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Tomiyama E, Fujita K, Hashimoto M, Uemura H, Nonomura N. Urinary markers for bladder cancer diagnosis: A review of current status and future challenges. Int J Urol 2024; 31:208-219. [PMID: 37968825 DOI: 10.1111/iju.15338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Bladder cancer is a common urological cancer with a high recurrence rate that requires long-term follow-up, and early detection positively affects prognosis. To date, the initial diagnosis and follow-up for bladder cancer rely on cystoscopy, which is an invasive and expensive procedure. Therefore, urinary markers for the detection of bladder cancer have attracted research attention for decades to reduce unnecessary cystoscopies. Urine, which is in continuous contact with bladder cancer, is considered a suitable fluid for providing tumor information. Urinary cytology is the only widely used urinary marker in clinical practice; however, it has poor sensitivity for low-grade tumors; indicating the need for novel urinary markers. Considerable research has been conducted on this topic over the years, resulting in a complex landscape with a wide range of urinary markers, including protein-, exfoliated cell-, RNA-, DNA-, and extracellular vesicle-based markers. Although some of these markers have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and are commercially available, their use in clinical practice is limited. To facilitate clinical application, potential urinary markers must withstand prospective clinical trials and be easy for patients and clinicians to understand and utilize in a clinical context. This review provides a comprehensive overview of currently available and recently reported promising urinary markers for bladder cancer. Additionally, the challenges and the prospects of these urinary markers for clinical implementation in bladder cancer treatment were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eisuke Tomiyama
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Fujita
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Urology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mamoru Hashimoto
- Department of Urology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Uemura
- Department of Urology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Norio Nonomura
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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Maas M, Todenhöfer T, Black PC. Urine biomarkers in bladder cancer - current status and future perspectives. Nat Rev Urol 2023; 20:597-614. [PMID: 37225864 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-023-00773-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Urine markers to detect bladder cancer have been the subject of research for decades. The idea that urine - being in continuous contact with tumour tissue - should provide a vector of tumour information remains an attractive concept. Research on this topic has resulted in a complex landscape of many different urine markers with varying degrees of clinical validation. These markers range from cell-based assays to proteins, transcriptomic markers and genomic signatures, with a clear trend towards multiplex assays. Unfortunately, the number of different urine markers and the efforts in research and development of clinical grade assays are not reflected in the use of these markers in clinical practice, which is currently limited. Numerous prospective trials are in progress with the aim of increasing the quality of evidence about urinary biomarkers in bladder cancer to achieve guideline implementation. The current research landscape suggests a division of testing approaches. Some efforts are directed towards addressing the limitations of current assays to improve the performance of urine markers for a straightforward detection of bladder cancer. Additionally, comprehensive genetic analyses are emerging based on advances in next-generation sequencing and are expected to substantially affect the potential application of urine markers in bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Maas
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Urology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tilman Todenhöfer
- Clinical Trials Unit Studienpraxis Urologie, Nürtingen, Germany
- Eberhard-Karls-University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter C Black
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Tan LL, Loganathan N, Agarwalla S, Yang C, Yuan W, Zeng J, Wu R, Wang W, Duraiswamy S. Current commercial dPCR platforms: technology and market review. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2022; 43:433-464. [PMID: 35291902 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2022.2037503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Digital polymerase chain reaction (dPCR) technology has provided a new technique for molecular diagnostics, with superior advantages, such as higher sensitivity, precision, and specificity over quantitative real-time PCRs (qPCR). Eight companies have offered commercial dPCR instruments: Fluidigm Corporation, Bio-Rad, RainDance Technologies, Life Technologies, Qiagen, JN MedSys Clarity, Optolane, and Stilla Technologies Naica. This paper discusses the working principle of each offered dPCR device and compares the associated: technical aspects, usability, costs, and current applications of each dPCR device. Lastly, up-and-coming dPCR technologies are also presented, as anticipation of how the dPCR device landscape may likely morph in the next few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ling Tan
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology, Singapore, Singapore.,Materials Science and Engineering School, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nitin Loganathan
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sushama Agarwalla
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Chun Yang
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering School, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Weiyong Yuan
- Faculty of Materials & Energy, Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Technologies of Clean Energies, Chongqing, China
| | - Jasmine Zeng
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ruige Wu
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei Wang
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Suhanya Duraiswamy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
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4
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Current status of development of methylation biomarkers for in vitro diagnostic IVD applications. Clin Epigenetics 2020; 12:100. [PMID: 32631437 PMCID: PMC7336678 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-020-00886-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A significant volume of research clearly shows that disease-related methylation changes can be used as biomarkers at all stages of clinical disease management, including risk assessment and predisposition screening through early diagnostics to personalization of patient care and monitoring of the relapse and chronic disease. Thus disease-related methylation changes are an attractive source of the biomarkers that can have significant impact on precision medicine. However, the translation of the research findings in methylation biomarkers field to clinical practice is at the very least not satisfactory. That is mainly because the evidence generated in research studies indicating the utility of the disease-related methylation change to predict clinical outcome is in majority of the cases not sufficient to postulate the diagnostic use of the biomarker. The research studies need to be followed by well-designed and systematic investigations of clinical utility of the biomarker that produce data of sufficient quality to meet regulatory approval for the test to be used to make clinically valid decision. In this review, we describe methylation-based IVD tests currently approved for IVD use or at the advanced stages of the development for the diagnostic use. For each of those tests, we analyze the technologies that the test utilizes for methylation detection as well as describe the types of the clinical studies that were performed to show clinical validity of the test and warrant regulatory approval. The examples reviewed here should help with planning of clinical investigations and delivery of the clinical evidence required for the regulatory approval of potential methylation biomarker based IVD tests.
