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Lin J, Sumara I. Cytoplasmic nucleoporin assemblage: the cellular artwork in physiology and disease. Nucleus 2024; 15:2387534. [PMID: 39135336 PMCID: PMC11323873 DOI: 10.1080/19491034.2024.2387534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Nucleoporins, essential proteins building the nuclear pore, are pivotal for ensuring nucleocytoplasmic transport. While traditionally confined to the nuclear envelope, emerging evidence indicates their presence in various cytoplasmic structures, suggesting potential non-transport-related roles. This review consolidates findings on cytoplasmic nucleoporin assemblies across different states, including normal physiological conditions, stress, and pathology, exploring their structural organization, formation dynamics, and functional implications. We summarize the current knowledge and the latest concepts on the regulation of nucleoporin homeostasis, aiming to enhance our understanding of their unexpected roles in physiological and pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyan Lin
- Department of Development and Stem Cells, Institute of Genetics and Molecular and Cellular Biology (IGBMC), Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7104, Strasbourg, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U964, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Izabela Sumara
- Department of Development and Stem Cells, Institute of Genetics and Molecular and Cellular Biology (IGBMC), Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7104, Strasbourg, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U964, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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2
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Walsh ME, King GA, Ünal E. Not just binary: embracing the complexity of nuclear division dynamics. Nucleus 2024; 15:2360601. [PMID: 38842147 PMCID: PMC11164224 DOI: 10.1080/19491034.2024.2360601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell division presents a challenge for eukaryotic cells: how can chromosomes effectively segregate within the confines of a membranous nuclear compartment? Different organisms have evolved diverse solutions by modulating the degree of nuclear compartmentalization, ranging from complete nuclear envelope breakdown to complete maintenance of nuclear compartmentalization via nuclear envelope expansion. Many intermediate forms exist between these extremes, suggesting that nuclear dynamics during cell division are surprisingly plastic. In this review, we highlight the evolutionary diversity of nuclear divisions, focusing on two defining characteristics: (1) chromosome compartmentalization and (2) nucleocytoplasmic transport. Further, we highlight recent evidence that nuclear behavior during division can vary within different cellular contexts in the same organism. The variation observed within and between organisms underscores the dynamic evolution of nuclear divisions tailored to specific contexts and cellular requirements. In-depth investigation of diverse nuclear divisions will enhance our understanding of the nucleus, both in physiological and pathological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison E. Walsh
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Barker Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Grant A. King
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Barker Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Elçin Ünal
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Barker Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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3
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La Torre M, Burla R, Saggio I. Preserving Genome Integrity: Unveiling the Roles of ESCRT Machinery. Cells 2024; 13:1307. [PMID: 39120335 PMCID: PMC11311930 DOI: 10.3390/cells13151307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery is composed of an articulated architecture of proteins that assemble at multiple cellular sites. The ESCRT machinery is involved in pathways that are pivotal for the physiology of the cell, including vesicle transport, cell division, and membrane repair. The subunits of the ESCRT I complex are mainly responsible for anchoring the machinery to the action site. The ESCRT II subunits function to bridge and recruit the ESCRT III subunits. The latter are responsible for finalizing operations that, independently of the action site, involve the repair and fusion of membrane edges. In this review, we report on the data related to the activity of the ESCRT machinery at two sites: the nuclear membrane and the midbody and the bridge linking cells in the final stages of cytokinesis. In these contexts, the machinery plays a significant role for the protection of genome integrity by contributing to the control of the abscission checkpoint and to nuclear envelope reorganization and correlated resilience. Consistently, several studies show how the dysfunction of the ESCRT machinery causes genome damage and is a codriver of pathologies, such as laminopathies and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia La Torre
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.L.T.); (R.B.)
| | - Romina Burla
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.L.T.); (R.B.)
- CNR Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Isabella Saggio
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.L.T.); (R.B.)
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4
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Acs-Szabo L, Papp LA, Miklos I. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of human diseases: the benefits of fission yeasts. MICROBIAL CELL (GRAZ, AUSTRIA) 2024; 11:288-311. [PMID: 39104724 PMCID: PMC11299203 DOI: 10.15698/mic2024.08.833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
The role of model organisms such as yeasts in life science research is crucial. Although the baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) is the most popular model among yeasts, the contribution of the fission yeasts (Schizosaccharomyces) to life science is also indisputable. Since both types of yeasts share several thousands of common orthologous genes with humans, they provide a simple research platform to investigate many fundamental molecular mechanisms and functions, thereby contributing to the understanding of the background of human diseases. In this review, we would like to highlight the many advantages of fission yeasts over budding yeasts. The usefulness of fission yeasts in virus research is shown as an example, presenting the most important research results related to the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Vpr protein. Besides, the potential role of fission yeasts in the study of prion biology is also discussed. Furthermore, we are keen to promote the uprising model yeast Schizosaccharomyces japonicus, which is a dimorphic species in the fission yeast genus. We propose the hyphal growth of S. japonicus as an unusual opportunity as a model to study the invadopodia of human cancer cells since the two seemingly different cell types can be compared along fundamental features. Here we also collect the latest laboratory protocols and bioinformatics tools for the fission yeasts to highlight the many possibilities available to the research community. In addition, we present several limiting factors that everyone should be aware of when working with yeast models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lajos Acs-Szabo
- Department of Genetics and Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of DebrecenDebrecen, 4032Hungary
| | - Laszlo Attila Papp
- Department of Genetics and Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of DebrecenDebrecen, 4032Hungary
| | - Ida Miklos
- Department of Genetics and Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of DebrecenDebrecen, 4032Hungary
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5
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Zemlianski V, Marešová A, Princová J, Holič R, Häsler R, Ramos Del Río MJ, Lhoste L, Zarechyntsava M, Převorovský M. Nitrogen availability is important for preventing catastrophic mitosis in fission yeast. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs262196. [PMID: 38780300 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.262196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitosis is a crucial stage in the cell cycle, controlled by a vast network of regulators responding to multiple internal and external factors. The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe demonstrates catastrophic mitotic phenotypes due to mutations or drug treatments. One of the factors provoking catastrophic mitosis is a disturbed lipid metabolism, resulting from, for example, mutations in the acetyl-CoA/biotin carboxylase (cut6), fatty acid synthase (fas2, also known as lsd1) or transcriptional regulator of lipid metabolism (cbf11) genes, as well as treatment with inhibitors of fatty acid synthesis. It has been previously shown that mitotic fidelity in lipid metabolism mutants can be partially rescued by ammonium chloride supplementation. In this study, we demonstrate that mitotic fidelity can be improved by multiple nitrogen sources. Moreover, this improvement is not limited to lipid metabolism disturbances but also applies to a number of unrelated mitotic mutants. Interestingly, the partial rescue is not achieved by restoring the lipid metabolism state, but rather indirectly. Our results highlight a novel role for nitrogen availability in mitotic fidelity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viacheslav Zemlianski
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 00 Prague 2, Czechia
| | - Anna Marešová
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 00 Prague 2, Czechia
| | - Jarmila Princová
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 00 Prague 2, Czechia
| | - Roman Holič
- Centre of Biosciences SAS, Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Dúbravská cesta 9, 840 05 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Robert Häsler
- Center for Inflammatory Skin Diseases, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Rosalind-Franklin-Straße 9, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Manuel José Ramos Del Río
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 00 Prague 2, Czechia
| | - Laurane Lhoste
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 00 Prague 2, Czechia
| | - Maryia Zarechyntsava
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 00 Prague 2, Czechia
| | - Martin Převorovský
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 00 Prague 2, Czechia
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6
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Pérez-Ortín JE, García-Marcelo MJ, Delgado-Román I, Muñoz-Centeno MC, Chávez S. Influence of cell volume on the gene transcription rate. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2024; 1867:195008. [PMID: 38246270 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2024.195008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Cells vary in volume throughout their life cycle and in many other circumstances, while their genome remains identical. Hence, the RNA production factory must adapt to changing needs, while maintaining the same production lines. This paradox is resolved by different mechanisms in distinct cells and circumstances. RNA polymerases have evolved to cope with the particular circumstances of each case and the different characteristics of the several RNA molecule types, especially their stabilities. Here we review current knowledge on these issues. We focus on the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, where many of the studies have been performed, although we compare and discuss the results obtained in other eukaryotes and propose several ideas and questions to be tested and solved in the future. TAKE AWAY.
