1
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Cheng X. A Comprehensive Review of HER2 in Cancer Biology and Therapeutics. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:903. [PMID: 39062682 PMCID: PMC11275319 DOI: 10.3390/genes15070903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), a targetable transmembrane glycoprotein receptor of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family, plays a crucial role in cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation. Aberrant HER2 signaling is implicated in various cancers, particularly in breast and gastric cancers, where HER2 overexpression or amplification correlates with aggressive tumor behavior and poor prognosis. HER2-activating mutations contribute to accelerated tumorigenesis and metastasis. This review provides an overview of HER2 biology, signaling pathways, mechanisms of dysregulation, and diagnostic approaches, as well as therapeutic strategies targeting HER2 in cancer. Understanding the intricate details of HER2 regulation is essential for developing effective targeted therapies and improving patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Cheng
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63108, USA
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2
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Shi G, Synowiec J, Singh J, Heller R. Modification of the tumor microenvironment enhances immunity with plasmid gene therapy. Cancer Gene Ther 2024; 31:641-648. [PMID: 38337037 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-024-00728-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Local intratumor delivery with electroporation of low levels of plasmids encoding molecules, induces an antitumor effect without causing systemic toxicity. However, previous studies have predominately focused on the function of the delivered molecule encoded within the plasmid, and ignored the plasmid vector. In this study, we found vectors pUMVC3 and pVax1 induced upregulation of MHC class I (MHC-I) and PD-L1 on tumor cell surface. These molecules participate in a considerable number of immunoregulatory functions through their interactions with and activating inhibitory immune cell receptors. MHC molecules are well-known for their role in antigen (cross-) presentation, thereby functioning as key players in the communication between immune cells and tumor cells. Increased PD-L1 expression on tumor cells is an important monitor of tumor growth and the effectiveness of immune inhibitor therapy. Results from flow cytometry confirmed increased expression of MHC-I and PDL-1 on B16F10, 4T1, and KPC tumor cell lines. Preliminary animal data from tumor-bearing models, B16F10 melanoma, 4T1 breast cancer and KPC pancreatic cancer mouse models showed that tumor growth was attenuated after pUMVC3 intratumoral electroporation. Our data also documented that pSTAT1 signaling pathway might not be associated with plasmid vectors' function of upregulating MHC-I, PD-L1 on tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilan Shi
- Department of Medical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Jody Synowiec
- Department of Medical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Julie Singh
- Department of Medical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Richard Heller
- Department of Medical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
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3
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Li F, Yang Y, Zhang X, Yu J, Yu Y. A novel prognostic model of breast cancer based on cuproptosis-related lncRNAs. Discov Oncol 2024; 15:35. [PMID: 38353835 PMCID: PMC10866837 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-024-00888-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Breast cancer (BC) is a deadly form of malignancy responsible for the death of a large number of women every year. Cuproptosis is a newly discovered form of cell death that may have implications for the prognosis of BC. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been shown to be involved in the progression and development of BC. Here within, a novel model capable of predicting the prognosis of patients with BC was established based on cuproptosis-related lncRNAs. METHODS Data of breast cancer patients was downloaded, including clinical information from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and lncRNAs related to cuproptosis were isolated. In total, nine lncRNAs related to copper death were obtained by Cox regression model based on Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selector Operation (LASSO) algorithm for model construction. The model was verified by overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS) and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The differences in immune function, tumor mutation burden (TMB) and tumor immune dysfunction and exclusion (TIDE) between patients with different risk scores were analyzed. RESULTS Based on cuproptosis-related lncRNAs, a prognostic model for predicting BC was constructed. Each patient was assigned a risk score based on our model formula. We found that patients with higher risk scores had significantly lower OS and PFS, increased TMB, and higher sensitivity to immunotherapy. CONCLUSIONS The model established in this study based on cuproptosis-related lncRNAs may be capable of improving the OS of patients with BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feixiang Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, NO.154, Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
- Tianjin Research Institute of Anesthesiology, Tianjin, China
| | - Yongyan Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, NO.154, Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
- Tianjin Research Institute of Anesthesiology, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiafeng Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, NO.154, Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
- Tianjin Research Institute of Anesthesiology, Tianjin, China
| | - Yonghao Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, NO.154, Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China.
- Tianjin Research Institute of Anesthesiology, Tianjin, China.
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4
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Loeffler E, Ancel J, Dalstein V, Deslée G, Polette M, Nawrocki-Raby B. HER2 Alterations in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Biologico-Clinical Consequences and Interest in Therapeutic Strategies. Life (Basel) 2023; 14:64. [PMID: 38255679 PMCID: PMC10820545 DOI: 10.3390/life14010064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer stands as the first cause of death by cancer in the world. Despite the improvement in patients' outcomes in the past decades through the development of personalized medicine approaches, a substantial portion of patients remains ineligible for targeted therapies due to the lack of a "druggable" molecular target. HER2, a receptor tyrosine kinase member of the EGFR/ErbB family, is known to show oncogenic properties. In this review, we focus on the different HER2 dysregulation mechanisms that have been observed in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): gene mutation, gene amplification, protein overexpression and protein hyper-phosphorylation, the latter suggesting that HER2 dysregulation can occur independently of any molecular aberration. These HER2 alterations inevitably have consequences on tumor biology. Here, we discuss how they are not only involved in abnormal proliferation and survival of cancer cells but also potentially in increased angiogenic properties, mesenchymal features and tumor immune escape. Finally, we review the impact of these HER2 alterations in various therapeutic approaches. While standard chemotherapy and groundbreaking immunotherapy seem rather ineffective for HER2-altered NSCLCs, the development of HER2-targeted therapies such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors, anti-HER2 antibodies and especially antibody-drug conjugates could provide new hopes for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Loeffler
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Inserm, UMR-S 1250 P3Cell, SFR CAP Santé, 51092 Reims, France; (E.L.); (J.A.); (V.D.); (G.D.); (M.P.)
| | - Julien Ancel
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Inserm, UMR-S 1250 P3Cell, SFR CAP Santé, 51092 Reims, France; (E.L.); (J.A.); (V.D.); (G.D.); (M.P.)