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Piferrer F, Anastasiadi D, Valdivieso A, Sánchez-Baizán N, Moraleda-Prados J, Ribas L. The Model of the Conserved Epigenetic Regulation of Sex. Front Genet 2019; 10:857. [PMID: 31616469 PMCID: PMC6775248 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetics integrates genomic and environmental information to produce a given phenotype. Here, the model of Conserved Epigenetic Regulation of Sex (CERS) is discussed. This model is based on our knowledge on genes involved in sexual development and on epigenetic regulation of gene expression activation and silencing. This model was recently postulated to be applied to the sexual development of fish, and it states that epigenetic and gene expression patterns are more associated with the development of a particular gonadal phenotype, e.g., testis differentiation, rather than with the intrinsic or extrinsic causes that lead to the development of this phenotype. This requires the existence of genes with different epigenetic modifications, for example, changes in DNA methylation levels associated with the development of a particular sex. Focusing on DNA methylation, the identification of CpGs, the methylation of which is linked to sex, constitutes the basis for the identification of Essential Epigenetic Marks (EEM). EEMs are defined as the number and identity of informative epigenetic marks that are strictly necessary, albeit perhaps not sufficient, to bring about a specific, measurable, phenotype of interest. Here, we provide a summary of the genes where DNA methylation has been investigated so far, focusing on fish. We found that cyp19a1a and dmrt1, two key genes for ovary and testis development, respectively, consistently show an inverse relationship between their DNA methylation and expression levels, thus following CERS predictions. However, in foxl2a, a pro-female gene, and amh, a pro-male gene, such relationship is not clear. The available data of other genes related to sexual development such as sox9, gsdf, and amhr2 are also discussed. Next, we discuss the use of CERS to make testable predictions of how sex is epigenetically regulated and to better understand sexual development, as well as the use of EEMs as tools for the diagnosis and prognosis of sex. We argue that CERS can aid in focusing research on the epigenetic regulation of sexual development not only in fish but also in vertebrates in general, particularly in reptiles with temperature sex-determination, and can be the basis for possible practical applications including sex control in aquaculture and also in conservation biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesc Piferrer
- Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
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Rey O, Eizaguirre C, Angers B, Baltazar‐Soares M, Sagonas K, Prunier JG, Blanchet S. Linking epigenetics and biological conservation: Towards a
conservation epigenetics
perspective. Funct Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Rey
- CNRS UMR 5244, Interactions Hôtes‐Pathogènes‐Environnements (IHPE) Université de Perpignan Via Domitia Perpignan France
| | - Christophe Eizaguirre
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences Queen Mary University of London London UK
| | - Bernard Angers
- Department of Biological Sciences Université de Montréal Montreal QC Canada
| | | | - Kostas Sagonas
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences Queen Mary University of London London UK
| | - Jérôme G. Prunier
- Evolution et Diversité Biologique, École Nationale Supérieure de Formation de l'Enseignement Agricole (ENSFEA), CNRS, UPS, UMR5174 Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) Toulouse France
| | - Simon Blanchet
- Evolution et Diversité Biologique, École Nationale Supérieure de Formation de l'Enseignement Agricole (ENSFEA), CNRS, UPS, UMR5174 Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) Toulouse France
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, UMR5321, CNRS Université Paul Sabatier (UP) Moulis France
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Li J, Lu YP, Tsuprykov O, Hasan AA, Reichetzeder C, Tian M, Zhang XL, Zhang Q, Sun GY, Guo J, Gaballa MMS, Peng XN, Lin G, Hocher B. Folate treatment of pregnant rat dams abolishes metabolic effects in female offspring induced by a paternal pre-conception unhealthy diet. Diabetologia 2018; 61:1862-1876. [PMID: 29777263 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-018-4635-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Paternal high-fat diet prior to mating programmes impaired glucose tolerance in female offspring. We examined whether the metabolic consequences in offspring could be abolished by folate treatment of either the male rats before mating or the corresponding female rats during pregnancy. METHODS Male F0 rats were fed either control diet or high-fat, high-sucrose and high-salt diet (HFSSD), with or without folate, before mating. Male rats were mated with control-diet-fed dams. After mating, the F0 dams were fed control diet with or without folate during pregnancy. RESULTS