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Pan S, Wan M, Jin H, Ning R, Zhang J, Han X. LCP1 correlates with immune infiltration: a prognostic marker for triple-negative breast cancer. BMC Immunol 2024; 25:42. [PMID: 38977952 PMCID: PMC11229261 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-024-00635-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) is known for its aggressiveness and treatment challenges due to the absence of ER, PR, and HER2 receptors. Our work emphasizes the prognostic value of LCP1 (Lymphocyte cytosolic protein 1), which plays a crucial role in cell processes and immune cell activity, to predict outcomes and guide treatments in TNBC. METHODS We explored LCP1 as a potential biomarker in TNBC and investigated the mRNA and protein expression levels of LCP1. We investigated different databases, including GTEX, TCGA, GEO, cBioPortal and Kaplan-Meier Plotter. Immunohistochemistry on TNBC and benign tumor samples was performed to examine LCP1's relationship with patient clinical characteristics and macrophage markers. We also assessed survival rates, immune cell infiltration, and drug sensitivity related to LCP1 using various bioinformatics tools. RESULTS The results indicated that LCP1 expression was higher in TNBC tissues compared to adjacent normal tissues. However, high expression of LCP1 was significantly associated with favorable survival outcomes in patients with TNBC. Enrichment analysis revealed that genes co-expressed with LCP1 were significantly enriched in various immune processes. LCP1 showed a positive correlation with the infiltration of resting dendritic cells, M1 macrophages, and memory CD4 T cells, and a negative correlation with M2 macrophages. Further analysis suggested a link between high levels of LCP1 and increased survival outcomes in cancer patients receiving immunotherapy. CONCLUSION LCP1 may serve as a potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for TNBC, which was closely associated with immune cell infiltration, particularly M1 and M2 macrophages. Our findings may provide valuable insights into immunotherapeutic strategies for TNBC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaikang Pan
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- School of Medical Oncology, Wan Nan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Mengting Wan
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Hongwei Jin
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Ran Ning
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Chaohu, 238000, Anhui, China
| | - Jinguo Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
| | - Xinghua Han
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
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2
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Tetrahydroquinolinone derivatives exert antiproliferative effect on lung cancer cells through apoptosis induction. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19076. [PMID: 36352170 PMCID: PMC9646836 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23640-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The anticancer properties of quinolones is a topic of interest among researchers in the scientific world. Because these compounds do not cause side effects, unlike the commonly used cytostatics, they are considered a promising source of new anticancer drugs. In this work, we designed a brief synthetic pathway and obtained a series of novel 8-phenyltetrahydroquinolinone derivatives functionalized with benzyl-type moieties at position 3. The compounds were synthesized via classical reactions such as nucleophilic substitution, solvent lysis, and condensation. Biological evaluation revealed that 3-(1-naphthylmethyl)-4-phenyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1H-quinolin-2-one (4a) exhibited potent cytotoxicity toward colon (HTC-116) and lung (A549) cancer cell lines. Analysis of the mechanism of action of compounds showed that compound 4a induced cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase, leading to apoptotic cell death via intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. Taken together, the findings of the study suggest that tetrahydroquinolinone derivatives bearing a carbonyl group at position 2 could be potential lead compounds to develop anticancer agents for the treatment of lung cancers.
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A Study on Repositioning Nalidixic Acid via Lanthanide Complexation: Synthesis, Characterization, Cytotoxicity and DNA/Protein Binding Studies. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15081010. [PMID: 36015158 PMCID: PMC9412414 DOI: 10.3390/ph15081010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
“Drug repositioning” is a modern strategy used to uncover new applications for out-of-date drugs. In this context, nalidixic acid, the first member of the quinolone class with limited use today, has been selected to obtain nine new metal complexes with lanthanide cations (La3+, Sm3+, Eu3+, Gd3+, Tb3+); the experimental data suggest that the quinolone acts as a bidentate ligand, binding to the metal ion via the keto and carboxylate oxygen atoms, findings that are supported by DFT calculations. The cytotoxic activity of the complexes has been studied using the tumoral cell lines, MDA-MB-231 and LoVo, and a normal cell line, HUVEC. The most active compounds of the series display selective activity against LoVo. Their affinity for DNA and the manner of binding have been tested using UV–Vis spectroscopy and competitive binding studies; our results indicate that major and minor groove binding play a significant role in these interactions. The affinity towards serum proteins has also been evaluated, the complexes displaying higher affinity towards albumin than apotransferrin.
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Kloskowski T, Frąckowiak S, Adamowicz J, Szeliski K, Rasmus M, Drewa T, Pokrywczyńska M. Quinolones as a Potential Drug in Genitourinary Cancer Treatment-A Literature Review. Front Oncol 2022; 12:890337. [PMID: 35756639 PMCID: PMC9213725 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.890337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Quinolones, broad-spectrum antibiotics, are frequently prescribed by urologists for many urological disorders. The mechanism of their bactericidal activity is based on the inhibition of topoisomerase II or IV complex with DNA, which consequently leads to cell death. It has been observed that these antibiotics also act against the analogous enzymes present in eukaryotic cells. Due to their higher accumulation in urine and prostate tissue than in serum, these drugs seem to be ideal candidates for application in genitourinary cancer treatment. In this study, an extensive literature review has been performed to collect information about concentrations achievable in urine and prostate tissue together with information about anticancer properties of 15 quinolones. Special attention was paid to the application of cytotoxic properties of quinolones for bladder and prostate cancer cell lines. Data available in the literature showed promising properties of quinolones, especially in the case of urinary bladder cancer treatment. In the case of prostate cancer, due to low concentrations of quinolones achievable in prostate tissue, combination therapy with other chemotherapeutics or another method of drug administration is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Kloskowski
- Chair of Urology and Andrology, Department of Regenerative Medicine, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Sylwia Frąckowiak
- Chair of Urology and Andrology, Department of Regenerative Medicine, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Jan Adamowicz
- Chair of Urology and Andrology, Department of Regenerative Medicine, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Kamil Szeliski
- Chair of Urology and Andrology, Department of Regenerative Medicine, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Marta Rasmus
- Chair of Urology and Andrology, Department of Regenerative Medicine, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Tomasz Drewa
- Chair of Urology and Andrology, Department of Regenerative Medicine, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Marta Pokrywczyńska
- Chair of Urology and Andrology, Department of Regenerative Medicine, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Jałbrzykowska K, Chrzanowska A, Roszkowski P, Struga M. The New Face of a Well-Known Antibiotic: A Review of the Anticancer Activity of Enoxacin and Its Derivatives. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14133056. [PMID: 35804828 PMCID: PMC9264829 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14133056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Enoxacin is a second-generation quinolone with promising anticancer activity. In contrast to other members of the quinolone group, it exhibits an extraordinary cytotoxic mechanism of action. Enoxacin enhances RNA interference and promotes microRNA processing, as well as the production of free radicals. Interestingly, apart from its proapoptotic, cell cycle arresting and cytostatic effects, enoxacin manifests a limitation of cancer invasiveness. The underlying mechanisms are the competitive inhibition of vacuolar H+-ATPase subunits and c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling pathway suppression. The newly synthesized enoxacin derivatives have shown a magnified cytotoxic effect with an emphasis on prooxidative, proapoptotic and microRNA interference actions. The mentioned mechanisms seem to contribute to a safer, more selective and more effective anticancer therapy. Abstract Enoxacin as a second-generation synthetic quinolone is known for its antibacterial action; however, in recent years there have been studies focusing on its anticancer potential. Interestingly, it turns out that compared to other fluoroquinolones, enoxacin exhibits uncommon cytotoxic properties. Besides its influence on apoptosis, the cell cycle and cell growth, it exhibits a regulatory action on microRNA biogenesis. It was revealed that the molecular targets of the enoxacin-mediated inhibition of osteoclastogenesis are vacuolar H+-ATPase subunits and the c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling pathway, causing a decrease in cell invasiveness. Interestingly, the prooxidative nature of the subjected fluoroquinolone enhanced the cytotoxic effect. Crucial for the anticancer activity were the carboxyl group at the third carbon atom, fluorine at the seventh carbon atom and nitrogen at the eighth position of naphyridine. Modifications of the parent drug improved the induction of oxidative stress, cell cycle arrest and the dysregulation of microRNA. The inhibition of V-ATPase–microfilament binding was also observed. Enoxacin strongly affected various cancer but not normal cells, excluding keratinocytes, which suffered from phototoxicity. It seems to be an underestimated anticancer drug with pleiotropic action. Furthermore, its usage as a safe antibiotic with well-known pharmacokinetics and selectivity will enhance the development of anticancer treatment strategies. This review covers articles published within the years 2000–2021, with a strong focus on the recent years (2016–2021). However, some canonical papers published in twentieth century are also mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Jałbrzykowska
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warszawa, Poland;
| | - Alicja Chrzanowska
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warszawa, Poland;
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (M.S.); Tel.: +48-22-5720693 (A.C. & M.S.)
| | - Piotr Roszkowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Marta Struga
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warszawa, Poland;
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (M.S.); Tel.: +48-22-5720693 (A.C. & M.S.)
