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Schoenfeld K, Harwardt J, Kolmar H. Better safe than sorry: dual targeting antibodies for cancer immunotherapy. Biol Chem 2024; 405:443-459. [PMID: 38297991 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2023-0329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Antibody-based therapies are revolutionizing cancer treatment and experience a steady increase from preclinical and clinical pipelines to market share. While the clinical success of monoclonal antibodies is frequently limited by low response rates, treatment resistance and various other factors, multispecific antibodies open up new prospects by addressing tumor complexity as well as immune response actuation potently improving safety and efficacy. Novel antibody approaches involve simultaneous binding of two antigens on one cell implying increased specificity and reduced tumor escape for dual tumor-associated antigen targeting and enhanced and durable cytotoxic effects for dual immune cell-related antigen targeting. This article reviews antibody and cell-based therapeutics for oncology with intrinsic dual targeting of either tumor cells or immune cells. As revealed in various preclinical studies and clinical trials, dual targeting molecules are promising candidates constituting the next generation of antibody drugs for fighting cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Schoenfeld
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Strasse 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Julia Harwardt
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Strasse 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Strasse 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
- Centre for Synthetic Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
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2
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Crook ZR, Sevilla GP, Young P, Girard EJ, Phi TD, Howard M, Price J, Olson JM, Nairn NW. CYpHER: Catalytic extracellular targeted protein degradation with high potency and durable effect. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.21.581471. [PMID: 38712232 PMCID: PMC11071310 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.21.581471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Many disease-causing proteins have multiple pathogenic mechanisms, and conventional inhibitors struggle to reliably disrupt more than one. Targeted protein degradation (TPD) can eliminate the protein, and thus all its functions, by directing a cell's protein turnover machinery towards it. Two established strategies either engage catalytic E3 ligases or drive uptake towards the endolysosomal pathway. Here we describe CYpHER (CatalYtic pH-dependent Endolysosomal delivery with Recycling) technology with potency and durability from a novel catalytic mechanism that shares the specificity and straightforward modular design of endolysosomal uptake. By bestowing pH-dependent release on the target engager and using the rapid-cycling transferrin receptor as the uptake receptor, CYpHER induces endolysosomal target delivery while re-using drug, potentially yielding increased potency and reduced off-target tissue exposure risks. The TfR-based approach allows targeting to tumors that overexpress this receptor and offers the potential for transport to the CNS. CYpHER function was demonstrated in vitro with EGFR and PD-L1, and in vivo with EGFR in a model of EGFR-driven non-small cell lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary R. Crook
- Cyclera Therapeutics Inc, Seattle, WA 98115, USA. Present address of Z.R.C., G.P.S., and N.W.N
- Blaze Bioscience Inc., Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Gregory P. Sevilla
- Cyclera Therapeutics Inc, Seattle, WA 98115, USA. Present address of Z.R.C., G.P.S., and N.W.N
- Blaze Bioscience Inc., Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Emily J. Girard
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98105, USA. Present address of E.J.G. and J.M.O
| | | | | | - Jason Price
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98105, USA. Present address of E.J.G. and J.M.O
| | - James M. Olson
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98105, USA. Present address of E.J.G. and J.M.O
| | - Natalie W. Nairn
- Cyclera Therapeutics Inc, Seattle, WA 98115, USA. Present address of Z.R.C., G.P.S., and N.W.N
- Blaze Bioscience Inc., Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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3
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Kotemul K, Kasinrerk W, Takheaw N. CD99 tumor associated antigen is a potential target for antibody therapy of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. EXPLORATION OF TARGETED ANTI-TUMOR THERAPY 2024; 5:96-107. [PMID: 38468825 PMCID: PMC10925484 DOI: 10.37349/etat.2024.00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are an effective drug for targeted immunotherapy in several cancer types. However, so far, no antibody has been successfully developed for certain types of cancer, including T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). T-ALL is an aggressive hematologic malignancy. T-ALL patients who are treated with chemotherapeutic drugs frequently relapse and become drug resistant. Therefore, antibody-based therapy is promising for T-ALL treatment. To successfully develop an antibody-based therapy for T-ALL, antibodies that induce death in malignant T cells but not in nonmalignant T cells are required to avoid the induction of secondary T-cell immunodeficiency. In this review, CD99 tumor associated antigen, which is highly expressed on malignant T cells and lowly expressed on nonmalignant T cells, is proposed to be a potential target for antibody therapy of T-ALL. Since certain clones of anti-CD99 mAbs induce apoptosis only in malignant T cells, these anti-CD99 mAbs might be a promising antibody drug for the treatment of T-ALL with high efficiency and low adverse effects. Moreover, over the past 25 years, many clones of anti-CD99 mAbs have been studied for their direct effects on T-ALL. These outcomes are gathered here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamonporn Kotemul
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Watchara Kasinrerk
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Biomedical Technology Research Center, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency at the Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Nuchjira Takheaw
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Biomedical Technology Research Center, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency at the Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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4
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Kumar M, Jalota A, Sahu SK, Haque S. Therapeutic antibodies for the prevention and treatment of cancer. J Biomed Sci 2024; 31:6. [PMID: 38216921 PMCID: PMC10787459 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-024-00996-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The developments of antibodies for cancer therapeutics have made remarkable success in recent years. There are multiple factors contributing to the success of the biological molecule including origin of the antibody, isotype, affinity, avidity and mechanism of action. With better understanding of mechanism of cancer progression and immune manipulation, recombinant formats of antibodies are used to develop therapeutic modalities for manipulating the immune cells of patients by targeting specific molecules to control the disease. These molecules have been successful in minimizing the side effects instead caused by small molecules or systemic chemotherapy but because of the developing therapeutic resistance against these antibodies, combination therapy is thought to be the best bet for patient care. Here, in this review, we have discussed different aspects of antibodies in cancer therapy affecting their efficacy and mechanism of resistance with some relevant examples of the most studied molecules approved by the US FDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Kumar
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA.
| | - Akansha Jalota
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Sushil Kumar Sahu
- Department of Zoology, Siksha-Bhavana, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, West Bengal, India
| | - Shabirul Haque
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Disease, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.
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5
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Keshavarz S, Wall JR, Keshavarz S, Vojoudi E, Jafari-Shakib R. Breast cancer immunotherapy: a comprehensive review. Clin Exp Med 2023; 23:4431-4447. [PMID: 37658246 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-023-01177-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Cancer remains a major health problem despite numerous new medical interventions that have been introduced in recent years. One of the major choices for cancer therapy is so-called adoptive cell therapy (ACT). ACT can be performed using both innate immune cells, including dendritic cells (DCs), natural killer (NK) cells, and γδ T cells and acquired immune T cells. It has become possible to utilize these cells in both their native and modified states in clinical studies. Because of considerable success in cancer treatment, ACT now plays a role in advanced therapy protocols. Genetic engineering of autologous and allogeneic immune cells (T lymphocytes, NK cells, macrophages, etc.) with chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) is a powerful new tool to target specific antigens on cancer cells. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the US has approved certain CAR-T cells for hematologic malignancies and it is hoped that their use can be extended to incorporate a variety of cells, in particular NK cells. However, the ACT method has some limitations, such as the risk of rejection in allogeneic engrafts. Accordingly, numerous efforts are being made to eliminate or minimize this and other complications. In the present review, we have developed a guide to breast cancer (BC) therapy from conventional therapy, through to cell-based approaches, in particular novel technologies including CAR with emphasis on NK cells as a new and safer candidate in this field as well as the more recent aptamer technology, which can play a major role in BC immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Keshavarz
- School of Paramedicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Jack R Wall
- University of Notre Dame Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Somayeh Keshavarz
- School of Paramedicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Elham Vojoudi
- Regenerative Medicine, Organ Procurement and Transplantation Multidisciplinary Center, Razi Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
| | - Reza Jafari-Shakib
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
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6
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Rodríguez-Nava C, Ortuño-Pineda C, Illades-Aguiar B, Flores-Alfaro E, Leyva-Vázquez MA, Parra-Rojas I, Del Moral-Hernández O, Vences-Velázquez A, Cortés-Sarabia K, Alarcón-Romero LDC. Mechanisms of Action and Limitations of Monoclonal Antibodies and Single Chain Fragment Variable (scFv) in the Treatment of Cancer. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1610. [PMID: 37371712 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11061610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies are among the most effective tools for detecting tumor-associated antigens. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved more than 36 therapeutic antibodies for developing novel alternative therapies that have significant success rates in fighting cancer. However, some functional limitations have been described, such as their access to solid tumors and low interaction with the immune system. Single-chain variable fragments (scFv) are versatile and easy to produce, and being an attractive tool for use in immunotherapy models. The small size of scFv can be advantageous for treatment due to its short half-life and other characteristics related to the structural and functional aspects of the antibodies. Therefore, the main objective of this review was to describe the current situation regarding the mechanisms of action, applications, and limitations of monoclonal antibodies and scFv in the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Rodríguez-Nava
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Citopatología e Histoquímica, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo 39070, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Inmunobiología y Diagnóstico Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo 39070, Mexico
| | - Carlos Ortuño-Pineda
- Laboratorio de Proteínas y Ácidos Nucleicos, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo 39070, Mexico
| | - Berenice Illades-Aguiar
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Biomedicina Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo 39070, Mexico
| | - Eugenia Flores-Alfaro
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Epidemiología Clínica y Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo 39070, Mexico
| | - Marco Antonio Leyva-Vázquez
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Biomedicina Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo 39070, Mexico
| | - Isela Parra-Rojas
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Obesidad y Diabetes, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo 39070, Mexico
| | | | - Amalia Vences-Velázquez
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Inmunobiología y Diagnóstico Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo 39070, Mexico
| | - Karen Cortés-Sarabia
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Inmunobiología y Diagnóstico Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo 39070, Mexico
| | - Luz Del Carmen Alarcón-Romero
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Citopatología e Histoquímica, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo 39070, Mexico
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7
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Reddy R, Mintz J, Golan R, Firdaus F, Ponce R, Van Booven D, Manoharan A, Issa I, Blomberg BB, Arora H. Antibody Diversity in Cancer: Translational Implications and Beyond. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10081165. [PMID: 35893814 PMCID: PMC9331493 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10081165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with cancer tend to develop antibodies to autologous proteins. This phenomenon has been observed across multiple cancer types, including bladder, lung, colon, prostate, and melanoma. These antibodies potentially arise due to induced inflammation or an increase in self-antigens. Studies focusing on antibody diversity are particularly attractive for their diagnostic value considering antibodies are present at an early diseased stage, serum samples are relatively easy to obtain, and the prevalence of antibodies is high even when the target antigen is minimally expressed. Conversely, the surveillance of serum proteins in cancer patients is relatively challenging because they often show variability in expression and are less abundant. Moreover, an antibody’s presence is also useful as it suggests the relative immunogenicity of a given antigen. For these reasons, profiling antibodies’ responses is actively considered to detect the spread of antigens following immunotherapy. The current review focuses on expanding the knowledge of antibodies and their diversity, and the impact of antibody diversity on cancer regression and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghuram Reddy
- Desai Sethi Urology Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (R.R.); (F.F.); (A.M.)
- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Joel Mintz
- Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Allopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, FL 33328, USA;
| | - Roei Golan
- College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee FL 32304, USA;
| | - Fakiha Firdaus
- Desai Sethi Urology Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (R.R.); (F.F.); (A.M.)
| | - Roxana Ponce
- Department of Biology, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA;
| | - Derek Van Booven
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33143, USA; (D.V.B.); (I.I.)
| | - Aysswarya Manoharan
- Desai Sethi Urology Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (R.R.); (F.F.); (A.M.)
| | - Isabelle Issa
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33143, USA; (D.V.B.); (I.I.)
| | - Bonnie B. Blomberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA;
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Himanshu Arora
- Desai Sethi Urology Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (R.R.); (F.F.); (A.M.)
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33143, USA; (D.V.B.); (I.I.)
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- The Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Correspondence:
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8
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Westheim AJF, Stoffels LM, Dubois LJ, van Bergenhenegouwen J, van Helvoort A, Langen RCJ, Shiri-Sverdlov R, Theys J. Fatty Acids as a Tool to Boost Cancer Immunotherapy Efficacy. Front Nutr 2022; 9:868436. [PMID: 35811951 PMCID: PMC9260274 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.868436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although immunotherapy represents one of the most potent therapeutic anti-cancer approaches, only a limited number of patients shows clinical benefit. Recent evidence suggests that patients' nutritional status plays a major role in immunotherapy outcome. Fatty acids are essential in a balanced diet and well-known to influence the immune response. Moreover, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) show beneficial effects in metabolic disorders as well as in cancer and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) contribute to body weight and fat free mass preservation in cancer patients. In line with these data, several studies imply a role for SCFAs and PUFAs in boosting the outcome of immunotherapy. In this review, we specifically focus on mechanistic data showing that SCFAs modulate the immunogenicity of tumor cells and we discuss the direct effects of SCFAs and PUFAs on the immune system in the context of cancer. We provide preclinical and clinical evidence indicating that SCFAs and PUFAs may have the potential to boost immunotherapy efficacy. Finally, we describe the challenges and address opportunities for successful application of nutritional interventions focusing on SCFAs and PUFAs to increase the therapeutic potential of immunotherapeutic approaches for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie J. F. Westheim
- Department of Precision Medicine, GROW-Research School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, NUTRIM-School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Lara M. Stoffels
- Department of Precision Medicine, GROW-Research School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, NUTRIM-School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Ludwig J. Dubois
- Department of Precision Medicine, GROW-Research School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Jeroen van Bergenhenegouwen
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ardy van Helvoort
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM-School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Ramon C. J. Langen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM-School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Ronit Shiri-Sverdlov
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, NUTRIM-School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Jan Theys
- Department of Precision Medicine, GROW-Research School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Jan Theys
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9
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Simón L, Sanhueza S, Gaete-Ramírez B, Varas-Godoy M, Quest AFG. Role of the Pro-Inflammatory Tumor Microenvironment in Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated Transfer of Therapy Resistance. Front Oncol 2022; 12:897205. [PMID: 35646668 PMCID: PMC9130576 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.897205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in our understanding of cancer biology have contributed to generating different treatments to improve the survival of cancer patients. However, although initially most of the therapies are effective, relapse and recurrence occur in a large percentage of these cases after the treatment, and patients then die subsequently due to the development of therapy resistance in residual cancer cells. A large spectrum of molecular and cellular mechanisms have been identified as important contributors to therapy resistance, and more recently the inflammatory tumor microenvironment (TME) has been ascribed an important function as a source of signals generated by the TME that modulate cellular processes in the tumor cells, such as to favor the acquisition of therapy resistance. Currently, extracellular vesicles (EVs) are considered one of the main means of communication between cells of the TME and have emerged as crucial modulators of cancer drug resistance. Important in this context is, also, the inflammatory TME that can be caused by several conditions, including hypoxia and following chemotherapy, among others. These inflammatory conditions modulate the release and composition of EVs within the TME, which in turn alters the responses of the tumor cells to cancer therapies. The TME has been ascribed an important function as a source of signals that modulate cellular processes in the tumor cells, such as to favor the acquisition of therapy resistance. Although generally the main cellular components considered to participate in generating a pro-inflammatory TME are from the immune system (for instance, macrophages), more recently other types of cells of the TME have also been shown to participate in this process, including adipocytes, cancer-associated fibroblasts, endothelial cells, cancer stem cells, as well as the tumor cells. In this review, we focus on summarizing available information relating to the impact of a pro-inflammatory tumor microenvironment on the release of EVs derived from both cancer cells and cells of the TME, and how these EVs contribute to resistance to cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layla Simón
- Laboratory of Cellular Communication, Program of Cell and Molecular Biology, Center for Studies on Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Escuela de Nutrición y Dietética, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sofía Sanhueza
- Laboratory of Cellular Communication, Program of Cell and Molecular Biology, Center for Studies on Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Belén Gaete-Ramírez
- Cancer Cell Biology Laboratory, Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
| | - Manuel Varas-Godoy
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Cancer Cell Biology Laboratory, Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile.,Centro Ciencia & Vida, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrew F G Quest
- Laboratory of Cellular Communication, Program of Cell and Molecular Biology, Center for Studies on Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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10
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B-Cell-Based Immunotherapy: A Promising New Alternative. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10060879. [PMID: 35746487 PMCID: PMC9227543 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10060879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of immunotherapy has undergone radical conceptual changes over the last decade. There are various examples of immunotherapy, including the use of monoclonal antibodies, cancer vaccines, tumor-infecting viruses, cytokines, adjuvants, and autologous T cells carrying chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) that can bind cancer-specific antigens known as adoptive immunotherapy. While a lot has been achieved in the field of T-cell immunotherapy, only a fraction of patients (20%) see lasting benefits from this mode of treatment, which is why there is a critical need to turn our attention to other immune cells. B cells have been shown to play both anti- and pro-tumorigenic roles in tumor tissue. In this review, we shed light on the dual nature of B cells in the tumor microenvironment. Furthermore, we discussed the different factors affecting the biology and function of B cells in tumors. In the third section, we described B-cell-based immunotherapies and their clinical applications and challenges. These current studies provide a springboard for carrying out future mechanistic studies to help us unleash the full potential of B cells in immunotherapy.