Male, but not female offspring of HFSSD-fed founders were heavier than those of control-diet-fed counterparts (p < 0.05 and p = 0.066 in males and females, respectively). Both male and female offspring of HFSSD-fed founders were longer compared with control (p < 0.01 for both sexes). Folate treatment of the pregnant dams abolished the effect of the paternal diet on the offspring's body length (p ˂ 0.05). Female offspring of HFSSD-fed founders developed impaired glucose tolerance, which was restored by folate treatment of the dams during pregnancy. The beta cell density per pancreatic islet was decreased in offspring of HFSSD-fed rats (-20% in male and -15% in female F1 offspring, p ˂ 0.001 vs controls). Folate treatment significantly increased the beta cell density (4.3% and 3.3% after folate supplementation given to dams and founders, respectively, p ˂ 0.05 vs the offspring of HFSSD-fed male rats). Changes in liver connective tissue of female offspring of HFSSD-fed founders were ameliorated by treatment of dams with folate (p ˂ 0.01). Hepatic Ppara gene expression was upregulated in female offspring only (1.51-fold, p ˂ 0.05) and was restored in the female offspring by folate treatment (p ˂ 0.05). We observed an increase in hepatic Lcn2 and Tmcc2 expression in female offspring born to male rats exposed to an unhealthy diet during spermatogenesis before mating (p ˂ 0.05 vs controls). Folate treatment of the corresponding dams during pregnancy abolished this effect (p ˂ 0.05). Analysis of DNA methylation levels of CpG islands in the Ppara, Lcn2 and Tmcc2 promoter regions revealed that the paternal unhealthy diet induced alterations in the methylation pattern. These patterns were also affected by folate treatment. Total liver DNA methylation was increased by 1.52-fold in female offspring born to male rats on an unhealthy diet prior to mating (p ˂ 0.05). This effect was abolished by folate treatment during pregnancy (p ˂ 0.05 vs the offspring of HFSSD-fed male rats). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Folate treatment of pregnant dams restores effects on female offspring's glucose metabolism induced by pre-conception male founder HFSSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Yong-Ping Lu
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany
- Department of Nephrology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Oleg Tsuprykov
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany
- Institute for Laboratory Medicine, IFLB, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ahmed A Hasan
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | | | - Mei Tian
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Xiao Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Guo-Ying Sun
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Jingli Guo
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mohamed M S Gaballa
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, Toukh, Egypt
| | - Xiao-Ning Peng
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Ge Lin
- Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, College of Basic of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Changsha, China
| | - Berthold Hocher
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410013, China.
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany.
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8
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Effects of Qi-Fang-Xi-Bi-Granules on Cartilage Morphology and C/ebp α Promoter Methylation in Rats with Knee Osteoarthritis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:2074976. [PMID: 29670657 PMCID: PMC5833195 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2074976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective To investigate the effects of Qi-Fang-Xi-Bi-Granules (QFXBGs) on cartilage morphology and methylation of C/ebpα (CCAAT/enhancer binding proteinα) at the promoter region. Methods Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) modeling was performed in rats in accordance with Hulth's method, and control group received sham operation. Eight weeks after KOA modeling, the rats in the KOA modeling group were further divided into 6 groups. Each group was given the appropriate drug. After 8 weeks, half of the rats were used for Micro-CT scan, HE staining, ABH/OG staining, immunohistochemistry, and TUNNEL staining of the knee joint tissue, and the other half were used to examine C/ebpα promoter methylation. Results The three dose groups of QFXBGs all showed lower degrees of surface fissures and flaking, thicker cartilage layer, and restored chondrocyte and subchondral bone morphology, compared with the KOA model group. C/ebpα-22 promoter methylation levels in the high- and low-dose groups were significantly higher than that in the KOA modeling group (p < 0.05), while C/ebpα-2 promoter methylation level in the medium-dose group was significantly higher than that in the KOA modeling group (p < 0.05). Conclusions QFXBGs may alleviate articular cartilage degeneration through promoting C/ebpα-2 or C/ebpα-22 methylation at specific promoter sites.
