1
|
Bhargava S, Jankowski J, Merckelbach E, Roth CE, Craveiro RB, Wolf M. Development, Establishment, and Validation of a Model for the Mineralization of Periodontium Remodelling Cells: Cementoblasts. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13829. [PMID: 37762132 PMCID: PMC10531176 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients undergoing dialysis are at high risk of bone fractures. CKD-induced mineral and bone disorder is extended to periodontal disease due to changes in the ionic composition of saliva in CKD patients, dysregulating mineralization, hindering regeneration and thereby promoting the progression of dental complications. Despite the importance of cementum for overall oral health, the mechanisms that regulate its development and regeneration are not well comprehended, and a lack of sufficient in vitro experimental models has hindered research progress. In this study, the impact of experimental conditions on the calcification of cementoblasts was systematically investigated, aimed at establishing a standardized and validated model for the calcification of cementoblasts. The effects of phosphate, calcium, ascorbic acid, β-glycerolphosphate, dexamethasone, and fetal calf serum on the calcification process of cementoblasts were analyzed over a wide range of concentrations and time points by investigating calcium content, cell viability, gene expression and kinase activity. Cementoblasts calcified in a concentration- and time-dependent manner with higher concentrations of supplements cause a higher degree of calcification but decreased cell viability. Phosphate and calcium have a significantly stronger effect on cementoblast calcification processes compared to osteogenic supplements: ascorbic acid, β-glycerolphosphate, and dexamethasone induce calcification over a wide range of osteogenic signalling pathways, with osteopontin being a central target of gene regulation. Conversely, treatment with ascorbic acid, β-glycerolphosphate, and dexamethasone leads to activating only selected pathways, especially promoting bone sialoprotein expression. The developed and validated cementoblast calcification protocol, incubating up to 60% confluent cementoblasts with 1.9 mmol L-1 of phosphate supplementation for a reasonable, multi-pathway calcification induction and 10 mmol L-1 β-glycerolphosphate, 75 µmol L-1 ascorbic acid and 10 nmol L-1 dexamethasone for a reasonable osteogenic differentiation-based calcification induction, provides standard in vitro experimental models for better understanding cementoblast function and regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Bhargava
- Institute of Molecular Cardiovascular Research, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52062 Aachen, Germany; (S.B.); (E.M.)
| | - Joachim Jankowski
- Institute of Molecular Cardiovascular Research, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52062 Aachen, Germany; (S.B.); (E.M.)
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Cardiorenal Disease (AMICARE), University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52062 Aachen, Germany
- Experimental Vascular Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), University of Maastricht, 6211 Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Merckelbach
- Institute of Molecular Cardiovascular Research, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52062 Aachen, Germany; (S.B.); (E.M.)
| | - Charlotte Elisa Roth
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental Clinic, University of Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (C.E.R.); (R.B.C.); (M.W.)
| | - Rogerio Bastos Craveiro
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental Clinic, University of Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (C.E.R.); (R.B.C.); (M.W.)
| | - Michael Wolf
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental Clinic, University of Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (C.E.R.); (R.B.C.); (M.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
A transcriptional cycling model recapitulates chromatin-dependent features of noisy inducible transcription. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1010152. [PMID: 36084132 PMCID: PMC9491597 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of gene expression in response to environmental cues results in substantial phenotypic heterogeneity between cells that can impact a wide range of outcomes including differentiation, viral activation, and drug resistance. An important source of gene expression noise is transcriptional bursting, or the process by which transcripts are produced during infrequent bursts of promoter activity. Chromatin accessibility impacts transcriptional bursting by regulating the assembly of transcription factor and polymerase complexes on promoters, suggesting that the effect of an activating signal on transcriptional noise will depend on the initial chromatin state at the promoter. To explore this possibility, we simulated transcriptional activation using a transcriptional cycling model with three promoter states that represent chromatin remodeling, polymerase binding and pause release. We initiated this model over a large parameter range representing target genes with different chromatin environments, and found that, upon increasing the polymerase pause release rate to activate transcription, changes in gene expression noise varied significantly across initial promoter states. This model captured phenotypic differences in activation of latent HIV viruses integrated at different chromatin locations and mediated by the transcription factor NF-κB. Activating transcription in the model via increasing one or more of the transcript production rates, as occurs following NF-κB activation, reproduced experimentally measured transcript distributions for four different latent HIV viruses, as well as the bimodal pattern of HIV protein expression that leads to a subset of reactivated virus. Importantly, the parameter ‘activation path’ differentially affected gene expression noise, and ultimately viral activation, in line with experimental observations. This work demonstrates how upstream signaling pathways can be connected to biological processes that underlie transcriptional bursting, resulting in target gene-specific noise profiles following stimulation of a single upstream pathway. Many genes are transcribed in infrequent bursts of mRNA production through a process called transcriptional bursting, which contributes to variability in responses between cells. Heterogeneity in cell responses can have important biological impacts, such as whether a cell supports viral replication or responds to a drug, and thus there is an effort to describe this process with mathematical models to predict biological outcomes. Previous models described bursting as a transition between an “OFF” state or an “ON” state, an elegant and simple mathematical representation of complex molecular mechanisms, but one which failed to capture how upstream activation signals affected bursting. To address this, we added an additional promoter state to better reflect biological mechanisms underlying bursting. By fitting this model to variable activation of quiescent HIV infections in T cells, we showed that our model more accurately described viral expression variability across cells in response to an upstream stimulus. Our work highlights how mathematical models can be further developed to understand complex biological mechanisms and suggests ways to connect transcriptional bursting to upstream activation pathways.
Collapse
|
3
|
The non-apoptotic function of Caspase-8 in negatively regulating the CDK9-mediated Ser2 phosphorylation of RNA polymerase II in cervical cancer. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:597. [PMID: 36399280 PMCID: PMC9674771 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04598-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the fourth most frequently diagnosed and fatal gynecological cancer. 15-61% of all cases metastasize and develop chemoresistance, reducing the 5-year survival of cervical cancer patients to as low as 17%. Therefore, unraveling the mechanisms contributing to metastasis is critical in developing better-targeted therapies against it. Here, we have identified a novel mechanism where nuclear Caspase-8 directly interacts with and inhibits the activity of CDK9, thereby modulating RNAPII-mediated global transcription, including those of cell-migration- and cell-invasion-associated genes. Crucially, low Caspase-8 expression in cervical cancer patients leads to poor prognosis, higher CDK9 phosphorylation at Thr186, and increased RNAPII activity in cervical cancer cell lines and patient biopsies. Caspase-8 knock-out cells were also more resistant to the small-molecule CDK9 inhibitor BAY1251152 in both 2D- and 3D-culture conditions. Combining BAY1251152 with Cisplatin synergistically overcame chemoresistance of Caspase-8-deficient cervical cancer cells. Therefore, Caspase-8 expression could be a marker in chemoresistant cervical tumors, suggesting CDK9 inhibitor treatment for their sensitization to Cisplatin-based chemotherapy.