- CHU de Reims, Hôpital Maison-Blanche, Service de Pneumologie, 51092 Reims, France
| | - Véronique Dalstein
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Inserm, UMR-S 1250 P3Cell, SFR CAP Santé, 51092 Reims, France; (E.L.); (J.A.); (V.D.); (G.D.); (M.P.)
- CHU de Reims, Pôle de Biologie Territoriale, Service de Pathologie, 51092 Reims, France
| | - Gaëtan Deslée
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Inserm, UMR-S 1250 P3Cell, SFR CAP Santé, 51092 Reims, France; (E.L.); (J.A.); (V.D.); (G.D.); (M.P.)
- CHU de Reims, Hôpital Maison-Blanche, Service de Pneumologie, 51092 Reims, France
| | - Myriam Polette
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Inserm, UMR-S 1250 P3Cell, SFR CAP Santé, 51092 Reims, France; (E.L.); (J.A.); (V.D.); (G.D.); (M.P.)
- CHU de Reims, Pôle de Biologie Territoriale, Service de Pathologie, 51092 Reims, France
| | - Béatrice Nawrocki-Raby
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Inserm, UMR-S 1250 P3Cell, SFR CAP Santé, 51092 Reims, France; (E.L.); (J.A.); (V.D.); (G.D.); (M.P.)
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5
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Matherne MG, Phillips ES, Embrey SJ, Burke CM, Machado HL. Emerging functions of C/EBPβ in breast cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1111522. [PMID: 36761942 PMCID: PMC9905667 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1111522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast tumorigenesis relies on complex interactions between tumor cells and their surrounding microenvironment, orchestrated by tightly regulated transcriptional networks. C/EBPβ is a key transcription factor that regulates the proliferation and differentiation of multiple cell types and modulates a variety of biological processes such as tissue homeostasis and the immune response. In addition, C/EBPβ has well-established roles in mammary gland development, is overexpressed in breast cancer, and has tumor-promoting functions. In this review, we discuss context-specific roles of C/EBPβ during breast tumorigenesis, isoform-specific gene regulation, and regulation of the tumor immune response. We present challenges in C/EBPβ biology and discuss the importance of C/EBPβ isoform-specific gene regulation in devising new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan G. Matherne
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Emily S. Phillips
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Samuel J. Embrey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Caitlin M. Burke
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Heather L. Machado
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States,Tulane Cancer Center, Louisiana Cancer Research Consortium, New Orleans, LA, United States,*Correspondence: Heather L. Machado,
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6
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Tatarova Z, Blumberg DC, Korkola JE, Heiser LM, Muschler JL, Schedin PJ, Ahn SW, Mills GB, Coussens LM, Jonas O, Gray JW. A multiplex implantable microdevice assay identifies synergistic combinations of cancer immunotherapies and conventional drugs. Nat Biotechnol 2022; 40:1823-1833. [PMID: 35788566 PMCID: PMC9750874 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-022-01379-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Systematically identifying synergistic combinations of targeted agents and immunotherapies for cancer treatments remains difficult. In this study, we integrated high-throughput and high-content techniques-an implantable microdevice to administer multiple drugs into different sites in tumors at nanodoses and multiplexed imaging of tumor microenvironmental states-to investigate the tumor cell and immunological response signatures to different treatment regimens. Using a mouse model of breast cancer, we identified effective combinations from among numerous agents within days. In vivo studies in three immunocompetent mammary carcinoma models demonstrated that the predicted combinations synergistically increased therapeutic efficacy. We identified at least five promising treatment strategies, of which the panobinostat, venetoclax and anti-CD40 triple therapy was the most effective in inducing complete tumor remission across models. Successful drug combinations increased spatial association of cancer stem cells with dendritic cells during immunogenic cell death, suggesting this as an important mechanism of action in long-term breast cancer control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Tatarova
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, OHSU Center for Spatial Systems Biomedicine, Portland, OR, USA
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Department of Radiology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dylan C Blumberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, OHSU Center for Spatial Systems Biomedicine, Portland, OR, USA
| | - James E Korkola
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, OHSU Center for Spatial Systems Biomedicine, Portland, OR, USA
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Laura M Heiser
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, OHSU Center for Spatial Systems Biomedicine, Portland, OR, USA
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - John L Muschler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, OHSU Center for Spatial Systems Biomedicine, Portland, OR, USA
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Pepper J Schedin
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Sebastian W Ahn
- Department of Radiology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gordon B Mills
- Division of Oncologic Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Lisa M Coussens
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Oliver Jonas
- Department of Radiology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Joe W Gray
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, OHSU Center for Spatial Systems Biomedicine, Portland, OR, USA.