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Sun K, Lun FMF, Leung TY, Chiu RWK, Lo YMD, Sun H. Noninvasive reconstruction of placental methylome from maternal plasma DNA: Potential for prenatal testing and monitoring. Prenat Diagn 2018; 38:196-203. [PMID: 29334402 DOI: 10.1002/pd.5214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE During human pregnancy, the DNA methylation of placental tissue is highly relevant to the normal growth and development of the fetus; therefore, methylomic analysis of the placental tissue possesses high research and clinical value in prenatal testing and monitoring. Thus, our aim is to develop an approach for reconstruction of the placental methylome, which should be completely noninvasive and achieve high accuracy and resolution. RESULTS We propose a novel size-based algorithm, FEtal MEthylome Reconstructor (FEMER), to noninvasively reconstruct the placental methylome by genomewide bisulfite sequencing and size-based analysis of maternal plasma DNA. By applying FEMER on a real clinical dataset, we demonstrate that FEMER achieves both high accuracy and resolution, thus provides a high-quality view of the placental methylome from maternal plasma DNA. FEtal MEthylome Reconstructor could also predict the DNA methylation profile of CpG islands with high accuracy, thus shows potential in monitoring of key genes involved in placental/fetal development. Source code and testing datasets for FEMER are available at http://sunlab.cpy.cuhk.edu.hk/FEMER/. CONCLUSION FEtal MEthylome Reconstructor could enhance the noninvasive fetal/placental methylomic analysis and facilitate its application in prenatal testing and monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Sun
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.,Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Fiona M F Lun
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.,Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Tak Y Leung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Rossa W K Chiu
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.,Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Y M Dennis Lo
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.,Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Hao Sun
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.,Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
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Onuchic V, Hartmaier RJ, Boone DN, Samuels ML, Patel RY, White WM, Garovic VD, Oesterreich S, Roth ME, Lee AV, Milosavljevic A. Epigenomic Deconvolution of Breast Tumors Reveals Metabolic Coupling between Constituent Cell Types. Cell Rep 2017; 17:2075-2086. [PMID: 27851969 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer progression depends on both cell-intrinsic processes and interactions between different cell types. However, large-scale assessment of cell type composition and molecular profiles of individual cell types within tumors remains challenging. To address this, we developed epigenomic deconvolution (EDec), an in silico method that infers cell type composition of complex tissues as well as DNA methylation and gene transcription profiles of constituent cell types. By applying EDec to The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) breast tumors, we detect changes in immune cell infiltration related to patient prognosis, and a striking change in stromal fibroblast-to-adipocyte ratio across breast cancer subtypes. Furthermore, we show that a less adipose stroma tends to display lower levels of mitochondrial activity and to be associated with cancerous cells with higher levels of oxidative metabolism. These findings highlight the role of stromal composition in the metabolic coupling between distinct cell types within tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor Onuchic
- Molecular and Human Genetics Department, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Program in Structural and Computational Biology and Molecular Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Ryan J Hartmaier
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Magee Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 204 Craft Avenue, B705, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - David N Boone
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Magee Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 204 Craft Avenue, B705, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Michael L Samuels
- RainDance Technologies, Inc., 749 Middlesex Turnpike, Billerica, MA 01821, USA
| | - Ronak Y Patel
- Molecular and Human Genetics Department, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Wendy M White
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Vesna D Garovic
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Steffi Oesterreich
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Magee Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 204 Craft Avenue, B705, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Matt E Roth
- Molecular and Human Genetics Department, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Adrian V Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Magee Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 204 Craft Avenue, B705, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Aleksandar Milosavljevic
- Molecular and Human Genetics Department, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Program in Structural and Computational Biology and Molecular Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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11
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Tan WS, Feber A, Dong L, Sarpong R, Rezaee S, Rodney S, Khetrapal P, de Winter P, Ocampo F, Jalil R, Williams NR, Brew-Graves C, Kelly JD. DETECT I & DETECT II: a study protocol for a prospective multicentre observational study to validate the UroMark assay for the detection of bladder cancer from urinary cells. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:767. [PMID: 29141603 PMCID: PMC5688623 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3758-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Haematuria is a common finding in general practice which requires visual inspection of the bladder by cystoscopy as well as upper tract imaging. In addition, patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) often require surveillance cystoscopy as often as three monthly depending on disease risk. However, cystoscopy is an invasive procedure which is uncomfortable, requires hospital attendance and is associated with a risk of urinary tract infection. We have developed the UroMark assay, which can detect 150 methylation specific alteration specific to bladder cancer using DNA from urinary sediment cells. Methods DETECT I and DETECT II are two multi-centre prospective observational studies designed to conduct a robust validation of the UroMark assay. DETECT I will recruit patients having diagnostic investigations for haematuria to determine the negative predictive value of the UroMark to rule out the presence of bladder cancer. DETECT II will recruit patients with new or recurrent bladder cancer to determine the sensitivity of the UroMark in detecting low, intermediate and high grade bladder cancer. NMIBC patients in DETECT II will be followed up with three monthly urine sample collection for 24 months while having surveillance cystoscopy. DETECT II will include a qualitative analysis of semi-structured interviews to explore patients’ experience of being diagnosed with bladder cancer and having cystoscopy and a urinary test for bladder cancer surveillance. Results of the UroMark will be compared to cystoscopy findings and histopathological results in patients with bladder cancer. Discussion A sensitive and specific urinary biomarker will revolutionise the haematuria diagnostic pathway and surveillance strategies for NMIBC patients. None of the six approved US Food and Drug Administration urinary test are recommended as a standalone test. The UroMark assay is based on next generation sequencing technology which interrogates 150 loci and represents a step change compared to other biomarker panels. This enhances the sensitivity of the test and by using a random forest classifier approach, where the UroMark results are derived from a cut off generated from known outcomes of previous samples, addresses many shortcomings of previous assays. Trial registration Both trails are registered on clinicaltrials.gov. DETECT I: NCT02676180 (18th December 2015). DETECT II: NCT02781428 (11th May 2016).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shen Tan
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, 74 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6AU, UK. .,Department of Urology, University College London Hospitals, London, UK.