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Affiliation(s)
- José E Pérez-Ortín
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Facultad de Biológicas, Universitat de València, C/ Dr. Moliner 50, E46100 Burjassot, Spain.
| | - María J García-Marcelo
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Facultad de Biológicas, Universitat de València, C/ Dr. Moliner 50, E46100 Burjassot, Spain; Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC-Hospital Universitario V. del Rocío, Seville 41012, Spain; Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Irene Delgado-Román
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC-Hospital Universitario V. del Rocío, Seville 41012, Spain; Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - María C Muñoz-Centeno
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC-Hospital Universitario V. del Rocío, Seville 41012, Spain; Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Sebastián Chávez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC-Hospital Universitario V. del Rocío, Seville 41012, Spain; Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
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7
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Hacker C, Sendra K, Keisham P, Filipescu T, Lucocq J, Salimi F, Ferguson S, Bhella D, MacNeill SA, Embley M, Lucocq J. Biogenesis, inheritance, and 3D ultrastructure of the microsporidian mitosome. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202201635. [PMID: 37903625 PMCID: PMC10618108 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
During the reductive evolution of obligate intracellular parasites called microsporidia, a tiny remnant mitochondrion (mitosome) lost its typical cristae, organellar genome, and most canonical functions. Here, we combine electron tomography, stereology, immunofluorescence microscopy, and bioinformatics to characterise mechanisms of growth, division, and inheritance of this minimal mitochondrion in two microsporidia species (grown within a mammalian RK13 culture-cell host). Mitosomes of Encephalitozoon cuniculi (2-12/cell) and Trachipleistophora hominis (14-18/nucleus) displayed incremental/non-phasic growth and division and were closely associated with an organelle identified as equivalent to the fungal microtubule-organising centre (microsporidian spindle pole body; mSPB). The mitosome-mSPB association was resistant to treatment with microtubule-depolymerising drugs nocodazole and albendazole. Dynamin inhibitors (dynasore and Mdivi-1) arrested mitosome division but not growth, whereas bioinformatics revealed putative dynamins Drp-1 and Vps-1, of which, Vps-1 rescued mitochondrial constriction in dynamin-deficient yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe). Thus, microsporidian mitosomes undergo incremental growth and dynamin-mediated division and are maintained through ordered inheritance, likely mediated via binding to the microsporidian centrosome (mSPB).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hacker
- https://ror.org/02wn5qz54 School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Kacper Sendra
- Biosciences Institute, The Medical School, Catherine Cookson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Priyanka Keisham
- https://ror.org/02wn5qz54 School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Teodora Filipescu
- https://ror.org/02wn5qz54 School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - James Lucocq
- Department of Surgery, Dundee Medical School Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, UK
| | - Fatemeh Salimi
- https://ror.org/02wn5qz54 School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Sophie Ferguson
- https://ror.org/02wn5qz54 School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - David Bhella
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Stuart A MacNeill
- https://ror.org/02wn5qz54 School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Martin Embley
- Biosciences Institute, Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Baddiley-Clark Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - John Lucocq
- https://ror.org/02wn5qz54 School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
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8
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Panstruga R, Antonin W, Lichius A. Looking outside the box: a comparative cross-kingdom view on the cell biology of the three major lineages of eukaryotic multicellular life. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:198. [PMID: 37418047 PMCID: PMC10329083 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04843-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Many cell biological facts that can be found in dedicated scientific textbooks are based on findings originally made in humans and/or other mammals, including respective tissue culture systems. They are often presented as if they were universally valid, neglecting that many aspects differ-in part considerably-between the three major kingdoms of multicellular eukaryotic life, comprising animals, plants and fungi. Here, we provide a comparative cross-kingdom view on the basic cell biology across these lineages, highlighting in particular essential differences in cellular structures and processes between phyla. We focus on key dissimilarities in cellular organization, e.g. regarding cell size and shape, the composition of the extracellular matrix, the types of cell-cell junctions, the presence of specific membrane-bound organelles and the organization of the cytoskeleton. We further highlight essential disparities in important cellular processes such as signal transduction, intracellular transport, cell cycle regulation, apoptosis and cytokinesis. Our comprehensive cross-kingdom comparison emphasizes overlaps but also marked differences between the major lineages of the three kingdoms and, thus, adds to a more holistic view of multicellular eukaryotic cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Panstruga
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Wolfram Antonin
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexander Lichius
- inncellys GmbH, Dorfstrasse 20/3, 6082, Patsch, Austria
- Department of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
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9
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Wenz C, Simon CS, Romão TP, Stürmer VS, Machado M, Klages N, Klemmer A, Voß Y, Ganter M, Brochet M, Guizetti J. An Sfi1-like centrin-interacting centriolar plaque protein affects nuclear microtubule homeostasis. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011325. [PMID: 37130129 PMCID: PMC10180636 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria-causing parasites achieve rapid proliferation in human blood through multiple rounds of asynchronous nuclear division followed by daughter cell formation. Nuclear divisions critically depend on the centriolar plaque, which organizes intranuclear spindle microtubules. The centriolar plaque consists of an extranuclear compartment, which is connected via a nuclear pore-like structure to a chromatin-free intranuclear compartment. Composition and function of this non-canonical centrosome remain largely elusive. Centrins, which reside in the extranuclear part, are among the very few centrosomal proteins conserved in Plasmodium falciparum. Here we identify a novel centrin-interacting centriolar plaque protein. Conditional knock down of this Sfi1-like protein (PfSlp) caused a growth delay in blood stages, which correlated with a reduced number of daughter cells. Surprisingly, intranuclear tubulin abundance was significantly increased, which raises the hypothesis that the centriolar plaque might be implicated in regulating tubulin levels. Disruption of tubulin homeostasis caused excess microtubules and aberrant mitotic spindles. Time-lapse microscopy revealed that this prevented or delayed mitotic spindle extension but did not significantly interfere with DNA replication. Our study thereby identifies a novel extranuclear centriolar plaque factor and establishes a functional link to the intranuclear compartment of this divergent eukaryotic centrosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Wenz
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Marta Machado
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Graduate Program in Areas of Basic and Applied Biology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Natacha Klages
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anja Klemmer
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yannik Voß
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Ganter
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mathieu Brochet
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Julien Guizetti
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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10
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Bremer N, Tria FDK, Skejo J, Martin WF. The Ancestral Mitotic State: Closed Orthomitosis With Intranuclear Spindles in the Syncytial Last Eukaryotic Common Ancestor. Genome Biol Evol 2023; 15:7031494. [PMID: 36752808 PMCID: PMC9985178 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evad016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
All eukaryotes have linear chromosomes that are distributed to daughter nuclei during mitotic division, but the ancestral state of nuclear division in the last eukaryotic common ancestor (LECA) is so far unresolved. To address this issue, we have employed ancestral state reconstructions for mitotic states that can be found across the eukaryotic tree concerning the intactness of the nuclear envelope during mitosis (open or closed), the position of spindles (intranuclear or extranuclear), and the symmetry of spindles being either axial (orthomitosis) or bilateral (pleuromitosis). The data indicate that the LECA possessed closed orthomitosis with intranuclear spindles. Our reconstruction is compatible with recent findings indicating a syncytial state of the LECA, because it decouples three main processes: chromosome division, chromosome partitioning, and cell division (cytokinesis). The possession of closed mitosis using intranuclear spindles adds to the number of cellular traits that can now be attributed to LECA, providing insights into the lifestyle of this otherwise elusive biological entity at the origin of eukaryotic cells. Closed mitosis in a syncytial eukaryotic common ancestor would buffer mutations arising at the origin of mitotic division by allowing nuclei with viable chromosome sets to complement defective nuclei via mRNA in the cytosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Bremer
- Institute for Molecular Evolution, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Fernando D K Tria
- Institute for Molecular Evolution, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Josip Skejo
- Institute for Molecular Evolution, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - William F Martin
- Institute for Molecular Evolution, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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11
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Kindelay SM, Maggert KA. Under the magnifying glass: The ups and downs of rDNA copy number. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 136:38-48. [PMID: 35595601 PMCID: PMC9976841 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The ribosomal DNA (rDNA) in Drosophila is found as two additive clusters of individual 35 S cistrons. The multiplicity of rDNA is essential to assure proper translational demands, but the nature of the tandem arrays expose them to copy number variation within and between populations. Here, we discuss means by which a cell responds to insufficient rDNA copy number, including a historical view of rDNA magnification whose mechanism was inferred some 35 years ago. Recent work has revealed that multiple conditions may also result in rDNA loss, in response to which rDNA magnification may have evolved. We discuss potential models for the mechanism of magnification, and evaluate possible consequences of rDNA copy number variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selina M Kindelay
- Genetics Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Keith A Maggert
- Genetics Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
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12
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Soujanya M, Bihani A, Hajirnis N, Pathak RU, Mishra RK. Nuclear architecture and the structural basis of mitotic memory. CHROMOSOME RESEARCH : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ON THE MOLECULAR, SUPRAMOLECULAR AND EVOLUTIONARY ASPECTS OF CHROMOSOME BIOLOGY 2023; 31:8. [PMID: 36725757 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-023-09714-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The nucleus is a complex organelle that hosts the genome and is essential for vital processes like DNA replication, DNA repair, transcription, and splicing. The genome is non-randomly organized in the three-dimensional space of the nucleus. This functional sub-compartmentalization was thought to be organized on the framework of nuclear matrix (NuMat), a non-chromatin scaffold that functions as a substratum for various molecular processes of the nucleus. More recently, nuclear bodies or membrane-less subcompartments of the nucleus are thought to arise due to phase separation of chromatin, RNA, and proteins. The nuclear architecture is an amalgamation of the relative organization of chromatin, epigenetic landscape, the nuclear bodies, and the nucleoskeleton in the three-dimensional space of the nucleus. During mitosis, the nucleus undergoes drastic changes in morphology to the degree that it ceases to exist as such; various nuclear components, including the envelope that defines the nucleus, disintegrate, and the chromatin acquires mitosis-specific epigenetic marks and condenses to form chromosome. Upon mitotic exit, chromosomes are decondensed, re-establish hierarchical genome organization, and regain epigenetic and transcriptional status similar to that of the mother cell. How this mitotic memory is inherited during cell division remains a puzzle. NuMat components that are a part of the mitotic chromosome in the form of mitotic chromosome scaffold (MiCS) could potentially be the seeds that guide the relative re-establishment of the epigenome, chromosome territories, and the nuclear bodies. Here, we synthesize the advances towards understanding cellular memory of nuclear architecture across mitosis and propose a hypothesis that a subset of NuMat proteome essential for nucleation of various nuclear bodies are retained in MiCS to serve as seeds of mitotic memory, thus ensuring the daughter cells re-establish the complex status of nuclear architecture similar to that of the mother cells, thereby maintaining the pre-mitotic transcriptional status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamilla Soujanya
- CSIR - Centre for Cellular & Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
- AcSIR - Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Ashish Bihani
- CSIR - Centre for Cellular & Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Nikhil Hajirnis
- CSIR - Centre for Cellular & Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, USA
| | - Rashmi U Pathak
- CSIR - Centre for Cellular & Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Rakesh K Mishra
- CSIR - Centre for Cellular & Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India.
