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Li H, Li F, Wang BS, Zhu BL. Prognostic significance of exportin-5 in hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2024; 16:3069-3081. [PMID: 39072169 PMCID: PMC11271777 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v16.i7.3069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. As liver cancer often presents no noticeable symptoms in its early stages, most patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage, complicating treatment. Therefore, the identification of new biomarkers is crucial for the early detection and treatment of HCC. Research on exportin-5 (XPO5) could offer new avenues for early diagnosis and improve treatment strategies. AIM To explore the role of XPO5 in HCC progression and its potential as a prognostic biomarker. METHODS This study assessed XPO5 mRNA expression in HCC using The Cancer Genome Atlas, TIMER, and International Cancer Genome Consortium databases, correlating it with clinical profiles and disease progression. We performed in vitro experiments to examine the effect of XPO5 on liver cell growth. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, and Gene Ontology were used to elucidate the biological roles and signaling pathways. We also evaluated XPO5's impact on immune cell infiltration and validated its prognostic potential using machine learning. RESULTS XPO5 was significantly upregulated in HCC tissues, correlating with tumor grade, T-stage, and overall survival, indicating poor prognosis. Enrichment analyses linked high XPO5 expression with tumor immunity, particularly CD4 T cell memory activation and macrophage M0 infiltration. Drug sensitivity tests identified potential therapeutic agents such as MG-132, paclitaxel, and WH-4-023. Overexpression of XPO5 in HCC cells, compared to normal liver cells, was confirmed by western blotting and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The lentiviral transduction-mediated knockdown of XPO5 significantly reduced cell proliferation and metastasis. Among the various machine learning algorithms, the C5.0 decision tree algorithm achieved accuracy rates of 95.5% in the training set and 92.0% in the validation set. CONCLUSION Our analysis shows that XPO5 expression is a reliable prognostic indicator for patients with HCC and is significantly associated with immune cell infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu Province, China
- Institute of Occupational Disease Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Fei Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu Province, China
- Institute of Occupational Disease Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Bo-Shen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu Province, China
- Institute of Occupational Disease Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Bao-Li Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu Province, China
- Institute of Occupational Disease Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu Province, China
- Committee, Jiangsu Preventive Medical Association, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu Province, China
- Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu Province, China
- Public Health Sector, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Health Emergency, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu Province, China
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Elsalahaty MI, Salama AF, Diab T, Ghazy M, Toraih E, Elshazli RM. Unleash Multifunctional Role of miRNA Biogenesis Gene Variants ( XPO5*rs34324334 and RAN*rs14035) with Susceptibility to Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J Pers Med 2023; 13:959. [PMID: 37373948 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13060959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous reports have explored the roles of different genetic variants in miRNA biogenesis mechanisms and the progression of various types of carcinomas. The goal of this study is to explore the association between XPO5*rs34324334 and RAN*rs14035 gene variants and susceptibility to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In a cohort of 234 participants (107 HCC patients and 127 unrelated cancer-free controls) from the same geographic region, we characterized allelic discrimination using PCR-RFLP and performed subgroup analysis and multivariate regression. We found that the frequency of the XPO5*rs34324334 (A) variant was correlated with elevated risk of HCC under allelic (OR = 10.09, p-value < 0.001), recessive (OR = 24.1, p-value < 0.001), and dominant (OR = 10.1, p-value < 0.001) models. A/A genotype was associated with hepatitis C cirrhosis (p-value = 0.012), ascites (p-value = 0.003), and higher levels of alpha-fetoproteins (p-value = 0.011). Carriers of the RAN*rs14035 (T) variant were more likely to develop HCC under allelic (OR = 1.76, p-value = 0.003) and recessive (OR = 3.27, p-value < 0.001) models. Our results suggest that XPO5*rs34324334 and RAN*rs14035 variants are independent risk factors for developing HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed I Elsalahaty
- Biochemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Afrah F Salama
- Biochemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Thoria Diab
- Biochemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Medhat Ghazy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Eman Toraih
- Endocrine and Oncology Division, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Genetics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Rami M Elshazli
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Unit, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Horus University-Egypt, New Damietta 34517, Egypt
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3
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Kalarani IB, Sivamani G, Veerabathiran R. Identification of crucial genes involved in thyroid cancer development. J Egypt Natl Canc Inst 2023; 35:15. [PMID: 37211566 DOI: 10.1186/s43046-023-00177-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A malignancy of the endocrine system, one of the most common types, is thyroid cancer. It is proven that children who receive radiation treatment for leukemia or lymphoma are at a heightened risk of thyroid cancer due to low-dose radiation exposure throughout childhood. Several factors can increase the risk of thyroid cancer (ThyCa), such as chromosomal and genetic mutations, iodine intake, TSH levels, autoimmune thyroid disorders, estrogen, obesity, lifestyle changes, and environmental contaminants. OBJECTIVES The study aimed to identify a specific gene as an essential candidate for thyroid cancer progression. We might be able to focus on developing a better understanding of how thyroid cancer is inherited. METHODS The review article uses electronic databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Central. The most frequently associated genes with thyroid cancer found on PubMed were BAX, XRCC1, XRCC3, XPO5, IL-10, BRAF, RET, and K-RAS. To perform an electronic literature search, genes derived from DisGeNET: a database of gene-disease associations, including PRKAR1A, BRAF, RET, NRAS, and KRAS, are used. CONCLUSION Examining the genetics of thyroid cancer explicitly emphasizes the primary genes associated with the pathophysiology of young and older people with thyroid cancer. Developing such gene investigations at the beginning of the thyroid cancer development process can identify better outcomes and the most aggressive thyroid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iyshwarya Bhaskar Kalarani
- Human Cytogenetics and Genomics Laboratory, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, Tamilnadu, 603103, India
| | - Ganesan Sivamani
- PG & Research Department of Zoology and Biotechnology, AVVM Sri Pushpam College, Poondi, Thanjavur, 613 503, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramakrishnan Veerabathiran
- Human Cytogenetics and Genomics Laboratory, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, Tamilnadu, 603103, India.
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Vecoli C, Borghini A, Turchi S, Mercuri A, Andreassi MG. Genetic polymorphisms of miRNA machinery genes in bicuspid aortic valve and associated aortopathy. Per Med 2020; 18:21-29. [PMID: 33124523 DOI: 10.2217/pme-2020-0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Aim: SNPs in miRNA machinery genes may affect miRNA function by impacting their biogenesis. Here, we investigated the association between three SNPs in miRNA machinery genes (DICER rs1057035, DROSHA rs10719 and XPO5 rs11077) and bicuspid aortic valve (BAV). Materials & methods: Three polymorphisms were analyzed in 177 BAV patients and 414 healthy subjects by using a TaqMan®SNP assay. Results: The frequencies of XPO5 rs11077 genotype were significantly different between BAV patients and controls (p = 0.022). On multivariate logistic regression analysis, the XPO5 rs11077 C allele resulted a significant predictor of BAV (odds ratioadjusted = 0.65; CI: 0.42-0.98; p = 0.047). Conclusion: The XPO5 rs11077 SNP was associated with a decreased BAV risk supporting the causative role of miRNAs in aortic valve development.