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Hei YY, Wang S, Xi XX, Wang HP, Guo Y, Xin M, Jiang C, Lu S, Zhang SQ. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of fluoroquinolone derivatives as MicroRNA-21 small-molecule inhibitors. J Pharm Anal 2022; 12:653-663. [PMID: 36105166 PMCID: PMC9463491 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2021.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA-21 (miRNA-21) is highly expressed in various tumors. Small-molecule inhibition of miRNA-21 is considered to be an attractive novel cancer therapeutic strategy. In this study, fluoroquinolone derivatives A1–A43 were synthesized and used as miRNA-21 inhibitors. Compound A36 showed the most potent inhibitory activity and specificity for miRNA-21 in a dual-luciferase reporter assay in HeLa cells. Compound A36 significantly reduced the expression of mature miRNA-21 and increased the protein expression of miRNA-21 target genes, including programmed cell death protein 4 (PDCD4) and phosphatase and tensin homology deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN), at 10 μM in HeLa cells. The Cell Counting Kit-8 assay (CCK-8) was used to evaluate the antiproliferative activity of A36; the results showed that the IC50 value range of A36 against six tumor cell lines was between 1.76 and 13.0 μM. Meanwhile, A36 did not display cytotoxicity in BEAS-2B cells (lung epithelial cells from a healthy human donor). Furthermore, A36 significantly induced apoptosis, arrested cells at the G0/G1 phase, and inhibited cell-colony formation in HeLa cells. In addition, mRNA deep sequencing showed that treatment with A36 could generate 171 dysregulated mRNAs in HeLa cells, while the expression of miRNA-21 target gene dual-specificity phosphatase 5 (DUSP5) was significantly upregulated at both the mRNA and protein levels. Collectively, these findings demonstrated that A36 is a novel miRNA-21 inhibitor. Fluoroquinolone derivatives A1–A43 were synthesized and evaluated as miRNA-21 small-compound inhibitors. The quinolone derivative A36 was validated as an active and specific miRNA-21 small-compound inhibitor. A36 displayed differential anti-cell proliferation activity between normal and miRNA-21-overexpressing cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Hei
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Si Wang
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine (IMTM), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Xi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Hai-Peng Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, 710068, China
| | - Yuanxu Guo
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine (IMTM), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Minhang Xin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Congshan Jiang
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine (IMTM), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710061, China
- Corresponding author. Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine (IMTM), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, China.
| | - Shemin Lu
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine (IMTM), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - San-Qi Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710061, China
- Corresponding author. Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, China.
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Enoxacin shows a broad-spectrum antiviral activity against diverse viruses by enhancing antiviral RNAi in insects. J Virol 2021; 96:e0177821. [PMID: 34908449 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01778-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) functions as the major host antiviral defense in insects, while less is understood about how to utilize antiviral RNAi in controlling viral infection in insects. Enoxacin belongs to the family of synthetic antibacterial compounds based on a fluoroquinolone skeleton that has been previously found to enhance RNAi in mammalian cells. In this study, we showed that enoxacin efficiently inhibited viral replication of Drosophila C virus (DCV) and Cricket paralysis virus (CrPV) in cultured Drosophila cells. Enoxacin promoted the loading of Dicer-2-processed virus-derived siRNA into the RNA-induced silencing complex, thereby enhancing antiviral RNAi response in infected cells. Moreover, enoxacin treatment elicited an RNAi-dependent in vivo protective efficacy against DCV or CrPV challenge in adult fruit flies. In addition, enoxacin also inhibited replication of flaviviruses, including Dengue virus and Zika virus, in Aedes mosquito cells in an RNAi-dependent manner. Together, our findings demonstrated that enoxacin can enhance RNAi in insects, and enhancing RNAi by enoxacin is an effective antiviral strategy against diverse viruses in insects, which may be exploited as a broad-spectrum antiviral agent to control vector transmission of arboviruses or viral diseases in insect farming. Importance RNAi has been widely recognized as one of the most broadly acting and robust antiviral mechanism in insects. However, the application of antiviral RNAi in controlling viral infections in insects is less understood. Enoxacin is a fluoroquinolone compound that has been previously found to enhance RNAi in mammalian cells, while its RNAi-enhancing activity has not been assessed in insects. Herein, we showed that enoxacin treatment inhibited viral replication of DCV and CrPV in Drosophila cells and in adult fruit flies. Enoxacin promoted the loading of Dicer-generated virus-derived siRNA into Ago2-incorporated RNA-induced silencing complex, and in turn strengthened the antiviral RNAi response in the infected cells. Moreover, enoxacin also displayed effective RNAi-dependent antiviral effects against flaviviruses, such as Dengue virus and Zika virus, in mosquito cells. This study is the first to demonstrate that enhancing RNAi by enoxacin elicits potent antiviral efficacies against diverse viruses in insects.
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Cakmak U, Oz-Tuncay F, Basoglu-Ozdemir S, Ayazoglu-Demir E, Demir İ, Colak A, Celik-Uzuner S, Erdem SS, Yildirim N. Synthesis of hydrazine containing piperazine or benzimidazole derivatives and their potential as α-amylase inhibitors by molecular docking, inhibition kinetics and in vitro cytotoxicity activity studies. Med Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-021-02785-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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9
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Itoh A, Adams D, Huang W, Wu Y, Kachapati K, Bednar KJ, Leung PSC, Zhang W, Flavell RA, Gershwin ME, Ridgway WM. Enoxacin Up-Regulates MicroRNA Biogenesis and Down-Regulates Cytotoxic CD8 T-Cell Function in Autoimmune Cholangitis. Hepatology 2021; 74:835-846. [PMID: 33462854 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a prototypical organ-specific autoimmune disease that is mediated by autoreactive T-cell attack and destruction of cholangiocytes. Despite the clear role of autoimmunity in PBC, immune-directed therapies have failed to halt PBC, including biologic therapies effective in other autoimmune diseases. MicroRNA (miRNA) dysregulation is implicated in the pathogenesis (PBC). In the dominant-negative TGF-β receptor type II (dnTGFβRII) mouse model of PBC, autoreactive CD8 T cells play a major pathogenic role and demonstrate a striking pattern of miRNA down-regulation. Enoxacin is a small molecule fluoroquinolone that enhances miRNA biogenesis, partly by stabilizing the interaction of transactivation response RNA-binding protein with Argonaute (Ago) 2. APPROACH AND RESULTS We hypothesized that correcting aberrant T-cell miRNA expression with enoxacin in dnTGFβRII mice could modulate autoreactive T-cell function and prevent PBC. Here, we show that liver-infiltrating dnTGFβRII CD8 T cells have significantly decreased levels of the miRNA biogenesis molecules prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha 1 (P4HA1) and Ago2 along with significantly increased levels of granzyme B and perforin. Enoxacin treatment significantly up-regulated miRNAs in dnTGFβRII CD8 T cells and effectively treated autoimmune cholangitis in dnTGFβRII mice. Enoxacin treatment directly altered T cells both ex vivo and in vitro, resulting in altered memory subset numbers, decreased proliferation, and decreased interferon-γ production. Enoxacin significantly decreased CD8 T-cell expression of the transcription factor, Runx3, and significantly decreased perforin expression at both the mRNA and protein levels. CONCLUSIONS Enoxacin increases miRNA expression in dnTGFβRII CD8 T cells, reduces CD8 T-cell pathogenicity, and effectively halted progression of autoimmune biliary disease. Targeting the miRNA pathway is a therapeutic approach to autoimmunity that corrects pathological miRNA abnormalities in autoreactive T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arata Itoh
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and RheumatologyUniversity of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnatiOH
| | - David Adams
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and RheumatologyUniversity of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnatiOH
| | - Wenting Huang
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and RheumatologyUniversity of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnatiOH
| | - Yuehong Wu
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and RheumatologyUniversity of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnatiOH
| | - Kritika Kachapati
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and RheumatologyUniversity of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnatiOH
| | - Kyle J Bednar
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and RheumatologyUniversity of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnatiOH
| | - Patrick S C Leung
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical ImmunologyUniversity of California, DavisDavisCA
| | - Weici Zhang
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical ImmunologyUniversity of California, DavisDavisCA
| | - Richard A Flavell
- Department of Internal MedicineYale University School of MedicineNew HavenCT
| | - M Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical ImmunologyUniversity of California, DavisDavisCA
| | - William M Ridgway
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and RheumatologyUniversity of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnatiOH.,Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical ImmunologyUniversity of California, DavisDavisCA
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10
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Repurposing of Antimicrobial Agents for Cancer Therapy: What Do We Know? Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13133193. [PMID: 34206772 PMCID: PMC8269327 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The substantial costs of clinical trials, the lengthy timelines of new drug discovery and development, along the high attrition rates underscore the need for alternative strategies for finding quickly suitable therapeutics agents. Given that most approved drugs possess more than one target tightly linked to other diseases, it encourages promptly testing these drugs in patients. Over the past decades, this has led to considerable attention for drug repurposing, which relies on identifying new uses for approved or investigational drugs outside the scope of the original medical indication. The known safety of approved drugs minimizes the possibility of failure for adverse toxicology, making them attractive de-risked compounds for new applications with potentially lower overall development costs and shorter development timelines. This latter case is an exciting opportunity, specifically in oncology, due to increased resistance towards the current therapies. Indeed, a large body of evidence shows that a wealth of non-cancer drugs has beneficial effects against cancer. Interestingly, 335 drugs are currently being evaluated in different clinical trials for their potential activities against various cancers (Redo database). This review aims to provide an extensive discussion about the anti-cancer activities exerted by antimicrobial agents and presents information about their mechanism(s) of action and stage of development/evaluation.