| | - Andrew Feber
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Liqin Dong
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Rachael Sarpong
- Surgical & Interventional Trials Unit, Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sheida Rezaee
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Simon Rodney
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, 74 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6AU, UK.,Department of Urology, University College London Hospitals, London, UK
| | - Pramit Khetrapal
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, 74 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6AU, UK.,Department of Urology, University College London Hospitals, London, UK
| | - Patricia de Winter
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, 74 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6AU, UK
| | - Frelyn Ocampo
- Department of Urology, University College London Hospitals, London, UK
| | - Rumana Jalil
- Surgical & Interventional Trials Unit, Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Norman R Williams
- Surgical & Interventional Trials Unit, Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Chris Brew-Graves
- Surgical & Interventional Trials Unit, Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - John D Kelly
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, 74 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6AU, UK.,Department of Urology, University College London Hospitals, London, UK
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12
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Wenger A, Larsson S, Danielsson A, Elbæk KJ, Kettunen P, Tisell M, Sabel M, Lannering B, Nordborg C, Schepke E, Carén H. Stem cell cultures derived from pediatric brain tumors accurately model the originating tumors. Oncotarget 2017; 8:18626-18639. [PMID: 28148893 PMCID: PMC5386635 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain tumors are the leading cause of cancer-related death in children but high-grade gliomas in children and adolescents have remained a relatively under-investigated disease despite this. A better understanding of the cellular and molecular pathogenesis of the diseases is required in order to improve the outcome for these children. In vitro-cultured primary tumor cells from patients are indispensable tools for this purpose by enabling functional analyses and development of new therapies. However, relevant well-characterized in vitro cultures from pediatric gliomas cultured under serum-free conditions have been lacking. We have therefore established patient-derived in vitro cultures and performed thorough characterization of the cells using large-scale analyses of DNA methylation, copy-number alterations and investigated their stability during prolonged time in culture. We show that the cells were stable during prolonged culture in serum-free stem cell media without apparent alterations in morphology or growth rate. The cells were proliferative, positive for stem cell markers, able to respond to differentiation cues and initiated tumors in zebrafish and mice suggesting that the cells are cancer stem cells or progenitor cells. The cells accurately mirrored the tumor they were derived from in terms of methylation pattern, copy number alterations and DNA mutations. These unique primary in vitro cultures can thus be used as a relevant and robust model system for functional studies on pediatric brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wenger
- Department of Pathology, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Susanna Larsson
- Department of Pathology, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Danielsson
- Department of Oncology, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kirstine Juul Elbæk
- Department of Pathology, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Petronella Kettunen
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Neuropathology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Magnus Tisell
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Magnus Sabel
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,The Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Birgitta Lannering
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,The Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Claes Nordborg
- Department of Pathology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Elizabeth Schepke
- Department of Pathology, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,The Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Helena Carén
- Department of Pathology, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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13
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Wang X, Tang D, Shen P, Xu H, Qiu H, Wu T, Gao X. Analysis of DNA methylation in chondrocytes in rats with knee osteoarthritis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2017; 18:377. [PMID: 28859619 PMCID: PMC5579940 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-017-1739-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is a degenerative knee disease commonly found in the ageing population. DNA methylation works with histone acetylation to participate in aging. Alterations of DNA methylation may involve the joint chondrocyte degeneration in KOA. The aim of this study is to detect DNA methylation changes in chondrocytes of rats with KOA. METHODS The rat KOA model was established with the Hulth method (n = 10), while rats receiving sham operation served as the control (n = 10). At 16 weeks after modeling, the knee joint tissue was collected from half of the rats in each group for Micro-CT scanning, Haematoxylin& Eosin (HE) staining, ABH/OG staining, immunohistochemistry for Bax, Bcl-2 and Fas, and TUNNEL staining. Meanwhile, the articular cartilage was collected from the other half to detect promoter methylation in target genes with the MethylTarget approach. RESULTS Micro-CT scanning, HE staining, ABH/OG staining, immunohistochemistry, and TUNNEL staining all showed more severe cartilage injury in the KOA group than in the control group, indicating successful establishment of KOA model. The methylation rate in the KOA group was significantly decreased for C/ebpα-2 (within a CpG island -452 bp to the initiation codon on chromosome 1 91,363,511), Cdk2 (within a CpG island -55 bp to the initiation codon on chromosome 7 3,132,362), Bak1 (within a CpG island 6452 bp to the initiation codon on chromosome 20 5,622,277), and Fas (within a CpG island on the entire chromosome 1 gene), compared with the sham group (P = 0.005, 0.008, 0.022 and 0.027, respectively). CONCLUSION The chondrocyte apoptosis and significantly reduced methylation levels of C/ebpα-2, Cdk2, Bak1, and Fas may participate in the pathogenesis of KOA. However, the exact mechanisms remain to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Wang
- Department of Surgery, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China.,Spine Research Institute, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Dezhi Tang
- Spine Research Institute, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Peng Shen
- Department of Surgery, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China.,Spine Research Institute, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Spine Research Institute, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hongfu Qiu
- Department of Surgery, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Department of Surgery, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Department of Surgery, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China.