- AcSIR - Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India.
- TIGS - Tata Institute for Genetics and Society, Bangalore, India.
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13
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Durrieu L, Bush A, Grande A, Johansson R, Janzén D, Katz A, Cedersund G, Colman-Lerner A. Characterization of cell-to-cell variation in nuclear transport rates and identification of its sources. iScience 2022; 26:105906. [PMID: 36686393 PMCID: PMC9852351 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear transport is an essential part of eukaryotic cell function. Here, we present scFRAP, a model-assisted fluorescent recovery after photobleaching (FRAP)- based method to determine nuclear import and export rates independently in individual live cells. To overcome the inherent noise of single-cell measurements, we performed sequential FRAPs on the same cell. We found large cell-to-cell variation in transport rates within isogenic yeast populations. For passive transport, the variability in NPC number might explain most of the variability. Using this approach, we studied mother-daughter cell asymmetry in the active nuclear shuttling of the transcription factor Ace2, which is specifically concentrated in daughter cell nuclei in early G1. Rather than reduced export in the daughter cell, as previously hypothesized, we found that this asymmetry is mainly due to an increased import in daughters. These results shed light on cell-to-cell variation in cellular dynamics and its sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Durrieu
- Department of Physiology, Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Buenos Aires (UBA), C1428EGA, Argentina,Institute of Physiology, Molecular Biology and Neurosciences, National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (IFIBYNE-UBA-CONICET), C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - Alan Bush
- Department of Physiology, Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Buenos Aires (UBA), C1428EGA, Argentina,Institute of Physiology, Molecular Biology and Neurosciences, National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (IFIBYNE-UBA-CONICET), C1428EGA, Argentina,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Alicia Grande
- Department of Physiology, Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Buenos Aires (UBA), C1428EGA, Argentina,Institute of Physiology, Molecular Biology and Neurosciences, National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (IFIBYNE-UBA-CONICET), C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - Rikard Johansson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - David Janzén
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Andrea Katz
- Department of Physiology, Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Buenos Aires (UBA), C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - Gunnar Cedersund
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Alejandro Colman-Lerner
- Department of Physiology, Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Buenos Aires (UBA), C1428EGA, Argentina,Institute of Physiology, Molecular Biology and Neurosciences, National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (IFIBYNE-UBA-CONICET), C1428EGA, Argentina,Corresponding author
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14
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Sing TL, Brar GA, Ünal E. Gametogenesis: Exploring an Endogenous Rejuvenation Program to Understand Cellular Aging and Quality Control. Annu Rev Genet 2022; 56:89-112. [PMID: 35878627 PMCID: PMC9712276 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-080320-025104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Gametogenesis is a conserved developmental program whereby a diploid progenitor cell differentiates into haploid gametes, the precursors for sexually reproducing organisms. In addition to ploidy reduction and extensive organelle remodeling, gametogenesis naturally rejuvenates the ensuing gametes, leading to resetting of life span. Excitingly, ectopic expression of the gametogenesis-specific transcription factor Ndt80 is sufficient to extend life span in mitotically dividing budding yeast, suggesting that meiotic rejuvenation pathways can be repurposed outside of their natural context. In this review, we highlight recent studies of gametogenesis that provide emerging insight into natural quality control, organelle remodeling, and rejuvenation strategies that exist within a cell. These include selective inheritance, programmed degradation, and de novo synthesis, all of which are governed by the meiotic gene expression program entailing many forms of noncanonical gene regulation. Finally, we highlight critical questions that remain in the field and provide perspective on the implications of gametogenesis research on human health span.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina L Sing
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA;
| | - Gloria A Brar
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA;
| | - Elçin Ünal
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA;
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15
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Cell Fusion May Be Involved in the Homothallic Mating of Pneumocystis Species. mBio 2022; 13:e0085922. [PMID: 35726921 PMCID: PMC9426428 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00859-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumocystis species are obligate fungal biotrophs that colonize the lungs of mammals. They cause deadly pneumonia in immunocompromised hosts. The sexual phase seems obligate during their life cycle and essential for survival because it is believed to ensure proliferation and transmission between hosts. Here, we consider if the sexual phase is initiated by the fusion of two cells or by nucleus duplication in order to generate diploid cells that can undergo meiosis. The juxtaposition of the nucleus-associated organelles of pairs of cells with fused cytoplasmic membranes demonstrated that cell fusion can occur. Nevertheless, the frequency of cell fusion remains to be determined, and it cannot be excluded that both cell fusion and nucleus duplication are used to ensure the occurrence of the essential sexual phase. In vitro culturing of these fungi is a major milestone that could clarify the issue.
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16
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Fulton C. The Amazing Evolutionary Complexity of Eukaryotic Tubulins: Lessons from Naegleria and the Multi-tubulin Hypothesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:867374. [PMID: 35547824 PMCID: PMC9081340 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.867374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The multi-tubulin hypothesis proposed in 1976 was motivated by finding that the tubulin to build the flagellar apparatus was synthesized de novo during the optional differentiation of Naegleria from walking amoebae to swimming flagellates. In the next decade, with the tools of cloning and sequencing, we were able to establish that the rate of flagellar tubulin synthesis in Naegleria is determined by the abundance of flagellar α- and β-tubulin mRNAs. These experiments also established that the tubulins for Naegleria mitosis were encoded by separate, divergent genes, candidates for which remain incompletely characterized. Meanwhile an unanticipated abundance of tubulin isotypes has been discovered by other researchers. Together with the surprises of genome complexity, these tubulin isotypes require us to rethink how we might utilize the opportunities and challenges offered by the evolutionary diversity of eukaryotes.
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17
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von der Heyde EL, Hallmann A. Molecular and cellular dynamics of early embryonic cell divisions in Volvox carteri. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:1326-1353. [PMID: 35018470 PMCID: PMC9026201 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cell division is fundamental to all organisms and the green alga used here exhibits both key animal and plant functions. Specifically, we analyzed the molecular and cellular dynamics of early embryonic divisions of the multicellular green alga Volvox carteri (Chlamydomonadales). Relevant proteins related to mitosis and cytokinesis were identified in silico, the corresponding genes were cloned, fused to yfp, and stably expressed in Volvox, and the tagged proteins were studied by live-cell imaging. We reveal rearrangements of the microtubule cytoskeleton during centrosome separation, spindle formation, establishment of the phycoplast, and generation of previously unknown structures. The centrosomes participate in initiation of spindle formation and determination of spindle orientation. Although the nuclear envelope does not break down during early mitosis, intermixing of cytoplasm and nucleoplasm results in loss of nuclear identity. Finally, we present a model for mitosis in Volvox. Our study reveals enormous dynamics, clarifies spatio-temporal relationships of subcellular structures, and provides insight into the evolution of cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Laura von der Heyde
- Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology of Plants, University of Bielefeld, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Armin Hallmann
- Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology of Plants, University of Bielefeld, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
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18
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Sinclair AN, de Graffenried CL. Cell division: Naegleria bundles up for mitosis. Curr Biol 2022; 32:R269-R271. [PMID: 35349811 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.01.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
How well do we understand the range of mechanisms used by eukaryotes for mitosis? A new study in a highly divergent eukaryote shows that unusual tubulin isoforms can create a mitotic spindle exclusively out of microtubule bundles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy N Sinclair
- Abveris, 480 Neponset Street Suite 10B, Canton, MA 02021, USA
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19
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Raices M, D'Angelo MA. Structure, Maintenance, and Regulation of Nuclear Pore Complexes: The Gatekeepers of the Eukaryotic Genome. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2022; 14:a040691. [PMID: 34312247 PMCID: PMC8789946 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a040691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, the genetic material is segregated inside the nucleus. This compartmentalization of the genome requires a transport system that allows cells to move molecules across the nuclear envelope, the membrane-based barrier that surrounds the chromosomes. Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) are the central component of the nuclear transport machinery. These large protein channels penetrate the nuclear envelope, creating a passage between the nucleus and the cytoplasm through which nucleocytoplasmic molecule exchange occurs. NPCs are one of the largest protein assemblies of eukaryotic cells and, in addition to their critical function in nuclear transport, these structures also play key roles in many cellular processes in a transport-independent manner. Here we will review the current knowledge of the NPC structure, the cellular mechanisms that regulate their formation and maintenance, and we will provide a brief description of a variety of processes that NPCs regulate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Raices
- Cell and Molecular Biology of Cancer Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Maximiliano A D'Angelo
- Cell and Molecular Biology of Cancer Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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20
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Chin AF, Zheng Y, Hilser VJ. Phylogenetic convergence of phase separation and mitotic function in the disordered protein BuGZ. Protein Sci 2022; 31:822-834. [PMID: 34984754 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) effect biological function despite their sequence-encoded lack of preference for stable three-dimensional structure. Among their many functions, IDPs form membraneless cellular compartments through liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS), also termed biomolecular condensation. The extent to which LLPS has been evolutionarily selected remains largely unknown, as the complexities of IDP evolution hamper progress. Unlike structured proteins, rapid sequence divergence typical of IDPs confounds inference of their biophysical or biological functions from comparative sequence analyses. Here, we leverage mitosis as a universal eukaryotic feature to interrogate condensate evolutionary history. We observe that evolution has conserved the ability for six homologs of the mitotic IDP BuGZ to undergo LLPS and to serve the same mitotic function, despite low sequence conservation. We also observe that cellular context may tune LLPS. The phylogenetic correlation of LLPS and mitotic function in one protein raises the possibility of an ancient evolutionary interplay between LLPS and biological function, dating back at least 1.6 billion years to the last common ancestor of plants and animals. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander F Chin