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Milon A, Knapczyk-Stwora K, Pawlicki P, Duliban M, Gorowska-Wojtowicz E, Kotula-Balak M, Bilinska B. Effect of estrogen-related receptor silencing on miRNA protein machinery expression, global methylation, and deacetylation in bank vole (Myodes glareolus) and mouse tumor Leydig cells. Theriogenology 2019; 139:178-190. [PMID: 31421412 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The function of estrogen-related receptor (ERR) in testicular cells is at the beginning of exploration. Our previous findings showed that expression pattern of estrogen-related receptor (ERR) in mouse Leydig cell depends on physiological status of the cell. Exogenous hormones/hormonally active chemicals affect ERR expression. In Leydig cells in vitro, ERRα and ERRγ show opposing regulatory properties. The aim of this study was to examine the role of ERR in epigenetic processes in cells with altered level of secreted estrogens; mouse tumor Leydig cells and bank vole Leydig cells, respectively. In Leydig cells, ERRα and ERRγ were silenced via siRNA. mRNA and protein expression and protein localization of molecules required for miRNA biogenesis and function (Exportin 5, Dicer, Drosha and Argonaute 2; Ago2) were studied with the use of qRT-PCR, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. Global DNA methylation and histone deacetylation status together with estradiol secretion were determined with fluorometric, and immunoenzymatic assays. Regardless of ERR type knockdown in tumor Leydig cells, downregulation (P < 0.05; P < 0.01; P < 0.001) of Exportin5, Dicer, Drosha but not Ago2 was revealed while at protein level only Drosha was downregulated (P < 0.01) by both ERRα and ERRγ. Oppositely, Exportin5, Dicer and Ago2 showed ERR type-dependent regulation (downregulation; P < 0.01 by ERRα and upregulation; P < 0.01; P < 0.001 by ERRγ). In ERR-silenced vole Leydig cells, expression of Exportin5, endonucleases and Ago2 was not changed. Immunolocalization of Dicer and Ago2 was independent of the cell origin in contrast to localization of Exportin5 and Drosha which was dependent on the cell origin and ERR type knockdown. Absence of ERR effected on cell methylation status (ERRα increased it; P < 0.01 while ERRγ decreased it; P < 0.01, P < 0.001) but it not changed histone deacetylates activity. ERRα and ERRγ silencing decreased (P < 0.01, P < 0.001) estradiol secretion in both tumor and vole Leydig cells. In mouse and bank vole Leydig cell, Exportin5, Dicer, Drosha and Ago2 expression as well as methylation status are regulated by ERR in a manner related to receptor type, molecule type, cell origin and level of secreted estrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Milon
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Knapczyk-Stwora
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Piotr Pawlicki
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Michal Duliban
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewelina Gorowska-Wojtowicz
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Kotula-Balak
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland; University Centre of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agriculture in Kraków, Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Barbara Bilinska
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
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Wen Z, Zou X, Xie X, Zheng S, Chen X, Zhu K, Dong S, Liang J, Huang X, Liu D, Wang Y, Liu Y, Wu J, Ying Y, Liu K, Lu C, Zhang B, Yang G, Jing C, Nie L. Association of Polymorphisms in miRNA Processing Genes With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Its Vascular Complications in a Southern Chinese Population. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:461. [PMID: 31354628 PMCID: PMC6639830 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the potential association between the genetic variants in miRNA processing genes (RAN, XPO5, DICER1, and TARBP2) and susceptibility to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its vascular complications, as well as to further investigate their interaction with environmental factors in type 2 diabetes. Methods: We conducted a case-control study in genotyping of five polymorphic loci, including RAN rs14035, XPO5 rs11077, DICER1 rs13078, DICER1 rs3742330, and TARBP2 rs784567, in miRNA processing genes to explore the risk factors for T2DM and diabetic vascular complications. Haplotype analyses, interactions of gene-gene and interactions of gene-environment were performed too. Results: We identified a 36% decreased risk of developing T2DM in individuals with the minor A allele in DICER1 rs13078 (OR: 0.64; 95%CI: 0.42-0.95; P: 0.026). The AA haplotype in DICER1 was also associated with a protective effect on T2DM compared with the AT haplotype (OR: 0.63; 95%CI: 0.42-0.94; P-value: 0.023). T2DM patients with the TT+TC genotype at RAN rs14035 had a 1.89-fold higher risk of developing macrovascular complications than patients with the CC genotype (OR: 1.89; 95%CI: 1.04-3.45; P-value: 0.037). We also identified two three-factor interaction models. One is a three-factor [DICER1 rs13078, body mass index (BMI), and triglyceride (TG)] interaction model for T2DM (OR: 5.93; 95%CI: 1.25-28.26; P = 0.025). Another three-factor [RAN rs14035, hypertension (HP), and duration of T2DM (DOD)] interaction model was found for macrovascular complications of T2DM (OR = 41.60, 95%CI = 11.75-147.35, P < 0.001). Conclusion: Our study provides new evidence that two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the miRNA processing genes, DICER1 and RAN, and their interactions with certain environmental factors might contribute to the risk of T2DM and its vascular complications in the southern Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Wen
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqian Zou
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Xie
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaoling Zheng
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojing Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kehui Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shirui Dong
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiayu Liang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiuxia Huang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dandan Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yumei Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuting Ying
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kailiang Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Congying Lu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baohuan Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Guang Yang
| | - Chunxia Jing
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Chunxia Jing
| | - Lihong Nie
- Department of Endocrine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Lihong Nie
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7
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Mansini AP, Lorenzo Pisarello MJ, Thelen KM, Cruz-Reyes M, Peixoto E, Jin S, Howard BN, Trussoni CE, Gajdos GB, LaRusso NF, Perugorria MJ, Banales JM, Gradilone SA. MicroRNA (miR)-433 and miR-22 dysregulations induce histone-deacetylase-6 overexpression and ciliary loss in cholangiocarcinoma. Hepatology 2018; 68:561-573. [PMID: 29406621 PMCID: PMC6078832 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cholangiocytes normally express primary cilia, a multisensory organelle that detects signals from the cellular environment. Cilia are significantly reduced in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) by a mechanism involving overexpression of histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6). Despite HDAC6 overexpression in CCA, we found no differences in its mRNA level, suggesting a posttranscriptional regulation, possibly involving microRNAs (miRNAs). Here, we describe that at least two HDAC6-targeting miRNAs, miR-433 and miR-22, are down-regulated in CCA both in vitro and in vivo. Experimental restoration of these miRNAs in CCA cells reduced HDAC6 expression, induced ciliary restoration, and decreased the malignant phenotype. Furthermore, in contrast to the mature forms, levels of precursor forms of these miRNAs were higher in CCA compared to normal cholangiocytes and accumulated in the nuclei, suggesting a defective nuclear export. We assessed the expression of Exportin-5, the protein responsible for transporting miRNA precursors out of the nucleus, and found it to be reduced by 50% in CCA compared to normal cholangiocytes. Experimental overexpression of Exportin-5 in CCA cells restored precursor and mature forms of these miRNAs to normal levels, inducing a decrease in the expression of HDAC6 and a decrease in the malignant phenotype. Conversely, short hairpin RNA (shRNA) depletion of Exportin-5 in normal cholangiocytes resulted in increased nuclear retention of precursor miRNAs, decreased mature miRNAs, increased cell proliferation, and shorter cilia. CONCLUSION These data suggest that down-regulated Exportin-5 impairs the nuclear export of miR-433 and miR-22 precursor forms, causing a decrease in levels of mature miR-433 and miR-22 forms, and leading to overexpression of HDAC6 and ciliary loss in CCA. (Hepatology 2018).