Collapse
|
4
|
Mandal R, Becker S, Strebhardt K. Targeting CDK9 for Anti-Cancer Therapeutics. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:2181. [PMID: 34062779 PMCID: PMC8124690 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin Dependent Kinase 9 (CDK9) is one of the most important transcription regulatory members of the CDK family. In conjunction with its main cyclin partner-Cyclin T1, it forms the Positive Transcription Elongation Factor b (P-TEFb) whose primary function in eukaryotic cells is to mediate the positive transcription elongation of nascent mRNA strands, by phosphorylating the S2 residues of the YSPTSPS tandem repeats at the C-terminus domain (CTD) of RNA Polymerase II (RNAP II). To aid in this process, P-TEFb also simultaneously phosphorylates and inactivates a number of negative transcription regulators like 5,6-dichloro-1-β-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole (DRB) Sensitivity-Inducing Factor (DSIF) and Negative Elongation Factor (NELF). Significantly enhanced activity of CDK9 is observed in multiple cancer types, which is universally associated with significantly shortened Overall Survival (OS) of the patients. In these cancer types, CDK9 regulates a plethora of cellular functions including proliferation, survival, cell cycle regulation, DNA damage repair and metastasis. Due to the extremely critical role of CDK9 in cancer cells, inhibiting its functions has been the subject of intense research, resulting the development of multiple, increasingly specific small-molecule inhibitors, some of which are presently in clinical trials. The search for newer generation CDK9 inhibitors with higher specificity and lower potential toxicities and suitable combination therapies continues. In fact, the Phase I clinical trials of the latest, highly specific CDK9 inhibitor BAY1251152, against different solid tumors have shown good anti-tumor and on-target activities and pharmacokinetics, combined with manageable safety profile while the phase I and II clinical trials of another inhibitor AT-7519 have been undertaken or are undergoing. To enhance the effectiveness and target diversity and reduce potential drug-resistance, the future of CDK9 inhibition would likely involve combining CDK9 inhibitors with inhibitors like those against BRD4, SEC, MYC, MCL-1 and HSP90.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ranadip Mandal
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (R.M.); (S.B.)
| | - Sven Becker
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (R.M.); (S.B.)
| | - Klaus Strebhardt
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (R.M.); (S.B.)
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
P-TEFb as A Promising Therapeutic Target. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25040838. [PMID: 32075058 PMCID: PMC7070488 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25040838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb) was first identified as a general factor that stimulates transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II (RNAPII), but soon afterwards it turned out to be an essential cellular co-factor of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transcription mediated by viral Tat proteins. Studies on the mechanisms of Tat-dependent HIV transcription have led to radical advances in our knowledge regarding the mechanism of eukaryotic transcription, including the discoveries that P-TEFb-mediated elongation control of cellular transcription is a main regulatory step of gene expression in eukaryotes, and deregulation of P-TEFb activity plays critical roles in many human diseases and conditions in addition to HIV/AIDS. P-TEFb is now recognized as an attractive and promising therapeutic target for inflammation/autoimmune diseases, cardiac hypertrophy, cancer, infectious diseases, etc. In this review article, I will summarize our knowledge about basic P-TEFb functions, the regulatory mechanism of P-TEFb-dependent transcription, P-TEFb’s involvement in biological processes and diseases, and current approaches to manipulating P-TEFb functions for the treatment of these diseases.
Collapse
|
6
|
Song H, Bhakat R, Kling MJ, Coulter DW, Chaturvedi NK, Ray S, Joshi SS. Targeting cyclin-dependent kinase 9 sensitizes medulloblastoma cells to chemotherapy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 520:250-256. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.09.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
7
|
Inhibition of early response genes prevents changes in global joint metabolomic profiles in mouse post-traumatic osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2019; 27:504-512. [PMID: 30572121 PMCID: PMC6391201 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although joint injury itself damages joint tissues, a substantial amount of secondary damage is mediated by the cellular responses to the injury. Cellular responses include the production and activation of proteases (MMPs, ADAMTSs, Cathepsins), and the production of inflammatory cytokines. The trajectory of cellular responses is driven by the transcriptional activation of early response genes, which requires Cdk9-dependent RNA Polymerase II phosphorylation. Our objective was to determine whether inhibition of cdk9-dependent early response gene activation affects changes in the joint metabolome. DESIGN To model post-traumatic osteoarthritis, we subjected mice to non-invasive Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL)-rupture joint injury. Following injury, mice were treated with flavopiridol - a potent and selective inhibitor of Cdk9 kinase activity - to inhibit Cdk9-dependent transcriptional activation, or vehicle control. Global joint metabolomics were analyzed 1 h after injury. RESULTS We found that injury induced metabolomic changes, including increases in Vitamin D3 metabolism, anandamide, and others. Inhibition of primary response gene activation immediately after injury largely prevented the global changes in the metabolomics profiles. Cluster analysis of joint metabolomes identified groups of injury-induced and drug-responsive metabolites. CONCLUSIONS Metabolomic profiling provides an instantaneous snapshot of biochemical activity representing cellular responses. We identified two sets of metabolites that change acutely after joint injury: those that require transcription of primary response genes, and those that do not. These data demonstrate the potential for inhibition of early response genes to alter the trajectory of cell-mediated degenerative changes following joint injury, which may offer novel targets for cell-mediated secondary joint damage.