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yixian Zheng
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, 3520 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Vincent J Hilser
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,T.C. Jenkins Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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21
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Shelton SN, Smith SE, Unruh JR, Jaspersen SL. A distinct inner nuclear membrane proteome in Saccharomyces cerevisiae gametes. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2021; 11:6400631. [PMID: 34849801 PMCID: PMC8664494 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The inner nuclear membrane (INM) proteome regulates gene expression, chromatin organization, and nuclear transport; however, it is poorly understood how changes in INM protein composition contribute to developmentally regulated processes, such as gametogenesis. We conducted a screen to determine how the INM proteome differs between mitotic cells and gametes. In addition, we used a strategy that allowed us to determine if spores synthesize their INM proteins de novo, rather than inheriting their INM proteins from the parental cell. This screen used a split-GFP complementation system, where we were able to compare the distribution of all C-terminally tagged transmembrane proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae in gametes to that of mitotic cells. Gametes contain a distinct INM proteome needed to complete gamete formation, including expression of genes linked to cell wall biosynthesis, lipid biosynthetic and metabolic pathways, protein degradation, and unknown functions. Based on the inheritance pattern, INM components are made de novo in the gametes. Whereas mitotic cells show a strong preference for proteins with small extraluminal domains, gametes do not exhibit this size preference likely due to the changes in the nuclear permeability barrier during gametogenesis. Taken together, our data provide evidence for INM changes during gametogenesis and shed light on mechanisms used to shape the INM proteome of spores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shary N Shelton
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Sarah E Smith
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Jay R Unruh
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Sue L Jaspersen
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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22
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Kemppainen M, Pardo A. Nucleus-directed fluorescent reporter system for promoter studies in the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria bicolor. J Microbiol Methods 2021; 190:106341. [PMID: 34610385 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2021.106341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Currently ectomycorrhizal research suffers from a lack of molecular tools specifically adapted to study gene expression in fungal symbionts. Considering that, we designed pReNuK, a cloning vector for transcriptional promoter studies in the ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete Laccaria bicolor. The pReNuK vector offers the use of a nuclear localizing and chromatin incorporating histone H2B-mCherry fluorescent reporter protein and it is specifically optimized for efficient transgene expression in Laccaria. Moreover, pReNuK is designed to work in concert with Agrobacterium-mediated transformation under hygromycin B resistance selection. The functionality of the pReNuK reporter system was tested with the constitutive Laccaria glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene promoter and further validated with the nitrogen source regulated nitrate reductase gene promoter. The expression of the nucleus-directed H2B-mCherry reporter is highly stable in time. Moreover, the transformation of Laccaria with pReNuK and the expression of the reporter do not have negative effects on the growth of the fungus. The pReNuK offers a novel tool for studying in vivo gene expression regulation in Laccaria, the leading fungal model for ectomycorrhizal research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna Kemppainen
- Laboratory of Molecular Mycology, Institute of Basic and Applied Microbiology, Department of Science and Technology, National University of Quilmes and CONICET, Bernal, Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Alejandro Pardo
- Laboratory of Molecular Mycology, Institute of Basic and Applied Microbiology, Department of Science and Technology, National University of Quilmes and CONICET, Bernal, Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina
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23
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Getty TA, Peterson JW, Fujioka H, Walsh AM, Sam-Yellowe TY. Colpodella sp. (ATCC 50594) Life Cycle: Myzocytosis and Possible Links to the Origin of Intracellular Parasitism. Trop Med Infect Dis 2021; 6:tropicalmed6030127. [PMID: 34287391 PMCID: PMC8293349 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed6030127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Colpodella species are free living bi-flagellated protists that prey on algae and bodonids in a process known as myzocytosis. Colpodella species are phylogenetically related to Apicomplexa. We investigated the life cycle of Colpodella sp. (ATCC 50594) to understand the timing, duration and the transition stages of Colpodella sp. (ATCC 50594). Sam-Yellowe’s trichrome stains for light microscopy, confocal and differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy was performed to identify cell morphology and determine cross reactivity of Plasmodium species and Toxoplasma gondii specific antibodies against Colpodella sp. (ATCC 50594) proteins. The ultrastructure of Colpodella sp. (ATCC 50594) was investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The duration of Colpodella sp. (ATCC 50594) life cycle is thirty-six hours. Colpodella sp. (ATCC 50594) were most active between 20–28 h. Myzocytosis is initiated by attachment of the Colpodella sp. (ATCC 50594) pseudo-conoid to the cell surface of Parabodo caudatus, followed by an expansion of microtubules at the attachment site and aspiration of the prey’s cytoplasmic contents. A pre-cyst formed at the conclusion of feeding differentiates into a transient or resting cyst. Both DIC and TEM microscopy identified asynchronous and asymmetric mitosis in Colpodella sp. (ATCC 50594) cysts. Knowledge of the life cycle and stages of Colpodella sp. (ATCC 50594) will provide insights into the development of intracellular parasitism among the apicomplexa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy A. Getty
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA; (T.A.G.); (A.M.W.)
| | - John W. Peterson
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA;
| | - Hisashi Fujioka
- Cryo-EM Core, Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
| | - Aidan M. Walsh
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA; (T.A.G.); (A.M.W.)
| | - Tobili Y. Sam-Yellowe
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA; (T.A.G.); (A.M.W.)
- Correspondence:
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24
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Skejo J, Garg SG, Gould SB, Hendriksen M, Tria FDK, Bremer N, Franjević D, Blackstone NW, Martin WF. Evidence for a Syncytial Origin of Eukaryotes from Ancestral State Reconstruction. Genome Biol Evol 2021; 13:evab096. [PMID: 33963405 PMCID: PMC8290118 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evab096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern accounts of eukaryogenesis entail an endosymbiotic encounter between an archaeal host and a proteobacterial endosymbiont, with subsequent evolution giving rise to a unicell possessing a single nucleus and mitochondria. The mononucleate state of the last eukaryotic common ancestor (LECA) is seldom, if ever, questioned, even though cells harboring multiple (syncytia, coenocytes, and polykaryons) are surprisingly common across eukaryotic supergroups. Here, we present a survey of multinucleated forms. Ancestral character state reconstruction for representatives of 106 eukaryotic taxa using 16 different possible roots and supergroup sister relationships, indicate that LECA, in addition to being mitochondriate, sexual, and meiotic, was multinucleate. LECA exhibited closed mitosis, which is the rule for modern syncytial forms, shedding light on the mechanics of its chromosome segregation. A simple mathematical model shows that within LECA's multinucleate cytosol, relationships among mitochondria and nuclei were neither one-to-one, nor one-to-many, but many-to-many, placing mitonuclear interactions and cytonuclear compatibility at the evolutionary base of eukaryotic cell origin. Within a syncytium, individual nuclei and individual mitochondria function as the initial lower-level evolutionary units of selection, as opposed to individual cells, during eukaryogenesis. Nuclei within a syncytium rescue each other's lethal mutations, thereby postponing selection for viable nuclei and cytonuclear compatibility to the generation of spores, buffering transitional bottlenecks at eukaryogenesis. The prokaryote-to-eukaryote transition is traditionally thought to have left no intermediates, yet if eukaryogenesis proceeded via a syncytial common ancestor, intermediate forms have persisted to the present throughout the eukaryotic tree as syncytia but have so far gone unrecognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josip Skejo
- Institute for Molecular Evolution, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Faculty of Science, Division of Zoology, Department of Biology, University of Zagreb, Evolution Lab, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sriram G Garg
- Institute for Molecular Evolution, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sven B Gould
- Institute for Molecular Evolution, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael Hendriksen
- Institute for Molecular Evolution, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Fernando D K Tria
- Institute for Molecular Evolution, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nico Bremer
- Institute for Molecular Evolution, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Damjan Franjević
- Faculty of Science, Division of Zoology, Department of Biology, University of Zagreb, Evolution Lab, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Neil W Blackstone
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, USA
| | - William F Martin
- Institute for Molecular Evolution, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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25
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Pandey H, Popov M, Goldstein-Levitin A, Gheber L. Mechanisms by Which Kinesin-5 Motors Perform Their Multiple Intracellular Functions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6420. [PMID: 34203964 PMCID: PMC8232732 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bipolar kinesin-5 motor proteins perform multiple intracellular functions, mainly during mitotic cell division. Their specialized structural characteristics enable these motors to perform their essential functions by crosslinking and sliding apart antiparallel microtubules (MTs). In this review, we discuss the specialized structural features of kinesin-5 motors, and the mechanisms by which these features relate to kinesin-5 functions and motile properties. In addition, we discuss the multiple roles of the kinesin-5 motors in dividing as well as in non-dividing cells, and examine their roles in pathogenetic conditions. We describe the recently discovered bidirectional motility in fungi kinesin-5 motors, and discuss its possible physiological relevance. Finally, we also focus on the multiple mechanisms of regulation of these unique motor proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Larisa Gheber
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel; (H.P.); (M.P.); (A.G.-L.)