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian P. Mansini
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, USA,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Maria J. Lorenzo Pisarello
- Department of Medicine. Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. Mayo Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology. Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
| | | | | | - Estanislao Peixoto
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, USA,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Sujeong Jin
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, USA
| | - Brynn N. Howard
- Department of Medicine. Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. Mayo Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology. Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Christy E. Trussoni
- Department of Medicine. Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. Mayo Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology. Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Gabriella B. Gajdos
- Department of Medicine. Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. Mayo Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology. Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Nicholas F. LaRusso
- Department of Medicine. Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. Mayo Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology. Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Maria J. Perugorria
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute – Donostia University Hospital, Ikerbasque, CIBERehd, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Jesus M. Banales
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute – Donostia University Hospital, Ikerbasque, CIBERehd, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Sergio A. Gradilone
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, USA,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA,Address correspondence to Sergio A Gradilone, PhD. Section Leader “Cancer Cell Biology and Translational Research.” The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota. 801 16th Avenue NE. Austin, MN 55912, USA; Tel: +1-507-437-9628;
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8
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Association of variants of miRNA processing genes with cervical precancerous lesion risk in a southern Chinese population. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20171565. [PMID: 29853562 PMCID: PMC6435547 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20171565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The miRNA processing genes play essential roles in the biosynthesis of mammalian miRNAs, and their genetic variants are involved in the development of various cancers. Our study aimed to determine the potential association between miRNA processing gene polymorphisms and cervical precancerous lesions. Five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), including Ran-GTP (RAN) rs14035, exportin-5 (XPO5) rs11077, DICER1 rs3742330, DICER1 rs13078, and TARBP2 rs784567, were genotyped in a case-control study to estimate risk factors of cervical precancerous lesions. The gene-environment interactions and haplotype association were estimated. We identified a 27% decreased risk of cervical precancerous lesions for individuals with minor G allele in DICER1 rs3742330 (odds ratio (OR) = 0.73, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 0.58-0.92, P = 0.009). The AG and AG/GG genotypes in DICER1 rs3742330 were also found to decrease the risk of cervical precancerous lesions (AG compared with AA: OR = 0.51, 95% CI = 0.35-0.73, P <0.001; AG/GG compared with AA: OR = 0.54, 95% CI = 0.39-0.77, P = 0.001). The GT haplotype in DICER1 had a risk effect on cervical precancerous lesions compared with the AT haplotype (OR = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.08-1.73, P = 0.010). A two-factor (DICER1 rs3742330 and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection) and two three-factor (model 1: rs3742330, passive smoking, and HPV infection; model 2: rs3742330, abortion history, and HPV infection) interaction models for cervical precancerous lesions were identified. In conclusion, the genetic variants in the miRNA processing genes and interactions with certain environmental factors might contribute to the risk of cervical precancerous lesions in southern Chinese women.
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Khan M, Khan Z, Uddin Y, Mustafa S, Shaukat I, Pan J, Höti N. Evaluating the Oncogenic and Tumor Suppressor Role of XPO5 in Different Tissue Tumor Types. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2018; 19:1119-1125. [PMID: 29699373 PMCID: PMC6031805 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2018.19.4.1119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The miRNAs nuclear export protein XPO5 has been previously studied in several individual malignancies. In our
recent study we have demonstrated that excess levels of XPO5 enhanced the proliferation of prostate cancer cells.
Similarly, there are studies to support the inhibitory role of XPO5 in cancers. In order to evaluate discrepancies in the
expression levels of XPO5 in differential tumor types, we quantified the expression of XPO5 using gene expression
RNA-seq data for several tumor types which were independently confirmed by immunohistochemistry in multiple
organs cancer tissue microarray (TMAs) experiment. We found that while some tumors (Breast, Bladder, Lymph-node,
Lung, Esophagus and Ovary) showed higher differences between normal and malignant tumors in XPO5 expression,
there were tissues (Kidney and Brain) that have a significantly lower XPO5 expression in malignant tumors. We further
studies these observations of overexpression and down-regulation of XPO5 in breast and kidney cancer cell lines and
found that XPO5 might have a dual role in promoting or inhibiting tumor growth in different cancer tissue types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munazza Khan
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Kohat, Pakistan.
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10
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Joyce BT, Zheng Y, Zhang Z, Liu L, Kocherginsky M, Murphy R, Achenbach CJ, Musa J, Wehbe F, Just A, Shen J, Vokonas P, Schwartz J, Baccarelli AA, Hou L. miRNA-Processing Gene Methylation and Cancer Risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2018; 27:550-557. [PMID: 29475968 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-17-0849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Dysregulation of miRNA and methylation levels are epigenetic hallmarks of cancer, potentially linked via miRNA-processing genes. Studies have found genetic alterations to miRNA-processing genes in cancer cells and human population studies. Our objective was to prospectively examine changes in DNA methylation of miRNA-processing genes and their associations with cancer risk.Methods: We examined cohort data from the Department of Veterans' Affairs Normative Aging Study. Participants were assessed every 3 to 5 years starting in 1999 through 2013 including questionnaires, medical record review, and blood collection. Blood from 686 consenting participants was analyzed using the Illumina 450K BeadChip array to measure methylation at CpG sites throughout the genome. We selected 19 genes based on a literature review, with 519 corresponding CpG sites. We then used Cox proportional hazards models to examine associations with cancer incidence, and generalized estimating equations to examine associations with cancer prevalence. Associations at false discovery rate < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.Results: Methylation of three CpGs (DROSHA: cg23230564, TNRC6B: cg06751583, and TNRC6B: cg21034183) was prospectively associated with time to cancer development (positively for cg06751583, inversely for cg23230564 and cg21034183), whereas methylation of one CpG site (DROSHA: cg16131300) was positively associated with cancer prevalence.Conclusions: DNA methylation of DROSHA, a key miRNA-processing gene, and TNRC6B may play a role in early carcinogenesis.Impact: Changes in miRNA processing may exert multiple effects on cancer development, including protecting against it via altered global miRNAs, and may be a useful early detection biomarker of cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 27(5); 550-7. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T Joyce
- Center for Population Epigenetics, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.
| | - Yinan Zheng
- Center for Population Epigenetics, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.,Institute for Public Health and Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Zhou Zhang
- Center for Population Epigenetics, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Lei Liu
- Center for Population Epigenetics, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Masha Kocherginsky
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Robert Murphy
- Center for Global Health, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Chad J Achenbach
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jonah Musa
- Center for Global Health, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.,Health Sciences Integrated Program, Center for Healthcare Studies, Institute of Public Health and Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - Firas Wehbe
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Allan Just
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Jincheng Shen
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Pantel Vokonas
- VA Normative Aging Study, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System and the Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Joel Schwartz
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrea A Baccarelli
- Departments of Epidemiology and Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York
| | - Lifang Hou
- Center for Population Epigenetics, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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11
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Yang X, Dinuka Abeydeera N, Liu FW, Egli M. Origins of the enhanced affinity of RNA-protein interactions triggered by RNA phosphorodithioate backbone modification. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:10508-10511. [PMID: 28868553 PMCID: PMC5608642 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc05722a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The well-characterized interaction between the MS2 coat protein and its cognate RNA hairpin was used to evaluate changes in affinity as a result of phosphorodithioate (PS2) replacing phosphate by biolayer interferometry (BLI). A structure-based analysis of the data provides insights into the origins of the enhanced affinity of RNA-protein interactions triggered by the PS2 moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianbin Yang
- AM Biotechnologies, LLC, 12521 Gulf Freeway, Houston, TX 77034, USA.