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14
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Epigenome-wide association studies for cancer biomarker discovery in circulating cell-free DNA: technical advances and challenges. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2017; 42:48-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2017.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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15
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Feber A, Dhami P, Dong L, de Winter P, Tan WS, Martínez-Fernández M, Paul DS, Hynes-Allen A, Rezaee S, Gurung P, Rodney S, Mehmood A, Villacampa F, de la Rosa F, Jameson C, Cheng KK, Zeegers MP, Bryan RT, James ND, Paramio JM, Freeman A, Beck S, Kelly JD. UroMark-a urinary biomarker assay for the detection of bladder cancer. Clin Epigenetics 2017; 9:8. [PMID: 28163793 PMCID: PMC5282868 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-016-0303-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bladder cancer (BC) is one of the most common cancers in the western world and ranks as the most expensive to manage, due to the need for cystoscopic examination. BC shows frequent changes in DNA methylation, and several studies have shown the potential utility of urinary biomarkers by detecting epigenetic alterations in voided urine. The aim of this study is to develop a targeted bisulfite next-generation sequencing assay to diagnose BC from urine with high sensitivity and specificity. Results We defined a 150 CpG loci biomarker panel from a cohort of 86 muscle-invasive bladder cancers and 30 normal urothelium. Based on this panel, we developed the UroMark assay, a next-generation bisulphite sequencing assay and analysis pipeline for the detection of bladder cancer from urinary sediment DNA. The 150 loci UroMark assay was validated in an independent cohort (n = 274, non-cancer (n = 167) and bladder cancer (n = 107)) voided urine samples with an AUC of 97%. The UroMark classifier sensitivity of 98%, specificity of 97% and NPV of 97% for the detection of primary BC was compared to non-BC urine. Conclusions Epigenetic urinary biomarkers for detection of BC have the potential to revolutionise the management of this disease. In this proof of concept study, we show the development and utility of a novel high-throughput, next-generation sequencing-based biomarker for the detection of BC-specific epigenetic alterations in urine. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13148-016-0303-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Feber
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Pawan Dhami
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Liqin Dong
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Patricia de Winter
- Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, UCL Medical School, University College London, London, UK
| | - Wei Shen Tan
- Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, UCL Medical School, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mónica Martínez-Fernández
- Molecular Oncology Unit, CIEMAT (ed70A), Madrid, Spain & Biomedical Research Institute I+12, Universitary Hospistal 12 de Octubre, Av Cordoba s/n. 28041, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación, Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBER ONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Dirk S Paul
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Antony Hynes-Allen
- Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, UCL Medical School, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sheida Rezaee
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Pratik Gurung
- Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, UCL Medical School, University College London, London, UK.,School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Simon Rodney
- Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, UCL Medical School, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ahmed Mehmood
- Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, UCL Medical School, University College London, London, UK
| | - Felipe Villacampa
- Uro-oncology Section & Biomedical Research Institute I+12, Universitary Hospital 12 de Octubre, Av Córdoba s/n. 28041, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación, Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBER ONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Federico de la Rosa
- Uro-oncology Section & Biomedical Research Institute I+12, Universitary Hospital 12 de Octubre, Av Córdoba s/n. 28041, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación, Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBER ONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Charles Jameson
- Department of Histopathology, University College London Hospital, London, UK
| | - Kar Keung Cheng
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Maurice P Zeegers
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Richard T Bryan
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Jesus M Paramio
- Molecular Oncology Unit, CIEMAT (ed70A), Madrid, Spain & Biomedical Research Institute I+12, Universitary Hospistal 12 de Octubre, Av Cordoba s/n. 28041, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación, Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBER ONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alex Freeman
- Department of Histopathology, University College London Hospital, London, UK
| | - Stephan Beck
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - John D Kelly
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK.,Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, UCL Medical School, University College London, London, UK
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16
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Perkins G, Lu H, Garlan F, Taly V. Droplet-Based Digital PCR: Application in Cancer Research. Adv Clin Chem 2016; 79:43-91. [PMID: 28212714 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The efficient characterization of genetic and epigenetic alterations in oncology, virology, or prenatal diagnostics requires highly sensitive and specific high-throughput approaches. Nevertheless, with the use of conventional methods, sensitivity and specificity were largely limited. By partitioning individual target molecules within distinct compartments, digital PCR (dPCR) could overcome these limitations and detect very rare sequences with unprecedented precision and sensitivity. In dPCR, the sample is diluted such that each individual partition will contain no more than one target sequence. Following the assay reaction, the dPCR process provides an absolute value and analyzable quantitative data. The recent coupling of dPCR with microfluidic systems in commercial platforms should lead to an essential tool for the management of patients with cancer, especially adapted to the analysis of precious samples. Applications in cancer research range from the analysis of tumor heterogeneity to that of a range of body fluids. Droplet-based dPCR is indeed particularly appropriate for the emerging field of liquid biopsy analysis. In this review, following an overview of the development in dPCR technology and different strategies based on the use of microcompartments, we will focus particularly on the applications and latest development of microfluidic droplet-based dPCR in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Perkins
- Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM UMR-S1147, CNRS SNC 5014, Centre Universitaire des Saints-Pères, Equipe labélisée LIGUE Contre le Cancer, Paris, France; European Georges Pompidou Hospital, AP-HP - Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - H Lu
- Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM UMR-S1147, CNRS SNC 5014, Centre Universitaire des Saints-Pères, Equipe labélisée LIGUE Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - F Garlan
- Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM UMR-S1147, CNRS SNC 5014, Centre Universitaire des Saints-Pères, Equipe labélisée LIGUE Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - V Taly
- Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM UMR-S1147, CNRS SNC 5014, Centre Universitaire des Saints-Pères, Equipe labélisée LIGUE Contre le Cancer, Paris, France.