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26
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Sam-Yellowe TY, Getty TA, Addepalli K, Walsh AM, Williams-Medina AR, Fujioka H, Peterson JW. Novel life cycle stages of Colpodella sp. (Apicomplexa) identified using Sam-Yellowe's trichrome stains and confocal and electron microscopy. Int Microbiol 2021; 25:669-678. [PMID: 33835333 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-021-00175-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Colpodella spp. are free-living flagellates closely related to the apicomplexans. Human infections by Colpodella sp. have been reported. A biflagellated trophozoite and cyst stage comprise the known life cycle stages of Colpodella sp. However, the process of encystation and excystation within the life cycle is unclear. Life cycle stages initiating human infections are unknown. We performed a detailed investigation of the life cycle of Colpodella sp. (ATCC 50594) in culture using Sam-Yellowe's trichrome stains and differential interference contrast (DIC) for light microscopy and fluorescence microscopy of Congo red-stained cells and investigated ultrastructure using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). We report previously undocumented stages of Colpodella sp. Asymmetric and asynchronous division was detected inside cysts by trichrome staining and by TEM. Odd-numbered juveniles and cysts containing more than four juvenile trophozoites were identified. Live imaging of active cultures captured the excystation and egress of juvenile trophozoites and confirmed the presence of multinucleate cysts. The ultrastructure of the multinucleate cyst is reminiscent of apicomplexan schizonts. Insights gained from the life cycle stages observed in culture allowed the construction of the life cycle of Colpodella sp. Knowledge of the life cycle will aid biochemical and molecular characterization of Colpodella sp. and help identify stages in human infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobili Y Sam-Yellowe
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Avenue, SI 219, Cleveland, OH, 44115, USA.
| | - Troy A Getty
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Avenue, SI 219, Cleveland, OH, 44115, USA
| | - Kush Addepalli
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Avenue, SI 219, Cleveland, OH, 44115, USA
| | - Aidan M Walsh
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Avenue, SI 219, Cleveland, OH, 44115, USA
| | | | | | - John W Peterson
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
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27
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Sato M, Kakui Y, Toya M. Tell the Difference Between Mitosis and Meiosis: Interplay Between Chromosomes, Cytoskeleton, and Cell Cycle Regulation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:660322. [PMID: 33898463 PMCID: PMC8060462 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.660322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Meiosis is a specialized style of cell division conserved in eukaryotes, particularly designed for the production of gametes. A huge number of studies to date have demonstrated how chromosomes behave and how meiotic events are controlled. Yeast substantially contributed to the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of meiosis in the past decades. Recently, evidence began to accumulate to draw a perspective landscape showing that chromosomes and microtubules are mutually influenced: microtubules regulate chromosomes, whereas chromosomes also regulate microtubule behaviors. Here we focus on lessons from recent advancement in genetical and cytological studies of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, revealing how chromosomes, cytoskeleton, and cell cycle progression are organized and particularly how these are differentiated in mitosis and meiosis. These studies illuminate that meiosis is strategically designed to fulfill two missions: faithful segregation of genetic materials and production of genetic diversity in descendants through elaboration by meiosis-specific factors in collaboration with general factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masamitsu Sato
- Laboratory of Cytoskeletal Logistics, Center for Advanced Biomedical Sciences (TWIns), Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan.,Institute for Advanced Research of Biosystem Dynamics, Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan.,Institute for Medical-Oriented Structural Biology, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Kakui
- Laboratory of Cytoskeletal Logistics, Center for Advanced Biomedical Sciences (TWIns), Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan.,Waseda Institute for Advanced Study, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mika Toya
- Laboratory of Cytoskeletal Logistics, Center for Advanced Biomedical Sciences (TWIns), Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan.,Institute for Advanced Research of Biosystem Dynamics, Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan.,Major in Bioscience, Global Center for Science and Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
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28
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Halfmann CT, Roux KJ. Barrier-to-autointegration factor: a first responder for repair of nuclear ruptures. Cell Cycle 2021; 20:647-660. [PMID: 33678126 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2021.1892320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear envelope (NE) is a critical barrier between the cytosol and nucleus that is key for compartmentalization within the cell and serves an essential role in organizing and protecting genomic DNA. Rupturing of the NE through loss of constitutive NE proteins and/or mechanical force applied to the nucleus results in the unregulated mixing of cytosolic and nuclear compartments, leading to DNA damage and genomic instability. Nuclear rupture has recently gained interest as a mechanism that may participate in various NE-associated diseases as well as cancer. Remarkably, these rupturing events are often transient, with cells being capable of rapidly repairing nuclear ruptures. Recently, we identified Barrier-to-Autointegration Factor (BAF), a DNA-binding protein involved in post-mitotic NE reformation and cytosolic viral regulation, as an essential protein for nuclear rupture repair. During interphase, the highly mobile cytosolic BAF is primed to monitor for a compromised NE by rapidly binding to newly exposed nuclear DNA and subsequently recruiting the factors necessary for NE repair. This review highlights the recent findings of BAF's roles in rupture repair, and offers perspectives on how regulatory factors that control BAF activity may potentially alter the cellular response to nuclear ruptures and how BAF may participate in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyle J Roux
- Enabling Technologies Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
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29
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Kohler V, Büttner S. Remodelling of Nucleus-Vacuole Junctions During Metabolic and Proteostatic Stress. CONTACT (THOUSAND OAKS (VENTURA COUNTY, CALIF.)) 2021; 4:25152564211016608. [PMID: 34124572 PMCID: PMC7610967 DOI: 10.1177/25152564211016608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cellular adaptation to stress and metabolic cues requires a coordinated response of different intracellular compartments, separated by semipermeable membranes. One way to facilitate interorganellar communication is via membrane contact sites, physical bridges between opposing organellar membranes formed by an array of tethering machineries. These contact sites are highly dynamic and establish an interconnected organellar network able to quickly respond to external and internal stress by changing size, abundance and molecular architecture. Here, we discuss recent work on nucleus-vacuole junctions, connecting yeast vacuoles with the nucleus. Appearing as small, single foci in mitotic cells, these contacts expand into one enlarged patch upon nutrient exhaustion and entry into quiescence or can be shaped into multiple large foci essential to sustain viability upon proteostatic stress at the nuclear envelope. We highlight the remarkable plasticity and rapid remodelling of these contact sites upon metabolic or proteostatic stress and their emerging importance for cellular fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Kohler
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner‐Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sabrina Büttner
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner‐Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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30
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Goto C, Hara-Nishimura I, Tamura K. Regulation and Physiological Significance of the Nuclear Shape in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:673905. [PMID: 34177991 PMCID: PMC8222917 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.673905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The shape of plant nuclei varies among different species, tissues, and cell types. In Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings, nuclei in meristems and guard cells are nearly spherical, whereas those of epidermal cells in differentiated tissues are elongated spindle-shaped. The vegetative nuclei in pollen grains are irregularly shaped in angiosperms. In the past few decades, it has been revealed that several nuclear envelope (NE) proteins play the main role in the regulation of the nuclear shape in plants. Some plant NE proteins that regulate nuclear shape are also involved in nuclear or cellular functions, such as nuclear migration, maintenance of chromatin structure, gene expression, calcium and reactive oxygen species signaling, plant growth, reproduction, and plant immunity. The shape of the nucleus has been assessed both by labeling internal components (for instance chromatin) and by labeling membranes, including the NE or endoplasmic reticulum in interphase cells and viral-infected cells of plants. Changes in NE are correlated with the formation of invaginations of the NE, collectively called the nucleoplasmic reticulum. In this review, what is known and what is unknown about nuclear shape determination are presented, and the physiological significance of the control of the nuclear shape in plants is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieko Goto
- Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | | | - Kentaro Tamura
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
- *Correspondence: Kentaro Tamura,
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31
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Noree C, Sirinonthanawech N. Nuclear targeted Saccharomyces cerevisiae asparagine synthetases associate with the mitotic spindle regardless of their enzymatic activity. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243742. [PMID: 33347445 PMCID: PMC7751962 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, human asparagine synthetase has been found to be associated with the mitotic spindle. However, this event cannot be seen in yeast because yeast takes a different cell division process via closed mitosis (there is no nuclear envelope breakdown to allow the association between any cytosolic enzyme and mitotic spindle). To find out if yeast asparagine synthetase can also (but hiddenly) have this feature, the coding sequences of green fluorescent protein (GFP) and nuclear localization signal (NLS) were introduced downstream of ASN1 and ASN2, encoding asparagine synthetases Asn1p and Asn2p, respectively, in the yeast genome having mCherrry coding sequence downstream of TUB1 encoding alpha-tubulin, a building block of the mitotic spindle. The genomically engineered yeast strains showed co-localization of Asn1p-GFP-NLS (or Asn2p-GFP-NLS) and Tub1p-mCherry in dividing nuclei. In addition, an activity-disrupted mutation was introduced to ASN1 (or ASN2). The yeast mutants still exhibited co-localization between defective asparagine synthetase and mitotic spindle, indicating that the biochemical activity of asparagine synthetase is not required for its association with the mitotic spindle. Furthermore, nocodazole treatment was used to depolymerize the mitotic spindle, resulting in lack of association between the enzyme and the mitotic spindle. Although yeast cell division undergoes closed mitosis, preventing the association of its asparagine synthetase with the mitotic spindle, however, by using yeast constructs with re-localized Asn1/2p have suggested the moonlighting role of asparagine synthetase in cell division of higher eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chalongrat Noree
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Naraporn Sirinonthanawech
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
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32
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Ren Q, Brenner R, Boothby TC, Zhang Z. Membrane and lipid metabolism plays an important role in desiccation resistance in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:338. [PMID: 33167888 PMCID: PMC7653879 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-02025-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anhydrobiotes, such as the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, are capable of surviving almost total loss of water. Desiccation tolerance requires an interplay of multiple events, including preserving the protein function and membrane integrity, preventing and mitigating oxidative stress, maintaining certain level of energy required for cellular activities in the desiccated state. Many of these crucial processes can be controlled and modulated at the level of organelle morphology and dynamics. However, little is understood about what organelle perturbations manifest in desiccation-sensitive cells as a consequence of drying or how this differs from organelle biology in desiccation-tolerant organisms undergoing anhydrobiosis. Results In this study, electron and optical microscopy was used to examine the dynamic changes of yeast cells during the desiccation process. Dramatic structural changes were observed during the desiccation process, including the diminishing of vacuoles, decrease of lipid droplets, decrease in mitochondrial cristae and increase of ER membrane, which is likely caused by ER stress and unfolded protein response. The survival rate was significantly decreased in mutants that are defective in lipid droplet biosynthesis, or cells treated with cerulenin, an inhibitor of fatty acid synthesis. Conclusion Our study suggests that the metabolism of lipid droplets and membrane may play an important role in yeast desiccation tolerance by providing cells with energy and possibly metabolic water. Additionally, the decrease in mitochondrial cristae coupled with a decrease in lipid droplets is indicative of a cellular response to reduce the production of reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Ren
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Ave, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Rebecca Brenner
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Ave, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Thomas C Boothby
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Zhaojie Zhang
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Ave, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA.