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
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7
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Massa D, Tosi A, Rosato A, Guarneri V, Dieci MV. Multiplexed In Situ Spatial Protein Profiling in the Pursuit of Precision Immuno-Oncology for Patients with Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:4885. [PMID: 36230808 PMCID: PMC9562913 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14194885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized the treatment of many solid tumors. In breast cancer (BC), immunotherapy is currently approved in combination with chemotherapy, albeit only in triple-negative breast cancer. Unfortunately, most patients only derive limited benefit from ICIs, progressing either upfront or after an initial response. Therapeutics must engage with a heterogeneous network of complex stromal-cancer interactions that can fail at imposing cancer immune control in multiple domains, such as in the genomic, epigenomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic domains. To overcome these types of heterogeneous resistance phenotypes, several combinatorial strategies are underway. Still, they can be predicted to be effective only in the subgroups of patients in which those specific resistance mechanisms are effectively in place. As single biomarker predictive performances are necessarily suboptimal at capturing the complexity of this articulate network, precision immune-oncology calls for multi-omics tumor microenvironment profiling in order to identify unique predictive patterns and to proactively tailor combinatorial treatments. Multiplexed single-cell spatially resolved tissue analysis, through precise epitope colocalization, allows one to infer cellular functional states in view of their spatial organization. In this review, we discuss-through the lens of the cancer-immunity cycle-selected, established, and emerging markers that may be evaluated in multiplexed spatial protein panels to help identify prognostic and predictive patterns in BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Massa
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
- Division of Oncology 2, Istituto Oncologico Veneto IRCCS, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Anna Tosi
- Immunology and Molecular Oncology Diagnostics, Istituto Oncologico Veneto IRCCS, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Antonio Rosato
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
- Immunology and Molecular Oncology Diagnostics, Istituto Oncologico Veneto IRCCS, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Valentina Guarneri
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
- Division of Oncology 2, Istituto Oncologico Veneto IRCCS, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Maria Vittoria Dieci
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
- Division of Oncology 2, Istituto Oncologico Veneto IRCCS, 35128 Padova, Italy
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8
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Rossi F, Fredericks N, Snowden A, Allegrezza MJ, Moreno-Nieves UY. Next Generation Natural Killer Cells for Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:886429. [PMID: 35720306 PMCID: PMC9202478 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.886429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, immunotherapy for cancer has become mainstream with several products now authorized for therapeutic use in the clinic and are becoming the standard of care for some malignancies. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapies have demonstrated substantial efficacy for the treatment of hematological malignancies; however, they are complex and currently expensive to manufacture, and they can generate life-threatening adverse events such as cytokine release syndrome (CRS). The limitations of current CAR-T cells therapies have spurred an interest in alternative immunotherapy approaches with safer risk profiles and with less restrictive manufacturing constraints. Natural killer (NK) cells are a population of immune effector cells with potent anti-viral and anti-tumor activity; they have the capacity to swiftly recognize and kill cancer cells without the need of prior stimulation. Although NK cells are naturally equipped with cytotoxic potential, a growing body of evidence shows the added benefit of engineering them to better target tumor cells, persist longer in the host, and be fitter to resist the hostile tumor microenvironment (TME). NK-cell-based immunotherapies allow for the development of allogeneic off-the-shelf products, which have the potential to be less expensive and readily available for patients in need. In this review, we will focus on the advances in the development of engineering of NK cells for cancer immunotherapy. We will discuss the sourcing of NK cells, the technologies available to engineer NK cells, current clinical trials utilizing engineered NK cells, advances on the engineering of receptors adapted for NK cells, and stealth approaches to avoid recipient immune responses. We will conclude with comments regarding the next generation of NK cell products, i.e., armored NK cells with enhanced functionality, fitness, tumor-infiltration potential, and with the ability to overcome tumor heterogeneity and immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiorella Rossi
- Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Spring House, PA, United States
| | - Nathaniel Fredericks
- Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Spring House, PA, United States
| | - Andrew Snowden
- Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Spring House, PA, United States
| | - Michael J Allegrezza
- Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Spring House, PA, United States
| | - Uriel Y Moreno-Nieves
- Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Spring House, PA, United States
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9
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Sadagopan A, Michelakos T, Boyiadzis G, Ferrone C, Ferrone S. Human Leukocyte Antigen Class I Antigen-Processing Machinery Upregulation by Anticancer Therapies in the Era of Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Review. JAMA Oncol 2022; 8:462-473. [PMID: 34940799 PMCID: PMC8930447 DOI: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2021.5970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Although typically impressive, objective responses to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) occur in only 12.5% of patients with advanced cancer. The majority of patients do not respond due to cell-intrinsic resistance mechanisms, including human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I antigen-processing machinery (APM) defects. The APM defects, which have a negative effect on neoantigen presentation to cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), are present in the majority of malignant tumors. These defects are caused by gene variations in less than 25% of cases and by dysregulated signaling and/or epigenetic changes in most of the remaining cases, making them frequently correctable. This narrative review summarizes the growing clinical evidence that chemotherapy, targeted therapies, and, to a lesser extent, radiotherapy can correct HLA class I APM defects in cancer cells and improve responses to ICIs. OBSERVATIONS Most chemotherapeutics enhance HLA class I APM component expression and function in cancer cells, tumor CTL infiltration, and responses to ICIs in preclinical and clinical models. Despite preclinical evidence, radiotherapy does not appear to upregulate HLA class I expression in patients and does not enhance the efficacy of ICIs in clinical settings. The latter findings underscore the need to optimize the dose and schedule of radiation and timing of ICI administration to maximize their immunogenic synergy. By increasing DNA and chromatin accessibility, epigenetic agents (histone deacetylase inhibitors, DNA methyltransferase inhibitors, and EZH2 inhibitors) enhance HLA class I APM component expression and function in many cancer types, a crucial contributor to their synergy with ICIs in patients. Furthermore, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors and BRAF/mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibitors are effective at upregulating HLA class I expression in EGFR- and BRAF-variant tumors, respectively; these changes may contribute to the clinical responses induced by these inhibitors in combination with ICIs. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This narrative review summarizes evidence indicating that chemotherapy and targeted therapies are effective at enhancing HLA class I APM component expression and function in cancer cells. The resulting increased immunogenicity and recognition and elimination of cancer cells by cognate CTLs contributes to the antitumor activity of these therapies as well as to their synergy with ICIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananthan Sadagopan