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12
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Yang X. Solid-Phase Synthesis of RNA Analogs Containing Phosphorodithioate Linkages. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 70:4.77.1-4.77.13. [PMID: 28921494 DOI: 10.1002/cpnc.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The oligoribonucleotide phosphorodithioate (PS2-RNA) modification uses two sulfur atoms to replace two non-bridging oxygen atoms at an internucleotide phosphorodiester backbone linkage. Like a natural phosphodiester RNA backbone linkage, a PS2-modified backbone linkage is achiral at phosphorus. PS2-RNAs are highly stable to nucleases and several in vitro assays have demonstrated their biological activity. For example, PS2-RNAs silenced mRNA in vitro and bound to protein targets in the form of PS2-aptamers (thioaptamers). Thus, the interest in and promise of PS2-RNAs has drawn attention to synthesizing, isolating, and characterizing these compounds. RNA-thiophosphoramidite monomers are commercially available from AM Biotechnologies and this unit describes an effective methodology for solid-phase synthesis, deprotection, and purification of RNAs having PS2 internucleotide linkages. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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13
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Wen J, Gao Q, Wang N, Zhang W, Cao K, Zhang Q, Chen S, Shi L. Association of microRNA-related gene XPO5 rs11077 polymorphism with susceptibility to thyroid cancer. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e6351. [PMID: 28383405 PMCID: PMC5411189 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000006351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Exportin 5 (XPO5) is a microRNA (miRNA)-related nuclear export protein, and its disorder may lead to the dysregulation of miRNAs. Recent studies have demonstrated that the aberrant expression of XPO5 might participate in carcinogenesis in certain cancers. However, there is only limited information of XPO5 in thyroid cancer (TC) development. In our study, we quantified the expression level of XPO5 by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 64 TC patients' cancer tissues and adjacent normal tissues. After confirming the XPO5 expression, we evaluated the association between XPO5 potential functional single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and risk of TC in a Chinese population (1140 cases vs 1230 controls). Finally, luciferase assays were performed to investigate the function of the SNP in XPO5 3' untranslation region. The message ribonucleic acid (RNA) levels of XPO5 were significantly lower in cancer tissues than normal tissues (P = 0.004). In SNPs screening, only 1 noble SNP rs11077 was identified in XPO5 functional region. The results in our case-control study also confirmed that XPO5 rs11077 was significantly associated with onset of TC (GT/GG vs TT P = 0.035, adjusted odds ratio = 1.25, 95% confidence interval = 1.02-1.54). The adverse influence of this polymorphism was mainly observed in age >45 years (P = 0.028), female (P = 0.020), T1 staging (P = 0.026), N1 (P = 0.038), metastasis (P = 0.031 M0, and P = 0.035 for M1), and early stage (I + II) (P = 0.021). A following luciferase test revealed the critical role of rs11077 for triggering the XPO5 expression. Furthermore, patients with G allele of rs11077 showed lower XPO5 expression level. XPO5 SNP rs11077 influences the expression of XPO5, and this SNP could also be a potential biomarker for the diagnosis of TC in clinical, especially in Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wen
- Ultrasonic Center, The Hospital Affiliated to Guizhou Medical University
- Department of Pathophysiology, The Institute of Basic Medical, Guizhou Medical University
| | - Qingjun Gao
- Department of Thyroid Surgical, The Hospital Affiliated to Guizhou Medical University
| | - Nanpeng Wang
- Department of Thyroid Surgical, The Hospital Affiliated to Guizhou Medical University
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Thyroid Surgical, The Hospital Affiliated to Guizhou Medical University
| | - Kun Cao
- Head and Neck Tumors Surgery, The Tumor Hospital of Guizhou Province
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Head and Neck Tumors Surgery, The Tumor Hospital of Guizhou Province
| | - Shi Chen
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina Charlotte, Charlotte, NC
| | - Lixin Shi
- Department of Pathophysiology, The Institute of Basic Medical, Guizhou Medical University
- Department of Endocrine, The Hospital Affiliated to Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
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14
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Dattilo V, D’Antona L, Talarico C, Capula M, Catalogna G, Iuliano R, Schenone S, Roperto S, Bianco C, Perrotti N, Amato R. SGK1 affects RAN/RANBP1/RANGAP1 via SP1 to play a critical role in pre-miRNA nuclear export: a new route of epigenomic regulation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45361. [PMID: 28358001 PMCID: PMC5371792 DOI: 10.1038/srep45361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The serum- and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase (SGK1) controls cell transformation and tumor progression. SGK1 affects mitotic stability by regulating the expression of RANBP1/RAN. Here, we demonstrate that SGK1 fluctuations indirectly modify the maturation of pre-miRNAs, by modulating the equilibrium of the RAN/RANBP1/RANGAP1 axis, the main regulator of nucleo-cytoplasmic transport. The levels of pre-miRNAs and mature miRNAs were assessed by qRT-PCR, in total extracts and after differential nuclear/cytoplasmic extraction. RANBP1 expression is the limiting step in the regulation of SGK1-SP1 dependent nuclear export. These results were validated in unrelated tumor models and primary human fibroblasts and corroborated in tumor-engrafted nude mice. The levels of pri-miRNAs, DROSHA, DICER and the compartmental distribution of XPO5 were documented. Experiments using RANGTP conformational antibodies confirmed that SGK1, through RANBP1, decreases the level of the GTP-bound state of RAN. This novel mechanism may play a role in the epigenomic regulation of cell physiology and fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Dattilo
- University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Dept. of “Scienze della Salute”, Viale Europa Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Lucia D’Antona
- University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Dept. of “Scienze della Salute”, Viale Europa Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Cristina Talarico
- University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Dept. of “Scienze della Salute”, Viale Europa Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Mjriam Capula
- University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Dept. of “Scienze della Salute”, Viale Europa Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giada Catalogna
- University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Dept. of “Scienze della Salute”, Viale Europa Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Iuliano
- University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Dept. of “Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica”, Viale Europa Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Silvia Schenone
- University of Genova, Dept of Farmacia, Viale Benedetto XV 3, Genova, Italy
| | - Sante Roperto
- University “Federico II” of Naple, Dept of Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Via Federico Delpino 1, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Cataldo Bianco
- University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Dept. of “Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica”, Viale Europa Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Nicola Perrotti
- University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Dept. of “Scienze della Salute”, Viale Europa Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Rosario Amato
- University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Dept. of “Scienze della Salute”, Viale Europa Catanzaro, Italy
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15
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Abstract
Small evolutionarily conserved noncoding RNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs), regulate gene expression either by translational repression or by mRNA degradation in mammals. miRNAs play functional roles in diverse physiological and pathological processes. miRNA processing is accurately regulated through multifarious factors. The canonical miRNA processing pathway consists of four sequential steps: (a) miRNA gene is transcribed into primary miRNA (pri-miRNA) mainly by RNA polymerase II; (b) pri-miRNA is processed into precursor miRNA (pre-miRNA) through microprocessor complex; (c) pre-miRNA is exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm with the assistance of Exportin 5 (EXP5/XP05) protein; and (d) pre-miRNA is further processed into mature miRNA via Dicer. Emerging evidence has also demonstrated that some miRNAs undergo alternative processing pathways. Dysregulation of miRNA processing is closely related to tumorigenesis. Here, we review the current advances in the knowledge of miRNA processing and briefly discuss its impact on human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Jiang
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Wei Yan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
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16
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MicroRNA Processing and Human Cancer. J Clin Med 2015; 4:1651-67. [PMID: 26308063 PMCID: PMC4555082 DOI: 10.3390/jcm4081651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs of 20 to 25 nucleotides that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally mainly by binding to a specific sequence of the 3′ end of the untranslated region (3′UTR) of target genes. Since the first report on the clinical relevance of miRNAs in cancer, many miRNAs have been demonstrated to act as oncogenes, whereas others function as tumor suppressors. Furthermore, global miRNA dysregulation, due to alterations in miRNA processing factors, has been observed in a large variety of human cancer types. As previous studies have shown, the sequential miRNA processing can be divided into three steps: processing by RNAse in the nucleus; transportation by Exportin-5 (XPO5) from the nucleus; and processing by the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) in the cytoplasm. Alteration in miRNA processing genes, by genomic mutations, aberrant expression or other means, could significantly affect cancer initiation, progression and metastasis. In this review, we focus on the biogenesis of miRNAs with emphasis on the potential of miRNA processing factors in human cancers.