Collapse
|
8
|
Hu Z, Chen Y, Song L, Yik JHN, Haudenschild DR, Fan S. Flavopiridol Protects Bone Tissue by Attenuating RANKL Induced Osteoclast Formation. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:174. [PMID: 29773986 PMCID: PMC5944179 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone resorption and homeostasis is carried out by osteoclasts, whose differentiation and activity are regulated by the RANK/RANKL axis. Our previous studies using a mouse model of joint injury show that joint trauma induces local inflammation followed by bone remodeling. The transcription factor cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) is the major regulator of inflammation, as CDK9 inhibitor flavopiridol effectively suppress injury-induced inflammatory response. The objective of this study was to investigate the underlying mechanism through which flavopiridol regulates bone resorption. The effects of CDK9 inhibition, by the specific-inhibitor flavopiridol, on bone resorption were determined in vivo using two distinct and clinically relevant bone remodeling models. The first model involved titanium particle-induced acute osteolysis, and the second model was ovariectomy-induced chronic osteoporosis. The effects and mechanism of CDK9 inhibition on osteoclastogenesis were examined using in vitro culture of bone marrow macrophages (BMMs). Our results indicated that flavopiridol potently suppressed bone resorption in both in vivo bone-remodeling models. In addition, CDK9 inhibition suppressed in vitro osteoclastogenesis of BMM and reduced their expression of osteoclast-specific genes. Finally, we determined that flavopiridol suppressed RANKL signaling pathway via inhibition of p65 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of NF-κB. Summary, CDK9 is a potential therapeutic target to prevent osteolysis and osteoporosis by flavopiridol treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zi'ang Hu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yilei Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lijiang Song
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jasper H N Yik
- Lawrence J. Ellison Musculoskeletal Research Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Dominik R Haudenschild
- Lawrence J. Ellison Musculoskeletal Research Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Shunwu Fan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Schrecengost RS, Green CL, Zhuang Y, Keller SN, Smith RA, Maines LW, Smith CD. In Vitro and In Vivo Antitumor and Anti-Inflammatory Capabilities of the Novel GSK3 and CDK9 Inhibitor ABC1183. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 365:107-116. [PMID: 29434052 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.245738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3s (GSK3α and GSK3β) are constitutively active protein kinases that target over 100 substrates, incorporate into numerous protein complexes, and regulate such vital cellular functions as proliferation, apoptosis, and inflammation. Cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) regulates RNA production as a component of positive transcription elongation factor b and promotes expression of oncogenic and inflammatory genes. Simultaneous inhibition of these signaling nodes is a promising approach for drug discovery, although previous compounds exhibit limited selectivity and clinical efficacy. The novel diaminothiazole ABC1183 is a selective GSK3α/β and CDK9 inhibitor and is growth-inhibitory against a broad panel of cancer cell lines. ABC1183 treatment decreases cell survival through G2/M arrest and modulates oncogenic signaling through changes in GSK3, glycogen synthase, and β-catenin phosphorylation and MCL1 expression. Oral administration, which demonstrates no organ or hematologic toxicity, suppresses tumor growth and inflammation-driven gastrointestinal disease symptoms, owing in part to downregulation of tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin-6 proinflammatory cytokines. Therefore, ABC1183 is strategically poised to effectively mitigate multiple clinically relevant diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yan Zhuang
- Apogee Biotechnology Corporation, Hummelstown, Pennsylvania
| | - Staci N Keller
- Apogee Biotechnology Corporation, Hummelstown, Pennsylvania
| | - Ryan A Smith
- Apogee Biotechnology Corporation, Hummelstown, Pennsylvania
| | - Lynn W Maines
- Apogee Biotechnology Corporation, Hummelstown, Pennsylvania
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Coordinate activities of BRD4 and CDK9 in the transcriptional elongation complex are required for TGFβ-induced Nox4 expression and myofibroblast transdifferentiation. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2606. [PMID: 28182006 PMCID: PMC5386453 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Transdifferentiation of quiescent dermal fibroblasts to secretory myofibroblasts has a central role in wound healing and pathological scar formation. This myofibroblast transdifferentiation process involves TGFβ-induced de novo synthesis of alpha smooth muscle cell actin (αSMA)+ fibers that enhance contractility as well as increased expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, including collagen and fibronectin. These processes are mediated upstream by the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-producing enzyme Nox4, whose induction by TGFβ is incompletely understood. In this study, we demonstrate that Nox4 is involved in αSMA+ fiber formation and collagen production in primary human dermal fibroblasts (hDFs) using a small-molecule inhibitor and siRNA-mediated silencing. Furthermore, TGFβ-induced signaling via Smad3 is required for myofibroblast transformation and Nox4 upregulation. Immunoprecipitation-selected reaction monitoring (IP-SRM) assays of the activated Smad3 complex suggest that it couples with the epigenetic reader and transcription co-activator bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) domain containing protein 4 (BRD4) to promote Nox4 transcription. In addition, cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9), a component of positive transcription elongation factor, binds to BRD4 after TGFβ stimulation and is also required for RNA polymerase II phosphorylation and Nox4 transcription regulation. Surprisingly, BRD4 depletion decreases myofibroblast differentiation but does not affect collagen or fibronectin expression in primary skin fibroblasts, whereas knockdown of CDK9 decreases all myofibroblast genes. We observe enhanced numbers and persistence of myofibroblast formation and TGFβ signaling in hypertrophic scars. BRD4 inhibition reverses hypertrophic skin fibroblast transdifferentiation to myofibroblasts. Our data indicate that BRD4 and CDK9 have independent, coordinated roles in promoting the myofibroblast transition and suggest that inhibition of the Smad3-BRD4 pathway may be a useful strategy to limit hypertrophic scar formation after burn injury.
