston, TX 77030
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-coding RNA, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center
| | - Anil K. Sood
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, U.T. M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1155 Herman Pressler, Unit 1362, Houston, TX 77030
- Department of Cancer Biology, U.T. M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 173, Houston, TX 77030
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-coding RNA, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center
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Shahzad MMK, Mangala LS, Han HD, Lu C, Bottsford-Miller J, Nishimura M, Mora EM, Lee JW, Stone RL, Pecot CV, Thanapprapasr D, Roh JW, Gaur P, Nair MP, Park YY, Sabnis N, Deavers MT, Lee JS, Ellis LM, Lopez-Berestein G, McConathy WJ, Prokai L, Lacko AG, Sood AK. Targeted delivery of small interfering RNA using reconstituted high-density lipoprotein nanoparticles. Neoplasia 2011; 13:309-19. [PMID: 21472135 PMCID: PMC3071079 DOI: 10.1593/neo.101372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Revised: 01/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference holds tremendous potential as a therapeutic approach, especially in the treatment of malignant tumors. However, efficient and biocompatible delivery methods are needed for systemic delivery of small interfering RNA (siRNA). To maintain a high level of growth, tumor cells scavenge high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles by overexpressing its receptor: scavenger receptor type B1 (SR-B1). In this study, we exploited this cellular characteristic to achieve efficient siRNA delivery and established a novel formulation of siRNA by incorporating it into reconstituted HDL (rHDL) nanoparticles. Here, we demonstrate that rHDL nanoparticles facilitate highly efficient systemic delivery of siRNA in vivo, mediated by the SR-B1. Moreover, in therapeutic proof-of-concept studies, these nanoparticles were effective in silencing the expression of two proteins that are key to cancer growth and metastasis (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 and focal adhesion kinase) in orthotopic mouse models of ovarian and colorectal cancer. These data indicate that an rHDL nanoparticle is a novel and highly efficient siRNA carrier, and therefore, this novel technology could serve as the foundation for new cancer therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mian M K Shahzad
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Tandon M, Vemula SV, Mittal SK. Emerging strategies for EphA2 receptor targeting for cancer therapeutics. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2011; 15:31-51. [PMID: 21142802 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2011.538682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD High mortality rates with cancers warrant further development of earlier diagnostics and better treatment strategies. Membrane-bound erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular receptor tyrosine kinase class A2 (EphA2) is overexpressed in breast, prostate, urinary bladder, skin, lung, ovary and brain cancers. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW EphA2 overexpression in cancers, its signaling mechanisms and strategies to target its deregulation. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN High EphA2 expression in cancer cells is correlated with a poor prognosis associated with recurrence due to enhanced metastasis. Interaction of the EphA2 receptor with its ligand (e.g., ephrinA1) triggers events that are deregulated and implicated in carcinogenesis. EphrinA1-independent oncogenic activity and ephrinA1-dependent tumor suppressor roles for EphA2 are described. Molecular interactions of EphA2 with signaling proteins are associated with the modulation of cytoskeleton dynamics, cell adhesion, proliferation, differentiation and metastasis. The deregulated signaling by EphA2 and its involvement in oncogenesis provide multiple avenues for the rational design of intervention approaches. TAKE HOME MESSAGE EphA2 has been tested as a drug target using multiple approaches such as agonist antibodies, RNA interference, immunotherapy, virus vector-mediated gene transfer, small-molecule inhibitors and nanoparticles. With over a decade of research, encouraging results with targeting of EphA2 expression in various pre-clinical cancer models necessitate further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Tandon
- Purdue University, Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Bindley Bioscience Center, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Emmanuel C, Gava N, Kennedy C, Balleine RL, Sharma R, Wain G, Brand A, Hogg R, Etemadmoghadam D, George J, Birrer MJ, Clarke CL, Chenevix-Trench G, Bowtell DDL, Harnett PR, deFazio A. Comparison of expression profiles in ovarian epithelium in vivo and ovarian cancer identifies novel candidate genes involved in disease pathogenesis. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17617. [PMID: 21423607 PMCID: PMC3057977 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular events leading to epithelial ovarian cancer are poorly understood but
ovulatory hormones and a high number of life-time ovulations with concomitant
proliferation, apoptosis, and inflammation, increases risk. We identified genes
that are regulated during the estrous cycle in murine ovarian surface epithelium
and analysed these profiles to identify genes dysregulated in human ovarian
cancer, using publically available datasets. We identified 338 genes that are
regulated in murine ovarian surface epithelium during the estrous cycle and
dysregulated in ovarian cancer. Six of seven candidates selected for
immunohistochemical validation were expressed in serous ovarian cancer,
inclusion cysts, ovarian surface epithelium and in fallopian tube epithelium.