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11
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Gaspar VP, Ibrahim S, Zahedi RP, Borchers CH. Utility, promise, and limitations of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based therapeutic drug monitoring in precision medicine. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2021; 56:e4788. [PMID: 34738286 PMCID: PMC8597589 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is typically referred to as the measurement of the concentration of drugs in patient blood. Although in the past, TDM was restricted to drugs with a narrow therapeutic range in order to avoid drug toxicity, TDM has recently become a major tool for precision medicine being applied to many more drugs. Through compensating for interindividual differences in a drug's pharmacokinetics, improved dosing of individual patients based on TDM ensures maximum drug effectiveness while minimizing side effects. This is especially relevant for individuals that present a particularly high intervariability in pharmacokinetics, such as newborns, or for critically/severely ill patients. In this article, we will review the applications for and limitations of TDM, discuss for which patients TDM is most beneficial and why, examine which techniques are being used for TDM, and demonstrate how mass spectrometry is increasingly becoming a reliable and convenient alternative for the TDM of different classes of drugs. We will also highlight the advances, challenges, and limitations of the existing repertoire of TDM methods and discuss future opportunities for TDM-based precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa P. Gaspar
- Segal Cancer Proteomics CentreMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
- Gerald Bronfman Department of OncologyMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Sahar Ibrahim
- Segal Cancer Proteomics CentreMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
- Division of Experimental MedicineMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
- Clinical Pathology DepartmentMenoufia UniversityShibin el KomEgypt
| | - René P. Zahedi
- Segal Cancer Proteomics CentreMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
- Center for Computational and Data‐Intensive Science and EngineeringSkolkovo Institute of Science and TechnologyMoscowRussia
| | - Christoph H. Borchers
- Segal Cancer Proteomics CentreMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
- Gerald Bronfman Department of OncologyMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
- Center for Computational and Data‐Intensive Science and EngineeringSkolkovo Institute of Science and TechnologyMoscowRussia
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12
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Pareri AU, Koijam AS, Kumar C. Breaking the Silence of Tumor Response: Future Prospects of Targeted Radionuclide Therapy. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 22:1845-1858. [PMID: 34477531 DOI: 10.2174/1871520621666210903152354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Therapy-induced tumor resistance has always been a paramount hurdle in the clinical triumph of cancer therapy. Resistance acquired by tumor through interventions of chemotherapeutic drugs, ionizing radiation, and immunotherapy in the patientsis a severe drawback and major cause of recurrence of tumor and failure of therapeutic responses. To counter acquired resistance in tumor cells, several strategies are practiced such as chemotherapy regimens, immunotherapy, and immunoconjugates, but the outcome is very disappointing for the patients as well as clinicians. Radionuclide therapy using alpha or beta-emitting radionuclide as payload became state-of-the-art for cancer therapy. With the improvement in dosimetric studies, development of high-affinity target molecules, and design of several novel chelating agents which provide thermodynamically stable complexes in vivo, the scope of radionuclide therapy has increased by leaps and bounds. Additionally, radionuclide therapy along with the combination of chemotherapy is gaining importance in pre-clinics, which is quite encouraging. Thus, it opens an avenue for newer cancer therapy modalities where chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and immunotherapy are unable to break the silence of tumor response. This article describes, in brief, the causes of tumor resistance and discusses the potential of radionuclide therapy to enhance tumor response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chandan Kumar
- Radiopharmaceuticals Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre Mumbai-400085, India
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13
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Khirehgesh MR, Sharifi J, Safari F, Akbari B. Immunotoxins and nanobody-based immunotoxins: review and update. J Drug Target 2021; 29:848-862. [PMID: 33615933 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2021.1894435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Immunotoxins (ITs) are protein-based drugs that compose of targeting and cytotoxic moieties. After binding the IT to the specific cell-surface antigen, the IT internalises into the target cell and kills it. Targeting and cytotoxic moieties usually include monoclonal antibodies and protein toxins with bacterial or plant origin, respectively. ITs have been successful in haematologic malignancies treatment. However, ITs penetrate poorly into solid tumours because of their large size. Use of camelid antibody fragments known as nanobodies (Nbs) as a targeting moiety may overcome this problem. Nbs are the smallest fragment of antibodies with excellent tumour tissue penetration. The ability to recognise cryptic (immuno-evasive) target antigens, low immunogenicity, and high-affinity are other fundamental characteristics of Nbs that make them suitable candidates in targeted therapy. Here, we reviewed and discussed the structure and function of ITs, Nbs, and nanobody-based ITs. To gain sound insight into the issue at hand, we focussed on nanobody-based ITs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Khirehgesh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Jafar Sharifi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Safari
- Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences and Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Bahman Akbari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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14
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Prion Protein of Extracellular Vesicle Regulates the Progression of Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13092144. [PMID: 33946823 PMCID: PMC8124505 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cellular prion protein (PrPC) are overexpressed in cancers and related to cancer proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and drug resistance. The aim of our study was to investigate the role of PrPC-expressing exosomes regulating the colorectal cancer cells (CRC) behavior and tumor progression. We confirmed the increased sphere formation, expression of cancer initiating genes, motility, and tumor growth by hypoxic exosomes. Also, PrPC-expressing exosomes induced the microenvironment of metastasis via increase of endothelial permeability and angiogenic cytokine secretion. The treatment of anti-PrPC and 5-fluorouracil decreased the tumor progression. Targeting PrPC is an effective therapeutic strategy in cancer therapy. Abstract Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death due to its aggressive metastasis in later stages. Although there is a growing interest in the tumorigenic role of cellular prion protein (PrPC) in the process of metastasis, the precise mechanism behind the cellular communication involving prion proteins remains poorly understood. This study found that hypoxic tumor microenvironment increased the PrPC-expressing exosomes from CRC, and these exosomes regulate the CRC cell behavior and tumor progression depending on the expression of PrPC. Hypoxic exosomes from CRC cells promoted sphere formation, the expression of tumor-inducing genes, migration, invasion, and tumor growth. Furthermore, these exosomes increased endothelial permeability, migration, invasion, and angiogenic cytokine secretion. These effects were associated with PrPC expression. Application of anti-PrPC antibody with 5-fluorouracil significantly suppressed the CRC progression in a murine xenograft model. Taken together, these findings indicate that PrP-expressing exosomes secreted by hypoxic CRC cells are a key factor in the tumorigenic CRC-to-CRC and CRC-to-endothelial cell communication. Significance: These findings suggest that inhibiting PrPC in hypoxic exosomes during chemotherapy may be an effective therapeutic strategy in colorectal cancer.
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15
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Hegazy SK, El-Haggar SM, Alhassanin SA, El-Berri EI. Comparative randomized trial evaluating the effect of proton pump inhibitor versus histamine 2 receptor antagonist as an adjuvant therapy in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Med Oncol 2021; 38:4. [PMID: 33394214 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-020-01452-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The development of drug resistance remains the major obstacle to clinical efficacy of cancer chemotherapy. Consequently, finding new therapeutic options for cancerous patients is an urgent need. Sixty newly diagnosed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) patients were recruited from Clinical Oncology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Egypt prospectively randomized to three groups (n = 20 for each group). Group one (control group) received R-CHOP standard chemotherapy {Rituximab, Cyclophosphamide, Hydroxyldaunorubicin (Doxorubicin)®, Vincristine (oncovin)®, prednisolone in the first five days of cycle}, group two received lansoprazole (LAN) 60 mg p.o. bid for only one week before starting each of cycle + R-CHOP and group three received famotidine (FAM) 40 mg p.o. once daily one week before cycle and continues daily through the cycle + R-CHOP for six cycles. Blood samples were obtained for biochemical analysis of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), interleukin-9 (IL-9), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and Caspase 3 before and after six cycles of therapy. The obtained data showed that LAN and FAM resulted in significant decrease in (LDH, TGF-β, bFGF and IL-9, respectively) and significant increase in (Caspase-3). In addition, LAN produced a significant elevation in the response rate compared to the control group or the FAM group. Both LAN and FAM as adjuvant therapy represents a promising anticancer strategy in DLBCL by modulation of malignancy homeostasis mechanisms and boosting chemotherapy antitumor effects without further toxicity. In addition, LAN has a synergetic effect in improving the response rate.Trial registration Clinical Trial.gov Identifier: NCT0364707.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar K Hegazy
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, El-Guiesh Street, El-Gharbia Government, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
| | - Sahar M El-Haggar
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, El-Guiesh Street, El-Gharbia Government, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
| | - Suzan A Alhassanin
- Oncology and Nuclear Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Yassin Abdel Ghaffar St-from Gamal Abdel Anasar St, Shibin Elkom, Menoufia, 32511, Egypt
| | - Eman I El-Berri
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, El-Guiesh Street, El-Gharbia Government, Tanta, 31527, Egypt.