Collapse
|
11
|
Targeting Chromatin Remodeling in Inflammation and Fibrosis. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2016; 107:1-36. [PMID: 28215221 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces of the human body are lined by a contiguous epithelial cell surface that forms a barrier to aerosolized pathogens. Specialized pattern recognition receptors detect the presence of viral pathogens and initiate protective host responses by triggering activation of the nuclear factor κB (NFκB)/RelA transcription factor and formation of a complex with the positive transcription elongation factor (P-TEFb)/cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)9 and Bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) epigenetic reader. The RelA·BRD4·P-TEFb complex produces acute inflammation by regulating transcriptional elongation, which produces a rapid genomic response by inactive genes maintained in an open chromatin configuration engaged with hypophosphorylated RNA polymerase II. We describe recent studies that have linked prolonged activation of the RelA-BRD4 pathway with the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by inducing a core of EMT corepressors, stimulating secretion of growth factors promoting airway fibrosis. The mesenchymal state produces rewiring of the kinome and reprogramming of innate responses toward inflammation. In addition, the core regulator Zinc finger E-box homeodomain 1 (ZEB1) silences the expression of the interferon response factor 1 (IRF1), required for type III IFN expression. This epigenetic silencing is mediated by the Enhancer of Zeste 2 (EZH2) histone methyltransferase. Because of their potential applications in cancer and inflammation, small-molecule inhibitors of NFκB/RelA, CDK9, BRD4, and EZH2 have been the targets of medicinal chemistry efforts. We suggest that disruption of the RelA·BRD4·P-TEFb pathway and EZH2 methyltransferase has important implications for reversing fibrosis and restoring normal mucosal immunity in chronic inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
|
12
|
Schmitz ML, Kracht M. Cyclin-Dependent Kinases as Coregulators of Inflammatory Gene Expression. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2015; 37:101-113. [PMID: 26719217 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) exert a variety of functions through regulation of the cell cycle and gene expression, thus implicating them in diverse biological processes. Recent studies have deciphered the molecular mechanisms employed by nuclear CDKs to support the expression of inflammatory mediators. Induced transcription of many proinflammatory genes is increased during the G1 phase of the cell cycle in a CDK-dependent manner. This process involves the cytokine-induced recruitment of CDK6 to the nuclear chromatin fraction where it associates with transcription factors of the NF-κB, STAT, and AP-1 families. The ability of CDK6 to trigger the expression of VEGF-A and p16(INK4A) and to recruit the NF-κB subunit p65 to its target sites is largely independent of its kinase function. The involvement of CDKs in proinflammatory gene expression also allows therapeutic targeting of their functions to interfere with tumor-promoting inflammation or chronic inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Lienhard Schmitz
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Friedrichstrasse 24, Justus-Liebig-University, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Michael Kracht
- Rudolf-Buchheim-Institute for Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Schubertstrasse 81, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yang J, Zhao Y, Kalita M, Li X, Jamaluddin M, Tian B, Edeh CB, Wiktorowicz JE, Kudlicki A, Brasier AR. Systematic Determination of Human Cyclin Dependent Kinase (CDK)-9 Interactome Identifies Novel Functions in RNA Splicing Mediated by the DEAD Box (DDX)-5/17 RNA Helicases. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015. [PMID: 26209609 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m115.049221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Inducible transcriptional elongation is a rapid, stereotypic mechanism for activating immediate early immune defense genes by the epithelium in response to viral pathogens. Here, the recruitment of a multifunctional complex containing the cyclin dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) triggers the process of transcriptional elongation activating resting RNA polymerase engaged with innate immune response (IIR) genes. To identify additional functional activity of the CDK9 complex, we conducted immunoprecipitation (IP) enrichment-stable isotope labeling LC-MS/MS of the CDK9 complex in unstimulated cells and from cells activated by a synthetic dsRNA, polyinosinic/polycytidylic acid [poly (I:C)]. 245 CDK9 interacting proteins were identified with high confidence in the basal state and 20 proteins in four functional classes were validated by IP-SRM-MS. These data identified that CDK9 interacts with DDX 5/17, a family of ATP-dependent RNA helicases, important in alternative RNA splicing of NFAT5, and mH2A1 mRNA two proteins controlling redox signaling. A direct comparison of the basal versus activated state was performed using stable isotope labeling and validated by IP-SRM-MS. Recruited into the CDK9 interactome in response to poly(I:C) stimulation are HSPB1, DNA dependent kinases, and cytoskeletal myosin proteins that exchange with 60S ribosomal structural proteins. An integrated human CDK9 interactome map was developed containing all known human CDK9- interacting proteins. These data were used to develop a probabilistic global map of CDK9-dependent target genes that predicted two functional states controlling distinct cellular functions, one important in immune and stress responses. The CDK9-DDX5/17 complex was shown to be functionally important by shRNA-mediated knockdown, where differential accumulation of alternatively spliced NFAT5 and mH2A1 transcripts and alterations in downstream redox signaling were seen. The requirement of CDK9 for DDX5 recruitment to NFAT5 and mH2A1 chromatin target was further demonstrated using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP). These data indicate that CDK9 is a dynamic multifunctional enzyme complex mediating not only transcriptional elongation, but also alternative RNA splicing and potentially translational control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yang
- From the ‡Department of Internal Medicine; §Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine; ¶Institute for Translational Sciences
| | - Yingxin Zhao
- From the ‡Department of Internal Medicine; §Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine; ¶Institute for Translational Sciences
| | - Mridul Kalita
- §Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine; ¶Institute for Translational Sciences
| | - Xueling Li
- ¶Institute for Translational Sciences; ‖Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Mohammad Jamaluddin
- From the ‡Department of Internal Medicine; ¶Institute for Translational Sciences
| | - Bing Tian
- From the ‡Department of Internal Medicine; §Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine; ¶Institute for Translational Sciences
| | | | - John E Wiktorowicz
- §Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine; ¶Institute for Translational Sciences; ‖Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Andrzej Kudlicki
- §Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine; ¶Institute for Translational Sciences; ‖Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Allan R Brasier
- From the ‡Department of Internal Medicine; §Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine; ¶Institute for Translational Sciences;
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Brasier AR. Identification of innate immune response endotypes in asthma: implications for personalized medicine. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2013; 13:462-8. [PMID: 23793609 PMCID: PMC3778047 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-013-0363-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is an idiopathic disease characterized by episodic inflammation and reversible airway obstruction triggered by exposure to environmental agents. Because this disease is heterogeneous in onset, exacerbations, inflammatory states, and response to therapy, there is intense interest in developing personalized approaches to its management. Of focus in this review, the recognition that a component of the pathophysiology of asthma is mediated by inflammation has implications for understanding its etiology and individualizing its therapy. Despite understanding how Th2 polarization mediates asthma exacerbations by aeroallergen exposure, we do not yet fully understand how RNA virus infections produce asthmatic exacerbations. This review will summarize the explosion of information that has revealed how patterns produced by RNA virus infection trigger the innate immune response (IIR) in sentinel airway cells. When the IIR is triggered, these cells elaborate inflammatory cytokines and protective mucosal interferons whose actions activate long-lived adaptive immunity and limit organismal replication. Recent work has shown the multifaceted way that dysregulation of the IIR is linked to viral-induced exacerbation, steroid insensitivity, and T helper polarization of adaptive immunity. New developments in quantitative proteomics now enable accurate identification of subgroups of individuals that demonstrate activation of IIR ("innate endotype"). Potential applications to clinical research are proposed. Together, these developments open realistic prospects for how identification of the IIR endotype may inform asthma therapy in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allan R Brasier
