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Gage E, Van Hoeven N, Dubois Cauwelaert N, Larsen SE, Erasmus J, Orr MT, Coler RN. Memory CD4 + T cells enhance B-cell responses to drifting influenza immunization. Eur J Immunol 2018; 49:266-276. [PMID: 30548475 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201847852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A annually infects 5-10% of the world's human population resulting in one million deaths. Influenza causes annual epidemics and reinfects previously exposed individuals because of antigenic drift in the glycoprotein hemagglutinin. Due to antigenic drift, the immune system is simultaneously exposed to novel and conserved parts of the influenza virus via vaccination and/or infection throughout life. Preexisting immunity has long been known to augment subsequent hemagglutination inhibitory antibody (hAb) responses. However, the preexisting immunological contributors that influence hAb responses are not understood. Therefore, we adapted and developed sequential infection and immunization mouse models using drifted influenza strains to show that MHC Class II haplotype and T-cell reactivity influences subsequent hAb responses. We found that CB6F1 mice infected with A/CA followed by immunization with A/PR8 have increased hAb responses to A/PR8 compared to C57BL/6 mice. Increased hAb responses in CB6F1 mice were CD4+ T-cell and B-cell dependent and corresponded to increased germinal center A/PR8-specific B and T-follicular helper cells. These results suggest conserved MHC Class II restricted epitopes within HA are essential for B cells to respond to drifting influenza and could be leveraged to boost hAb responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Gage
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Neal Van Hoeven
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,PAI Life Sciences, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Jesse Erasmus
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mark T Orr
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rhea N Coler
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,PAI Life Sciences, Seattle, WA, USA
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De Groot AS, Moise L, Liu R, Gutierrez AH, Terry F, Koita OA, Ross TM, Martin W. Cross-conservation of T-cell epitopes: now even more relevant to (H7N9) influenza vaccine design. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2014; 10:256-62. [PMID: 24525618 PMCID: PMC4185886 DOI: 10.4161/hv.28135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel avian-origin H7N9 influenza strain emerged in China in April 2013. Since its re-emergence in October-November 2013, the number of reported cases has accelerated; more than 220 laboratory-confirmed cases and 112 deaths (case fatality rate of 20-30%) have been reported. The resurgence of H7N9 has re-emphasized the importance of making faster and more effective influenza vaccines than those that are currently available. Recombinant H7 hemagglutinin (H7-HA) vaccines have been produced, addressing the first problem. Unfortunately, these recombinant subunit vaccine products appear to have failed to address the second problem, influenza vaccine efficacy. Reported unadjuvanted H7N9 vaccine seroconversion rates were between 6% and 16%, nearly 10-fold lower than rates for unadjuvanted vaccine seroconversion to standard H1N1 monovalent (recombinant) vaccine (89% to pandemic H1N1). Could this state of affairs have been predicted? As it turns out, yes, and it was. In that previous analysis of available H7-HA sequences, we found fewer T-cell epitopes per protein than expected, and predicted that H7-HA-based vaccines would be much less antigenic than recent seasonal vaccines. Novel approaches to developing a more immunogenic HA were offered for consideration at the time, and now, as the low immunogenicity of H7N9 vaccines appears to indicate, they appear to be even more relevant. More effective H7N9 influenza vaccines can be produced, provided that the role of T-cell epitopes is carefully considered, and accumulated knowledge about the importance of cross-conserved epitopes between viral subtypes is applied to the design of those vaccines.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- China/epidemiology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/genetics
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/isolation & purification
- Influenza, Human/epidemiology
- Influenza, Human/prevention & control
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Survival Analysis
- Treatment Outcome
- Vaccines, Subunit/genetics
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
- Vaccines, Subunit/isolation & purification
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/isolation & purification
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne S De Groot
- Institute for Immunology and Informatics; University of Rhode Island; Providence, RI USA
- EpiVax, Inc.; Providence, RI USA
| | - Lenny Moise
- Institute for Immunology and Informatics; University of Rhode Island; Providence, RI USA
- EpiVax, Inc.; Providence, RI USA
| | - Rui Liu
- Institute for Immunology and Informatics; University of Rhode Island; Providence, RI USA
| | - Andres H Gutierrez
- Institute for Immunology and Informatics; University of Rhode Island; Providence, RI USA
| | | | - Ousmane A Koita
- Laboratory of Applied Molecular Biology; University of Bamako; Bamako, Mali
- Project SEREFO-NIAID (Centre de Recherche et de Formation sur le VIH/Sida et la Tuberculose-Institut National des Maladies Infectieuses et Allergiques); University of Science, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako; Bamako, Mali
| | - Ted M Ross
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute of Florida; Port St. Lucie, FL USA
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Leblanc PR, Yuan J, Brauns T, Gelfand JA, Poznansky MC. Accelerated vaccine development against emerging infectious diseases. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2012; 8:1010-2. [PMID: 22777091 DOI: 10.4161/hv.20805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases represent a major challenge to vaccine development since it involves two seemingly contradictory requirements. Rapid and flexible vaccine generation while using technologies and processes that can facilitate accelerated regulatory review. Development in the "-omics" in combination with advances in vaccinology offer novel opportunities to meet these requirements. Here we describe how a consortium of five different organizations from academia and industry is addressing these challenges. This novel approach has the potential to become the new standard in vaccine development allowing timely deployment to avert potential pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre R Leblanc
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Infectious Diseases Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
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