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17
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Romero-Cordoba SL, Salido-Guadarrama I, Rodriguez-Dorantes M, Hidalgo-Miranda A. miRNA biogenesis: biological impact in the development of cancer. Cancer Biol Ther 2015; 15:1444-55. [PMID: 25482951 PMCID: PMC4622859 DOI: 10.4161/15384047.2014.955442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) are non coding RNAs with different biological functions and pathological implications. Given their role as post-transcriptional gene expression regulators, they are involved in several important physiological processes like development, cell differentiation and cell signaling. miRNAs act as modulators of gene expression programs in different diseases, particularly in cancer, where they act through the repression of genes which are critical for carcinogenesis. The expression level of mature miRNAs is the result of a fine mechanism of biogenesis, carried out by different enzymatic complexes that exert their function at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. In this review, we will focus our discussion on the alterations in the miRNA biogenesis machinery, and its impact on the establishment and development of cancer programs.
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Key Words
- Ago2, Argonaute 2 protein
- Ars2, Arsenic Resistance protein 2
- DGCR8, DiGeorge syndrome Critical Region 8 protein
- EMT, epithelial–mesenchymal transition
- KSRP, KH-type splicing regulatory protein
- MK2, MAPK-activated protein kinase 2
- PABP, poly(A)-binding protein
- PACT, kinase R–activating protein
- PRC2, Polycomb repressor complex
- RISC, RNA-induced silencing complex
- TRBP, TAR RNA binding protein
- TUT4, terminal uridine transferase-4
- XPO5, exportin 5
- cancer
- cellular signaling
- circRNA, circular RNA
- hnRNPs, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins
- miRNA biogenesis
- miRNAs, microRNAs
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18
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Kavitha N, Vijayarathna S, Jothy SL, Oon CE, Chen Y, Kanwar JR, Sasidharan S. MicroRNAs: biogenesis, roles for carcinogenesis and as potential biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 15:7489-97. [PMID: 25292018 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.18.7489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs of 20-24 nucleotides that play important roles in carcinogenesis. Accordingly, miRNAs control numerous cancer-relevant biological events such as cell proliferation, cell cycle control, metabolism and apoptosis. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge and concepts concerning the biogenesis of miRNAs, miRNA roles in cancer and their potential as biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis including the regulation of key cancer-related pathways, such as cell cycle control and miRNA dysregulation. Moreover, microRNA molecules are already receiving the attention of world researchers as therapeutic targets and agents. Therefore, in-depth knowledge of microRNAs has the potential not only to identify their roles in cancer, but also to exploit them as potential biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and identify therapeutic targets for new drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nowroji Kavitha
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia E-mail :
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19
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Yamamoto H, Imai K. Microsatellite instability: an update. Arch Toxicol 2015; 89:899-921. [PMID: 25701956 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1474-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Deficient DNA mismatch repair (MMR) results in a strong mutator phenotype known as microsatellite instability (MSI), which is a hallmark of Lynch syndrome-associated cancers. MSI is characterized by length alterations within simple repeated sequences that are called microsatellites. Lynch syndrome is primarily caused by mutations in the MMR genes, mainly MLH1 and MSH2, and less frequently in MSH6, and rarely PMS2, and large genomic rearrangements account for 5-20 % of all mutations. Germ line hemiallelic methylations of MLH1 or MSH2 are termed as epimutations and have been identified as causative of Lynch syndrome. Moreover, germ line 3' deletions of EPCAM gene is involved in MSH2 methylation. MSI is also observed in about 15 % of sporadic colorectal cancer (CRC), gastric cancer (GC), and endometrial cancer (EC), and at lower frequencies in other cancers, often in association with hypermethylation of the MLH1 gene. Trimethylation of histone H3 on Lys36 (H3K36 me3) is an epigenetic histone mark that was required for DNA MMR in vivo. Thus, mutations in the H3K36 trimethyltransferase SETD2 have been reported as a potential cause of MSI. Genetic, epigenetic, and transcriptomic differences have been identified between cancers with and without MSI. Recent comprehensive molecular characterizations of CRC, EC, and GC by The Cancer Genome Atlas indicate that MSI+ cancers are distinct biological entities. The BRAF V600E mutation is specifically associated with sporadic MSI+ CRCs with methylated MLH1, but is not associated with Lynch syndrome-related CRCs. Accumulating evidence indicates a role of interactions between MSI and microRNA (miRNA) in the pathogenesis of MSI-positive (MSI+) cancer. As another new mechanism underlying MSI, overexpression of miR-155 or miR-21 has been shown to downregulate the expression of the MMR genes. Gene targets of frameshift mutations caused by MSI are involved in various cellular functions, including DNA repair (MSH3 and MSH6), cell signaling (TGFBR2 and ACVR2A), apoptosis (BAX), epigenetic regulation (HDAC2 and ARID1A), and miRNA processing (TARBP2 and XPO5), and a subset of MSI+ CRCs reportedly shows the mutated miRNA machinery phenotype. Moreover, microsatellite repeats in miRNA genes, such as hsa-miR-1273c, may be novel MSI targets for CRC, and mutations in noncoding regulatory regions of MRE11, BAX (BaxΔ2), and HSP110 (HSP110ΔE9) may affect the efficiency of chemotherapy. Thus, analyses of MSI and its related molecular alterations in cancers are increasingly relevant in clinical settings, and MSI is a useful screening marker for identifying patients with Lynch syndrome and a prognostic factor for chemotherapeutic interventions. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the pathogenesis of MSI and focus on genome-wide analyses that indicate the potential use of MSI and related alterations as biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Yamamoto
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, 216-8511, Japan,
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20
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Circulating biomarkers in renal cell carcinoma: the link between microRNAs and extracellular vesicles, where are we now? J Kidney Cancer VHL 2014; 1:84-98. [PMID: 28326253 PMCID: PMC5345530 DOI: 10.15586/jkcvhl.2014.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a lethal urological cancer, with incidence and mortality rates increasing by 2-3% per decade. The lack of standard screening tests contributes to the fact that one-third of patients are diagnosed with locally invasive or metastatic disease. Moreover, 20-40% of RCC patients submitted to surgical nephrectomy will develop metastasis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs responsible for gene regulation at a post-transcriptional level. It is accepted that they are deregulated in cancer and can influence tumor development. Thus, miRNAs are promising RCC biomarkers, since they can be detected using non-invasive methods. They are highly stable and easier to quantify in circulating biofluids. The elevated miRNA stability in circulating samples may be the consequence of their capacity to circulate inside of extracellular microvesicles (EMVs), for example, the exosomes. The EMVs are bilayered membrane vesicles secreted by all cell types. They can be released in the interstitial space or into circulating biofluids, which allows the travelling, binding and entrance of these vesicles in receptor cells. This type of cell communication can shuttle bioactive molecules between cells, allowing the horizontal transference of genetic material. In this review, we focus on circulating miRNAs (miR-210, miR-1233, miR-221, miR-15a, miR-451, miR-508, miR-378) in the biofluids of RCC patients and attempt to establish the diagnostic and prognostic accuracy, their synergic effects, and the pathways involved in RCC biology.