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33
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Herrero E, Stinus S, Bellows E, Berry LK, Wood H, Thorpe PH. Asymmetric Transcription Factor Partitioning During Yeast Cell Division Requires the FACT Chromatin Remodeler and Cell Cycle Progression. Genetics 2020; 216:701-716. [PMID: 32878900 PMCID: PMC7648576 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.120.303439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The polarized partitioning of proteins in cells underlies asymmetric cell division, which is an important driver of development and cellular diversity. The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae divides asymmetrically, like many other cells, to generate two distinct progeny cells. A well-known example of an asymmetric protein is the transcription factor Ace2, which localizes specifically to the daughter nucleus, where it drives a daughter-specific transcriptional network. We screened a collection of essential genes to analyze the effects of core cellular processes in asymmetric cell division based on Ace2 localization. This screen identified mutations that affect progression through the cell cycle, suggesting that cell cycle delay is sufficient to disrupt Ace2 asymmetry. To test this model, we blocked cells from progressing through mitosis and found that prolonged metaphase delay is sufficient to disrupt Ace2 asymmetry after release, and that Ace2 asymmetry is restored after cytokinesis. We also demonstrate that members of the evolutionarily conserved facilitates chromatin transcription (FACT) chromatin-reorganizing complex are required for both asymmetric and cell cycle-regulated localization of Ace2, and for localization of the RAM network components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Herrero
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, CB2 3EA, United Kingdom
| | - Sonia Stinus
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire du Contrôle la Prolifération (LBCMCP), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Toulouse, UT3, 31062, France
| | - Eleanor Bellows
- School of Biosciences, The University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa K Berry
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Henry Wood
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Peter H Thorpe
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, E1 4NS, United Kingdom
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34
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Bostock MP, Prasad AR, Chaouni R, Yuen AC, Sousa-Nunes R, Amoyel M, Fernandes VM. An Immobilization Technique for Long-Term Time-Lapse Imaging of Explanted Drosophila Tissues. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:590094. [PMID: 33117817 PMCID: PMC7576353 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.590094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Time-lapse imaging is an essential tool to study dynamic biological processes that cannot be discerned from fixed samples alone. However, imaging cell- and tissue-level processes in intact animals poses numerous challenges if the organism is opaque and/or motile. Explant cultures of intact tissues circumvent some of these challenges, but sample drift remains a considerable obstacle. We employed a simple yet effective technique to immobilize tissues in medium-bathed agarose. We applied this technique to study multiple Drosophila tissues from first-instar larvae to adult stages in various orientations and with no evidence of anisotropic pressure or stress damage. Using this method, we were able to image fine features for up to 18 h and make novel observations. Specifically, we report that fibers characteristic of quiescent neuroblasts are inherited by their basal daughters during reactivation; that the lamina in the developing visual system is assembled roughly 2-3 columns at a time; that lamina glia positions are dynamic during development; and that the nuclear envelopes of adult testis cyst stem cells do not break down completely during mitosis. In all, we demonstrate that our protocol is well-suited for tissue immobilization and long-term live imaging, enabling new insights into tissue and cell dynamics in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P. Bostock
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anadika R. Prasad
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rita Chaouni
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alice C. Yuen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rita Sousa-Nunes
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Amoyel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vilaiwan M. Fernandes
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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35
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de Bustos A, Figueroa RI, Sixto M, Bravo I, Cuadrado Á. The 5S rRNA genes in Alexandrium: their use as a FISH chromosomal marker in studies of the diversity, cell cycle and sexuality of dinoflagellates. HARMFUL ALGAE 2020; 98:101903. [PMID: 33129460 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2020.101903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Chromosomal markers of the diversity and evolution of dinoflagellates are scarce because the genomes of these organisms are unique among eukaryotes in terms of their base composition and chromosomal structure. Similarly, a lack of appropriate tools has hindered studies of the chromosomal localization of 5S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) in the nucleosome-less chromosomes of dinoflagellates. In this study, we isolated and cloned 5S rDNA sequences from various toxin-producing species of the genus Alexandrium and developed a fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) probe that allows their chromosomal localization. Our results can be summarized as follows: 1) The 5S rDNA unit is composed of a highly conserved 122-bp coding region and an intergenic spacer (IGS), the length and sequence of which are variable even within strains. 2) Three different IGS types, one containing the U6 small nuclear RNA (snRNA) gene, were found among four of the studied species (A. minutum, A. tamarense, A. catenella and A. pacificum). 3) In all strains investigated by FISH (A. minutum, A. tamarense, A. pacificum, A. catenella, A. andersonii and A. ostenfeldii), 5S rDNA gene arrays were separate from the nucleolar organizer region, which contains the genes for the large 45S pre-ribosomal RNA. 4) One to three 5S rDNA sites per haploid genome were detected, depending on the strains/species. Intraspecific variability in the number of 5S rDNA sites was determined among strains of A. minutum and A. pacificum. 5) 5S rDNA is a useful chromosomal marker of mitosis progression and can be employed to differentiate vegetative (haploid) vs. planozygotes (diploid) cells. Thus, the FISH probe (oligo-Dino5Smix5) developed in this study facilitates analyses of the diversity, cell cycle and life stages of the genus Alexandrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo de Bustos
- Universidad de Alcalá (UAH), Dpto Biomedicina y Biotecnología, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Rosa I Figueroa
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Marta Sixto
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain; Campus do Mar, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad de Vigo, 36311 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Isabel Bravo
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Ángeles Cuadrado
- Universidad de Alcalá (UAH), Dpto Biomedicina y Biotecnología, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
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36
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Dey G, Culley S, Curran S, Schmidt U, Henriques R, Kukulski W, Baum B. Closed mitosis requires local disassembly of the nuclear envelope. Nature 2020; 585:119-123. [PMID: 32848252 PMCID: PMC7610560 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2648-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
At the end of mitosis, eukaryotic cells must segregate the two copies of their replicated genome into two new nuclear compartments1. They do this either by first dismantling and later reassembling the nuclear envelope in an 'open mitosis' or by reshaping an intact nucleus and then dividing it into two in a 'closed mitosis'2,3. Mitosis has been studied in a wide variety of eukaryotes for more than a century4, but how the double membrane of the nuclear envelope is split into two at the end of a closed mitosis without compromising the impermeability of the nuclear compartment remains unknown5. Here, using the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe (a classical model for closed mitosis5), genetics, live-cell imaging and electron tomography, we show that nuclear fission is achieved via local disassembly of nuclear pores within the narrow bridge that links segregating daughter nuclei. In doing so, we identify the protein Les1, which is localized to the inner nuclear envelope and restricts the process of local nuclear envelope breakdown to the bridge midzone to prevent the leakage of material from daughter nuclei. The mechanism of local nuclear envelope breakdown in a closed mitosis therefore closely mirrors nuclear envelope breakdown in open mitosis3, revealing an unexpectedly high conservation of nuclear remodelling mechanisms across diverse eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Dey
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, London, UK.
| | - Siân Culley
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, London, UK
| | | | - Uwe Schmidt
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | - Buzz Baum
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, London, UK.