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16
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The Cellular Prion Protein: A Promising Therapeutic Target for Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239208. [PMID: 33276687 PMCID: PMC7730109 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on the cellular prion protein (PrPC) have been actively conducted because misfolded PrPC is known to cause transmissible spongiform encephalopathies or prion disease. PrPC is a glycophosphatidylinositol-anchored cell surface glycoprotein that has been reported to affect several cellular functions such as stress protection, cellular differentiation, mitochondrial homeostasis, circadian rhythm, myelin homeostasis, and immune modulation. Recently, it has also been reported that PrPC mediates tumor progression by enhancing the proliferation, metastasis, and drug resistance of cancer cells. In addition, PrPC regulates cancer stem cell properties by interacting with cancer stem cell marker proteins. In this review, we summarize how PrPC promotes tumor progression in terms of proliferation, metastasis, drug resistance, and cancer stem cell properties. In addition, we discuss strategies to treat tumors by modulating the function and expression of PrPC via the regulation of HSPA1L/HIF-1α expression and using an anti-prion antibody.
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17
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Lillo AM, Velappan N, Kelliher JM, Watts AJ, Merriman SP, Vuyisich G, Lilley LM, Coombs KE, Mastren T, Teshima M, Stein BW, Wagner GL, Iyer S, Bradbury ARM, Harris JF, Dichosa AE, Kozimor SA. Development of Anti- Yersinia pestis Human Antibodies with Features Required for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Applications. Immunotargets Ther 2020; 9:299-316. [PMID: 33294421 PMCID: PMC7716875 DOI: 10.2147/itt.s267077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Yersinia pestis is a category A infective agent that causes bubonic, septicemic, and pneumonic plague. Notably, the acquisition of antimicrobial or multidrug resistance through natural or purposed means qualifies Y. pestis as a potential biothreat agent. Therefore, high-quality antibodies designed for accurate and sensitive Y. pestis diagnostics, and therapeutics potentiating or replacing traditional antibiotics are of utmost need for national security and public health preparedness. METHODS Here, we describe a set of human monoclonal immunoglobulins (IgG1s) targeting Y. pestis fraction 1 (F1) antigen, previously derived from in vitro evolution of a phage-display library of single-chain antibodies (scFv). We extensively characterized these antibodies and their effect on bacterial and mammalian cells via: ELISA, flow cytometry, mass spectrometry, spectroscopy, and various metabolic assays. RESULTS Two of our anti-F1 IgG (αF1Ig 2 and αF1Ig 8) stood out for high production yield, specificity, and stability. These two antibodies were additionally attractive in that they displayed picomolar affinity, did not compete when binding Y. pestis, and retained immunoreactivity upon chemical derivatization. Most importantly, these antibodies detected <1,000 Y. pestis cells in sandwich ELISA, did not harm respiratory epithelial cells, induced Y. pestis agglutination at low concentration (350 nM), and caused apparent reduction in cell growth when radiolabeled at a nonagglutinating concentration (34 nM). CONCLUSION These antibodies are amenable to the development of accurate and sensitive diagnostics and immuno/radioimmunotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta M Lillo
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Nileena Velappan
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Julia M Kelliher
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Austin J Watts
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Samuel P Merriman
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Grace Vuyisich
- Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Laura M Lilley
- Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Kent E Coombs
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Tara Mastren
- Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Munehiro Teshima
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Benjamin W Stein
- Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Gregory L Wagner
- Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Srinivas Iyer
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | | | | | - Armand E Dichosa
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Stosh A Kozimor
- Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
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18
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Özverel CS, Uyanikgil Y, Karaboz İ, Nalbantsoy A. Investigation of the combination of anti-PD-L1 mAb with HER2/neu-loaded dendritic cells and QS-21 saponin adjuvant: effect against HER2 positive breast cancer in mice. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2020; 42:346-357. [PMID: 32515626 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2020.1775644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is overexpressed in a subset of cancers including 25% of breast cancers. Since combination therapy consisting of multiple therapeutic approaches is considered a promising regimen, we examined combination treatment modalities in a xenograft model in Balb/c mice injected with 4T1-HER2 cells. We used HER2/neu-loaded bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BM-DC's) along with anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody in a new combination immunotherapy model. METHODS The combination was composed of an active immunotherapy (i.e. BM-DC-based vaccine) designed to boost the immune response against target antigen and was augmented by using anti-PD-L1 mAb to prevent immune evasion by the xenografted tumors. The vaccine combination was further supported using a QS-21 saponin adjuvant and the immune response was evaluated. RESULTS Mice treated with HER2/neu-loaded BM-DCs, combined with QS-21 and anti-PD-L1 mAb had significantly decreased tumor sizes and their splenocytes had enhanced cytotoxic activity, based on the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay, compared to vaccine and adjuvant groups alone. The same vaccination group demonstrated a remarkable increase in IFN-γ secreting CD8+ T-cells analyzed by flow cytometry. ELISA data also revealed a significant increase in the serum anti-HER2 IgG1 response; in addition, there was significant splenocyte proliferation upon stimulation with antigen compared to vaccine and adjuvant groups. Consistently, a significant infiltration of CD4+, CD8+ immune cells in and around the tumors was observed. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that the BM-DC + HER2/neu + QS-21 + anti-PD-L1 vaccine combination paradigm synergistically generates anti-tumor activity and immune responses against HER2 overexpressing breast cancer in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yiğit Uyanikgil
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - İsmail Karaboz
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Ayse Nalbantsoy
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
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19
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Elvas F, Vanden Berghe T, Adriaenssens Y, Vandenabeele P, Augustyns K, Staelens S, Stroobants S, Van der Veken P, Wyffels L. Caspase-3 probes for PET imaging of apoptotic tumor response to anticancer therapy. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 17:4801-4824. [PMID: 31033991 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob00657e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is a highly regulated process involved in the normal organism development and homeostasis. In the context of anticancer therapy, apoptosis is also studied intensively in an attempt to induce cell death in cancer cells. Caspase activation is a known key event in the apoptotic process. In particular, active caspase-3 and -7 are the common effectors in several apoptotic pathways, therefore effector caspase activation may be a promising biomarker for response evaluation to anticancer therapy. Quantitative imaging of apoptosis in vivo could provide early assessment of therapeutic effectiveness and could also be used in drug development to evaluate the efficacy as well as potential toxicity of novel treatments. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is a highly sensitive molecular imaging modality that allows non-invasive in vivo imaging of biological processes such as apoptosis by using radiolabeled probes. Here we describe the development and evaluation of fluorine-18-labeled caspase-3 activity-based probes (ABPs) for PET imaging of apoptosis. ABPs were selected by screening of a small library of fluorine-19-labeled DEVD peptides containing different electrophilic warhead groups. An acyloxymethyl ketone was identified with low nanomolar affinity for caspase-3 and was radiolabeled with fluorine-18. The resulting radiotracer, [18F]MICA-302, showed good labeling of active caspase-3 in vitro and favorable pharmacokinetic properties. A μPET imaging experiment in colorectal tumor xenografts demonstrated an increased tumor accumulation of [18F]MICA-302 in drug-treated versus control animals. Therefore, our data suggest this radiotracer may be useful for clinical PET imaging of response to anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Elvas
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
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20
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Puri S, Shafique M. Combination checkpoint inhibitors for treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer: an update on dual anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapies. Drugs Context 2020; 9:dic-2019-9-2. [PMID: 32158484 PMCID: PMC7048109 DOI: 10.7573/dic.2019-9-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment. In non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), monotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors has improved survival in metastatic disease. Combinations of immune checkpoint inhibitors have shown synergy in preclinical models and are being studied as part of the treatment armamentarium in NSCLC. This review discusses the rationale, outcomes, and challenges of combination immune checkpoint blockade. Despite the challenges, this paper also presents some solutions and ways to improve our understanding and implementation of such combinations in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonam Puri
- Division of Medical Oncology, Huntsman Cancer Institute at University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Michael Shafique
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
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21
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Goos JA, Cho A, Carter LM, Dilling TR, Davydova M, Mandleywala K, Puttick S, Gupta A, Price WS, Quinn JF, Whittaker MR, Lewis JS, Davis TP. Delivery of polymeric nanostars for molecular imaging and endoradiotherapy through the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. Theranostics 2020; 10:567-584. [PMID: 31903138 PMCID: PMC6929988 DOI: 10.7150/thno.36777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression levels of biomarkers are generally unknown at initial diagnosis. The development of theranostic probes that do not rely on biomarker availability would expand therapy options for cancer patients, improve patient selection for nanomedicine and facilitate treatment of inoperable patients or patients with acquired therapy resistance. Herein, we report the development of star polymers, also known as nanostars, that allow for molecular imaging and/or endoradiotherapy based on passive targeting via the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. Methods: We synthesised a star copolymer, consisting of 7-8 centre-cross-linked arms that were modified with Gd3+ for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and functionalised either with 89Zr for in vivo quantification and positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, or with 177Lu for endoradiotherapy. 1H longitudinal relaxivities were determined over a continuum of magnetic field strengths ranging from 0.24 mT - 0.94 T at 37 °C (nuclear magnetic relaxation dispersion (NMRD) profile) and T 1-weighted MRI contrast enhancement was visualized at 3 T and 7 T. PET imaging and ex vivo biodistribution studies were performed in mice bearing tumours with high EPR (CT26) or low EPR (BxPC3) characteristics. Therapy studies were performed in mice with high EPR tumours and mean absorbed organ doses were estimated for a standard human model. Results: The star copolymer with Gd3+ displayed a significantly superior contrast enhancement ability (T 1 = 0.60 s) compared to the standard clinical contrast agent Gadovist (T 1 = 1.0 s). Quantification of tumour accumulation using the radiolabelled nanostars in tumour-bearing mice demonstrated an exceptionally high uptake in tumours with high EPR characteristics (14.8 - 21.7 %ID/g). Uptake of the star polymers in tumours with low EPR characteristics was significantly lower (P<0.001), suggesting passive tumour accumulation of the nanostars via the EPR effect. Survival of mice treated with high dose 177Lu-labelled star polymers was significantly higher than survival of mice treated with lower therapy doses or control mice (P=0.001), demonstrating the utility of the 177Lu-labelled star polymers as platforms for endoradiotherapy. Conclusion: Our work highlights the potential of star polymers as probes for the molecular imaging of cancer tissue or for the passive delivery of radionuclides for endoradiotherapy. Their high functionalisability and high tumour accumulation emphasises their versatility as powerful tools for nanomedicine.