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21
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Izumi H, Kosaka N, Shimizu T, Sekine K, Ochiya T, Takase M. Time-dependent expression profiles of microRNAs and mRNAs in rat milk whey. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88843. [PMID: 24533154 PMCID: PMC3923055 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional RNAs, such as microRNA (miRNA) and mRNA, are present in milk, but their roles are unknown. To clarify the roles of milk RNAs, further studies using experimental animals such as rats are needed. However, it is unclear whether rat milk also contains functional RNAs and what their time dependent expression profiles are. Thus, we prepared total RNA from whey isolated from rat milk collected on days 2, 9, and 16 postpartum and analyzed using microarrays and quantitative PCR. The concentration of RNA in colostrum whey (day 2) was markedly higher than that in mature milk whey (days 9 and 16). Microarray analysis detected 161 miRNAs and 10,948 mRNA transcripts. Most of the miRNAs and mRNA transcripts were common to all tested milks. Finally, we selected some immune- and development-related miRNAs and mRNAs, and analysed them by quantitative PCR (in equal sample volumes) to determine their time-dependent changes in expression in detail. Some were significantly more highly expressed in colostrum whey than in mature milk whey, but some were expressed equally. And mRNA expression levels of some cytokines and hormones did not reflect the protein levels. It is still unknown whether RNAs in milk play biological roles in neonates. However, our data will help guide future in vivo studies using experimental animals such as rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirohisa Izumi
- Nutritional Science Institute, Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd., Zama, Kanagawa, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Nobuyoshi Kosaka
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Shimizu
- Nutritional Science Institute, Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd., Zama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazunori Sekine
- Nutritional Science Institute, Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd., Zama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ochiya
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Takase
- Nutritional Science Institute, Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd., Zama, Kanagawa, Japan
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22
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Association of polymorphisms in microRNA machinery genes (DROSHA, DICER1, RAN, and XPO5) with risk of idiopathic primary ovarian insufficiency in Korean women. Menopause 2013; 20:1067-73. [DOI: 10.1097/gme.0b013e3182883907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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23
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Van Roosbroeck K, Pollet J, Calin GA. miRNAs and long noncoding RNAs as biomarkers in human diseases. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2013; 13:183-204. [PMID: 23477558 DOI: 10.1586/erm.12.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are transcripts that have no apparent protein-coding capacity; however, many ncRNAs have been found to play a major biological role in human physiology. Their deregulation is implicated in many human diseases, but their exact roles are only beginning to be elucidated. Nevertheless, ncRNAs are extensively studied as a novel source of biomarkers, and the fact that they can be detected in body fluids makes them extremely suitable for this purpose. The authors mainly focus on ncRNAs as biomarkers in cancer, but also touch on other human diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, autoimmune diseases, neurological disorders and infectious diseases. The authors discuss the established methods and provide a selection of emerging new techniques that can be used to detect and quantify ncRNAs. Finally, the authors discuss ncRNAs as a new strategy for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrien Van Roosbroeck
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Unit 1950, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1881 East Road, Houston, TX 77054, USA
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24
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Alajez NM, Shi W, Wong D, Lenarduzzi M, Waldron J, Weinreb I, Liu FF. Lin28b promotes head and neck cancer progression via modulation of the insulin-like growth factor survival pathway. Oncotarget 2013; 3:1641-52. [PMID: 23482325 PMCID: PMC3681501 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lin28 is a developmentally regulated RNA binding protein which has recently emerged as key regulator in the biogenesis of the let-7 micro-RNA family. While the expression of Lin28b has been linked to advanced tumor stage, the precise molecular mechanism(s) by which Lin28b drives disease progression is still being unraveled. Herein, we generated a let-7-resistant Lin28b ORF, stably expressed in the FaDu head and neck cancer (HNC) cell line. FaDu-Lin28b cells exhibited enhanced tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. Global gene and micro-RNA expression analyses revealed significant enrichment in several pathways involved in cell migration, chromatin remodeling, and cellular stress response. Direct regulation of selected genes (HMGA2, CCND2, IGF1R, and IGF2BP2) via a let-7-Lin28b mechanism was validated. Notably, up-regulation of several genes in the IGF pathway in Lin28b-expressing cells was observed. Functional studies revealed significant increase in the survival of Lin28b-expressing cells when cultured under stress conditions, which was dependent on the presence of IGF1. Therefore, our data identified several novel gene targets for Lin28b-let7, and revealed a novel mechanism by which Lin28b promote tumorigenesis. Concordantly, clinical examinations of Lin28b, IGF2BP2 and IGF2 revealed a significant association between the expression of these genes with disease relapse, thereby corroborating the potential relevance for the Lin28b/IGF axis in HNC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehad M Alajez
- Stem Cell Unit, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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25
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Ling H, Zhang W, Calin GA. Principles of microRNA involvement in human cancers. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2013; 30:739-48. [PMID: 22035854 PMCID: PMC4013296 DOI: 10.5732/cjc.011.10243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Naturally occurring microRNAs (miRNAs), small non-coding RNAs of 19 to 24 nucleotides (nt), are encoded in the genomes of invertebrates, vertebrates, and plants. miRNAs act as regulators of gene expression during development and differentiation at the transcriptional, posttranscriptional, and/or translational levels, although most target genes are still elusive. Many miRNAs are conserved in sequence between distantly related organisms, suggesting that these molecules participate in essential processes. In this review, we present principles related to the basic and translational research that has emerged in the last decade, a period that can be truly considered the “miRNA revolution” in molecular oncology. These principles include the regulation mechanism of miRNA expression, functions of miRNAs in cancers, diagnostic values and therapeutic potentials of miRNAs. Furthermore, we present a compendium of information about the main miRNAs that have been identified in the last several years as playing important roles in cancers. Also, we orient the reader to several additional reviews that may provide a deeper understanding of this new and exciting field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ling
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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26
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Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) and posttranscriptional gene regulators shown to be involved in pathogenesis of all types of human cancers. Their aberrant expression as tumor suppressors can lead to cancerogenesis by inhibiting malignant potential, or when acting as oncogenes, by activating malignant potential. Differential expression of miRNA genes in tumorous tissues can occur owing to several factors including positional effects when mapping to cancer-associated genomic regions, epigenetic mechanisms, and malfunctioning of the miRNA processing machinery, all of which can contribute to a complex miRNA-mediated gene network misregulation. They may increase or decrease expression of protein-coding genes, can target 3'-UTR or other genic regions (5'-UTR, promoter, coding sequences), and can function in various subcellular compartments, developmental, and metabolic processes. Because expanding research on miRNA-cancer associations has already produced large amounts of data, our main objective here was to summarize main findings and critically examine the intricate network connecting the miRNAs and coding genes in regulatory mechanisms and their function and phenotypic consequences for cancer. By examining such interactions, we aimed to gain insights for the development of new diagnostic markers as well as identification of potential venues for more selective tumor therapy. To enable efficient examination of the main past and current miRNA discoveries, we developed a Web-based miRNA timeline tool that will be regularly updated (http://www.integratomics-time.com/miRNA_timeline). Further development of this tool will be directed at providing additional analyses to clarify complex network interactions between miRNAs, other classes of ncRNAs, and protein-coding genes and their involvement in development of diseases including cancer. This tool therefore provides curated relevant information about the miRNA basic research and therapeutic application all at hand on one site to help researchers and clinicians in making informed decision about their miRNA cancer-related research or clinical practice.