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11
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Targeting miRNA dysregulation with small molecules: the case of enoxacin. Future Med Chem 2021; 13:1245-1248. [PMID: 34060341 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2021-0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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12
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Zhou Z, Li Y, Ma X, Cao B, Peng T, Sheng Y, Peng H, Li R, Cao Y, Xi R, Li F, Wang M, Sun H, Zhang G, Zhang H, Hu K, Xiao W, Wang F. Identification of a Novel TAR RNA-Binding Protein 2 Modulator with Potential Therapeutic Activity against Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J Med Chem 2021; 64:7404-7421. [PMID: 34038111 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Imbalance miRNAs contribute to tumor formation; therefore, the development of small-molecule compounds that regulate miRNA biogenesis is an important strategy in oncotherapy. Here, (-)-Gomisin M1 (GM) was found to modulate miRNA biogenesis to inhibit the proliferation, migration, and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. GM modulated expression profiles of miRNA and protein in HCC cells and suppressed tumor growth in a mouse model. Mechanistically, GM affected miRNA maturation by targeting TAR RNA-binding protein 2 (TRBP), with an efficacy higher than that of enoxacin, and promoted the binding of TRBP with Dicer. Structural simplification and a preliminary structure-activity relationship study via the synthesis of 20 GM derivatives showed that compound 9 exhibited more potent inhibitory activity in HCC cell proliferation and affinity for TRBP than did GM. These results suggest that TRBP may be a novel potential therapeutic target in HCC and compound 9 may be a potential drug candidate for the treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongyuan Zhou
- Center for Natural Products Research, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yiming Li
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Research & Development Center for Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Xiaofang Ma
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Biyun Cao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Research & Development Center for Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Ting Peng
- Center for Natural Products Research, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuwen Sheng
- Center for Natural Products Research, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huipan Peng
- Center for Natural Products Research, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Runze Li
- Center for Natural Products Research, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu Cao
- Center for Natural Products Research, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ruiying Xi
- Center for Natural Products Research, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fu Li
- Center for Natural Products Research, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Mengru Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Research & Development Center for Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Handong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Guolin Zhang
- Center for Natural Products Research, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hongbin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Research & Development Center for Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Kaifeng Hu
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Weilie Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Research & Development Center for Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Center for Natural Products Research, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China.,Xiongan Institute of Innovation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hebei 071700, China
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13
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Ahmadi A, Moradi S. In silico analysis suggests the RNAi-enhancing antibiotic enoxacin as a potential inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10271. [PMID: 33986351 PMCID: PMC8119475 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89605-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 has currently become the biggest challenge in the world. There is still no specific medicine for COVID-19, which leaves a critical gap for the identification of new drug candidates for the disease. Recent studies have reported that the small-molecule enoxacin exerts an antiviral activity by enhancing the RNAi pathway. The aim of this study is to analyze if enoxacin can exert anti-SARS-CoV-2 effects. We exploit multiple computational tools and databases to examine (i) whether the RNAi mechanism, as the target pathway of enoxacin, could act on the SARS-CoV-2 genome, and (ii) microRNAs induced by enoxacin might directly silence viral components as well as the host cell proteins mediating the viral entry and replication. We find that the RNA genome of SARS-CoV-2 might be a suitable substrate for DICER activity. We also highlight several enoxacin-enhanced microRNAs which could target SARS-CoV-2 components, pro-inflammatory cytokines, host cell components facilitating viral replication, and transcription factors enriched in lung stem cells, thereby promoting their differentiation and lung regeneration. Finally, our analyses identify several enoxacin-targeted regulatory modules that were critically associated with exacerbation of the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Overall, our analysis suggests that enoxacin could be a promising candidate for COVID-19 treatment through enhancing the RNAi pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirhossein Ahmadi
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Nano and Bio Science and Technology, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, 75169,, Iran
| | - Sharif Moradi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
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14
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Xu H, Mao M, Zhao R, Zhao Q. Enoxacin Exerts Anti-Tumor Effects Against Prostate Cancer Through Inducing Apoptosis. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2021; 20:1533033821995284. [PMID: 33641532 PMCID: PMC7923966 DOI: 10.1177/1533033821995284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and second leading cause of cancer death in men. Enoxacin, a third-generation fluoroquinolone antibiotic, was found with anti-proliferative effects against many cancer types. This study was to further investigate its effects against prostate cancer and explore the underlying molecular mechanisms. Methods: PC-3 cells were treated with Enoxacin at different concentrations. Tumor model was established by subcutaneously injecting PC-3 cells into nude mice. MTT assay was used to detect cell viability. ELISA assay, Annexin V/PI staining and TUNEL assay were used to detect apoptosis. RT-qPCR and western blot were used to detect the gene and protein expression, respectively. Results: Our data showed that Enoxacin inhibited PC-3 cell proliferation and induced the apoptosis through up-regulating the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins, while down-regulating expression levels of anti-apoptotic proteins. Moreover, Enoxacin increased the gene and protein expression of the autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum stress markers. Treating tumor-bearing mice with Enoxacin significantly inhibited tumor growth in xenograft tumor model. Conclusion: Our results suggested that Enoxacin could be developed as a potential anti-tumor agent against prostate carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Xu
- Second Department of Urology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of 26488China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Minghuan Mao
- Second Department of Urology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of 26488China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Rui Zhao
- Fourth Clinical College of 26488China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Qing Zhao
- Second Department of Urology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of 26488China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, China
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15
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Dalhoff A. Selective toxicity of antibacterial agents-still a valid concept or do we miss chances and ignore risks? Infection 2021; 49:29-56. [PMID: 33367978 PMCID: PMC7851017 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-020-01536-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Selective toxicity antibacteribiotics is considered to be due to interactions with targets either being unique to bacteria or being characterized by a dichotomy between pro- and eukaryotic pathways with high affinities of agents to bacterial- rather than eukaryotic targets. However, the theory of selective toxicity oversimplifies the complex modes of action of antibiotics in pro- and eukaryotes. METHODS AND OBJECTIVE This review summarizes data describing multiple modes of action of antibiotics in eukaryotes. RESULTS Aminoglycosides, macrolides, oxazolidinones, chloramphenicol, clindamycin, tetracyclines, glycylcyclines, fluoroquinolones, rifampicin, bedaquillin, ß-lactams inhibited mitochondrial translation either due to binding to mitosomes, inhibition of mitochondrial RNA-polymerase-, topoisomerase 2ß-, ATP-synthesis, transporter activities. Oxazolidinones, tetracyclines, vancomycin, ß-lactams, bacitracin, isoniazid, nitroxoline inhibited matrix-metalloproteinases (MMP) due to chelation with zinc and calcium, whereas fluoroquinols fluoroquinolones and chloramphenicol chelated with these cations, too, but increased MMP activities. MMP-inhibition supported clinical efficacies of ß-lactams and daptomycin in skin-infections, and of macrolides, tetracyclines in respiratory-diseases. Chelation may have contributed to neuroprotection by ß-lactams and fluoroquinolones. Aminoglycosides, macrolides, chloramphenicol, oxazolidins oxazolidinones, tetracyclines caused read-through of premature stop codons. Several additional targets for antibiotics in human cells have been identified like interaction of fluoroquinolones with DNA damage repair in eukaryotes, or inhibition of mucin overproduction by oxazolidinones. CONCLUSION The effects of antibiotics on eukaryotes are due to identical mechanisms as their antibacterial activities because of structural and functional homologies of pro- and eukaryotic targets, so that the effects of antibiotics on mammals are integral parts of their overall mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Dalhoff
- Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Institue for Infection Medicine, Brunswiker Str. 4, D-24105, Kiel, Germany.