- Institute for Translational Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine, Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, 8.128 Medical Research Building, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555-1060, USA,
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Freaney JE, Kim R, Mandhana R, Horvath CM. Extensive cooperation of immune master regulators IRF3 and NFκB in RNA Pol II recruitment and pause release in human innate antiviral transcription. Cell Rep 2013; 4:959-73. [PMID: 23994473 PMCID: PMC3792498 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and nuclear factor κB (NFκB) are activated by external stimuli, including virus infection, to translocate to the nucleus and bind genomic targets important for immunity and inflammation. To investigate RNA polymerase II (Pol II) recruitment and elongation in the human antiviral gene regulatory network, a comprehensive genome-wide analysis was conducted during the initial phase of virus infection. Results reveal extensive integration of IRF3 and NFκB with Pol II and associated machinery and implicate partners for antiviral transcription. Analysis indicates that both de novo polymerase recruitment and stimulated release of paused polymerase work together to control virus-induced gene activation. In addition to known messenger-RNA-encoding loci, IRF3 and NFκB stimulate transcription at regions not previously associated with antiviral transcription, including abundant unannotated loci that encode novel virus-inducible RNAs (nviRNAs). These nviRNAs are widely induced by virus infections in diverse cell types and represent a previously overlooked cellular response to virus infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan E. Freaney
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Rebecca Kim
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Roli Mandhana
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Curt M. Horvath
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Blumert C, Kalkhof S, Brocke-Heidrich K, Kohajda T, von Bergen M, Horn F. Analysis of the STAT3 interactome using in-situ biotinylation and SILAC. J Proteomics 2013; 94:370-86. [PMID: 24013128 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is activated by a variety of cytokines and growth factors. To generate a comprehensive data set of proteins interacting specifically with STAT3, we applied stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC). For high-affinity pull-down using streptavidin, we fused STAT3 with a short peptide tag allowing biotinylation in situ (bio-tag), which did not affect STAT3 functions. By this approach, 3642 coprecipitated proteins were detected in human embryonic kidney-293 cells. Filtering using statistical and functional criteria finally extracted 136 proteins as putative interaction partners of STAT3. Both, a physical interaction network analysis and the enrichment of known and predicted interaction partners suggested that our filtering criteria successfully enriched true STAT3 interactors. Our approach identified numerous novel interactors, including ones previously predicted to associate with STAT3. By reciprocal coprecipitation, we were able to verify the physical association between STAT3 and selected interactors, including the novel interaction with TOX4, a member of the TOX high mobility group box family. Applying the same method, we next investigated the activation-dependency of the STAT3 interactome. Again, we identified both known and novel interactions. Thus, our approach allows to study protein-protein interaction effectively and comprehensively. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE The location, activity, function, degradation, and synthesis of proteins are significantly regulated by interactions of proteins with other proteins, biopolymers and small molecules. Thus, the comprehensive characterization of interactions of proteins in a given proteome is the next milestone on the path to understanding the biochemistry of the cell. In order to generate a comprehensive interactome dataset of proteins specifically interacting with a selected bait protein, we fused our bait protein STAT3 with a short peptide tag allowing biotinylation in situ (bio-tag). This bio-tag allows an affinity pull-down using streptavidin but affected neither the activation of STAT3 by tyrosine phosphorylation nor its transactivating potential. We combined SILAC for accurate relative protein quantification, subcellular fractionation to increase the coverage of interacting proteins, high-affinity pull-down and a stringent filtering method to successfully analyze the interactome of STAT3. With our approach we confirmed several already known and identified numerous novel STAT3 interactors. The approach applied provides a rapid and effective method, which is broadly applicable for studying protein-protein interactions and their dependency on post-translational modifications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Conny Blumert
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Perlickstrasse 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Cherrier T, Le Douce V, Eilebrecht S, Riclet R, Marban C, Dequiedt F, Goumon Y, Paillart JC, Mericskay M, Parlakian A, Bausero P, Abbas W, Herbein G, Kurdistani SK, Grana X, Van Driessche B, Schwartz C, Candolfi E, Benecke AG, Van Lint C, Rohr O. CTIP2 is a negative regulator of P-TEFb. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:12655-60. [PMID: 23852730 PMCID: PMC3732990 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1220136110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb) is involved in physiological and pathological events including inflammation, cancer, AIDS, and cardiac hypertrophy. The balance between its active and inactive form is tightly controlled to ensure cellular integrity. We report that the transcriptional repressor CTIP2 is a major modulator of P-TEFb activity. CTIP2 copurifies and interacts with an inactive P-TEFb complex containing the 7SK snRNA and HEXIM1. CTIP2 associates directly with HEXIM1 and, via the loop 2 of the 7SK snRNA, with P-TEFb. In this nucleoprotein complex, CTIP2 significantly represses the Cdk9 kinase activity of P-TEFb. Accordingly, we show that CTIP2 inhibits large sets of P-TEFb- and 7SK snRNA-sensitive genes. In hearts of hypertrophic cardiomyopathic mice, CTIP2 controls P-TEFb-sensitive pathways involved in the establishment of this pathology. Overexpression of the β-myosin heavy chain protein contributes to the pathological cardiac wall thickening. The inactive P-TEFb complex associates with CTIP2 at the MYH7 gene promoter to repress its activity. Taken together, our results strongly suggest that CTIP2 controls P-TEFb function in physiological and pathological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Cherrier
- Institut de Parasitologie et de Pathologie Tropicale, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Laboratory of Protein Signaling and Interactions, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Valentin Le Douce
- Institut de Parasitologie et de Pathologie Tropicale, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Sebastian Eilebrecht
- Vaccine Research Institute, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 955, 94010 Créteil, France
- Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91440 Bures sur Yvette, France
| | - Raphael Riclet
- Institut de Parasitologie et de Pathologie Tropicale, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Céline Marban
- Institut de Parasitologie et de Pathologie Tropicale, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 92093
| | - Franck Dequiedt
- Laboratory of Protein Signaling and Interactions, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Yannick Goumon
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, University of Strasbourg, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Paillart
- Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Propre de Recherche 9002, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Mathias Mericskay