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Theodoros Michelakos
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gabriella Boyiadzis
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cristina Ferrone
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Soldano Ferrone
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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10
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Li H, van der Merwe PA, Sivakumar S. Biomarkers of response to PD-1 pathway blockade. Br J Cancer 2022; 126:1663-1675. [PMID: 35228677 PMCID: PMC9174485 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-022-01743-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The binding of T cell immune checkpoint proteins programmed death 1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) to their ligands allows immune evasion by tumours. The development of therapeutic antibodies, termed checkpoint inhibitors, that bind these molecules or their ligands, has provided a means to release this brake on the host anti-tumour immune response. However, these drugs are costly, are associated with potentially severe side effects, and only benefit a small subset of patients. It is therefore important to identify biomarkers that discriminate between responders and non-responders. This review discusses the determinants for a successful response to antibodies that bind PD-1 or its ligand PD-L1, dividing them into markers found in the tumour biopsy and those in non-tumour samples. It provides an update on the established predictive biomarkers (tumour PD-L1 expression, tumour mismatch repair deficiency and tumour mutational burden) and assesses the evidence for new potential biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanxiao Li
- Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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11
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Taylor BC, Balko JM. Mechanisms of MHC-I Downregulation and Role in Immunotherapy Response. Front Immunol 2022; 13:844866. [PMID: 35296095 PMCID: PMC8920040 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.844866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has become a key therapeutic strategy in the treatment of many cancers. As a result, research efforts have been aimed at understanding mechanisms of resistance to immunotherapy and how anti-tumor immune response can be therapeutically enhanced. It has been shown that tumor cell recognition by the immune system plays a key role in effective response to T cell targeting therapies in patients. One mechanism by which tumor cells can avoid immunosurveillance is through the downregulation of Major Histocompatibility Complex I (MHC-I). Downregulation of MHC-I has been described as a mechanism of intrinsic and acquired resistance to immunotherapy in patients with cancer. Depending on the mechanism, the downregulation of MHC-I can sometimes be therapeutically restored to aid in anti-tumor immunity. In this article, we will review current research in MHC-I downregulation and its impact on immunotherapy response in patients, as well as possible strategies for therapeutic upregulation of MHC-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandie C. Taylor
- Department of Medicine, Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Justin M. Balko
- Department of Medicine, Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- *Correspondence: Justin M. Balko,
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12
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Roetman JJ, Apostolova MKI, Philip M. Viral and cellular oncogenes promote immune evasion. Oncogene 2022; 41:921-929. [PMID: 35022539 PMCID: PMC8851748 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-02145-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Thirteen percent of cancers worldwide are associated with viral infections. While many human oncogenic viruses are widely endemic, very few infected individuals develop cancer. This raises the question why oncogenic viruses encode viral oncogenes if they can replicate and spread between human hosts without causing cancer. Interestingly, viral infection triggers innate immune signaling pathways that in turn activate tumor suppressors such as p53, suggesting that tumor suppressors may have evolved not primarily to prevent cancer, but to thwart viral infection. Here, we summarize and compare several major immune evasion strategies used by viral and non-viral cancers, with a focus on oncogenes that play dual roles in promoting tumorigenicity and immune evasion. By highlighting important and illustrative examples of how oncogenic viruses evade the immune system, we aim to shed light on how non-viral cancers avoid immune detection. Further study and understanding of how viral and non-viral oncogenes impact immune function could lead to improved strategies to combine molecular therapies targeting oncoproteins in combination with immunomodulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica J Roetman
- Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Minna K I Apostolova
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Mary Philip
- Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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13
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Maggs L, Sadagopan A, Moghaddam AS, Ferrone S. HLA class I antigen processing machinery defects in antitumor immunity and immunotherapy. Trends Cancer 2021; 7:1089-1101. [PMID: 34489208 PMCID: PMC8651070 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2021.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I antigen-processing machinery (APM) plays a crucial role in the synthesis and expression of HLA class I tumor antigen-derived peptide complexes; the latter mediate the recognition and elimination of malignant cells by cognate T cells. Defects in HLA class I APM component expression and/or function are frequently found in cancer cells, providing them with an immune escape mechanism that has relevance in the clinical course of the disease and in the response to T-cell-based immunotherapy. The majority of HLA class I APM defects (>75%) are caused by epigenetic mechanisms or dysregulated signaling and therefore can be corrected by strategies that counteract the underlying mechanisms. Their application in oncology is likely to improve responses to T-cell-based immunotherapies, including checkpoint inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Maggs
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Ananthan Sadagopan
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ali Sanjari Moghaddam
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Soldano Ferrone
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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14
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The effects of T-DXd on the expression of HLA class I and chemokines CXCL9/10/11 in HER2-overexpressing gastric cancer cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16891. [PMID: 34413454 PMCID: PMC8376901 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96521-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Trastuzumab deruxtecan (T-DXd), a HER2-targeting antibody–drug conjugate with a topoisomerase I inhibitor deruxtecan (DXd), exhibits an excellent anti-tumor effect in previously treated HER2-positive tumors. A recent study demonstrated that T-DXd not only suppressed tumor growth but also enhanced anti-tumor immunity through increasing the number of tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells and enhancement of major-histocompatibility-complex class I expression on tumor cells in a mouse model. However, the effect of T-DXd on anti-tumor immune responses in human cancers is largely unknown. We investigated the effect of T-DXd on the expression of HLA class I and CXCL9/10/11, T-cell chemoattractants, in HER2-positive human gastric cancer (GC) cells. We found that T-DXd significantly inhibited GC cell proliferation in a HER2-dependent manner, while it slightly increased the expression of HLA class I in HER2-positive GC cells. Moreover, we revealed that T-DXd significantly induced mRNA expression of CXCL9/10/11 in HER2-positive GC cells. T-DXd-triggered up-regulation of these chemokines was mediated through the activation of DNA damage signaling pathways. These results suggest that T-DXd triggers anti-tumor immune responses at least in part through induction of the expression of HLA class I and CXCL9/10/11 on HER2-positive GC cells, resulting in the enhancement of anti-tumor immunity in human GC.