Most were overexpressed in ovarian cancer compared with ovarian surface
epithelium and/or inclusion cysts (EpCAM, EZH2, BIRC5) although BIRC5 and EZH2
were expressed as highly in fallopian tube epithelium as in ovarian cancer. We
prioritised the 338 genes for those likely to be important for ovarian cancer
development by in silico analyses of copy number aberration and
mutation using publically available datasets and identified genes with
established roles in ovarian cancer as well as novel genes for which we have
evidence for involvement in ovarian cancer. Chromosome segregation emerged as an
important process in which genes from our list of 338 were over-represented
including two (BUB1, NCAPD2) for which there
is evidence of amplification and mutation. NUAK2, upregulated in ovarian surface
epithelium in proestrus and predicted to have a driver mutation in ovarian
cancer, was examined in a larger cohort of serous ovarian cancer where patients
with lower NUAK2 expression had shorter overall survival. In conclusion,
defining genes that are activated in normal epithelium in the course of
ovulation that are also dysregulated in cancer has identified a number of
pathways and novel candidate genes that may contribute to the development of
ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Emmanuel
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.
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Abstract
Cytotoxic therapy and surgery have improved outcomes for patients with gynecologic malignancies over the last twenty years, but women's cancers still account for over ten percent of cancer related deaths annually. Insights into the pathogenesis of cancer have led to the development of drugs that target molecular pathways essential to tumor survival including angiogenesis, DNA repair, and apoptosis. This review outlines several of the promising new biologically targeted drugs currently being tested to treat gynecologic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy R. Carroll
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Robert L. Coleman
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
- Center for RNAi and Non-Coding RNA, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030
| | - Anil K. Sood
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
- Department of Cancer Biology, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
- Center for RNAi and Non-Coding RNA, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030
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Pecot CV, Calin GA, Coleman RL, Lopez-Berestein G, Sood AK. RNA interference in the clinic: challenges and future directions. Nat Rev Cancer 2011; 11:59-67. [PMID: 21160526 PMCID: PMC3199132 DOI: 10.1038/nrc2966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 605] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Inherent difficulties with blocking many desirable targets using conventional approaches have prompted many to consider using RNA interference (RNAi) as a therapeutic approach. Although exploitation of RNAi has immense potential as a cancer therapeutic, many physiological obstacles stand in the way of successful and efficient delivery. This Review explores current challenges to the development of synthetic RNAi-based therapies and considers new approaches to circumvent biological barriers, to avoid intolerable side effects and to achieve controlled and sustained release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad V Pecot
- U.T. M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Abstract
The Eph receptor tyrosine kinases and their ephrin ligands have intriguing expression patterns in cancer cells and tumour blood vessels, which suggest important roles for their bidirectional signals in many aspects of cancer development and progression. Eph gene mutations probably also contribute to cancer pathogenesis. Eph receptors and ephrins have been shown to affect the growth, migration and invasion of cancer cells in culture as well as tumour growth, invasiveness, angiogenesis and metastasis in vivo. However, Eph signalling activities in cancer seem to be complex, and are characterized by puzzling dichotomies. Nevertheless, the Eph receptors are promising new therapeutic targets in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena B Pasquale
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Abstract
While the discovery of RNA interference (RNAi) has been considered one of the most significant breakthroughs in biomedicine, its prospects for novel therapeutic applications are even more exciting. The high specificity, exquisite selectivity and chemical homogeneity of small interfering RNAs (siRNA; intermediates in RNAi activity), provide unique advantages for these moieties as multi-targeted inhibitory drugs. Many such applications have demonstrated significant benefit compared with single gene-targeted siRNA inhibitors. In this article, we will review the current status of using a multi-targeted siRNA cocktail for novel therapeutic development in the treatment of cancer and viral infections. We will also propose the characteristics of various types of siRNA cocktails and their design, while recognizing the potential future impact of and challenges facing this unique therapeutic modality.
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