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16
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Rocha AL, de Lima TI, de Souza GP, Corrêa RO, Ferrucci DL, Rodrigues B, Lopes-Ramos C, Nilsson D, Knittel TL, Castro PR, Fernandes MF, Dos Santos Martins F, Parmigiani RB, Silveira LR, Carvalho HF, Auwerx J, Vinolo MAR, Boucher J, Mori MA. Enoxacin induces oxidative metabolism and mitigates obesity by regulating adipose tissue miRNA expression. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eabc6250. [PMID: 33268375 PMCID: PMC7710362 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc6250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been implicated in oxidative metabolism and brown/beige adipocyte identity. Here, we tested whether widespread changes in miRNA expression promoted by treatment with the small-molecule enoxacin cause browning and prevent obesity. Enoxacin mitigated diet-induced obesity in mice, and this was associated with increased energy expenditure. Consistently, subcutaneous white and brown adipose tissues and skeletal muscle of enoxacin-treated mice had higher levels of markers associated with thermogenesis and oxidative metabolism. These effects were cell autonomous since they were recapitulated in vitro in murine and human cell models. In preadipocytes, enoxacin led to a reduction of miR-34a-5p expression and up-regulation of its target genes (e.g., Fgfr1, Klb, and Sirt1), thus increasing FGF21 signaling and promoting beige adipogenesis. Our data demonstrate that enoxacin counteracts obesity by promoting thermogenic signaling and inducing oxidative metabolism in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle in a mechanism that involves, at least in part, miRNA-mediated regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa Livia Rocha
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Department of Biophysics, São Paulo School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tanes Imamura de Lima
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Laboratory of Integrative Systems Physiology, Interfaculty Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gerson Profeta de Souza
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Renan Oliveira Corrêa
- Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Danilo Lopes Ferrucci
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Photonics Applied to Cell Biology (INFABiC), University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Bruno Rodrigues
- Department of Adapted Physical Activity, School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Camila Lopes-Ramos
- Center of Molecular Oncology, Sírio-Libanês Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA
| | - Daniel Nilsson
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
- The Lundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Thiago Leite Knittel
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Pollyana Ribeiro Castro
- Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Mariane Font Fernandes
- Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Flaviano Dos Santos Martins
- Laboratory of Biotherapeutics Agents, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Leonardo Reis Silveira
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Hernandes F Carvalho
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Photonics Applied to Cell Biology (INFABiC), University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Johan Auwerx
- Laboratory of Integrative Systems Physiology, Interfaculty Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marco Aurélio R Vinolo
- Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Experimental Medicine Research Cluster (EMRC), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Jeremie Boucher
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
- The Lundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
- Bioscience Metabolism, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marcelo A Mori
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.
- Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Department of Biophysics, São Paulo School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Experimental Medicine Research Cluster (EMRC), Campinas, Brazil
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17
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Maciuca AM, Munteanu AC, Mihaila M, Badea M, Olar R, Nitulescu GM, Munteanu CVA, Bostan M, Uivarosi V. Rare-Earth Metal Complexes of the Antibacterial Drug Oxolinic Acid: Synthesis, Characterization, DNA/Protein Binding and Cytotoxicity Studies. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25225418. [PMID: 33228104 PMCID: PMC7699381 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
"Drug repositioning" is a current trend which proved useful in the search for new applications for existing, failed, no longer in use or abandoned drugs, particularly when addressing issues such as bacterial or cancer cells resistance to current therapeutic approaches. In this context, six new complexes of the first-generation quinolone oxolinic acid with rare-earth metal cations (Y3+, La3+, Sm3+, Eu3+, Gd3+, Tb3+) have been synthesized and characterized. The experimental data suggest that the quinolone acts as a bidentate ligand, binding to the metal ion via the keto and carboxylate oxygen atoms; these findings are supported by DFT (density functional theory) calculations for the Sm3+ complex. The cytotoxic activity of the complexes, as well as the ligand, has been studied on MDA-MB 231 (human breast adenocarcinoma), LoVo (human colon adenocarcinoma) and HUVEC (normal human umbilical vein endothelial cells) cell lines. UV-Vis spectroscopy and competitive binding studies show that the complexes display binding affinities (Kb) towards double stranded DNA in the range of 9.33 × 104 - 10.72 × 105. Major and minor groove-binding most likely play a significant role in the interactions of the complexes with DNA. Moreover, the complexes bind human serum albumin more avidly than apo-transferrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Madalina Maciuca
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia St, 020956 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Alexandra-Cristina Munteanu
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia St, 020956 Bucharest, Romania;
- Correspondence: (A.-C.M.); (V.U.); Tel.: +4-021-318-0742 (V.U.); Fax: +4-021-318-0750 (V.U.)
| | - Mirela Mihaila
- Center of Immunology, Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, 285 Mihai Bravu Ave, 030304 Bucharest, Romania; (M.M.); (M.B.)
| | - Mihaela Badea
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, 90-92 Panduri Str, 050663 Bucharest, Romania; (M.B.); (R.O.)
| | - Rodica Olar
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, 90-92 Panduri Str, 050663 Bucharest, Romania; (M.B.); (R.O.)
| | - George Mihai Nitulescu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Str, 020956 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Cristian V. A. Munteanu
- Department of Bioinformatics and Structural Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy (IBRA), 296 Spl. Independenţei, 060031 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Marinela Bostan
- Center of Immunology, Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, 285 Mihai Bravu Ave, 030304 Bucharest, Romania; (M.M.); (M.B.)
| | - Valentina Uivarosi
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia St, 020956 Bucharest, Romania;
- Correspondence: (A.-C.M.); (V.U.); Tel.: +4-021-318-0742 (V.U.); Fax: +4-021-318-0750 (V.U.)
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18
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Felicetti T, Cecchetti V, Manfroni G. Modulating microRNA Processing: Enoxacin, the Progenitor of a New Class of Drugs. J Med Chem 2020; 63:12275-12289. [PMID: 32672457 PMCID: PMC8009507 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The RNA interference (RNAi) process encompasses the cellular mechanisms by which short-noncoding RNAs posttranscriptionally modulate gene expression. First discovered in 1998, today RNAi represents the foundation underlying complex biological mechanisms that are dysregulated in many diseases. MicroRNAs are effector molecules of gene silencing in RNAi, and their modulation can lead to a wide response in cells. Enoxacin was reported as the first and unique small-molecule enhancer of microRNA (SMER) maturation. Herein, the biological activity of enoxacin as SMER is discussed to shed light on its innovative mode of action, its potential in treating different diseases, and the feasibility of using enoxacin as a chemical template for inspiring medicinal chemists. We debate its mechanism of action at the molecular level and the possible impact on future ligand and/or structure-guided chemical optimizations, as well as opportunities and drawbacks associated with the development of quinolones such as SMERs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Felicetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Violetta Cecchetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Manfroni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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19
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Luo X, Liu X, Tao Q, Yao C, Wang F, Gu Z, Li F, Yu X, Zhang B, Fan H, Dai M, Nie T. Enoxacin inhibits proliferation and invasion of human osteosarcoma cells and reduces bone tumour volume in a murine xenograft model. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:1400-1408. [PMID: 32724382 PMCID: PMC7377056 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most prevalent primary bone malignancy in children and adolescents. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy combined with surgical resection, the current standard treatment of osteosarcoma, is associated with a 5-year survival rate of only ~70%. Therefore, it is necessary to identify new, more effective treatment strategies for patients with this lethal disease. Enoxacin is a highly effective broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibiotic with low toxicity. The drug inhibits the growth and metastasis of numerous tumour types, but its efficacy has not been studied in osteosarcoma. This study assessed the antitumour effects of enoxacin in osteosarcoma 143B cells and in a murine tumour xenograft model. Enoxacin inhibited the proliferation, invasion and migration of 143B cells, as well as inducing their apoptosis. These effects were thought to be mediated by downregulation of Bcl-xL, Bxl-2, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)2 and MMP9 expression. Enoxacin also significantly impaired the growth of bone tumours in nude mice without affecting their liver or kidney function, or blood cell count. Collectively, these results indicate that enoxacin is a promising new drug for osteosarcoma that warrants further evaluation in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuwen Luo
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Artificial Joints Engineering and Technology Research Centre of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Xuqiang Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Artificial Joints Engineering and Technology Research Centre of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Qianyuan Tao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Artificial Joints Engineering and Technology Research Centre of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Cong Yao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Artificial Joints Engineering and Technology Research Centre of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Fuqiang Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Artificial Joints Engineering and Technology Research Centre of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Zhiping Gu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Artificial Joints Engineering and Technology Research Centre of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Feilong Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Artificial Joints Engineering and Technology Research Centre of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolong Yu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Artificial Joints Engineering and Technology Research Centre of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Artificial Joints Engineering and Technology Research Centre of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Hongxian Fan
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Artificial Joints Engineering and Technology Research Centre of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Min Dai
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Artificial Joints Engineering and Technology Research Centre of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Tao Nie
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Artificial Joints Engineering and Technology Research Centre of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