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15
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Emens LA, Adams S, Cimino-Mathews A, Disis ML, Gatti-Mays ME, Ho AY, Kalinsky K, McArthur HL, Mittendorf EA, Nanda R, Page DB, Rugo HS, Rubin KM, Soliman H, Spears PA, Tolaney SM, Litton JK. Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC) clinical practice guideline on immunotherapy for the treatment of breast cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:e002597. [PMID: 34389617 PMCID: PMC8365813 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-002597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer has historically been a disease for which immunotherapy was largely unavailable. Recently, the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in combination with chemotherapy for the treatment of advanced/metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has demonstrated efficacy, including longer progression-free survival and increased overall survival in subsets of patients. Based on clinical benefit in randomized trials, ICIs in combination with chemotherapy for the treatment of some patients with advanced/metastatic TNBC have been approved by the United States (US) Food and Drug Administration (FDA), expanding options for patients. Ongoing questions remain, however, about the optimal chemotherapy backbone for immunotherapy, appropriate biomarker-based selection of patients for treatment, the optimal strategy for immunotherapy treatment in earlier stage disease, and potential use in histological subtypes other than TNBC. To provide guidance to the oncology community on these and other important concerns, the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC) convened a multidisciplinary panel of experts to develop a clinical practice guideline (CPG). The expert panel drew upon the published literature as well as their clinical experience to develop recommendations for healthcare professionals on these important aspects of immunotherapeutic treatment for breast cancer, including diagnostic testing, treatment planning, immune-related adverse events (irAEs), and patient quality of life (QOL) considerations. The evidence-based and consensus-based recommendations in this CPG are intended to give guidance to cancer care providers treating patients with breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leisha A Emens
- Department of Medicine, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sylvia Adams
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ashley Cimino-Mathews
- Department of Pathology and Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Mary L Disis
- Cancer Vaccine Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Margaret E Gatti-Mays
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Alice Y Ho
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kevin Kalinsky
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth A Mittendorf
- Division of Breast Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Breast Oncology Program, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rita Nanda
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, The University of Chicago Medicine Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - David B Page
- Earle A Chiles Research Institute, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Hope S Rugo
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Krista M Rubin
- Center for Melanoma, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hatem Soliman
- Department of Breast Oncology, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Patricia A Spears
- University of North Carolina Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sara M Tolaney
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jennifer K Litton
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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16
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Dusenbery AC, Maniaci JL, Hillerson ND, Dill EA, Bullock TN, Mills AM. MHC Class I Loss in Triple-negative Breast Cancer: A Potential Barrier to PD-1/PD-L1 Checkpoint Inhibitors. Am J Surg Pathol 2021; 45:701-707. [PMID: 33739790 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000001653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Suppression of the immune system is intimately linked to the development and progression of malignancy, and immune modulating treatment options have shown promise in a variety of tumor types, including some triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC). The most dramatic therapeutic success has been seen with immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and its ligand, PD-L1. Difficulty remains, however, in appropriate patient selection for treatment, as many PD-L1-positive cancers fail to show durable responses to PD-1/PD-L1 inhibition. Checkpoint inhibitor targeting of the adaptive immune response relies on the presence of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules on the tumor cell surface for tumor antigen presentation. MHC class I loss has been previously described in breast cancer and represents a putative mechanism of immunotherapeutic resistance in this tumor type. One hundred seventeen invasive primary breast carcinomas with a range of histologic subtypes were evaluated on tissue microarrays containing formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue. Loss of MHC class I expression was common among breast cancers, with greater than half of cases demonstrating either subclonal or diffuse loss. Fifty-nine percent of TNBC demonstrated loss of MHC class I, including 46% of those meeting the Food and Drug Administration-approved threshold of 1% for tumor-associated immune cell PD-L1 expression. MHC class I loss was particularly common in the apocrine subtype of TNBC (78%). MHC class I's employment as a predictive biomarker should be considered, as its loss may represent a barrier to successful enhancement of the antitumor adaptive immune response by PD-1/PD-L1 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Erik A Dill
- University of Virginia Department of Pathology
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17
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Abstract
Breast cancer, as a heterogeneous disease, includes a wide range of pathological and clinical behaviors. Current treatment protocols, including radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and hormone replacement therapy, are mainly associated with poor response and high rate of recurrence. Therefore, more efforts are needed to develop alternative therapies for this type of cancer. Immunotherapy, as a novel strategy in cancer treatment, has a potential in treating breast cancer patients. Although breast cancer has long been considered problematic to treat with immunotherapy, as it is immunologically "cold," numerous newer preclinical and clinical reports now recommend that immunotherapy has the capability to treat breast cancer patients. In this review, we highlight the different immunotherapy strategies in breast cancer treatment.