- Unité de Recherche 4, Aging, Stress, Inflammation Department, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Université Paris 6, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Ara Parlakian
- Unité de Recherche 4, Aging, Stress, Inflammation Department, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Université Paris 6, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Pedro Bausero
- Unité de Recherche 4, Aging, Stress, Inflammation Department, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Université Paris 6, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Wasim Abbas
- Department of Virology, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 133, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University of Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Georges Herbein
- Department of Virology, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 133, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University of Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France
| | | | - Xavier Grana
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology and Department of Biochemistry, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Benoit Van Driessche
- Institut de Biologie et de Médecine Moléculaires, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium; and
| | - Christian Schwartz
- Institut de Parasitologie et de Pathologie Tropicale, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Ermanno Candolfi
- Institut de Parasitologie et de Pathologie Tropicale, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Arndt G. Benecke
- Vaccine Research Institute, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 955, 94010 Créteil, France
- Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91440 Bures sur Yvette, France
| | - Carine Van Lint
- Institut de Biologie et de Médecine Moléculaires, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium; and
| | - Olivier Rohr
- Institut de Parasitologie et de Pathologie Tropicale, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, 75005 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Yang J, Mitra A, Dojer N, Fu S, Rowicka M, Brasier AR. A probabilistic approach to learn chromatin architecture and accurate inference of the NF-κB/RelA regulatory network using ChIP-Seq. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 41:7240-59. [PMID: 23771139 PMCID: PMC3753626 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Using nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) ChIP-Seq data, we present a framework for iterative learning of regulatory networks. For every possible transcription factor-binding site (TFBS)-putatively regulated gene pair, the relative distance and orientation are calculated to learn which TFBSs are most likely to regulate a given gene. Weighted TFBS contributions to putative gene regulation are integrated to derive an NF-κB gene network. A de novo motif enrichment analysis uncovers secondary TFBSs (AP1, SP1) at characteristic distances from NF-κB/RelA TFBSs. Comparison with experimental ENCODE ChIP-Seq data indicates that experimental TFBSs highly correlate with predicted sites. We observe that RelA-SP1-enriched promoters have distinct expression profiles from that of RelA-AP1 and are enriched in introns, CpG islands and DNase accessible sites. Sixteen novel NF-κB/RelA-regulated genes and TFBSs were experimentally validated, including TANK, a negative feedback gene whose expression is NF-κB/RelA dependent and requires a functional interaction with the AP1 TFBSs. Our probabilistic method yields more accurate NF-κB/RelA-regulated networks than a traditional, distance-based approach, confirmed by both analysis of gene expression and increased informativity of Genome Ontology annotations. Our analysis provides new insights into how co-occurring TFBSs and local chromatin context orchestrate activation of NF-κB/RelA sub-pathways differing in biological function and temporal expression patterns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-1060, USA, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-1060, USA, Institute for Translational Sciences, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-1060, USA, Institute of Informatics, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland and Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-1060, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Reveneau S, Petrakis TG, Goldring CE, Chantôme A, Jeannin JF, Pance A. Oct-1 cooperates with the TATA binding initiation complex to control rapid transcription of human iNOS. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:2609-19. [PMID: 22349263 PMCID: PMC11114494 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-0939-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Revised: 01/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Expression of the human inducible nitric oxide synthase (hiNOS) is generally undetectable in resting cells, but stimulation by a variety of signals including cytokines induces transcription in most cell types. The tight transcriptional regulation of the enzyme is a complex mechanism many aspects of which remain unknown. Here, we describe an octamer (Oct) element in hiNOS proximal promoter, located close to the TATA box. This site constitutively binds Oct-1 and its deletion abrogates cytokine-induced transcription, showing that it is indispensable though not sufficient for transcription. Increasing the distance between Oct and the TATA box by inserting inert DNA sequence inhibits transcription, and footprinting of this region shows no other protein binding in resting cells, suggesting an interaction between the two complexes. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays detect the presence of Oct-1, RNA polymerase II and trimethyl K4 histone H3 on the proximal promoter in resting cells, confirming that the gene is primed for transcription before stimulation. RT-PCR of various fragments along the hiNOS gene shows that transcription is initiated in resting cells and this is inhibited by interference with Oct-1 binding to the proximal site of the promoter. We propose that, through interaction with the initiation complex, Oct-1 regulates hiNOS transcription by priming the gene for the rapid response required in an immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Reveneau
- EPHE Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bourgogne, 7 Bvd Jeanne D’Arc, 21033 Dijon, France
| | - Thodoris G. Petrakis
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA UK
| | - Christopher E. Goldring
- EPHE Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bourgogne, 7 Bvd Jeanne D’Arc, 21033 Dijon, France
- Present Address: Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Aurélie Chantôme
- EPHE Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bourgogne, 7 Bvd Jeanne D’Arc, 21033 Dijon, France
- Present Address: Nutrition, Criossance et Cancer, University of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Jean-François Jeannin
- EPHE Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bourgogne, 7 Bvd Jeanne D’Arc, 21033 Dijon, France
| | - Alena Pance
- EPHE Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bourgogne, 7 Bvd Jeanne D’Arc, 21033 Dijon, France
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA UK
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Keskin H, Garriga J, Georlette D, Graña X. Complex effects of flavopiridol on the expression of primary response genes. Cell Div 2012; 7:11. [PMID: 22458775 PMCID: PMC3339560 DOI: 10.1186/1747-1028-7-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Positive Transcription Elongation Factor b (P-TEFb) is a complex of Cyclin Dependent Kinase 9 (CDK9) with either cyclins T1, T2 or K. The complex phosphorylates the C-Terminal Domain of RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) and negative elongation factors, stimulating productive elongation by RNAPII, which is paused after initiation. P-TEFb is recruited downstream of the promoters of many genes, including primary response genes, upon certain stimuli. Flavopiridol (FVP) is a potent pharmacological inhibitor of CDK9 and has been used extensively in cells as a means to inhibit CDK9 activity. Inhibition of P-TEFb complexes has potential therapeutic applications. Results It has been shown that Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulates the recruitment of P-TEFb to Primary Response Genes (PRGs) and proposed that P-TEFb activity is required for their expression, as the CDK9 inhibitor DRB prevents localization of RNAPII in the body of these genes. We have previously determined the effects of FVP in global gene expression in a variety of cells and surprisingly observed that FVP results in potent upregulation of a number of PRGs in treatments lasting 4-24 h. Because inhibition of CDK9 activity is being