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20
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Van Meter EN, Onyango JA, Teske KA. A review of currently identified small molecule modulators of microRNA function. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 188:112008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.112008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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21
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Kumar M, Kumar G, Masram DT. Copper(ii) complexes containing enoxacin and heterocyclic ligands: synthesis, crystal structures and their biological perspectives. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj01192d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two copper-based complexes with a distorted square pyramidal geometry show excellent binding and cleavage affinity towards DNA and proteins. Also, these complexes have potential cytotoxicity against MCF-7 cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Delhi
- Delhi-110007
- India
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22
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Antunes J, Gaspar VM, Ferreira L, Monteiro M, Henrique R, Jerónimo C, Mano JF. In-air production of 3D co-culture tumor spheroid hydrogels for expedited drug screening. Acta Biomater 2019; 94:392-409. [PMID: 31200118 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) in vitro tumor spheroids are becoming popular as pre-clinical platforms for testing the performance of existing drugs or for discovery of innovative anti-cancer therapeutics. This focus is correlated with in vitro 3D tumor models ability to mimic the multicellular compact structure and spatial architecture of human solid tumors. However, these microphysiological systems generally lack the pre-existence of tumor-ECM, a critical aspect that can affect the overall therapeutic performance and the decision of advancing candidate drugs to later stages of the pipeline. Aiming to face this drawback and mimic tumors-ECM, herein we rapidly fabricated in-air hyaluronan-methacrylate (HA-MA) and gelatin-methacrylate (GelMA) photocrosslinkable 3D spheroid microgels by using superhydrophobic surfaces. These platforms were used for establishing heterotypic 3D co-culture models of prostate cancer cells (PC-3) and human osteoblasts (hOB) to mimic prostate cancer-to-bone metastasis cellular heterogeneity and the tumor-ECM microenvironment. 3D microgel microtumors morphology, size and cell number were easily controlled via digital droplet generation on polystyrene superhydrophobic surfaces and under solvent-free conditions when compared to microfluidics or electrospray. Co-culture 3D microgels formed by 2.5%HA-MA-5%GelMA and 5%HA-MA-5%GelMA ratios showed the highest calcium deposition after 14 days of culture, evidencing osteoblasts viability and the establishment of functional mineralization in the 3D hydrogel matrix. Cisplatin cytotoxicity evaluation showed that 3D microgels are more resistant to platin chemotherapeutics than single or co-culture 3D multicellular spheroid counterparts. Overall, our findings indicate that solvent-free, in-air produced 3D microgel microenvironments are cost-effective and robust tumor mimicking platforms for in vitro high-throughput screening of therapeutics targeted to prostate-to-bone metastasis microenvironments. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The generation of robust microphysiological systems that recapitulate the complexity of the metastatic prostate-to-bone tumor microenvironment is crucial for pre-clinical evaluation of new therapeutics that can eradicate these secondary tumors. In this study, we employed superhydrophobic (SH) surfaces to rapidly fabricate photocrosslinkable hyaluronan-methacrylate/gelatin-methacrylate 3D spheroid microgels for prostate cancer cells and human osteoblasts co-culture models that simultaneously mimic the cellular and ECM tumor components. The use of SH platforms overcomes the issues of standard in-liquid microgel production technologies by providing a robust control over 3D microgels size/morphology and cell-cell co-encapsulation numbers, while avoiding the use of oil-based microgel droplets generation. Overall, SH surfaces allowed a solvent-free, cost-effective, reproducible and adaptable fabrication of heterotypic 3D spherical microgels for high throughput drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Antunes
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Vítor M Gaspar
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Luís Ferreira
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Maria Monteiro
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rui Henrique
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto) & Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Carmen Jerónimo
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto) & Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Portugal
| | - João F Mano
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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23
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Gioia U, Francia S, Cabrini M, Brambillasca S, Michelini F, Jones-Weinert CW, d'Adda di Fagagna F. Pharmacological boost of DNA damage response and repair by enhanced biogenesis of DNA damage response RNAs. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6460. [PMID: 31015566 PMCID: PMC6478851 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42892-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel class of small non-coding RNAs called DNA damage response RNAs (DDRNAs) generated at DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in a DROSHA- and DICER-dependent manner has been shown to regulate the DNA damage response (DDR). Similar molecules were also reported to guide DNA repair. Here, we show that DDR activation and DNA repair can be pharmacologically boosted by acting on such non-coding RNAs. Cells treated with enoxacin, a compound previously demonstrated to augment DICER activity, show stronger DDR signalling and faster DNA repair upon exposure to ionizing radiations compared to vehicle-only treated cells. Enoxacin stimulates DDRNA production at chromosomal DSBs and at dysfunctional telomeres, which in turn promotes 53BP1 accumulation at damaged sites, therefore in a miRNA-independent manner. Increased 53BP1 occupancy at DNA lesions induced by enoxacin ultimately suppresses homologous recombination, channelling DNA repair towards faster and more accurate non-homologous end-joining, including in post-mitotic primary neurons. Notably, augmented DNA repair stimulated by enoxacin increases the survival also of cancer cells treated with chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ubaldo Gioia
- IFOM - the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Sofia Francia
- IFOM - the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Matteo Cabrini
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Silvia Brambillasca
- IFOM - the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Flavia Michelini
- IFOM - the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program (HOPP) - Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Corey W Jones-Weinert
- IFOM - the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabrizio d'Adda di Fagagna
- IFOM - the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy.
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
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24
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McDonnell AM, Pyles HM, Diaz-Cruz ES, Barton CE. Enoxacin and Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG) Act Synergistically to Inhibit the Growth of Cervical Cancer Cells in Culture. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24081580. [PMID: 31013600 PMCID: PMC6514544 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24081580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is a major cause of death in females worldwide. While survival rates have historically improved, there remains a continuous need to identify novel molecules that are effective against this disease. Here, we show that enoxacin, a drug most commonly used to treat a broad array of bacterial infections, is able to inhibit growth of the cervical cancer cells. Furthermore, our data show that epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a plant bioactive compound abundant in green tea, and known for its antioxidant effects, similarly functions as an antiproliferative agent. Most importantly, we provide evidence that EGCG functions synergistically against cancer cell proliferation in combined treatment with enoxacin. These data collectively suggest that enoxacin and EGCG may be useful treatment options for cases of cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Margaret McDonnell
- Department of Biology, Belmont University; 1900 Belmont Boulevard, Nashville, TN 37212, USA.
| | - Holly M Pyles
- Department of Biology, Belmont University; 1900 Belmont Boulevard, Nashville, TN 37212, USA.
| | - Edgar S Diaz-Cruz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Belmont University; 1900 Belmont Boulevard, Nashville, TN 37212, USA.
| | - Christopher E Barton
- Department of Biology, Belmont University; 1900 Belmont Boulevard, Nashville, TN 37212, USA.
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25
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Yadav V, Talwar P. Repositioning of fluoroquinolones from antibiotic to anti-cancer agents: An underestimated truth. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 111:934-946. [PMID: 30841473 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.12.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing development costs and higher failure rate in clinical trials has reduced the repertoire of newer drugs in the market for clinical use. The most appropriate approach to end the search for newer drugs is "Repositioning", as it requires less time and money to explore new indication of existing drug or failed drug. In the past, several drugs have been repositioned for different indication but the full potential remains unharnessed. With rise in cancer prevalence and treatment costs, it is imperative to search for newer drugs and the use of repositioning approach may help us. Fluoroquinolones has been used as antibiotics for over four decades now, but recent research highlighted their use as pharmacological compounds with multifaceted implication. Repositioning of fluoroquinolones into anti-cancer molecule seems to be a highly plausible option owing to their profound immunomodulatory, pro-apoptotic, anti-proliferative and anti-metastatic potential. The present review provides a comprehensive account of the recent and past explorations pertaining to the anti-cancer activity of fluoroquinolones and also discusses the various approaches that are being considered to remodel them for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Yadav
- Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics, University of Liège (ULiège), 4000, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Puneet Talwar
- Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences (IHBAS), Delhi, India
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26
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Enoxacin and bis-enoxacin stimulate 4T1 murine breast cancer cells to release extracellular vesicles that inhibit osteoclastogenesis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16182. [PMID: 30385810 PMCID: PMC6212457 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34698-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Enoxacin and its bone-seeking bisphosphonate derivative, bis-enoxacin, have recently captured attention as potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of cancer and bone disease. No differences in growth or survival of 4T1 murine breast cancer cells were detected at a concentration of 50 µM of enoxacin or bis-enoxacin. Growth was perturbed at higher concentrations. Both 50 µM enoxacin and bis-enoxacin stimulated increases in the number of GW/Processing bodies, but there were minimal changes in microRNA levels. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) released from 4T1 cells treated with 50 µM enoxacin or 50 µM bis-enoxacin stimulated proliferation of RAW 264.7 cells, and both significantly inhibited osteoclastogenesis in calcitriol-stimulated mouse marrow. EVs from 4T1 cells treated with enoxacin and bis-enoxacin displayed small reductions in the amount of microRNA (miR)-146a-5p and let-7b-5p. In marked contrast, miR-214-3p, which has been shown to regulate bone remodeling, was increased 22-fold and 30-fold respectively. We conclude that enoxacin and bis-enoxacin trigger the release of EVs from 4T1 cancer cells that inhibit osteoclastogenesis.