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18
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Simonian M, Haji Ghaffari M, Negahdari B. Immunotherapy for Breast Cancer Treatment. IRANIAN BIOMEDICAL JOURNAL 2021; 25:140-56. [PMID: 33724757 PMCID: PMC8183391 DOI: 10.29252/ibj.25.3.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer, as a heterogeneous disease, includes a wide range of pathological and clinical behaviors. Current treatment protocols, including radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and hormone replacement therapy, are mainly associated with poor response and high rate of recurrence. Therefore, more efforts are needed to develop alternative therapies for this type of cancer. Immunotherapy, as a novel strategy in cancer treatment, has a potential in treating breast cancer patients. Although breast cancer has long been considered problematic to treat with immunotherapy, as it is immunologically "cold," numerous newer preclinical and clinical reports now recommend that immunotherapy has the capability to treat breast cancer patients. In this review, we highlight the different immunotherapy strategies in breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Babak Negahdari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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19
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NLRC5/CITA expression correlates with efficient response to checkpoint blockade immunotherapy. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3258. [PMID: 33547395 PMCID: PMC7865024 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82729-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Checkpoint blockade-mediated immunotherapy is emerging as an effective treatment modality for multiple cancer types. However, cancer cells frequently evade the immune system, compromising the effectiveness of immunotherapy. It is crucial to develop screening methods to identify the patients who would most benefit from these therapies because of the risk of the side effects and the high cost of treatment. Here we show that expression of the MHC class I transactivator (CITA), NLRC5, is important for efficient responses to anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD1 checkpoint blockade therapies. Melanoma tumors derived from patients responding to immunotherapy exhibited significantly higher expression of NLRC5 and MHC class I-related genes compared to non-responding patients. In addition, multivariate analysis that included the number of tumor-associated non-synonymous mutations, predicted neo-antigen load and PD-L2 expression was capable of further stratifying responders and non-responders to anti-CTLA4 therapy. Moreover, expression or methylation of NLRC5 together with total somatic mutation number were significantly correlated with increased patient survival. These results suggest that NLRC5 tumor expression, alone or together with tumor mutation load constitutes a valuable predictive biomarker for both prognosis and response to anti-CTLA-4 and potentially anti-PD1 blockade immunotherapy in melanoma patients.
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20
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Mu G, Ji H, He H, Wang H. Immune-related gene data-based molecular subtyping related to the prognosis of breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer 2020; 28:513-526. [PMID: 33245478 PMCID: PMC7925489 DOI: 10.1007/s12282-020-01191-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Background Breast cancer (BC), which is the most common malignant tumor in females, is associated with increasing morbidity and mortality. Effective treatments include surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, endocrinotherapy and molecular-targeted therapy. With the development of molecular biology, immunology and pharmacogenomics, an increasing amount of evidence has shown that the infiltration of immune cells into the tumor microenvironment, coupled with the immune phenotype of tumor cells, will significantly affect tumor development and malignancy. Consequently, immunotherapy has become a promising treatment for BC prevention and as a modality that can influence patient prognosis. Methods In this study, samples collected from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and ImmPort databases were analyzed to investigate specific immune-related genes that affect the prognosis of BC patients. In all, 64 immune-related genes related to prognosis were screened, and the 17 most representative genes were finally selected to establish the prognostic prediction model of BC (the RiskScore model) using the Lasso and StepAIC methods. By establishing a training set and a test set, the efficiency, accuracy and stability of the model in predicting and classifying the prognosis of patients were evaluated. Finally, the 17 immune-related genes were functionally annotated, and GO and KEGG signal pathway enrichment analyses were performed. Results We found that these 17 genes were enriched in numerous BC- and immune microenvironment-related pathways. The relationship between the RiskScore and the clinical characteristics of the sample and signaling pathways was also analyzed. Conclusions Our findings indicate that the prognostic prediction model based on the expression profiles of 17 immune-related genes has demonstrated high predictive accuracy and stability in identifying immune features, which can guide clinicians in the diagnosis and prognostic prediction of BC patients with different immunophenotypes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s12282-020-01191-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyu Mu
- Breast Surgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116000, Liaoning, China
| | - Hong Ji
- Gynecology and Obstetrics Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Zhongshan Road 467, Dalian, 116023, Liaoning, China
| | - Hui He
- Department of Laparoscopic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116000, Liaoning, China
| | - Hongjiang Wang
- Breast Surgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116000, Liaoning, China.
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21
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MHC Class I Downregulation in Cancer: Underlying Mechanisms and Potential Targets for Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12071760. [PMID: 32630675 PMCID: PMC7409324 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, major advances have been made in cancer immunotherapy. This has led to significant improvement in prognosis of cancer patients, especially in the hematological setting. Nonetheless, translation of these successes to solid tumors was found difficult. One major mechanism through which solid tumors can avoid anti-tumor immunity is the downregulation of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I), which causes reduced recognition by- and cytotoxicity of CD8+ T-cells. Downregulation of MHC-I has been described in 40-90% of human tumors, often correlating with worse prognosis. Epigenetic and (post-)transcriptional dysregulations relevant in the stabilization of NFkB, IRFs, and NLRC5 are often responsible for MHC-I downregulation in cancer. The intrinsic reversible nature of these dysregulations provides an opportunity to restore MHC-I expression and facilitate adaptive anti-tumor immunity. In this review, we provide an overview of the mechanisms underlying reversible MHC-I downregulation and describe potential strategies to counteract this reduction in MHC-I antigen presentation in cancer.