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22
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Forouharmehr A, Nassiri M, Ghovvati Roudsari S, Javadmanesh A. Production and introduction of a novel immunotoxin based on engineered RNase A for inducing death to Her1-positive cell lines. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:4679-4687. [PMID: 31663127 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The present study was performed to design an immunotoxin consisting of engineered RNase A and scFv of Cetuximab. To accomplish this study goal, at first to evade RNase A from its inhibitors in the cytoplasm, six amino acids of RNase A were substituted, then the physicochemical features of engineered RNase A were assessed. To investigate the interaction between the engineered RNase A and the ribonuclease inhibitor, protein-protein docking was performed. After engineering the RNase A, it was theoretically conjugated with scFv of Cetuximab using a cleavable linker to produce scFv-engineered RNase A. Then, wild-RNase A (14 kD), engineered RNase A (14 kD) and scFv-engineered RNase A (42 kDa) were expressed in the BL21 (DE3) strain of Escherichia coli and purified by Ni-NTA columns. To confirm the expressed proteins, western blot analysis was performed. The functioning of wild-RNase A and engineered RNase A were investigated by RNA fragmentation assay. Finally, to evaluate the cytotoxicity of scFv-engineered RNase A, a dose-response cytotoxicity assay was performed on Her1-positive and Her1-negative cell lines. The results showed that engineered RNase A could maintain its structure and disulfide bonds and evade its inhibitor. Expression and purification were successfully conducted and both enzymes could degrade yeast RNA. The result of cytotoxicity showed that the engineered immunotoxin could induce cell death to Her1-positive cell lines with an IC50 of 50 nM. It appears that scFv-engineered RNase A can be a promising molecule for use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Forouharmehr
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran.,Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Nassiri
- Recombinant Proteins Research Group, The Research Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Ali Javadmanesh
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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23
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Chung HK, Zou X, Bajar BT, Brand VR, Huo Y, Alcudia JF, Ferrell JE, Lin MZ. A compact synthetic pathway rewires cancer signaling to therapeutic effector release. Science 2019; 364:364/6439/eaat6982. [PMID: 31048459 DOI: 10.1126/science.aat6982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
An important goal in synthetic biology is to engineer biochemical pathways to address unsolved biomedical problems. One long-standing problem in molecular medicine is the specific identification and ablation of cancer cells. Here, we describe a method, named Rewiring of Aberrant Signaling to Effector Release (RASER), in which oncogenic ErbB receptor activity, instead of being targeted for inhibition as in existing treatments, is co-opted to trigger therapeutic programs. RASER integrates ErbB activity to specifically link oncogenic states to the execution of desired outputs. A complete mathematical model of RASER and modularity in design enable rational optimization and output programming. Using RASER, we induced apoptosis and CRISPR-Cas9-mediated transcription of endogenous genes specifically in ErbB-hyperactive cancer cells. Delivery of apoptotic RASER by adeno-associated virus selectively ablated ErbB-hyperactive cancer cells while sparing ErbB-normal cells. RASER thus provides a new strategy for oncogene-specific cancer detection and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hokyung K Chung
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Xinzhi Zou
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Bryce T Bajar
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Veronica R Brand
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yunwen Huo
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Javier F Alcudia
- Neuroscience Gene Vector and Virus Core, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - James E Ferrell
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michael Z Lin
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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24
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Sarmento-Ribeiro AB, Scorilas A, Gonçalves AC, Efferth T, Trougakos IP. The emergence of drug resistance to targeted cancer therapies: Clinical evidence. Drug Resist Updat 2019; 47:100646. [PMID: 31733611 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2019.100646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
For many decades classical anti-tumor therapies included chemotherapy, radiation and surgery; however, in the last two decades, following the identification of the genomic drivers and main hallmarks of cancer, the introduction of therapies that target specific tumor-promoting oncogenic or non-oncogenic pathways, has revolutionized cancer therapeutics. Despite the significant progress in cancer therapy, clinical oncologists are often facing the primary impediment of anticancer drug resistance, as many cancer patients display either intrinsic chemoresistance from the very beginning of the therapy or after initial responses and upon repeated drug treatment cycles, acquired drug resistance develops and thus relapse emerges, resulting in increased mortality. Our attempts to understand the molecular basis underlying these drug resistance phenotypes in pre-clinical models and patient specimens revealed the extreme plasticity and adaptive pathways employed by tumor cells, being under sustained stress and extensive genomic/proteomic instability due to the applied therapeutic regimens. Subsequent efforts have yielded more effective inhibitors and combinatorial approaches (e.g. the use of specific pharmacologic inhibitors with immunotherapy) that exhibit synergistic effects against tumor cells, hence enhancing therapeutic indices. Furthermore, new advanced methodologies that allow for the early detection of genetic/epigenetic alterations that lead to drug chemoresistance and prospective validation of biomarkers which identify patients that will benefit from certain drug classes, have started to improve the clinical outcome. This review discusses emerging principles of drug resistance to cancer therapies targeting a wide array of oncogenic kinases, along with hedgehog pathway and the proteasome and apoptotic inducers, as well as epigenetic and metabolic modulators. We further discuss mechanisms of resistance to monoclonal antibodies, immunomodulators and immune checkpoint inhibitors, potential biomarkers of drug response/drug resistance, along with possible new therapeutic avenues for the clinicians to combat devastating drug resistant malignancies. It is foreseen that these topics will be major areas of focused multidisciplinary translational research in the years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Bela Sarmento-Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Oncobiology and Hematology and University Clinic of Hematology and Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research - Group of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (iCBR/CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra (FMUC), Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal; Hematology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Andreas Scorilas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ana Cristina Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Oncobiology and Hematology and University Clinic of Hematology and Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research - Group of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (iCBR/CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra (FMUC), Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ioannis P Trougakos
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece.
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Cruz E, Kayser V. Monoclonal antibody therapy of solid tumors: clinical limitations and novel strategies to enhance treatment efficacy. Biologics 2019; 13:33-51. [PMID: 31118560 PMCID: PMC6503308 DOI: 10.2147/btt.s166310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have become a cornerstone in the therapeutic guidelines of a wide range of solid tumors. The targeted nature of these biotherapeutics has improved treatment outcomes by offering enhanced specificity to reduce severe side effects experienced with conventional chemotherapy. Notwithstanding, poor tumor tissue penetration and the heterogeneous distribution achieved therein are prominent drawbacks that hamper the clinical efficacy of therapeutic antibodies. Failure to deliver efficacious doses throughout the tumor can lead to treatment failure and the development of acquired resistance mechanisms. Comprehending the morphological and physiological characteristics of solid tumors and their microenvironment that affect tumor penetration and distribution is a key requirement to improve clinical outcomes and realize the full potential of monoclonal antibodies in oncology. This review summarizes the essential architectural characteristics of solid tumors that obstruct macromolecule penetration into the targeted tissue following systemic delivery. It further describes mechanisms of resistance elucidated for blockbuster antibodies for which extensive clinical data exists, as a way to illustrate various modes in which cancer cells can overcome the anticancer activity of therapeutic antibodies. Thereafter, it describes novel strategies designed to improve clinical outcomes of mAbs by increasing potency and/or improving tumor delivery; focusing on the recent clinical success and growing clinical pipeline of antibody-drug conjugates, immune checkpoint inhibitors and nanoparticle-based delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Cruz
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Veysel Kayser
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Tanaka M, Ishige A, Yaguchi M, Matsumoto T, Shirouzu M, Yokoyama S, Ishikawa F, Kitabayashi I, Takemori T, Harada M. Development of a simple new flow cytometric antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) assay with excellent sensitivity. J Immunol Methods 2018; 464:74-86. [PMID: 30389576 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2018.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-based therapeutic strategies have become recognized as useful clinical options in several types of cancer, often with the expectation that such therapies will trigger target cell elimination via antibody-dependent cellar cytotoxicity (ADCC) by natural killer cells. The successful development of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) requires an assay system that permits a critical evaluation of their physicochemical and biological characteristics. At present a number of ADCC assay systems have been reported, however, there is still room for improvement in terms of usability, operability and sensitivity. Here we report a novel flow cytometric ADCC assay that uses a human natural killer cell line stably transfected with mouse FcγRIII, and Fc receptor common-γ chain (FcRγ) and a reporter gene as effector cells. This assay relies on discriminating effector and target cells by their differential immunofluorescence, which allows for clear-cut gating and accurate calculation of the number of surviving cells in a target population. This assay is easy and quick to perform and provides reliable data even for low frequency target cells in assay samples and with low concentrations of mAbs. Furthermore, our approach allows us to identify synergistic ADCC activity of mAbs with different epitope specificities on the same target antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miho Tanaka
- Drug Discovery Antibody Platform Unit, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Science (IMS), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan.