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London, UK.
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37
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Expósito-Serrano M, Sánchez-Molina A, Gallardo P, Salas-Pino S, Daga RR. Selective Nuclear Pore Complex Removal Drives Nuclear Envelope Division in Fission Yeast. Curr Biol 2020; 30:3212-3222.e2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.05.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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38
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Mendes A, Jühlen R, Bousbata S, Fahrenkrog B. Disclosing the Interactome of Leukemogenic NUP98-HOXA9 and SET-NUP214 Fusion Proteins Using a Proteomic Approach. Cells 2020; 9:E1666. [PMID: 32664447 PMCID: PMC7407662 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction of oncogenes with cellular proteins is a major determinant of cellular transformation. The NUP98-HOXA9 and SET-NUP214 chimeras result from recurrent chromosomal translocations in acute leukemia. Functionally, the two fusion proteins inhibit nuclear export and interact with epigenetic regulators. The full interactome of NUP98-HOXA9 and SET-NUP214 is currently unknown. We used proximity-dependent biotin identification (BioID) to study the landscape of the NUP98-HOXA9 and SET-NUP214 environments. Our results suggest that both fusion proteins interact with major regulators of RNA processing, with translation-associated proteins, and that both chimeras perturb the transcriptional program of the tumor suppressor p53. Other cellular processes appear to be distinctively affected by the particular fusion protein. NUP98-HOXA9 likely perturbs Wnt, MAPK, and estrogen receptor (ER) signaling pathways, as well as the cytoskeleton, the latter likely due to its interaction with the nuclear export receptor CRM1. Conversely, mitochondrial proteins and metabolic regulators are significantly overrepresented in the SET-NUP214 proximal interactome. Our study provides new clues on the mechanistic actions of nucleoporin fusion proteins and might be of particular relevance in the search for new druggable targets for the treatment of nucleoporin-related leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adélia Mendes
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6041 Charleroi, Belgium; (R.J.); (S.B.)
| | - Ramona Jühlen
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6041 Charleroi, Belgium; (R.J.); (S.B.)
- Present address: Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Sabrina Bousbata
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6041 Charleroi, Belgium; (R.J.); (S.B.)
| | - Birthe Fahrenkrog
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6041 Charleroi, Belgium; (R.J.); (S.B.)
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39
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Machín F, Ayra-Plasencia J. Are Anaphase Events Really Irreversible? The Endmost Stages of Cell Division and the Paradox of the DNA Double-Strand Break Repair. Bioessays 2020; 42:e2000021. [PMID: 32363600 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
It has been recently demonstrated that yeast cells are able to partially regress chromosome segregation in telophase as a response to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), likely to find a donor sequence for homology-directed repair (HDR). This regression challenges the traditional concept that establishes anaphase events as irreversible, hence opening a new field of research in cell biology. Here, the nature of this new behavior in yeast is summarized and the underlying mechanisms are speculated about. It is also discussed whether it can be reproduced in other eukaryotes. Overall, this work brings forwards the need of understanding how cells attempt to repair DSBs when transiting the latest stages of mitosis, i.e., anaphase and telophase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Machín
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, 38010, Spain.,Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Universidad de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, 38200, Spain.,Universidad Fernando Pessoa Canarias, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35450, Spain
| | - Jessel Ayra-Plasencia
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, 38010, Spain.,Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Universidad de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, 38200, Spain
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40
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Bateman A. Division of labour in a matrix, rather than phagocytosis or endosymbiosis, as a route for the origin of eukaryotic cells. Biol Direct 2020; 15:8. [PMID: 32345370 PMCID: PMC7187495 DOI: 10.1186/s13062-020-00260-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Two apparently irreconcilable models dominate research into the origin of eukaryotes. In one model, amitochondrial proto-eukaryotes emerged autogenously from the last universal common ancestor of all cells. Proto-eukaryotes subsequently acquired mitochondrial progenitors by the phagocytic capture of bacteria. In the second model, two prokaryotes, probably an archaeon and a bacterial cell, engaged in prokaryotic endosymbiosis, with the species resident within the host becoming the mitochondrial progenitor. Both models have limitations. A search was therefore undertaken for alternative routes towards the origin of eukaryotic cells. The question was addressed by considering classes of potential pathways from prokaryotic to eukaryotic cells based on considerations of cellular topology. Among the solutions identified, one, called here the “third-space model”, has not been widely explored. A version is presented in which an extracellular space (the third-space), serves as a proxy cytoplasm for mixed populations of archaea and bacteria to “merge” as a transitionary complex without obligatory endosymbiosis or phagocytosis and to form a precursor cell. Incipient nuclei and mitochondria diverge by division of labour. The third-space model can accommodate the reorganization of prokaryote-like genomes to a more eukaryote-like genome structure. Nuclei with multiple chromosomes and mitosis emerge as a natural feature of the model. The model is compatible with the loss of archaeal lipid biochemistry while retaining archaeal genes and provides a route for the development of membranous organelles such as the Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum. Advantages, limitations and variations of the “third-space” models are discussed. Reviewers This article was reviewed by Damien Devos, Buzz Baum and Michael Gray.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Bateman
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Glen Site Pavilion E, 1001 Boulevard Decarie, Montreal, Quebec, H4A 3J1, Canada. .,Centre for Translational Biology, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site Pavilion E, 1001 Boulevard Decarie, Montreal, Quebec, H4A 3J1, Canada.
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41
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O'Day DH, Mathavarajah S, Myre MA, Huber RJ. Calmodulin-mediated events during the life cycle of the amoebozoan Dictyostelium discoideum. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 95:472-490. [PMID: 31774219 PMCID: PMC7079120 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review focusses on the functions of intracellular and extracellular calmodulin, its target proteins and their binding proteins during the asexual life cycle of Dictyostelium discoideum. Calmodulin is a primary regulatory protein of calcium signal transduction that functions throughout all stages. During growth, it mediates autophagy, the cell cycle, folic acid chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and other functions. During mitosis, specific calmodulin-binding proteins translocate to alternative locations. Translocation of at least one cell adhesion protein is calmodulin dependent. When starved, cells undergo calmodulin-dependent chemotaxis to cyclic AMP generating a multicellular pseudoplasmodium. Calmodulin-dependent signalling within the slug sets up a defined pattern and polarity that sets the stage for the final events of morphogenesis and cell differentiation. Transected slugs undergo calmodulin-dependent transdifferentiation to re-establish the disrupted pattern and polarity. Calmodulin function is critical for stalk cell differentiation but also functions in spore formation, events that begin in the pseudoplasmodium. The asexual life cycle restarts with the calmodulin-dependent germination of spores. Specific calmodulin-binding proteins as well as some of their binding partners have been linked to each of these events. The functions of extracellular calmodulin during growth and development are also discussed. This overview brings to the forefront the central role of calmodulin, working through its numerous binding proteins, as a primary downstream regulator of the critical calcium signalling pathways that have been well established in this model eukaryote. This is the first time the function of calmodulin and its target proteins have been documented through the complete life cycle of any eukaryote.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danton H. O'Day
- Cell and Systems BiologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioM5S 3G5Canada
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Toronto MississaugaMississaugaOntarioL5L 1C6Canada
| | | | - Michael A. Myre
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kennedy College of SciencesUniversity of Massachusetts LowellLowellMassachusetts01854USA
| | - Robert J. Huber
- Department of BiologyTrent UniversityPeterboroughOntarioK9L 0G2Canada
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42
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King GA, Ünal E. The dynamic nuclear periphery as a facilitator of gamete health and rejuvenation. Curr Genet 2020; 66:487-493. [PMID: 31915924 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-019-01050-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear periphery is a hotspot for the accumulation of age-induced damage in eukaryotic cells. The types of damage that occur at the periphery and their phenotypic consequences have begun to be characterized; however, the mechanisms by which cells repair or eliminate nuclear damage remain poorly understood. Using budding yeast meiosis as a natural system to study cellular rejuvenation, we recently discovered a novel nuclear quality control event, in which age-induced damage is sequestered away from dividing chromosomes to a discarded nuclear compartment that we term the GUNC (for "Gametogenesis Uninherited Nuclear Compartment"). Interestingly, extensive nuclear remodeling occurs even in young cells, including a surprising modularity of the nuclear pore complex, suggesting a general contribution to gamete fitness. In this review, we discuss these findings in the context of recent evidence that the nuclear periphery is a highly dynamic region critical for cellular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant A King
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, 94720, USA
| | - Elçin Ünal
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, 94720, USA.