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22
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Zhao J, Huang J. Breast cancer immunology and immunotherapy: targeting the programmed cell death protein-1/programmed cell death protein ligand-1. Chin Med J (Engl) 2020; 133:853-862. [PMID: 32106121 PMCID: PMC7147660 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000000710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically, breast cancer has been regarded as an immunogenic "cold" tumor. However, the discovery of immune checkpoint inhibitors has made immunotherapy becoming an emerging new treatment modality for breast cancer. This review discusses the immune system, immune features of breast cancer, and the programmed cell death protein-1/programmed cell death protein ligand-1 (PD-1/PD-L1) inhibitors used in the treatment of breast cancer. High T lymphocyte infiltration and mutation burden were observed in triple-negative breast cancer and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 positive breast cancer. Increasing breast cancer immunogenicity and modulating the tumor microenvironment has been reported to improve the therapeutic efficacy of immunotherapy. Recent clinical trials involving PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors monotherapy in breast cancer has revealed little efficacy, which highlights the need to develop combinations of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors with chemotherapy, molecularly targeted therapies, and other immunotherapies to maximize the clinical efficacy. Collectively, the immunotherapy might be a promising therapeutic strategy for breast cancer and several clinical trials are still on-going.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Jian Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
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23
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Atlihan-Gundogdu E, Ilem-Ozdemir D, Ekinci M, Ozgenc E, Demir ES, Sánchez-Dengra B, González-Alvárez I. Recent developments in cancer therapy and diagnosis. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-020-00473-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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24
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Tsang JY, Ho CS, Ni YB, Shao Y, Poon IK, Chan SK, Cheung SY, Shea KH, Marabi M, Tse GM. Co-expression of HLA-I loci improved prognostication in HER2+ breast cancers. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2020; 69:799-811. [PMID: 32055918 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-020-02512-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The underlying basis for cancer immune evasion is important for effective immunotherapy and prognosis in breast cancers. Human leucocyte antigens (HLA)-I comprising three classical antigens (HLA-A, -B and -C) is mandatory for anti-tumor immunity. Its loss occurred frequently in many cancers resulting in effective immune evasion. Most studies examined HLA-I as a whole. Alterations in specific locus could have different clinical ramifications. Hence, we evaluated the expression of the three HLA-I loci in a large cohort of breast cancers. Low expression of HLA-A, -B and -C were found in 71.1%, 66.3%, and 60.2% of the cases. Low and high expression in all loci was found in 48.3% and 17.9% of the cases respectively. The remaining showed high expression in one or two loci. Cases with all HLA high expression (all HLA high) was frequent in the ER-HER2- (27.4%) and ER-HER2+ (23.1%) cases and was associated with characteristic pathologic features related to these tumor (higher grade, necrosis, high tumor infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL), pT stage, low hormonal receptor, high basal marker expression) (p ≤ 0.019). Interestingly, in HER2+ cancers, only cases with all HLA high and high TIL showed significantly better survival. In node positive cancers, concordant high HLA expression in primary tumors and nodal metastases was favorable prognostically (DFS: HR = 0.741, p < 0.001; BCSS: HR = 0.699, p = 0.003). The data suggested an important clinical value of a combined analysis on the co-expression HLA-I status in both primary and metastatic tumors. This could be a potential additional key component to be incorporated into TIL evaluation for improved prognostication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Y Tsang
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Ngan Shing Street, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
| | - Chun-Sing Ho
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Ngan Shing Street, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
- Department of Pathology, Tuen Mun Hospital, Tuen Mun, Hong Kong
| | - Yun-Bi Ni
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Ngan Shing Street, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
| | - Yan Shao
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Ngan Shing Street, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
| | - Ivan K Poon
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Ngan Shing Street, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
| | - Siu-Ki Chan
- Department of Pathology, Kwong Wah Hospital, Yau Ma Tei, Hong Kong
| | - Sai-Yin Cheung
- Department of Pathology, Tuen Mun Hospital, Tuen Mun, Hong Kong
| | - Ka-Ho Shea
- Department of Pathology, Tuen Mun Hospital, Tuen Mun, Hong Kong
| | - Monalyn Marabi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
| | - Gary M Tse
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Ngan Shing Street, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong.
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25
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Promotion on NLRC5 upregulating MHC-I expression by IFN-γ in MHC-I–deficient breast cancer cells. Immunol Res 2020; 67:497-504. [DOI: 10.1007/s12026-019-09111-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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26
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HLA Class I Antigen Processing Machinery Defects in Cancer Cells-Frequency, Functional Significance, and Clinical Relevance with Special Emphasis on Their Role in T Cell-Based Immunotherapy of Malignant Disease. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2055:325-350. [PMID: 31502159 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9773-2_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
MHC class I antigen abnormalities have been shown to be one of the major immune escape mechanisms murine and human cancer cells utilize to avoid recognition and destruction by host immune system. This mechanism has clinical relevance, since it is associated with poor prognosis and/or reduced patients' survival in many types of malignant diseases. The recent impressive clinical responses to T cell-based immunotherapies triggered by checkpoint inhibitors have rekindled tumor immunologists and clinical oncologists' interest in the analysis of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I antigen processing machinery (APM) expression and function in malignant cells. Abnormalities in the expression, regulation and/or function of components of this machinery have been associated with the development of resistances to T cell-based immunotherapies. In this review, following the description of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I APM organization and function, the information related to the frequency of defects in HLA class I APM component expression in various types of cancer and the underlying molecular mechanisms is summarized. Then the impact of these defects on clinical response to T cell-based immunotherapies and strategies to revert this immune escape process are discussed.