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27
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Pinto S, Sato VN, De-Souza EA, Ferraz RC, Camara H, Pinca APF, Mazzotti DR, Lovci MT, Tonon G, Lopes-Ramos CM, Parmigiani RB, Wurtele M, Massirer KB, Mori MA. Enoxacin extends lifespan of C. elegans by inhibiting miR-34-5p and promoting mitohormesis. Redox Biol 2018; 18:84-92. [PMID: 29986212 PMCID: PMC6037660 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in microRNA (miRNA) processing have been previously linked to aging. Here we used the small molecule enoxacin to pharmacologically interfere with miRNA biogenesis and study how it affects aging in C. elegans. Enoxacin extended worm lifespan and promoted survival under normal and oxidative stress conditions. Enoxacin-induced longevity required the transcription factor SKN-1/Nrf2 and was blunted by the antioxidant N-acetyl-cysteine, suggesting a prooxidant-mediated mitohormetic response. The longevity effects of enoxacin were also dependent on the miRNA pathway, consistent with changes in miRNA expression elicited by the drug. Among these differentially expressed miRNAs, the widely conserved miR-34-5p was found to play an important role in enoxacin-mediated longevity. Enoxacin treatment down-regulated miR-34-5p and did not further extend lifespan of long-lived mir-34 mutants. Moreover, N-acetyl-cysteine abrogated mir-34(gk437)-induced longevity. Evidence also points to double-stranded RNA-specific adenosine deaminases (ADARs) as new targets of enoxacin since ADAR loss-of-function abrogates enoxacin-induced lifespan extension. Thus, enoxacin increases lifespan by reducing miR-34-5p levels, interfering with the redox balance and promoting healthspan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silas Pinto
- Department of Biophysics, Program in Molecular Biology, São Paulo School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Laboratory of Aging Biology (LaBE), Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Vitor N Sato
- Department of Biophysics, Program in Molecular Biology, São Paulo School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Evandro A De-Souza
- Department of Biophysics, Program in Molecular Biology, São Paulo School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Laboratory of Aging Biology (LaBE), Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael C Ferraz
- Department of Biophysics, Program in Molecular Biology, São Paulo School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Henrique Camara
- Department of Biophysics, Program in Molecular Biology, São Paulo School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Laboratory of Aging Biology (LaBE), Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula F Pinca
- Department of Biophysics, Program in Molecular Biology, São Paulo School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Laboratory of Aging Biology (LaBE), Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Diego R Mazzotti
- Department of Psychobiology. São Paulo School of Medicine. Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Michael T Lovci
- Center for Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering (CBMEG), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Tonon
- Laboratory of Aging Biology (LaBE), Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Martin Wurtele
- Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Katlin B Massirer
- Center for Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering (CBMEG), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo A Mori
- Department of Biophysics, Program in Molecular Biology, São Paulo School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Laboratory of Aging Biology (LaBE), Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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28
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Abstract
miRNA regulome is whole set of regulatory elements that regulate miRNA expression or are under control of miRNAs. Its understanding is vital for comprehension of miRNA functions. Classification of miRNA-related genetic variability is challenging because miRNA interact with different genomic elements and are studied at different omics levels. In the present study, miRNA-associated genetic variability is presented at three levels: miRNA genes and their upstream regulation, miRNA silencing machinery and miRNA targets. Several types of miRNA-associated genetic variations are known, including short and structural polymorphisms and epimutations. Differential expression can also affect miRNA regulome function. Classification of miRNA-associated genetic variability presents a baseline for complementing sequence variant nomenclature, planning of experiments, protocols for multi-omics data integration and development of biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Hrovatin
- Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Domžale, 1230, Slovenia
| | - Tanja Kunej
- Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Domžale, 1230, Slovenia
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29
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Valianatos G, Valcikova B, Growkova K, Verlande A, Mlcochova J, Radova L, Stetkova M, Vyhnakova M, Slaby O, Uldrijan S. A small molecule drug promoting miRNA processing induces alternative splicing of MdmX transcript and rescues p53 activity in human cancer cells overexpressing MdmX protein. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185801. [PMID: 28973015 PMCID: PMC5626491 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
MdmX overexpression contributes to the development of cancer by inhibiting tumor suppressor p53. A switch in the alternative splicing of MdmX transcript, leading to the inclusion of exon 6, has been identified as the primary mechanism responsible for increased MdmX protein levels in human cancers, including melanoma. However, there are no approved drugs, which could translate these new findings into clinical applications. We analyzed the anti-melanoma activity of enoxacin, a fluoroquinolone antibiotic inhibiting the growth of some human cancers in vitro and in vivo by promoting miRNA maturation. We found that enoxacin inhibited the growth and viability of human melanoma cell lines much stronger than a structurally related fluoroquinolone ofloxacin, which only weakly modulates miRNA processing. A microarray analysis identified a set of miRNAs significantly dysregulated in enoxacin-treated A375 melanoma cells. They had the potential to target multiple signaling pathways required for cancer cell growth, among them the RNA splicing. Recent studies showed that interfering with cellular splicing machinery can result in MdmX downregulation in cancer cells. We, therefore, hypothesized that enoxacin could, by modulating miRNAs targeting splicing machinery, activate p53 in melanoma cells overexpressing MdmX. We found that enoxacin and ciprofloxacin, a related fluoroquinolone capable of promoting microRNA processing, but not ofloxacin, strongly activated wild type p53-dependent transcription in A375 melanoma without causing significant DNA damage. On the molecular level, the drugs promoted MdmX exon 6 skipping, leading to a dose-dependent downregulation of MdmX. Not only in melanoma, but also in MCF7 breast carcinoma and A2780 ovarian carcinoma cells overexpressing MdmX. Together, our results suggest that some clinically approved fluoroquinolones could potentially be repurposed as activators of p53 tumor suppressor in cancers overexpressing MdmX oncoprotein and that p53 activation might contribute to the previously reported activity of enoxacin towards human cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Valianatos
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Valcikova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Growkova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Amandine Verlande
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Mlcochova
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Radova
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Stetkova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Vyhnakova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Slaby
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Stjepan Uldrijan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
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30
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Zahoor AF, Yousaf M, Siddique R, Ahmad S, Naqvi SAR, Rizvi SMA. Synthetic strategies toward the synthesis of enoxacin-, levofloxacin-, and gatifloxacin-based compounds: A review. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2017.1300921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ameer Fawad Zahoor
- Institute of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Yousaf
- Institute of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Rabia Siddique
- Institute of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Sajjad Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, Faisalabad Campus, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Syed Ali Raza Naqvi
- Institute of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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31
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Koide N, Kasamatsu A, Endo-Sakamoto Y, Ishida S, Shimizu T, Kimura Y, Miyamoto I, Yoshimura S, Shiiba M, Tanzawa H, Uzawa K. Evidence for Critical Role of Lymphocyte Cytosolic Protein 1 in Oral Cancer. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43379. [PMID: 28230172 PMCID: PMC5322526 DOI: 10.1038/srep43379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphocyte cytosolic protein 1 (LCP1), a member of actin-binding protein of the plastin family, has been identified in several malignant tumors of non-hematopoietic sites, such as the colon, prostate, and breast. However, little is known about the roles of LCP1 in oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs). This present study sought to clarify the clinical relevance of LCP1 in OSCCs and investigate possible clinical applications for treating OSCCs by regulating LCP1 expression. We found up-regulation of LCP1in OSCCs compared with normal counterparts using real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), immunoblotting, and immunohistochemistry (P < 0.05). We used shRNA models for LCP1 (shLCP1) and enoxacin (ENX), a fluoroquinolone antibiotic drug, as a regulator of LCP1 expression. In addition to the LCP1 knockdown experiments in which shLCP1 cells showed several depressed functions, including cellular proliferation, invasiveness, and migratory activities, ENX-treated cells also had attenuated functions. Consistent with our hypothesis from our in vitro data, LCP1-positive OSCC samples were correlated closely with the primary tumoral size and regional lymph node metastasis. These results suggested that LCP1 is a useful biomarker for determining progression of OSCCs and that ENX might be a new therapeutic agent for treating OSCCs by controlling LCP1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nao Koide
- Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kasamatsu
- Department of Dentistry and Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yosuke Endo-Sakamoto
- Department of Dentistry and Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Sho Ishida
- Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Yasushi Kimura
- Department of Oral and maxillofacial Surgery Research Institute, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Isao Miyamoto
- Department of Dentistry and Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Japanese Red Cross Fukaya Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shusaku Yoshimura
- Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masashi Shiiba
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hideki Tanzawa
- Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Dentistry and Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Uzawa
- Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Dentistry and Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
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32
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Abell NS, Mercado M, Cañeque T, Rodriguez R, Xhemalce B. Click Quantitative Mass Spectrometry Identifies PIWIL3 as a Mechanistic Target of RNA Interference Activator Enoxacin in Cancer Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:1400-1403. [PMID: 28094937 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b11751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Enoxacin is a small molecule that stimulates RNA interference (RNAi) and acts as a growth inhibitor selectively in cancer but not in untransformed cells. Here, we used alkenox, a clickable enoxacin surrogate, coupled with quantitative mass spectrometry, to identify PIWIL3 as a mechanistic target of enoxacin. PIWIL3 is an Argonaute protein of the PIWI subfamily that is mainly expressed in the germline and that mediates RNAi through piRNAs. Our results suggest that cancer cells re-express PIWIL3 to repress RNAi through miRNAs and thus open a new opportunity for cancer-specific targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan S Abell
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin , 2500 Speedway, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Marvin Mercado
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin , 2500 Speedway, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Tatiana Cañeque
- UPR2301, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles , 1 avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.,Organic Synthesis and Cell Biology Group, Institut Curie, PSL Research University , 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France.,CNRS UMR3666 , 75005 Paris, France.,INSERM U1143 , 75005 Paris, France
| | - Raphaël Rodriguez
- UPR2301, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles , 1 avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.,Organic Synthesis and Cell Biology Group, Institut Curie, PSL Research University , 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France.,CNRS UMR3666 , 75005 Paris, France.,INSERM U1143 , 75005 Paris, France
| | - Blerta Xhemalce
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin , 2500 Speedway, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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33
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York D, Withers SS, Watson KD, Seo KW, Rebhun RB. Enrofloxacin enhances the effects of chemotherapy in canine osteosarcoma cells with mutant and wild-type p53. Vet Comp Oncol 2016; 15:1087-1100. [PMID: 27333821 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Adjuvant chemotherapy improves survival time in dogs receiving adequate local control for appendicular osteosarcoma, but most dogs ultimately succumb to metastatic disease. The fluoroquinolone antibiotic enrofloxacin has been shown to inhibit survival and proliferation of canine osteosarcoma cells in vitro. Others have reported that fluoroquinolones may modulate cellular responses to DNA damaging agents and that these effects may be differentially mediated by p53 activity. We therefore determined p53 status and activity in three canine osteosarcoma cell lines and examined the effects of enrofloxacin when used alone or in combination with doxorubicin or carboplatin chemotherapy. Moresco and Abrams canine osteosarcoma cell lines contained mutations in p53, while no mutations were identified in the D17 cells or in a normal canine osteoblast cell line. The addition of enrofloxacin to either doxorubicin or carboplatin resulted in further reductions in osteosarcoma cell viability; this effect was apparent regardless of p53 mutational status or downstream activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D York
- The Comparative Oncology Laboratory and Center for Companion Animal Health, Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - S S Withers
- The Comparative Oncology Laboratory and Center for Companion Animal Health, Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - K D Watson
- UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - K W Seo
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejon, Korea
| | - R B Rebhun
- The Comparative Oncology Laboratory and Center for Companion Animal Health, Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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34
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Cording A, Gormally M, Bond PJ, Carrington M, Balasubramanian S, Miska EA, Thomas B. Selective inhibitors of trypanosomal uridylyl transferase RET1 establish druggability of RNA post-transcriptional modifications. RNA Biol 2016; 14:611-619. [PMID: 26786754 PMCID: PMC5449093 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2015.1137422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-coding RNAs are crucial regulators for a vast array of cellular processes and have been implicated in human disease. These biological processes represent a hitherto untapped resource in our fight against disease. In this work we identify small molecule inhibitors of a non-coding RNA uridylylation pathway. The TUTase family of enzymes is important for modulating non-coding RNA pathways in both human cancer and pathogen systems. We demonstrate that this new class of drug target can be accessed with traditional drug discovery techniques. Using the Trypanosoma brucei TUTase, RET1, we identify TUTase inhibitors and lay the groundwork for the use of this new target class as a therapeutic opportunity for the under-served disease area of African Trypanosomiasis. In a broader sense this work demonstrates the therapeutic potential for targeting RNA post-transcriptional modifications with small molecules in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Cording
- a The Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK
| | - Michael Gormally
- b Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK.,c Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Center , Cambridge , UK.,d National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences , National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Peter J Bond
- e Bioinformatics Institute (A*STAR) , Singapore.,f Department of Biological Sciences , National University of Singapore , Singapore
| | | | - Shankar Balasubramanian
- b Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK.,c Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Center , Cambridge , UK
| | - Eric A Miska
- a The Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK
| | - Beth Thomas
- b Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK
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Khan MI, Hamid A, Adhami VM, Lall RK, Mukhtar H. Role of epithelial mesenchymal transition in prostate tumorigenesis. Curr Pharm Des 2015; 21:1240-8. [PMID: 25506896 DOI: 10.2174/1381612821666141211120326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Globally, the cancer associated deaths are generally attributed to the spread of cancerous cells or their features to the nearby or distant secondary organs by a process known as metastasis. Among other factors, the metastatic dissemination of cancer cells is attributed to the reactivation of an evolutionary conserved developmental program known as epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). During EMT, fully differentiated epithelial cells undergo a series of dramatic changes in their morphology, along with loss of cell to cell contact and matrix remodeling into less differentiated and invasive mesenchymal cells. Many studies provide evidence for the existence of EMT like states in prostate cancer (PCa) and suggest its possible involvement in PCa progression and metastasis. At the same time, the lack of conclusive evidence regarding the presence of full EMT in human PCa samples has somewhat dampened the interest in the field. However, ongoing EMT research provides new perspectives and unveils the enormous potential of this field in tailoring new therapeutic regimens for PCa management. This review summarizes the role of many transcription factors and other molecules that drive EMT during prostate tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hasan Mukhtar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Medical Science Center, Rm B-25, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706.
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36
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The role of TARBP2 in the development and progression of cancers. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:57-60. [PMID: 26486325 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4273-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
TARBP2 is a RNA-binding protein (RBP) involved in miRNA processing and maturation. TARBP2 plays significant roles in many biological and pathological conditions, including viral expression of HIV-1, microsatellite instability, cancer stem cell properties, and tumor progression. Overexpression of TARBP2 was observed in many cancers such as prostate cancer, cutaneous malignant melanoma, and adrenocortical carcinoma. In addition, TARBP2 was also found to be downregulated in some cancers including colorectal cancer, gastric cancer, Ewing sarcoma, and upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma. Therefore, whether TARBP2 functions as the tumor suppressor or tumor promoter is conflicting. In the present review, we provide an overview of current knowledge concerning the role of TARBP2 in tumor development and progression.