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27
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Brzeziańska E, Dutkowska A, Antczak A. The significance of epigenetic alterations in lung carcinogenesis. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 40:309-25. [PMID: 23086271 PMCID: PMC3518808 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-2063-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is recognized as a leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide and its frequency is still increasing. The prognosis in lung cancer is poor and limited by the difficulties of diagnosis at early stage of disease, when it is amenable to surgery treatment. Therefore, the advance in identification of lung cancer genetic and epigenetic markers with diagnostic and/or prognostic values becomes an important tool for future molecular oncology and personalized therapy. As in case of other tumors, aberrant epigenetic landscape has been documented also in lung cancer, both at early and late stage of carcinogenesis. Hypermethylation of specific genes, mainly tumor suppressor genes, as well as hypomethylation of oncogenes and retrotransposons, associated with histopathological subtypes of lung cancer, has been found. Epigenetic aberrations of histone proteins and, especially, the lower global levels of histone modifications have been associated with poorer clinical outcome in lung cancer. The recently discovered role of epigenetic modifications of microRNA expression in tumors has been also proven in lung carcinogenesis. The identified epigenetic events in lung cancer contribute to its specific epigenotype and correlated phenotypic features. So far, some of them have been suggested to be cancer biomarkers for early detection, disease monitoring, prognosis, and risk assessment. As epigenetic aberrations are reversible, their correction has emerged as a promising therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Brzeziańska
- Department of Molecular Bases of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Pomorska St. 251, 92-213 Lodz, Poland.
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28
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Peyrou M, Ramadori P, Bourgoin L, Foti M. PPARs in Liver Diseases and Cancer: Epigenetic Regulation by MicroRNAs. PPAR Res 2012; 2012:757803. [PMID: 23024649 PMCID: PMC3449131 DOI: 10.1155/2012/757803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-activated nuclear receptors that exert in the liver a transcriptional activity regulating a whole spectrum of physiological functions, including cholesterol and bile acid homeostasis, lipid/glucose metabolism, inflammatory responses, regenerative mechanisms, and cell differentiation/proliferation. Dysregulations of the expression, or activity, of specific PPAR isoforms in the liver are therefore believed to represent critical mechanisms contributing to the development of hepatic metabolic diseases, disorders induced by hepatic viral infections, and hepatocellular adenoma and carcinoma. In this regard, specific PPAR agonists have proven to be useful to treat these metabolic diseases, but for cancer therapies, the use of PPAR agonists is still debated. Interestingly, in addition to previously described mechanisms regulating PPARs expression and activity, microRNAs are emerging as new important regulators of PPAR expression and activity in pathophysiological conditions and therefore may represent future therapeutic targets to treat hepatic metabolic disorders and cancers. Here, we reviewed the current knowledge about the general roles of the different PPAR isoforms in common chronic metabolic and infectious liver diseases, as well as in the development of hepatic cancers. Recent works highlighting the regulation of PPARs by microRNAs in both physiological and pathological situations with a focus on the liver are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Peyrou
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Centre Médical Universiatire (CMU), 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pierluigi Ramadori
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Centre Médical Universiatire (CMU), 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lucie Bourgoin
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Centre Médical Universiatire (CMU), 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Michelangelo Foti
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Centre Médical Universiatire (CMU), 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
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29
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Zardo G, Ciolfi A, Vian L, Billi M, Racanicchi S, Grignani F, Nervi C. Transcriptional targeting by microRNA-polycomb complexes: a novel route in cell fate determination. Cell Cycle 2012; 11:3543-9. [PMID: 22895111 PMCID: PMC3478304 DOI: 10.4161/cc.21468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in the understanding of the epigenetic events underlying the regulation of developmental genes expression and cell lineage commitment are revealing novel regulatory networks. These also involve distinct components of the epigenetic pathways, including chromatin histone modification, DNA methylation, repression by polycomb complexes and microRNAs. Changes in chromatin structure, DNA methylation status and microRNA expression levels represent flexible, reversible and heritable mechanisms for the maintenance of stem cell states and cell fate decisions. We recently provided novel evidence showing that microRNAs, besides determining the post-transcriptional gene silencing of their targets, also bind to evolutionarily conserved complementary genomic seed-matches present on target gene promoters. At these sites, microRNAs can function as a critical interface between chromatin remodeling complexes and the genome for transcriptional gene silencing. Here, we discuss our novel findings supporting a role of the transcriptional chromatin targeting by polycomb-microRNA complexes in lineage fate determination of human hematopoietic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Zardo
- Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
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30
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Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) belong to an abundant class of highly conserved small (22nt) non-coding RNAs. MiRNA profiling studies indicate that their expression is highly cell type-dependent. DICER1 is an essential RNase III endoribonuclease for miRNA processing. Hematopoietic cell type- and developmental stage-specific Dicer1 deletion models show that miRNAs are essential regulators of cellular survival, differentiation and function. For instance, miRNA deficiency in hematopoietic stem cells and progenitors of different origins results in decreased cell survival, dramatic developmental aberrations or dysfunctions in mice. We recently found that homozygous Dicer1 deletion in myeloid-committed progenitors results in an aberrant expression of stem cell genes and induces a regained self-renewal capacity. Moreover, Dicer1 deletion causes a block in macrophage development and myeloid dysplasia, a cellular condition that may be considered as a preleukemic state. However, Dicer1-null cells do not develop leukemia in mice, indicating that depletion of miRNAs is not enough for tumorigenesis. Surprisingly, we found that heterozygous Dicer1 deletion in myeloid-committed progenitors, but not Dicer1 knockout, collaborates with p53 deletion in leukemic progression and results in various types of leukemia. Our data indicate that Dicer1 is a haploinsufficient tumorsuppressor in hematopoietic neoplasms, which is consistent with the observed downregulation of miRNA expression in human leukemia samples. Here, we review the various hematopoietic specific Dicer1 deletion mouse models and the phenotypes observed within the different hematopoietic lineages and cell developmental stages. Finally, we discuss the role for DICER1 in mouse and human malignant hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mir Farshid Alemdehy
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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31
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Bell RE, Levy C. The three M's: melanoma, microphthalmia-associated transcription factor and microRNA. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2012; 24:1088-106. [PMID: 22004179 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2011.00931.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Studies examining intratumor heterogeneity have indicated that several cancer types, including melanoma, can display phenotypic plasticity, corresponding to their capacity to undergo transient reversible cellular changes. Conceptual models constructed to explain the process of cancer propagation differ in their treatment of intratumor heterogeneity. Recent observations of reversible phenotypic heterogeneity in melanoma have led to the proposal of a novel 'phenotypic plasticity' model of cancer propagation. Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), the melanocyte 'lineage-specific' transcription factor, has emerged as one of the central players in melanoma phenotypic plasticity. Here we discuss the conceptual models suggested to explain the relations between MITF and melanoma plasticity, in addition to the complex regulatory roles that MITF plays in melanocytes and melanoma development. Finally, we provide an in-depth literature survey of microRNAs (miRNAs) involved in MITF activity, melanoma propagation and metastasis, in addition to their potential use as agents of personalized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Bell