| | - Akiko Ishige
- Drug Discovery Antibody Platform Unit, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Science (IMS), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan.
| | - Masami Yaguchi
- Drug Discovery Antibody Platform Unit, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Science (IMS), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan.
| | - Takehisa Matsumoto
- Drug Discovery Structural Biology Platform Unit, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan.
| | - Mikako Shirouzu
- Drug Discovery Structural Biology Platform Unit, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan.
| | - Shigeyuki Yokoyama
- RIKEN Systems and Structural Biology Center (SSBC), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan.
| | - Fumihiko Ishikawa
- Laboratory for Human Disease Models, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Science (IMS), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan.
| | - Issay Kitabayashi
- Division of Hematological Malignancy, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan.
| | - Toshitada Takemori
- Drug Discovery Antibody Platform Unit, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Science (IMS), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan.
| | - Michishige Harada
- Drug Discovery Antibody Platform Unit, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Science (IMS), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan.
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Farhadihosseinabadi B, Hosseini F, Larki P, Bagheri N, Abbaszadeh-Goudarzi K, Sinehsepehr K, Johari B, Abdollahpour-Alitappeh M. Breast Cancer: Risk Factors, Diagnosis and Management. MEDICAL LABORATORY JOURNAL 2018. [DOI: 10.29252/mlj.12.5.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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Chae YK, Arya A, Iams W, Cruz MR, Chandra S, Choi J, Giles F. Current landscape and future of dual anti-CTLA4 and PD-1/PD-L1 blockade immunotherapy in cancer; lessons learned from clinical trials with melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). J Immunother Cancer 2018; 6:39. [PMID: 29769148 PMCID: PMC5956851 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-018-0349-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is among the most rapidly evolving treatment strategies in oncology. The therapeutic potential of immune-checkpoint inhibitors is exemplified by the recent hail of Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approvals for their use in various malignancies. Continued efforts to enhance outcomes with immunotherapy agents have led to the formulation of advanced treatment strategies. Recent evidence from pre-clinical studies evaluating immune-checkpoint inhibitors in various cancer cell-lines has suggested that combinatorial approaches may have superior survival outcomes compared to single-agent immunotherapy regimens. Preliminary trials assessing combination therapy with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 plus anti-CTLA-4 immune-checkpoint inhibitors have documented considerable advantages in survival indices over single-agent immunotherapy. The therapeutic potential of combinatorial approaches is highlighted by the recent FDA approval of nivolumab plus ipilimumab for patients with advanced melanoma. Presently, dual-immune checkpoint inhibition with anti-programmed death receptor-1/programmed cell death receptor- ligand-1 (anti-PD-1/PD-L1) plus anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated antigen-4 (anti-CTLA-4) monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) is being evaluated for a wide range of tumor histologies. Furthermore, several ongoing clinical trials are investigating combination checkpoint inhibition in association with traditional treatment modalities such as chemotherapy, surgery, and radiation. In this review, we summarize the current landscape of combination therapy with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 plus anti-CTLA-4 MoAbs for patients with melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We present a synopsis of the prospects for expanding the indications of dual immune-checkpoint inhibition therapy to a more diverse set of tumor histologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Kwang Chae
- Developmental Therapeutics Program of the Division of Hematology Oncology, Early Phase Clinical Trials Unit, 645 N. Michigan Avenue, Suite 1006, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA. .,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, 645 N. Michigan Avenue, Suite 1006, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA. .,Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 645 N. Michigan Avenue, Suite 1006, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
| | - Ayush Arya
- Developmental Therapeutics Program of the Division of Hematology Oncology, Early Phase Clinical Trials Unit, 645 N. Michigan Avenue, Suite 1006, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
| | - Wade Iams
- 0000 0001 2299 3507grid.16753.36Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 645 N. Michigan Avenue, Suite 1006, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
| | - Marcelo R. Cruz
- Developmental Therapeutics Program of the Division of Hematology Oncology, Early Phase Clinical Trials Unit, 645 N. Michigan Avenue, Suite 1006, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
| | - Sunandana Chandra
- Developmental Therapeutics Program of the Division of Hematology Oncology, Early Phase Clinical Trials Unit, 645 N. Michigan Avenue, Suite 1006, Chicago, IL 60611 USA ,0000 0001 2299 3507grid.16753.36Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, 645 N. Michigan Avenue, Suite 1006, Chicago, IL 60611 USA ,0000 0001 2299 3507grid.16753.36Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 645 N. Michigan Avenue, Suite 1006, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
| | - Jaehyuk Choi
- 0000 0001 2299 3507grid.16753.36Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, 645 N. Michigan Avenue, Suite 1006, Chicago, IL 60611 USA ,0000 0001 2299 3507grid.16753.36Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 645 N. Michigan Avenue, Suite 1006, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
| | - Francis Giles
- Developmental Therapeutics Program of the Division of Hematology Oncology, Early Phase Clinical Trials Unit, 645 N. Michigan Avenue, Suite 1006, Chicago, IL 60611 USA ,0000 0001 2299 3507grid.16753.36Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, 645 N. Michigan Avenue, Suite 1006, Chicago, IL 60611 USA ,0000 0001 2299 3507grid.16753.36Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 645 N. Michigan Avenue, Suite 1006, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
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Nasiri H, Valedkarimi Z, Aghebati‐Maleki L, Majidi J. Antibody‐drug conjugates: Promising and efficient tools for targeted cancer therapy. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:6441-6457. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Nasiri
- Immunology Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Department of ImmunologyFaculty of MedicineTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Student Research CommitteeTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Zahra Valedkarimi
- Immunology Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Department of ImmunologyFaculty of MedicineTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Student Research CommitteeTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Leili Aghebati‐Maleki
- Immunology Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Department of ImmunologyFaculty of MedicineTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Jafar Majidi
- Immunology Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Department of ImmunologyFaculty of MedicineTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
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Wahid M, Akhter N, Jawed A, Dar SA, Mandal RK, Lohani M, Areeshi MY, Khan S, Haque S. Pembrolizumab's non-cross resistance mechanism of action successfully overthrown ipilimumab. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2017; 111:1-6. [PMID: 28259284 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidences of melanomas are increasing by leaps and bounds across the globe despite early detection and intervention. The numbers of patients dying from metastatic melanoma have been continually increased over the past thirty years. It has been considered as one of the most therapy-resistant malignancies due to the cross-resistant mechanism developed by the metastatic cells. With time, many new therapies came and they failed miserably. Ipilimumab, a monoclonal antibody that works to activate the immune system by targeting CTLA-4 proved to be a boon for advance melanoma very recently. But it could not stand firmly against the resistant metastatic skin cancer cells. Now, the new skin cancer drug named pembrolizumab proved as a new miraculous molecule. It's a humanized monoclonal antibody that blocks a biological pathway called programmed cell death-1 (PD-1), which melanoma cells activate to suppress the immune system. This antibody has surpassed ipilimumab at all the stages of clinical trials because of its non-cross resistant mechanism to malignant cells. The present review critically analyses the reasons of efficacy success of pembrolizumab over ipilizumab shown at various stages of clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Wahid
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi 110025, India; Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naseem Akhter
- Hewitt Laboratory of the Ola B. Williams Glaucoma Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Storm Eye Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Arshad Jawed
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; GE Healthcare, Sector-43, Gurgaon 122002, Haryana, India
| | - Sajad A Dar
- Division of Gynecology Oncology, Women's Health Services, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Raju K Mandal
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raibareli Road, Lucknow 226014, UP, India
| | - Mohtashim Lohani
- Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow 226026, UP, India
| | - Mohammed Y Areeshi
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saif Khan
- Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow 226026, UP, India
| | - Shafiul Haque
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi 110025, India; Centre for Drug Research, Faculty of Pharmacy, Viikki Biocentre-2, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland.