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Heyam A, Lagos D, Plevin M. Dissecting the roles of TRBP and PACT in double-stranded RNA recognition and processing of noncoding RNAs. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. RNA 2015; 6:271-89. [PMID: 25630541 PMCID: PMC7169789 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
HIV TAR RNA-binding protein (TRBP) and Protein Activator of PKR (PACT) are double-stranded (ds) RNA-binding proteins that participate in both small regulatory RNA biogenesis and the response to viral dsRNA. Despite considerable progress toward understanding the structure-function relationship of TRBP and PACT, their specific roles in these seemingly distinct cellular pathways remain unclear. Both proteins are composed of three copies of the double-stranded RNA-binding domain, two of which interact with dsRNA, while the C-terminal copy mediates protein-protein interactions. PACT and TRBP are found in a complex with the endonuclease Dicer and facilitate processing of immature microRNAs. Their precise contribution to the Dicing step has not yet been defined: possibilities include precursor recruitment, rearrangement of dsRNA within the complex, loading the processed microRNA into the RNA-induced silencing complex, and distinguishing different classes of small dsRNA. TRBP and PACT also interact with the viral dsRNA sensors retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) and double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase (PKR). Current models suggest that PACT enables RIG-I to detect a wider range of viral dsRNAs, while TRBP and PACT exert opposing regulatory effects on PKR. Here, the evidence that implicates TRBP and PACT in regulatory RNA processing and viral dsRNA sensing is reviewed and discussed in the context of their molecular structure. The broader implications of a link between microRNA biogenesis and the innate antiviral response pathway are also considered.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Carboxypeptidases/chemistry
- Carboxypeptidases/metabolism
- Carboxypeptidases/physiology
- Models, Genetic
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- RNA, Double-Stranded/chemistry
- RNA, Double-Stranded/immunology
- RNA, Double-Stranded/metabolism
- RNA, Untranslated/metabolism
- RNA, Viral/chemistry
- RNA, Viral/immunology
- RNA, Viral/metabolism
- RNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry
- RNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- RNA-Binding Proteins/physiology
- Ribonuclease III/chemistry
- Ribonuclease III/metabolism
- Ribonuclease III/physiology
- Structure-Activity Relationship
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Heyam
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK
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38
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Baldwin DA. A New Tool for in vivo Manipulation of Brain microRNA Levels: The Work of Smalheiser et al. (2014). Front Psychiatry 2015; 6:44. [PMID: 25941493 PMCID: PMC4403296 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Almeida M, Costa VL, Costa NR, Ramalho-Carvalho J, Baptista T, Ribeiro FR, Paulo P, Teixeira MR, Oliveira J, Lothe RA, Lind GE, Henrique R, Jerónimo C. Epigenetic regulation of EFEMP1 in prostate cancer: biological relevance and clinical potential. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 18:2287-97. [PMID: 25211630 PMCID: PMC4224561 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic alterations are common in prostate cancer (PCa) and seem to contribute decisively to its initiation and progression. Moreover, aberrant promoter methylation is a promising biomarker for non-invasive screening. Herein, we sought to characterize EFEMP1 as biomarker for PCa, unveiling its biological relevance in prostate carcinogenesis. Microarray analyses of treated PCa cell lines and primary tissues enabled the selection of differentially methylated genes, among which EFEMP1 was further validated by MSP and bisulfite sequencing. Assessment of biomarker performance was accomplished by qMSP. Expression analysis of EFEMP1 and characterization of histone marks were performed in tissue samples and cancer cell lines to determine the impact of epigenetic mechanisms on EFEMP1 transcriptional regulation. Phenotypic assays, using transfected cell lines, permitted the evaluation of EFEMP1’s role in PCa development. EFEMP1 methylation assay discriminated PCa from normal prostate tissue (NPT; P < 0.001, Kruskall–Wallis test) and renal and bladder cancers (96% sensitivity and 98% specificity). EFEMP1 transcription levels inversely correlated with promoter methylation and histone deacetylation, suggesting that both epigenetic mechanisms are involved in gene regulation. Phenotypic assays showed that EFEMP1 de novo expression reduces malignant phenotype of PCa cells. EFEMP1 promoter methylation is prevalent in PCa and accurately discriminates PCa from non-cancerous prostate tissues and other urological neoplasms. This epigenetic alteration occurs early in prostate carcinogenesis and, in association with histone deacetylation, progressively leads to gene down-regulation, fostering cell proliferation, invasion and evasion of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mafalda Almeida
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Research Center of the Portuguese Oncology Institute - Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Rivera MF, Chukkapalli SS, Velsko IM, Lee JY, Bhattacharyya I, Dolce C, Toro EJ, Holliday LS, Kesavalu L. Bis-enoxacin blocks rat alveolar bone resorption from experimental periodontitis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92119. [PMID: 24638087 PMCID: PMC3956892 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal diseases are multifactorial, caused by polymicrobial subgingival pathogens, including Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Tannerella forsythia. Chronic periodontal infection results in inflammation, destruction of connective tissues, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone resorption, and ultimately tooth loss. Enoxacin and a bisphosphonate derivative of enoxacin (bis-enoxacin) inhibit osteoclast formation and bone resorption and also contain antibiotic properties. Our study proposes that enoxacin and/or bis-enoxacin may be useful in reducing alveolar bone resorption and possibly bacterial colonization. Rats were infected with 10(9) cells of polymicrobial inoculum consisting of P. gingivalis, T. denticola, and T. forsythia, as an oral lavage every other week for twelve weeks. Daily subcutaneous injections of enoxacin (5 mg/kg/day), bis-enoxacin (5, 25 mg/kg/day), alendronate (1, 10 mg/kg/day), or doxycycline (5 mg/day) were administered after 6 weeks of polymicrobial infection. Periodontal disease parameters, including bacterial colonization/infection, immune response, inflammation, alveolar bone resorption, and systemic spread, were assessed post-euthanasia. All three periodontal pathogens colonized the rat oral cavity during polymicrobial infection. Polymicrobial infection induced an increase in total alveolar bone resorption, intrabony defects, and gingival inflammation. Treatment with bis-enoxacin significantly decreased alveolar bone resorption more effectively than either alendronate or doxycycline. Histologic examination revealed that treatment with bis-enoxacin and enoxacin reduced gingival inflammation and decreased apical migration of junctional epithelium. These data support the hypothesis that bis-enoxacin and enoxacin may be useful for the treatment of periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes F. Rivera
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Sasanka S. Chukkapalli
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Irina M. Velsko
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Ju-Youn Lee
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Indraneel Bhattacharyya
- Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Calogero Dolce
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Edgardo J. Toro
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - L. Shannon Holliday
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Lakshmyya Kesavalu
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
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Smalheiser NR, Zhang H, Dwivedi Y. Enoxacin Elevates MicroRNA Levels in Rat Frontal Cortex and Prevents Learned Helplessness. Front Psychiatry 2014; 5:6. [PMID: 24575053 PMCID: PMC3918929 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a major public health concern. Despite tremendous advancement, the pathogenic mechanisms associated with MDD are still unclear. Moreover, a significant number of MDD subjects do not respond to the currently available medication. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNAs that control gene expression by modulating translation, mRNA degradation or stability of mRNA targets. The role of miRNAs in disease pathophysiology is emerging rapidly. Recently, we reported that miRNA expression is down-regulated in frontal cortex of depressed suicide subjects, and that rats exposed to repeated inescapable shock show differential miRNA changes depending on whether they exhibited normal adaptive responses or learned helpless (LH) behavior. Enoxacin, a fluoroquinolone used clinically as an anti-bacterial compound, enhances the production of miRNAs in vitro and in peripheral tissues in vivo, but has not yet been tested as an experimental tool to study the relation of miRNA expression to neural functions or behavior. Treatment of rats with 10 or 25 mg/kg enoxacin for 1 week increased the expression of miRNAs in frontal cortex and decreased the proportion of rats exhibiting LH behavior following inescapable shock. Further studies are warranted to learn whether enoxacin may ameliorate depressive behavior in other rodent paradigms and in human clinical situations, and if so whether its mechanism is due to upregulation of miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil R Smalheiser
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatric Institute, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, IL , USA
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatric Institute, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, IL , USA
| | - Yogesh Dwivedi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL , USA
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Shi KH, Tao H, Yang JJ, Wu JX, Xu SS, Zhan HY. Role of microRNAs in atrial fibrillation: New insights and perspectives. Cell Signal 2013; 25:2079-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 06/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Toro EJ, Zuo J, Gutierrez A, Guiterrez A, La Rosa RL, Gawron AJ, Bradaschia-Correa V, Arana-Chavez V, Dolce C, Rivera MF, Kesavalu L, Bhattacharyya I, Neubert JK, Holliday LS. Bis-enoxacin inhibits bone resorption and orthodontic tooth movement. J Dent Res 2013; 92:925-31. [PMID: 23958763 DOI: 10.1177/0022034513501876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Enoxacin inhibits binding between the B-subunit of vacuolar H(+)-ATPase (V-ATPase) and microfilaments, and also between osteoclast formation and bone resorption in vitro. We hypothesized that a bisphosphonate derivative of enoxacin, bis-enoxacin (BE), which was previously studied as a bone-directed antibiotic, might have similar activities. BE shared a number of characteristics with enoxacin: It blocked binding between the recombinant B-subunit and microfilaments and inhibited osteoclastogenesis in cell culture with IC50s of about 10 µM in each case. BE did not alter the relative expression levels of various osteoclast-specific proteins. Even though tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b was expressed, proteolytic activation of the latent pro-enzyme was inhibited. However, unlike enoxacin, BE stimulated caspase-3 activity. BE bound to bone slices and inhibited bone resorption by osteoclasts on BE-coated bone slices in cell culture. BE reduced the amount of orthodontic tooth movement achieved in rats after 28 days. Analysis of these data suggests that BE is a novel anti-resorptive molecule that is active both in vitro and in vivo and may have clinical uses. ABBREVIATIONS BE, bis-enoxacin; V-ATPase, vacuolar H(+)-ATPase; TRAP, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase; αMEM D10, minimal essential media, alpha modification with 10% fetal bovine serum; SDS-PAGE, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; RANKL, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B-ligand; NFATc1, nuclear factor of activated T-cells; ADAM, a disintegrin and metalloprotease domain; OTM, orthodontic tooth movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Toro
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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Abstract
Conserved microRNAs and their targets in chickpea Programmed ribosomal frameshifting controls telomere length in yeast Enoxacin inhibits growth of prostate cancer cells and restores microRNA processing Transcriptional regulatory network shapes genome structure of S. cerevisiae
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