evaluated in pre-clinical and clinical studies for the treatment of several pathologies, it is important to fully understand the short and long term effects of its inhibition. To this end, we determined the immediate and long-term effect of FVP in the expression of several PRGs. In exponentially growing normal human fibroblasts, the expression of several PRGs including FOS, JUNB, EGR1 and GADD45B, was rapidly and potently downregulated before they were upregulated following FVP treatment. In serum starved cells re-stimulated with serum, FVP also inhibited the expression of these genes, but subsequently, JUNB, GADD45B and EGR1 were upregulated in the presence of FVP. Chromatin Immunoprecipitation of RNAPII revealed that EGR1 and GADD45B are transcribed at the FVP-treatment time points where their corresponding mRNAs accumulate. These results suggest a possible stress response triggered by CDK9 inhibition than ensues transcription of certain PRGs. Conclusions We have shown that certain PRGs are transcribed in the presence of FVP in a manner that might be independent of CDK9, suggesting a possible alternative mechanism for their transcription when P-TEFb kinase activity is pharmacologically inhibited. These results also show that the sensitivity to FVP is quite variable, even among PRGs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Havva Keskin
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, AHP bldg,, room 308, 3307 North Broad St, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Toossi Z, Wu M, Hirsch CS, Mayanja-Kizza H, Baseke J, Aung H, Canaday DH, Fujinaga K. Activation of P-TEFb at sites of dual HIV/TB infection, and inhibition of MTB-induced HIV transcriptional activation by the inhibitor of CDK9, Indirubin-3'-monoxime. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2012; 28:182-7. [PMID: 21453127 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2010.0211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
At sites of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection, HIV-1 replication is increased during tuberculosis (TB). Here we investigated the role of positive transcription elongation factor (P-TEFb), comprised of CycT1 and CDK9, as the cellular cofactor of HIV-1 Tat protein in transcriptional activation of HIV-1 in mononuclear cells from HIV-1-infected patients with pleural TB. Expression of CycT1 in response to MTB was assessed in mononuclear cells from pleural fluid (PFMC) and blood (PBMC) from HIV/TB patients with pleural TB, and in blood monocytes (MN) from singly infected HIV-1-seropositive subjects. We then examined whether the CDK9 inhibitor, Indirubin 3'-monoxime (IM), was effective in inhibition of MTB-induced HIV-1 mRNA expression. We found higher expression of CycT1 mRNA in PFMCs as compared to PBMCs from HIV/TB-coinfected subjects. MTB induced the expression of CycT1 and HIV-1 gag/pol mRNA in both PFMCs from HIV/TB subjects and MN from HIV-1-infected subjects. CycT1 protein was also induced by MTB stimulation in PFMCs from HIV/TB patients, and both MN and in vitro-derived macrophages. Inhibition of CDK9 by IM in both PFMCs from HIV/TB and MN from HIV-1-infected subjects in response to MTB led to inhibition of HIV-1 mRNA expression. These data imply that IM may be useful as an adjunctive therapy in control of HIV-1 replication in HIV/TB dually infected subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Toossi
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Mianda Wu
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - Harriet Mayanja-Kizza
- Makerere University and National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Program, Kampala, Uganda
- Joint Clinical Research Center, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Joy Baseke
- Joint Clinical Research Center, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Htin Aung
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - Koh Fujinaga
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Brasier AR, Tian B, Jamaluddin M, Kalita MK, Garofalo RP, Lu M. RelA Ser276 phosphorylation-coupled Lys310 acetylation controls transcriptional elongation of inflammatory cytokines in respiratory syncytial virus infection. J Virol 2011; 85:11752-69. [PMID: 21900162 PMCID: PMC3209292 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.05360-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a negative-sense single-stranded RNA virus responsible for lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) in humans. In experimental models of RSV LRTI, the actions of the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) transcription factor mediate inflammation and pathology. We have shown that RSV replication induces a mitogen-and-stress-related kinase 1 (MSK-1) pathway that activates NF-κB RelA transcriptional activity by a process involving serine phosphorylation at serine (Ser) residue 276. In this study, we examined the mechanism by which phospho-Ser276 RelA mediates expression of the NF-κB-dependent gene network. RelA-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) complemented with the RelA Ser276Ala mutant are deficient in CXCL2/Groβ, KC, and interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression, but NFKBIA/IκBα is preserved. We show that RSV-induced RelA Ser276 phosphorylation is required for acetylation at Lys310, an event required for transcriptional activity and stable association of RelA with the activated positive transcriptional elongation factor (PTEF-b) complex proteins, bromodomain 4 (Brd4), and cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9). In contrast to gene loading pattern of PTEF-b proteins produced by tumor necrosis factor (TNF) stimulation, RSV induces their initial clearance followed by partial reaccumulation coincident with RelA recruitment. The RSV-induced binding patterns of the CDK9 substrate, phospho-Ser2 RNA polymerase (Pol) II, follows a similar pattern of clearance and downstream gene reaccumulation. The functional role of CDK9 was examined using CDK9 small interfering RNA (siRNA) and CDK inhibitors, where RSV-induced NF-κB-dependent gene expression was significantly inhibited. Finally, although RSV induces a transition from short transcripts to fully spliced mRNA in wild-type RelA (RelA WT)-expressing cells, this transition is not seen in cells expressing RelA Ser276Ala. We conclude that RelA Ser276 phosphorylation mediates RelA acetylation, Brd4/CDK9 association, and activation of downstream inflammatory genes by transcriptional elongation in RSV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allan R Brasier
- MRB 8.126, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555-1060, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Choudhary S, Rosenblatt KP, Fang L, Tian B, Wu ZH, Brasier AR. High throughput short interfering RNA (siRNA) screening of the human kinome identifies novel kinases controlling the canonical nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation pathway. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:37187-95. [PMID: 21900239 PMCID: PMC3199466 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.224923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Revised: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is an inducible cytoplasmic transcription factor that plays a role as a master regulator of airway mucosal inflammation. The prototypical ("canonical") NF-κB pathway controls cytoplasmic to nuclear translocation in response to stimulation by the mononuclear cytokine, TNF. Despite intensive investigation, the spectrum of kinases involved in the canonical NF-κB pathway has not yet been systematically determined. Here we have applied a high throughput siRNA-mediated loss-of-function screening assay to identify novel kinases important in TNF-induced NF-κB signaling. Type II A549 epithelial cells stably expressing an IL-8/luciferase reporter gene optimized for high throughput siRNA format (Z' score of 0.65) and siRNAs for 636 human kinases were reverse-transfected and screened in the assay. 36 candidate genes were identified that inhibited TNF signaling with a Z score deviation of <-1.3 in replicate plates. From this group, 11 kinases were selected for independent validation, of which eight were successfully silenced. Six kinases were validated, including ATM, CDK2, -5, and -7, CALM3, MAPAKP5, and MAP3K/MEKK3. The surprising function of ATM in TNF signaling was confirmed where reduced NF-κB/RelA translocation and Ser-276 phosphorylation were seen in ATM(-/-) mouse embryo fibroblasts. These data indicate that ATM is a key regulatory kinase that may control global NF-κB activation in the TNF-induced canonical pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Choudhary
- Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Contreras-Vallejos E, Utreras E, Gonzalez-Billault C. Going out of the brain: non-nervous system physiological and pathological functions of Cdk5. Cell Signal 2011; 24:44-52. [PMID: 21924349 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2011.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) is a proline-directed serine/threonine kinase that is mostly active in the nervous system, where it regulates several processes such as neuronal migration, actin and microtubule dynamics, axonal guidance, and synaptic plasticity, among other processes. In addition to these known functions, in the past few years, novel roles for Cdk5 outside of the nervous system have been proposed. These include roles in gene transcription, vesicular transport, apoptosis, cell adhesion, and migration in many cell types and tissues such as pancreatic cells, muscle cells, neutrophils, and others. In this review, we will summarize the recently studied non-neuronal functions of Cdk5, with a thorough analysis of the biological consequences of these novel roles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erick Contreras-Vallejos
- Department of Biology and Institute for Cell Dynamics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Cojocaru M, Bouchard A, Cloutier P, Cooper JJ, Varzavand K, Price DH, Coulombe B. Transcription factor IIS cooperates with the E3 ligase UBR5 to ubiquitinate the CDK9 subunit of the positive transcription elongation factor B. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:5012-22. [PMID: 21127351 PMCID: PMC3037613 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.176628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Elongation of transcription by mammalian RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) is regulated by specific factors, including transcription factor IIS (TFIIS) and positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb). We show that the E3 ubiquitin ligase UBR5 associates with the CDK9 subunit of positive transcription elongation factor b to mediate its polyubiquitination in human cells. TFIIS also binds UBR5 to stimulate CDK9 polyubiquitination. Co-localization of UBR5, CDK9, and TFIIS along specific regions of the γ fibrinogen (γFBG) gene indicates that a ternary complex involving these factors participates in the transcriptional regulation of this gene. In support of this notion, overexpression of TFIIS not only modifies the ubiquitination pattern of CDK9 in vivo but also increases the association of CDK9 with various regions of the γFBG gene. Notably, the TFIIS-mediated increase in CDK9 loading is obtained during both basal and activated transcription of the γFBG gene. This increased CDK9 binding is paralleled by an increase in the recruitment of RNAPII along the γFBG gene and the phosphorylation of the C-terminal domain of the RNAPII largest subunit RPB1 on Ser-2, a known target of CDK9. Together, these results identify UBR5 as a novel E3 ligase that regulates transcription and define an additional function of TFIIS in the regulation of CDK9.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marilena Cojocaru
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2W 1R7, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abrams SL, Steelman LS, Shelton JG, Chappell W, Bäsecke J, Stivala F, Donia M, Nicoletti F, Libra M, Martelli AM, McCubrey JA. Enhancing therapeutic efficacy by targeting non-oncogene addicted cells with combinations of signal transduction inhibitors and chemotherapy. Cell Cycle 2010; 9:1839-46. [PMID: 20436269 DOI: 10.4161/cc.9.9.11544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of inhibition of the Raf/MEK/ERK and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathways and chemotherapeutic drugs on cell cycle progression and drug sensitivity were examined in cytokine-dependent FL5.12 hematopoietic cells. We examined their effects, as these cells resemble normal hematopoietic precursor cells as they do not exhibit "oncogene-addicted" growth, while they do display "cytokine-addicted" proliferation as cytokine removal resulted in apoptosis in greater than 80% of the cells within 48 hrs. When cytokine-dependent FL5.12 cells were cultured in the presence of IL-3, which stimulated multiple proliferation and anti-apoptotic cascades, MEK, PI3K and mTOR inhibitors transiently suppressed but did not totally inhibit cell cycle progression or induce apoptosis while chemotherapeutic drugs such as doxorubicin and paclitaxel were more effective in inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Doxorubicin induced a G(1) block, while paclitaxel triggered a G(2)/M block. Doxorubicin was more effective in inducing cell death than paclitaxel. Furthermore the effects of doxorubicin could be enhanced by addition of MEK, PI3K or mTOR inhibitors. Cytokine-dependent cells which proliferate in vitro and are not "oncogene-addicted" may represent a pre-malignant stage, more refractory to treatment with targeted therapy. However, these cells are sensitive to chemotherapeutic drugs. It is important to develop methods to inhibit the growth of such cytokine-dependent cells as they may resemble the leukemia stem cell and other cancer initiating cells. These results demonstrate the enhanced effectiveness of targeting early hematopoietic progenitor cells with combinations of chemotherapeutic drugs and signal transduction inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen L Abrams
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
The positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb) is essential for the elongation of transcription and cotranscriptional processing by RNA polymerase II. In mammals, it contains predominantly the C-type cyclin cyclin T1 (CycT1) or CycT2 and cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (Cdk9). To determine if these cyclins have redundant functions or affect distinct sets of genes, we genetically inactivated the CycT2 gene (Ccnt2) using the beta-galactosidase-neomycin gene (beta-geo) gene trap technology in the mouse. Visualizing beta-galactosidase during mouse embryogenesis revealed that CycT2 is expressed abundantly during embryogenesis and throughout the organism in the adult. This finding was reflected in the expression of CycT2 in all adult tissues and organs. However, despite numerous matings of heterozygous mice, we observed no CycT2(-/-) embryos, pups, or adult mice. This early lethality could have resulted from decreased expression of critical genes, which were revealed by short interfering RNAs against CycT2 in embryonic stem cells. Thus, CycT1 and CycT2 are not redundant, and these different P-TEFb complexes regulate subsets of distinct genes that are important for embryonic development.
Collapse
|
28
|
Hoffman AE, Zheng T, Stevens RG, Ba Y, Zhang Y, Leaderer D, Yi C, Holford TR, Zhu Y. Clock-cancer connection in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: a genetic association study and pathway analysis of the circadian gene cryptochrome 2. Cancer Res 2009; 69:3605-13. [PMID: 19318546 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-4572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Circadian genes have the potential to influence a variety of cancer-related biological pathways, including immunoregulation, which may influence susceptibility to non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). However, few studies have examined the role of circadian genes in lymphomagenesis. The current study examined Cryptochrome 2 (CRY2), a core circadian gene and transcriptional repressor, as a potential circadian biomarker for NHL. We first performed genetic association analyses of tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in CRY2 and NHL risk using DNA samples from a population-based case-control study (n = 455 cases and 527 controls). Three SNPs were found to be significantly associated with risk of NHL when combining all subtypes [dbSNP IDs, odds ratios (ORs), and 95% confidence intervals: rs11038689, OR, 2.34 (1.28-4.27), P = 0.006; rs7123390, OR, 2.40 (1.39-4.13), P = 0.002; and rs1401417, OR, 2.97 (1.57-5.63, P = 0.001)]. Each of these associations remained significant when restricting the analysis to B-cell cases and when further restricting to follicular lymphomas. An analysis of CRY2 diplotypes confirmed these significant findings. To further determine the functional effect of CRY2, we silenced the gene in vitro and performed a whole genome expression microarray. A pathway-based analysis showed that genes significantly altered by CRY2 knockdown formed networks associated with immune response and hematologic system development. In addition, these genes were predicted to have significant effects on several disease processes, including cancer (B-H P = 3.75E(-9)) and hematologic disease (B-H P = 8.01E(-8)). In conclusion, both genetic association and functional analyses suggest that the circadian gene CRY2 may play an important role in NHL development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron E Hoffman
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|