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31
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D'Errico G, Machado HL, Sainz B. A current perspective on cancer immune therapy: step-by-step approach to constructing the magic bullet. Clin Transl Med 2017; 6:3. [PMID: 28050779 PMCID: PMC5209322 DOI: 10.1186/s40169-016-0130-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is the new trend in cancer treatment due to the selectivity, long lasting effects, and demonstrated improved overall survival and tolerance, when compared to patients treated with conventional chemotherapy. Despite these positive results, immunotherapy is still far from becoming the perfect magic bullet to fight cancer, largely due to the facts that immunotherapy is not effective in all patients nor in all cancer types. How and when will immunotherapy overcome these hurdles? In this review we take a step back to walk side by side with the pioneers of immunotherapy in order to understand what steps need to be taken today to make immunotherapy effective across all cancers. While early scientists, such as Coley, elicited an unselective but effective response against cancer, the search for selectivity pushed immunotherapy to the side in favor of drugs focused on targeting cancer cells. Fortunately, the modern era would revive the importance of the immune system in battling cancer by releasing the brakes or checkpoints (anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1/PD-L1) that have been holding the immune system at bay. However, there are still many hurdles to overcome before immunotherapy becomes a universal cancer therapy. For example, we discuss how the redundant and complex nature of the immune system can impede tumor elimination by teeter tottering between different polarization states: one eliciting anti-cancer effects while the other promoting cancer growth and invasion. In addition, we highlight the incapacity of the immune system to choose between a fight or repair action with respect to tumor growth. Finally we combine these concepts to present a new way to think about the immune system and immune tolerance, by introducing two new metaphors, the “push the accelerator” and “repair the car” metaphors, to explain the current limitations associated with cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele D'Errico
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Autónoma University of Madrid, Calle del Arzobispo Morcillo 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Heather L Machado
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave, #8543, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
| | - Bruno Sainz
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Autónoma University of Madrid, Calle del Arzobispo Morcillo 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain. .,Department of Cancer Biology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain. .,Enfermedades Crónicas y Cáncer Area, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain.
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Safdari Y, Ahmadzadeh V, Farajnia S. CD20-targeting in B-cell malignancies: novel prospects for antibodies and combination therapies. Invest New Drugs 2016; 34:497-512. [DOI: 10.1007/s10637-016-0349-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Gharwan H, Groninger H. Kinase inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies in oncology: clinical implications. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2015; 13:209-27. [PMID: 26718105 DOI: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2015.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Molecularly targeted cancer therapies, such as small-molecule kinase inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies, constitute a rapidly growing and an important part of the oncology armamentarium. Unlike conventional (cytotoxic) chemotherapeutics, targeted therapies were designed to disrupt cancer cell pathogenesis at specific biological points essential for the development and progression of the tumour. These agents were developed to disrupt specific targets with the aim of minimizing treatment burden compared with conventional chemotherapy. Nevertheless the increasingly common use of targeted therapies has revealed some unanticipated, often clinically significant toxic effects, as well as compromising effective palliative and end-of-life management approaches. Although patients and clinicians welcome improvements in cancer prognosis, these changes can also impact patient quality-of-life. Therefore, as demand for oncology expertise increases, physicians need to apprise themselves of targeted therapies and their clinical implications, including drug-specific side effects, impact on quality of life, and cost issues, especially in relation to end-of-life care. This Review provides a useful summary and guide for professionals treating patients with malignant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Gharwan
- Medical Oncology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 12N226, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1906, USA
| | - Hunter Groninger
- Section of Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, 110 Irving Street NW, Room 2A-68, Washington, District of Columbia 20008, USA
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Taki S, Kamada H, Inoue M, Nagano K, Mukai Y, Higashisaka K, Yoshioka Y, Tsutsumi Y, Tsunoda SI. A Novel Bispecific Antibody against Human CD3 and Ephrin Receptor A10 for Breast Cancer Therapy. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144712. [PMID: 26678395 PMCID: PMC4682974 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Ephrin receptor A10 (EphA10), a transmembrane receptor that binds to ephrin, is a newly identified breast cancer marker protein that has also been detected in HER2-negative tissue. In this study, we report creation of a novel bispecific antibody (BsAb) binding both EphA10 and CD3, thereby forming a bridge between antigens expressed on both tumor and immune cells and promoting recognition of tumor cells by immune cells and redirection of cytotoxic T cells (CTL). This BsAb (EphA10/CD3) was expressed in supernatants of BsAb gene-transfected cells as monomeric and dimeric molecules. Redirected T-cell lysis was observed when monomeric and dimeric BsAb were added to EphA10-overexpressing tumor cells in vitro. Furthermore, dimeric BsAb (EphA10/CD3) was more cytotoxic than monomeric BsAb, with efficient tumor cell lysis elicited by lower concentrations (≤10−1 μg/mL) and a lower effector to target (E/T) cell ratio (E/T = 2.5). Dimeric BsAb (EphA10/CD3) also showed significant anti-tumor effects in human xenograft mouse models. Together, these results revealed opportunities to redirect the activity of CTL towards tumor cells that express EphA10 using the BsAb (EphA10/CD3), which could be tested in future clinical trials as a novel and potent therapeutic for breast cancer tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Taki
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1–6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Kamada
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
- The Center for Advanced Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, 1–6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaki Inoue
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuya Nagano
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1–6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yohei Mukai
- Center for Drug Design Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuma Higashisaka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1–6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuo Yoshioka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1–6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- The Center for Advanced Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, 1–6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Center for Drug Design Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuo Tsutsumi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1–6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- The Center for Advanced Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, 1–6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Center for Drug Design Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Tsunoda
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1–6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- The Center for Advanced Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, 1–6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Center for Drug Design Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Increase of PD-L1 expressing B-precursor ALL cells in a patient resistant to the CD19/CD3-bispecific T cell engager antibody blinatumomab. J Hematol Oncol 2015; 8:111. [PMID: 26449653 PMCID: PMC4599591 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-015-0213-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The bispecific T cell engager blinatumomab has shown encouraging clinical activity in B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). However, about half of relapsed/refractory patients do not respond to therapy. Here, we present the case of a 32-year-old male patient with refractory B-precursor ALL who was resistant to treatment with blinatumomab. Bone marrow immunohistochemistry revealed T cell infiltrates and an increase in programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1)-positive ALL cells as a potential immune escape mechanism. We were able to recapitulate the clinical observation in vitro by showing that blinatumomab was not able to mediate cytotoxicity of CD19-positive ALL cells using autologous T cells. In contrast, the addition of healthy donor T cells led to lysis of ALL cells. These results strongly encourage further systematic evaluation of checkpoint molecules in cases of blinatumomab treatment failure and might highlight a possible mechanism to overcome resistance to this otherwise highly effective treatment.
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Peters C, Brown S. Antibody-drug conjugates as novel anti-cancer chemotherapeutics. Biosci Rep 2015; 35:e00225. [PMID: 26182432 PMCID: PMC4613712 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20150089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past couple of decades, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have revolutionized the field of cancer chemotherapy. Unlike conventional treatments that damage healthy tissues upon dose escalation, ADCs utilize monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to specifically bind tumour-associated target antigens and deliver a highly potent cytotoxic agent. The synergistic combination of mAbs conjugated to small-molecule chemotherapeutics, via a stable linker, has given rise to an extremely efficacious class of anti-cancer drugs with an already large and rapidly growing clinical pipeline. The primary objective of this paper is to review current knowledge and latest developments in the field of ADCs. Upon intravenous administration, ADCs bind to their target antigens and are internalized through receptor-mediated endocytosis. This facilitates the subsequent release of the cytotoxin, which eventually leads to apoptotic cell death of the cancer cell. The three components of ADCs (mAb, linker and cytotoxin) affect the efficacy and toxicity of the conjugate. Optimizing each one, while enhancing the functionality of the ADC as a whole, has been one of the major considerations of ADC design and development. In addition to these, the choice of clinically relevant targets and the position and number of linkages have also been the key determinants of ADC efficacy. The only marketed ADCs, brentuximab vedotin and trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1), have demonstrated their use against both haematological and solid malignancies respectively. The success of future ADCs relies on improving target selection, increasing cytotoxin potency, developing innovative linkers and overcoming drug resistance. As more research is conducted to tackle these issues, ADCs are likely to become part of the future of targeted cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Peters
- School of Life Sciences, Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, U.K
| | - Stuart Brown
- School of Life Sciences, Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, U.K.