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17
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Quantitative comparison of DNA methylation assays for biomarker development and clinical applications. Nat Biotechnol 2016; 34:726-37. [PMID: 27347756 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.3605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
DNA methylation patterns are altered in numerous diseases and often correlate with clinically relevant information such as disease subtypes, prognosis and drug response. With suitable assays and after validation in large cohorts, such associations can be exploited for clinical diagnostics and personalized treatment decisions. Here we describe the results of a community-wide benchmarking study comparing the performance of all widely used methods for DNA methylation analysis that are compatible with routine clinical use. We shipped 32 reference samples to 18 laboratories in seven different countries. Researchers in those laboratories collectively contributed 21 locus-specific assays for an average of 27 predefined genomic regions, as well as six global assays. We evaluated assay sensitivity on low-input samples and assessed the assays' ability to discriminate between cell types. Good agreement was observed across all tested methods, with amplicon bisulfite sequencing and bisulfite pyrosequencing showing the best all-round performance. Our technology comparison can inform the selection, optimization and use of DNA methylation assays in large-scale validation studies, biomarker development and clinical diagnostics.
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18
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Current and Emerging Technologies for the Analysis of the Genome-Wide and Locus-Specific DNA Methylation Patterns. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 945:343-430. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-43624-1_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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19
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Cracking the Code of Human Diseases Using Next-Generation Sequencing: Applications, Challenges, and Perspectives. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:161648. [PMID: 26665001 PMCID: PMC4668301 DOI: 10.1155/2015/161648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have greatly impacted on every field of molecular research mainly because they reduce costs and increase throughput of DNA sequencing. These features, together with the technology's flexibility, have opened the way to a variety of applications including the study of the molecular basis of human diseases. Several analytical approaches have been developed to selectively enrich regions of interest from the whole genome in order to identify germinal and/or somatic sequence variants and to study DNA methylation. These approaches are now widely used in research, and they are already being used in routine molecular diagnostics. However, some issues are still controversial, namely, standardization of methods, data analysis and storage, and ethical aspects. Besides providing an overview of the NGS-based approaches most frequently used to study the molecular basis of human diseases at DNA level, we discuss the principal challenges and applications of NGS in the field of human genomics.
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20
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Kitamoto T, Kitamoto A, Ogawa Y, Honda Y, Imajo K, Saito S, Yoneda M, Nakamura T, Nakajima A, Hotta K. Targeted-bisulfite sequence analysis of the methylation of CpG islands in genes encoding PNPLA3, SAMM50, and PARVB of patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol 2015; 63:494-502. [PMID: 25776890 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is affected by epigenetic factors as well as by genetic variation. METHODS We performed targeted-bisulfite sequencing to determine the levels of DNA methylation of 4 CpG islands (CpG99, CpG71, CpG26, and CpG101) in the regulatory regions of PNPLA3, SAMM50, PARVB variant 1, and PARVB variant 2, respectively. We compared the levels of methylation of DNA in the livers of the first and second sets of patients with mild (fibrosis stages 0 and 1) or advanced (fibrosis stages 2 to 4) NAFLD and in those of patients with mild (F0 to F2) or advanced (F3 and F4) chronic hepatitis C infection. The hepatic mRNA levels of PNPLA3, SAMM50, and PARVB were measured using qPCR. RESULTS CpG26, which resides in the regulatory region of PARVB variant 1, was markedly hypomethylated in the livers of patients with advanced NAFLD. Conversely, CpG99 in the regulatory region of PNPLA3 was substantially hypermethylated in these patients. These differences in DNA methylation were replicated in a second set of patients with NAFLD or chronic hepatitis C. PNPLA3 mRNA levels in the liver of the same section of a biopsy specimen used for genomic DNA preparation were lower in patients with advanced NAFLD compared with those with mild NAFLD and correlated inversely with CpG99 methylation in liver DNA. Moreover, the levels of CpG99 methylation and PNPLA3 mRNA were affected by the rs738409 genotype. CONCLUSIONS Hypomethylation of CpG26 and hypermethylation of CpG99 may contribute to the severity of fibrosis in patients with NAFLD or chronic hepatitis C infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Kitamoto
- Pharmacogenomics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Aya Kitamoto
- Pharmacogenomics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuji Ogawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yasushi Honda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kento Imajo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Satoru Saito
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masato Yoneda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nakamura
- Laboratory for Mathematics, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nakajima
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kikuko Hotta
- Pharmacogenomics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
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21