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43
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Araki T, Kawai S, Kakuta S, Kobayashi H, Umeki Y, Saito-Nakano Y, Sasaki T, Nagamune K, Yasutomi Y, Nozaki T, Franke-Fayard B, Khan SM, Hisaeda H, Annoura T. Three-dimensional electron microscopy analysis reveals endopolygeny-like nuclear architecture segregation in Plasmodium oocyst development. Parasitol Int 2019; 76:102034. [PMID: 31805442 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2019.102034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The genus Plasmodium is a unicellular eukaryotic parasite that is the causative agent of malaria, which is transmitted by Anopheline mosquito. There are a total of three developmental stages in the production of haploid parasites in the Plasmodium life cycle: the oocyst stage in mosquitoes and the liver and blood stages in mammalian hosts. The Plasmodium oocyst stage plays an important role in the production of the first generation of haploid parasites. Nuclear division is the most important event that occurs during the proliferation of all eukaryotes. However, obtaining the details of nuclear division at the oocyst stage is challenging owing to difficulties in preparation. In this study, we used focused-ion-beam-milling combined with scanning-electron-microscopy to report the 3D architecture during nuclear segregations in oocyst stage. This advanced technology allowed us to analyse the 3D details of organelle segregation inside the oocyst during sporogony formation. It was revealed that multiple nuclei were involved with several centrosomes in one germ nucleus during sporozoite budding (endopolygeny). Our high-resolution 3D analysis uncovered the endopolygeny-like nuclear architecture of Plasmodium in the definitive host. This nuclear segregation was different from that in the blood stage, and its similarity to other apicomplexan parasite nuclear divisions such as Sarcocystis is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamasa Araki
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Satoru Kawai
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Soichiro Kakuta
- Laboratory of Morphology and Image Analysis, Research Support Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Kobayashi
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Yuko Umeki
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Yumiko Saito-Nakano
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Toshinori Sasaki
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Kisaburo Nagamune
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Yasutomi
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Vaccine Research, Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 1-1 Hachimandai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0843, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Nozaki
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Blandine Franke-Fayard
- Leiden Malaria Research Group, Parasitology, Center of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Shahid M Khan
- Leiden Malaria Research Group, Parasitology, Center of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Hajime Hisaeda
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Takeshi Annoura
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan.
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44
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Thompson R, Gatenby R, Sidi S. How Cells Handle DNA Breaks during Mitosis: Detection, Signaling, Repair, and Fate Choice. Cells 2019; 8:cells8091049. [PMID: 31500247 PMCID: PMC6770852 DOI: 10.3390/cells8091049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitosis is controlled by a complex series of signaling pathways but mitotic control following DNA damage remains poorly understood. Effective DNA damage sensing and repair is integral to survival but is largely thought to occur primarily in interphase and be repressed during mitosis due to the risk of telomere fusion. There is, however, increasing evidence to suggest tight control of mitotic progression in the incidence of DNA damage, whether induced in mitotic cells or having progressed from failed interphase checkpoints. Here we will discuss what is known to date about signaling pathways controlling mitotic progression and resulting cell fate in the incidence of mitotic DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Thompson
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield Medical School, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK.
| | - Rachel Gatenby
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield Medical School, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK.
| | - Samuel Sidi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10025, USA.
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10025, USA.
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10025, USA.
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45
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Sleiman S, Dragon F. Recent Advances on the Structure and Function of RNA Acetyltransferase Kre33/NAT10. Cells 2019; 8:cells8091035. [PMID: 31491951 PMCID: PMC6770127 DOI: 10.3390/cells8091035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ribosome biogenesis is one of the most energy demanding processes in the cell. In eukaryotes, the main steps of this process occur in the nucleolus and include pre-ribosomal RNA (pre-rRNA) processing, post-transcriptional modifications, and assembly of many non-ribosomal factors and ribosomal proteins in order to form mature and functional ribosomes. In yeast and humans, the nucleolar RNA acetyltransferase Kre33/NAT10 participates in different maturation events, such as acetylation and processing of 18S rRNA, and assembly of the 40S ribosomal subunit. Here, we review the structural and functional features of Kre33/NAT10 RNA acetyltransferase, and we underscore the importance of this enzyme in ribosome biogenesis, as well as in acetylation of non-ribosomal targets. We also report on the role of human NAT10 in Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Sleiman
- Département des Sciences Biologiques and Centre d'Excellence en Recherche sur les Maladies Orphelines-Fondation Courtois (CERMO-FC), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada.
| | - Francois Dragon
- Département des Sciences Biologiques and Centre d'Excellence en Recherche sur les Maladies Orphelines-Fondation Courtois (CERMO-FC), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada.
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46
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Salas-Pino S, Daga RR. Spatiotemporal control of spindle disassembly in fission yeast. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:3543-3551. [PMID: 31129857 PMCID: PMC11105212 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03139-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Maintenance of genomic stability during cell division is one of the most important cellular tasks, and it critically depends on the faithful replication of the genetic material and its equal partitioning into daughter cells, gametes, or spores in the case of yeasts. Defective mitotic spindle assembly and disassembly both result in changes in cellular ploidy that ultimately impinge proliferation fitness and might increase tumor malignancy. Although a great progress has been made in understanding how spindles are assembled to orchestrate chromosome segregation, much less is known about how they are disassembled once completed their function. Here, we review two recently uncovered mechanisms of spindle disassembly that operate at different stages of the fission yeast life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Salas-Pino
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Junta de Andalucia, Carretera de Utrera, km1, 41013, Seville, Spain.
| | - Rafael R Daga
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Junta de Andalucia, Carretera de Utrera, km1, 41013, Seville, Spain.
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47
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Varberg JM, Jaspersen SL. To Make a Long Spindle Short: Nuclear Envelope Breakdown during Meiosis. Cell Rep 2019; 23:931-932. [PMID: 29694899 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In fission yeast, the nuclear envelope (NE) remains intact during mitosis and meiosis I but is compromised during meiosis II. In this issue of Cell Reports, Flor-Parra et al. (2018) demonstrate that this NE alteration regulates meiosis II spindle disassembly and the ploidy of meiotic products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sue L Jaspersen
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
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48
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Heasley LR, DeLuca JG, Markus SM. Effectors of the spindle assembly checkpoint are confined within the nucleus of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biol Open 2019; 8:bio.037424. [PMID: 31182632 PMCID: PMC6602339 DOI: 10.1242/bio.037424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) prevents erroneous chromosome segregation by delaying mitotic progression when chromosomes are incorrectly attached to the mitotic spindle. This delay is mediated by mitotic checkpoint complexes (MCCs), which assemble at unattached kinetochores and repress the activity of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C). The cellular localizations of MCCs are likely critical for proper SAC function, yet remain poorly defined. We recently demonstrated that in mammalian cells, in which the nuclear envelope disassembles during mitosis, MCCs diffuse throughout the spindle region and cytoplasm. Here, we employed an approach using binucleate yeast zygotes to examine the localization dynamics of SAC effectors required for MCC assembly and function in budding yeast, in which the nuclear envelope remains intact throughout mitosis. Our findings indicate that in yeast, MCCs are confined to the nuclear compartment and excluded from the cytoplasm during mitosis. Summary: The effectors of the spindle assembly checkpoint are confined with the nuclear compartment of budding yeast, and cannot exchange between nuclei in a binucleate zygote.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia R Heasley
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
| | - Jennifer G DeLuca
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
| | - Steven M Markus
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
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49
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Schwarzerová K, Bellinvia E, Martinek J, Sikorová L, Dostál V, Libusová L, Bokvaj P, Fischer L, Schmit AC, Nick P. Tubulin is actively exported from the nucleus through the Exportin1/CRM1 pathway. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5725. [PMID: 30952896 PMCID: PMC6451007 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42056-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules of all eukaryotic cells are formed by α- and β-tubulin heterodimers. In addition to the well known cytoplasmic tubulins, a subpopulation of tubulin can occur in the nucleus. So far, the potential function of nuclear tubulin has remained elusive. In this work, we show that α- and β-tubulins of various organisms contain multiple conserved nuclear export sequences, which are potential targets of the Exportin 1/CRM1 pathway. We demonstrate exemplarily that these NES motifs are sufficient to mediate export of GFP as model cargo and that this export can be inhibited by leptomycin B, an inhibitor of the Exportin 1/CRM1 pathway. Likewise, leptomycin B causes accumulation of GFP-tagged tubulin in interphase nuclei, in both plant and animal model cells. Our analysis of nuclear tubulin content supports the hypothesis that an important function of nuclear tubulin export is the exclusion of tubulin from interphase nuclei, after being trapped by nuclear envelope reassembly during telophase.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Schwarzerová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - E Bellinvia
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J Martinek
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - L Sikorová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - V Dostál
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Viničná 7, Czech Republic
| | - L Libusová
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Viničná 7, Czech Republic
| | - P Bokvaj
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - L Fischer
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - A C Schmit
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de La Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, F67084, Strasbourg-cedex, France
| | - P Nick
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
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50
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Pfeifer MA, Khang CH. A nuclear contortionist: the mitotic migration of Magnaporthe oryzae nuclei during plant infection. Mycology 2018; 9:202-210. [PMID: 30181926 PMCID: PMC6115875 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2018.1482966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnaporthe oryzae is a filamentous fungus, which causes significant destruction to cereal crops worldwide. To infect plant cells, the fungus develops specialised constricted structures such as the penetration peg and the invasive hyphal peg. Live-cell imaging of M. oryzae during plant infection reveals that nuclear migration occurs during intermediate mitosis, in which the nuclear envelope neither completely disassembles nor remains entirely intact. Remarkably, in M. oryzae, mitotic nuclei show incredible malleability while undergoing confined migration through the constricted penetration and invasive hyphal pegs. Here, we review early events in plant infection, discuss intermediate mitosis, and summarise current knowledge of intermediate mitotic nuclear migration in M. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariel A Pfeifer
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA30602, USA
| | - Chang Hyun Khang
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA30602, USA
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