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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32
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Nohata N, Hanazawa T, Enokida H, Seki N. microRNA-1/133a and microRNA-206/133b clusters: dysregulation and functional roles in human cancers. Oncotarget 2012; 3:9-21. [PMID: 22308266 PMCID: PMC3292888 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous short non-coding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression by repressing translation or cleaving RNA transcripts in a sequence-specific manner. A growing body of evidence suggests that miRNAs are aberrantly expressed in many human cancers and that they play significant roles in the initiation, development and metastasis of human cancers. Genome-wide miRNA expression signatures provide information on the aberrant expression of miRNAs in cancers rapidly and precisely. Recently, studies from our group and others revealed that microRNA-1 (miR-1), microRNA-133a (miR-133a), microRNA-133b (miR-133b) and microRNA-206 (miR-206) are frequently downregulated in various types of cancers. Interestingly, miR-1-1/miR-133a-2, miR-1-2/miR-133a-1, and miR-206/miR-133b form homologous clusters in three different chromosomal regions of the human genome – 20q13.33, 18q11.2 and 6p12.2, respectively. Here we review recent findings on the aberrant expression and functional significance of the miR-1/miR-133a and miR-206/miR-133b clusters in human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nijiro Nohata
- Department of Functional Genomics, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
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33
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Yamamoto H, Adachi Y, Taniguchi H, Kunimoto H, Nosho K, Suzuki H, Shinomura Y. Interrelationship between microsatellite instability and microRNA in gastrointestinal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:2745-55. [PMID: 22719182 PMCID: PMC3374977 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i22.2745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing understanding of the roles that microsatellite instability (MSI) plays in Lynch syndrome (by mutations) and sporadic (by mainly epigenetic changes) gastrointestinal (GI) and other cancers. Deficient DNA mismatch repair (MMR) results in the strong mutator phenotype known as MSI, which is the hallmark of cancers arising within Lynch syndrome. MSI is characterized by length alterations within simple repeated sequences called microsatellites. Lynch syndrome occurs primarily because of germline mutations in one of the MMR genes, mainly MLH1 or MSH2, less frequently MSH6, and rarely PMS2. MSI is also observed in about 15% of sporadic colorectal, gastric, and endometrial cancers and in lower frequencies in a minority of other cancers where it is often associated with the hypermethylation of the MLH1 gene. miRNAs are small noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression at the posttranscriptional level and are critical in many biological processes and cellular pathways. There is accumulating evidence to support the notion that the interrelationship between MSI and miRNA plays a key role in the pathogenesis of GI cancer. As a possible new mechanism underlying MSI, overexpression of miR-155 has been shown to downregulate expression of MLH1, MSH2, and MSH6. Thus, a subset of MSI-positive (MSI+) cancers without known MMR defects may result from miR-155 overexpression. Target genes of frameshift mutation for MSI are involved in various cellular functions, such as DNA repair, cell signaling, and apoptosis. A novel class of target genes that included not only epigenetic modifier genes, such as HDAC2, but also miRNA processing machinery genes, including TARBP2 and XPO5, were found to be mutated in MSI+ GI cancers. Thus, a subset of MSI+ colorectal cancers (CRCs) has been proposed to exhibit a mutated miRNA machinery phenotype. Genetic, epigenetic, and transcriptomic differences exist between MSI+ and MSI− cancers. Molecular signatures of miRNA expression apparently have the potential to distinguish between MSI+ and MSI− CRCs. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the MSI pathogenesis of GI cancer, with the focus on its relationship with miRNA as well as on the potential to use MSI and related alterations as biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets.
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34
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Ryland GL, Bearfoot JL, Doyle MA, Boyle SE, Choong DYH, Rowley SM, Tothill RW, Gorringe KL, Campbell IG. MicroRNA genes and their target 3'-untranslated regions are infrequently somatically mutated in ovarian cancers. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35805. [PMID: 22536442 PMCID: PMC3334977 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs are key regulators of gene expression and have been shown to have altered expression in a variety of cancer types, including epithelial ovarian cancer. MiRNA function is most often achieved through binding to the 3′-untranslated region of the target protein coding gene. Mutation screening using massively-parallel sequencing of 712 miRNA genes in 86 ovarian cancer cases identified only 5 mutated miRNA genes, each in a different case. One mutation was located in the mature miRNA, and three mutations were predicted to alter the secondary structure of the miRNA transcript. Screening of the 3′-untranslated region of 18 candidate cancer genes identified one mutation in each of AKT2, EGFR, ERRB2 and CTNNB1. The functional effect of these mutations is unclear, as expression data available for AKT2 and EGFR showed no increase in gene transcript. Mutations in miRNA genes and 3′-untranslated regions are thus uncommon in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina L. Ryland
- Victorian Breast Cancer Research Consortium Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Cancer Research, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jennifer L. Bearfoot
- Victorian Breast Cancer Research Consortium Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Maria A. Doyle
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Samantha E. Boyle
- Victorian Breast Cancer Research Consortium Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David Y. H. Choong
- Victorian Breast Cancer Research Consortium Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simone M. Rowley
- Victorian Breast Cancer Research Consortium Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Richard W. Tothill
- Molecular Genomics Core Facility, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kylie L. Gorringe
- Victorian Breast Cancer Research Consortium Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ian G. Campbell
- Victorian Breast Cancer Research Consortium Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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35
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Qi J, Rice SJ, Salzberg AC, Runkle EA, Liao J, Zander DS, Mu D. MiR-365 regulates lung cancer and developmental gene thyroid transcription factor 1. Cell Cycle 2012; 11:177-86. [PMID: 22185756 DOI: 10.4161/cc.11.1.18576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF-1 or NKX2-1) is an essential fetal lung developmental factor, which can be recurrently activated by gene amplification in adult lung cancer. We have discovered the first microRNA (i.e., miR-365) that directly regulates TTF-1 by interacting with its 3'-untranslated region. By gene expression profiling, we identified other putative targets of miR-365 and miR-365*. In line with the microRNA/target relationship, the expression patterns of miR-365 and TTF-1 were in an inverse relationship in human lung cancer. Exploration of human lung cancer genomics data uncovered that TTF-1 gene amplification was significantly associated with DNA copy number loss at one of the two genomic loci encoding the precursor RNA of mature miR-365 (i.e., mir-365-1). This implies the existence of genetic selection pressure to lose the repressive miR-365 that would otherwise suppress amplified TTF-1. We detected a signaling loop between transforming growth factor beta (TGFb) and miR-365 and this loop reinforced suppression of TTF-1 via miR-365. Mir-365 also targeted an epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT)-promoting gene HMGA2. In summary, these data connect the lung transcriptional program to the microRNA network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Qi
- Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
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