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Yang Y, Sebra R, Pullman BS, Qiao W, Peter I, Desnick RJ, Geyer CR, DeCoteau JF, Scott SA. Quantitative and multiplexed DNA methylation analysis using long-read single-molecule real-time bisulfite sequencing (SMRT-BS). BMC Genomics 2015; 16:350. [PMID: 25943404 PMCID: PMC4422326 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1572-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background DNA methylation has essential roles in transcriptional regulation, imprinting, X chromosome inactivation and other cellular processes, and aberrant CpG methylation is directly involved in the pathogenesis of human imprinting disorders and many cancers. To address the need for a quantitative and highly multiplexed bisulfite sequencing method with long read lengths for targeted CpG methylation analysis, we developed single-molecule real-time bisulfite sequencing (SMRT-BS). Results Optimized bisulfite conversion and PCR conditions enabled the amplification of DNA fragments up to ~1.5 kb, and subjecting overlapping 625–1491 bp amplicons to SMRT-BS indicated high reproducibility across all amplicon lengths (r = 0.972) and low standard deviations (≤0.10) between individual CpG sites sequenced in triplicate. Higher variability in CpG methylation quantitation was correlated with reduced sequencing depth, particularly for intermediately methylated regions. SMRT-BS was validated by orthogonal bisulfite-based microarray (r = 0.906; 42 CpG sites) and second generation sequencing (r = 0.933; 174 CpG sites); however, longer SMRT-BS amplicons (>1.0 kb) had reduced, but very acceptable, correlation with both orthogonal methods (r = 0.836-0.897 and r = 0.892-0.927, respectively) compared to amplicons less than ~1.0 kb (r = 0.940-0.951 and r = 0.948-0.963, respectively). Multiplexing utility was assessed by simultaneously subjecting four distinct CpG island amplicons (702–866 bp; 325 CpGs) and 30 hematological malignancy cell lines to SMRT-BS (average depth of 110X), which identified a spectrum of highly quantitative methylation levels across all interrogated CpG sites and cell lines. Conclusions SMRT-BS is a novel, accurate and cost-effective targeted CpG methylation method that is amenable to a high degree of multiplexing with minimal clonal PCR artifacts. Increased sequencing depth is necessary when interrogating longer amplicons (>1.0 kb) and the previously reported bisulfite sequencing PCR bias towards unmethylated DNA should be considered when measuring intermediately methylated regions. Coupled with an optimized bisulfite PCR protocol, SMRT-BS is capable of interrogating ~1.5 kb amplicons, which theoretically can cover ~91% of CpG islands in the human genome. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1572-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
| | - Robert Sebra
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA. .,Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
| | - Benjamin S Pullman
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
| | - Wanqiong Qiao
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
| | - Inga Peter
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
| | - Robert J Desnick
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
| | - C Ronald Geyer
- Cancer Stem Cell Research Group, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 4H4, Canada.
| | - John F DeCoteau
- Cancer Stem Cell Research Group, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 4H4, Canada.
| | - Stuart A Scott
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
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22
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Guilhamon P, Butcher LM, Presneau N, Wilson GA, Feber A, Paul DS, Schütte M, Haybaeck J, Keilholz U, Hoffman J, Ross MT, Flanagan AM, Beck S. Assessment of patient-derived tumour xenografts (PDXs) as a discovery tool for cancer epigenomics. Genome Med 2014; 6:116. [PMID: 25587359 PMCID: PMC4292812 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-014-0116-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of tumour xenografts is a well-established research tool in cancer genomics but has not yet been comprehensively evaluated for cancer epigenomics. METHODS In this study, we assessed the suitability of patient-derived tumour xenografts (PDXs) for methylome analysis using Infinium 450 K Beadchips and MeDIP-seq. RESULTS Controlled for confounding host (mouse) sequences, comparison of primary PDXs and matching patient tumours in a rare (osteosarcoma) and common (colon) cancer revealed that an average 2.7% of the assayed CpG sites undergo major (Δβ ≥ 0.51) methylation changes in a cancer-specific manner as a result of the xenografting procedure. No significant subsequent methylation changes were observed after a second round of xenografting between primary and secondary PDXs. Based on computational simulation using publically available methylation data, we additionally show that future studies comparing two groups of PDXs should use 15 or more samples in each group to minimise the impact of xenografting-associated changes in methylation on comparison results. CONCLUSIONS Our results from rare and common cancers indicate that PDXs are a suitable discovery tool for cancer epigenomics and we provide guidance on how to overcome the observed limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Guilhamon
- Medical Genomics, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, WC1E 6DD UK
| | - Lee M Butcher
- Medical Genomics, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, WC1E 6DD UK
| | - Nadege Presneau
- Genetics and Cell Biology of Sarcoma, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, WC1E 6DD UK ; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Westminster, London, W1W 6UW UK
| | - Gareth A Wilson
- Medical Genomics, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, WC1E 6DD UK ; Translational Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, CR-UK London Research Institute, London, WC2A 3LY UK
| | - Andrew Feber
- Medical Genomics, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, WC1E 6DD UK
| | - Dirk S Paul
- Medical Genomics, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, WC1E 6DD UK
| | | | - Johannes Haybaeck
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Ulrich Keilholz
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Charité Comprehensive Cancer Center, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Mark T Ross
- Illumina Cambridge Ltd, Chesterford Research Park, Little Chesterford, CB10 1XL UK
| | - Adrienne M Flanagan
- Genetics and Cell Biology of Sarcoma, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, WC1E 6DD UK ; Department of Histopathology, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust, Stanmore, Middlesex, London, HA7 4LP UK
| | - Stephan Beck
- Medical Genomics, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, WC1E 6DD UK
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