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Vacchelli E, Pol J, Bloy N, Eggermont A, Cremer I, Fridman WH, Galon J, Marabelle A, Kohrt H, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L. Trial watch: Tumor-targeting monoclonal antibodies for oncological indications. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e985940. [PMID: 25949870 DOI: 10.4161/2162402x.2014.985940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
An expanding panel of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that specifically target malignant cells or intercept trophic factors delivered by the tumor stroma is now available for cancer therapy. These mAbs can exert direct antiproliferative/cytotoxic effects as they inhibit pro-survival signal transduction cascades or activate lethal receptors at the plasma membrane of cancer cells, they can opsonize neoplastic cells to initiate a tumor-targeting immune response, or they can be harnessed to specifically deliver toxins or radionuclides to transformed cells. As an indication of the success of this immunotherapeutic paradigm, international regulatory agencies approve new tumor-targeting mAbs for use in cancer patients every year. Moreover, the list of indications for previously licensed molecules is frequently expanded to other neoplastic disorders as the results of large, randomized clinical trials become available. Here, we discuss recent advances in the preclinical and clinical development of tumor-targeting mAbs for oncological indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Vacchelli
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus ; Villejuif, France ; INSERM; U1138 ; Paris, France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers ; Paris, France
| | - Jonathan Pol
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus ; Villejuif, France ; INSERM; U1138 ; Paris, France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers ; Paris, France
| | - Norma Bloy
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus ; Villejuif, France ; INSERM; U1138 ; Paris, France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers ; Paris, France
| | | | - Isabelle Cremer
- INSERM; U1138 ; Paris, France ; Equipe 13; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers ; Paris, France ; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI ; Paris, France
| | - Wolf Hervé Fridman
- INSERM; U1138 ; Paris, France ; Equipe 13; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers ; Paris, France ; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI ; Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Galon
- INSERM; U1138 ; Paris, France ; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI ; Paris, France ; Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers ; Paris, France ; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité ; Paris, France
| | - Aurélien Marabelle
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus ; Villejuif, France ; INSERM ; U1015 , Villejuif, France
| | - Holbrook Kohrt
- Department of Medicine; Division of Oncology; Stanford University ; Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus ; Villejuif, France ; INSERM ; U1015 , Villejuif, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- INSERM; U1138 ; Paris, France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers ; Paris, France ; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité ; Paris, France ; Pôle de Biologie; Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou ; AP-HP ; Paris, France ; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus ; Villejuif, France
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus ; Villejuif, France ; INSERM; U1138 ; Paris, France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers ; Paris, France ; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité ; Paris, France
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Shefet-Carasso L, Benhar I. Antibody-targeted drugs and drug resistance--challenges and solutions. Drug Resist Updat 2014; 18:36-46. [PMID: 25476546 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Revised: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-based therapy of various human malignancies has shown efficacy in the past 30 years and is now one of the most successful and leading strategies for targeted treatment of patients harboring hematological malignancies and solid tumors. Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) aim to take advantage of the affinity and specificity of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to selectively deliver potent cytotoxic drugs to antigen-expressing tumor cells. Key parameters for ADC include choosing the optimal components of the ADC (the antibody, the linker and the cytotoxic drug) and selecting the suitable cell-surface target antigen. Building on the success of recent FDA approval of brentuximab vedotin (Adcetris) and ado-trastuzumab emtansine (Kadcyla), ADCs are currently a class of drugs with a robust pipeline with clinical applications that are rapidly expanding. The more ADCs are being evaluated in preclinical models and clinical trials, the clearer are becoming the parameters and the challenges required for their therapeutic success. This rapidly growing knowledge and clinical experience are revealing novel modalities and mechanisms of resistance to ADCs, hence offering plausible solutions to such challenges. Here, we review the key parameters for designing a powerful ADC, focusing on how ADCs are addressing the challenge of multiple drug resistance (MDR) and its rational overcoming.
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Affiliation(s)
- LeeRon Shefet-Carasso
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - Itai Benhar
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel.
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Yoshida R, Tazawa H, Hashimoto Y, Yano S, Onishi T, Sasaki T, Shirakawa Y, Kishimoto H, Uno F, Nishizaki M, Kagawa S, Fujiwara T. Mechanism of resistance to trastuzumab and molecular sensitization via ADCC activation by exogenous expression of HER2-extracellular domain in human cancer cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2012; 61:1905-16. [PMID: 22465967 PMCID: PMC11028791 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-012-1249-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Trastuzumab, a humanized antibody targeting HER2, exhibits remarkable therapeutic efficacy against HER2-positive breast and gastric cancers; however, acquired resistance presents a formidable obstacle to long-term tumor responses in the majority of patients. Here, we show the mechanism of resistance to trastuzumab in HER2-positive human cancer cells and explore the molecular sensitization by exogenous expression of HER2-extracellular domain (ECD) in HER2-negative or trastuzumab-resistant human cancer cells. We found that long-term exposure to trastuzumab induced resistance in HER2-positive cancer cells; HER2 expression was downregulated, and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity was impaired. We next examined the hypothesis that trastuzumab-resistant cells could be re-sensitized by the transfer of non-functional HER2-ECD. Exogenous HER2-ECD expression induced by the stable transfection of a plasmid vector or infection with a replication-deficient adenovirus vector had no apparent effect on the signaling pathway, but strongly enhanced ADCC activity in low HER2-expressing or trastuzumab-resistant human cancer cells. Our data indicate that restoration of HER2-ECD expression sensitizes HER2-negative or HER2-downregulated human cancer cells to trastuzumab-mediated ADCC, an outcome that has important implications for the treatment of human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Yoshida
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tazawa
- Center for Gene and Cell Therapy, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, 700-8558 Japan
| | - Yuuri Hashimoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558 Japan
| | - Shuya Yano
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558 Japan
| | - Teppei Onishi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558 Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Sasaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, 700-8558 Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Shirakawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kishimoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558 Japan
| | - Futoshi Uno
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558 Japan
| | - Masahiko Nishizaki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558 Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kagawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558 Japan
| | - Toshiyoshi Fujiwara
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558 Japan
- Center for Gene and Cell Therapy, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, 700-8558 Japan
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Fernández-Marrero Y, López-Requena A. Lonely killers: effector cell- and complement-independent non-proapoptotic cytotoxic antibodies inducing membrane lesions. MAbs 2011; 3:528-34. [PMID: 22123064 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.3.6.17770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of the most effective monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) currently in the clinics bind to cancer or immune cells. Classic mechanisms of cell killing by therapeutic mAbs include antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, complement-dependent cytotoxicity and induction of apoptosis by engagement of specific cell ligands. A few reports have described mAbs whose cytotoxic activity is Fc-independent and that do not induce the morphological and biochemical changes associated with the apoptosis-type of cell death. Even fewer works describe mAbs able to directly induce membrane lesions. Here, we discuss the available data on those molecules and their cell killing activity, with particular attention to the case of a mAb specific for the tumor-associated N-glycolyl (Neu5Gc)-GM3 ganglioside (GM3(Neu5Gc)). Some similarities are found in the cell death pathways triggered by these mAbs, but data are not abundant. We conclude that the usefulness of mAbs with a direct cytotoxic activity for immunotherapeutic strategies deserves deeper research.
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Schiestl M, Stangler T, Torella C, Čepeljnik T, Toll H, Grau R. Acceptable changes in quality attributes of glycosylated biopharmaceuticals. Nat Biotechnol 2011; 29:310-2. [DOI: 10.1038/nbt.1839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 368] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are used with increasing success against many tumors but, for brain tumors, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a special concern. The BBB prevents antibody entry to the normal brain; however, its role in brain tumor therapy is more complex. The BBB is closest to normal at micro-tumor sites; its properties and importance change as the tumor grows. In this review, evolving insight into the role of the BBB is balanced against other factors that affect efficacy or interpretation when mAbs are used against brain tumor targets. As specific examples, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) and blood-borne metastases from breast cancer are discussed in the context of treatment, respectively, with the mAbs bevacizumab, rituximab, and trastuzumab, each of which is already widely used against tumor outside the brain. It is suggested that success against brain tumors will require getting past the BBB in two senses: physically, to better attack brain tumor targets and conceptually, to give equal attention to problems that are shared with other tumor sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lois A Lampson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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43
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Long-lasting antitumor protection by anti-CD20 antibody through cellular immune response. Blood 2010; 116:926-34. [PMID: 20439625 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-10-248609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (mAb) rituximab has been used successfully for lymphoma therapy for more than 10 years. Although several direct mechanisms by which anti-CD20 mAbs act have been characterized in vitro, their specific role in clinical efficacy is still debated. Little is known about the possible antitumor immune response that they may induce in patients, despite clinical data suggesting a "vaccinal" effect. We show here that an initial treatment with anti-CD20 induces protection against human CD20-expressing tumor cells and allows immunocompetent mice to survive tumor challenge. This long-lasting protection requires the presence of the Fc portion of the anti-CD20 mAb and is achieved through the induction of a cellular immune response. Only CD4(+) cells were needed at the beginning of the treatment, but both CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells were required after tumor challenge to achieve protection. Finally, we show that interleukin-2 treatment, given after tumor challenge, improves the overall survival rate, compared with that obtained by anti-CD20 treatment alone. These findings demonstrate that anti-CD20 mAbs exert therapeutic effects through the induction of an adaptive cellular immune response, aside from any direct mechanisms involving effectors from innate immunity.
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