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García-Aranda M, Redondo M. Immunotherapy: A Challenge of Breast Cancer Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1822. [PMID: 31756919 PMCID: PMC6966503 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11121822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in women and is a leading cause of cancer death in women worldwide. Despite the significant benefit of the use of conventional chemotherapy and monoclonal antibodies in the prognosis of breast cancer patients and although the recent approval of the anti-PD-L1 antibody atezolizumab in combination with chemotherapy has been a milestone for the treatment of patients with metastatic triple-negative breast cancer, immunologic treatment of breast tumors remains a great challenge. In this review, we summarize current breast cancer classification and standard of care, the main obstacles that hinder the success of immunotherapies in breast cancer patients, as well as different approaches that could be useful to enhance the response of breast tumors to immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilina García-Aranda
- Research Unit, Hospital Costa del Sol, Autovía A-7, km 187, 29603 Marbella, Spain;
- Research Network in Health Services in Chronic Diseases (Red de Investigación en Servicios de Salud en Enfermedades Crónicas, REDISSEC), Carlos III Health Institute (Instituto de Salud Carlos III). Av. de Monforte de Lemos, 5. 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Malaga Biomedical Research Institute (Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, IBIMA), Calle Doctor Miguel Díaz Recio, 28. 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Surgery, Biochemistry and Immunology Department, School of Medicine, University of Malaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Maximino Redondo
- Research Unit, Hospital Costa del Sol, Autovía A-7, km 187, 29603 Marbella, Spain;
- Research Network in Health Services in Chronic Diseases (Red de Investigación en Servicios de Salud en Enfermedades Crónicas, REDISSEC), Carlos III Health Institute (Instituto de Salud Carlos III). Av. de Monforte de Lemos, 5. 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Malaga Biomedical Research Institute (Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, IBIMA), Calle Doctor Miguel Díaz Recio, 28. 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Surgery, Biochemistry and Immunology Department, School of Medicine, University of Malaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
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28
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Chandrasekaran S, Sasaki M, Scharer CD, Kissick HT, Patterson DG, Magliocca KR, Seykora JT, Sapkota B, Gutman DA, Cooper LA, Lesinski GB, Waller EK, Thomas SN, Kotenko SV, Boss JM, Moreno CS, Swerlick RA, Pollack BP. Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase Signaling Can Modulate MHC Class I and II Expression. Mol Cancer Res 2019; 17:2395-2409. [PMID: 31548239 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-19-0545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Molecular events activating the PI3K pathway are frequently detected in human tumors and the activation of PI3K signaling alters numerous cellular processes including tumor cell proliferation, survival, and motility. More recent studies have highlighted the impact of PI3K signaling on the cellular response to interferons and other immunologic processes relevant to antitumor immunity. Given the ability of IFNγ to regulate antigen processing and presentation and the pivotal role of MHC class I (MHCI) and II (MHCII) expression in T-cell-mediated antitumor immunity, we sought to determine the impact of PI3K signaling on MHCI and MHCII induction by IFNγ. We found that the induction of cell surface MHCI and MHCII molecules by IFNγ is enhanced by the clinical grade PI3K inhibitors dactolisib and pictilisib. We also found that PI3K inhibition increases STAT1 protein levels following IFNγ treatment and increases accessibility at genomic STAT1-binding motifs. Conversely, we found that pharmacologic activation of PI3K signaling can repress the induction of MHCI and MHCII molecules by IFNγ, and likewise, the loss of PTEN attenuates the induction of MHCI, MHCII, and STAT1 by IFNγ. Consistent with these in vitro studies, we found that within human head and neck squamous cell carcinomas, intratumoral regions with high phospho-AKT IHC staining had reduced MHCI IHC staining. IMPLICATIONS: Collectively, these findings demonstrate that MHC expression can be modulated by PI3K signaling and suggest that activation of PI3K signaling may promote immune escape via effects on antigen presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Chandrasekaran
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Maiko Sasaki
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Christopher D Scharer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Haydn T Kissick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.,Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.,Department of Urology Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Dillon G Patterson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Kelly R Magliocca
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - John T Seykora
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Bishu Sapkota
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia.,Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - David A Gutman
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Lee A Cooper
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Gregory B Lesinski
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.,Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Edmund K Waller
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.,Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Susan N Thomas
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Atlanta, Georgia.,Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Sergei V Kotenko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Jeremy M Boss
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.,Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Carlos S Moreno
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Robert A Swerlick
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia.,Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Brian P Pollack
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia. .,Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.,Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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29
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Alam A, Taye N, Patel S, Thube M, Mullick J, Shah VK, Pant R, Roychowdhury T, Banerjee N, Chatterjee S, Bhattacharya R, Roy R, Mukhopadhyay A, Mogare D, Chattopadhyay S. SMAR1 favors immunosurveillance of cancer cells by modulating calnexin and MHC I expression. Neoplasia 2019; 21:945-962. [PMID: 31422285 PMCID: PMC6706529 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Down-regulation or loss of MHC class I expression is a major mechanism used by cancer cells to evade immunosurveillance and increase their oncogenic potential. MHC I mediated antigen presentation is a complex regulatory process, controlled by antigen processing machinery (APM) dictating immune response. Transcriptional regulation of the APM that can modulate gene expression profile and their correlation to MHC I mediated antigen presentation in cancer cells remain enigmatic. Here, we reveal that Scaffold/Matrix-Associated Region 1- binding protein (SMAR1), positively regulates MHC I surface expression by down-regulating calnexin, an important component of antigen processing machinery (APM) in cancer cells. SMAR1, a bonafide MAR binding protein acts as a transcriptional repressor of several oncogenes. It is down-regulated in higher grades of cancers either through proteasomal degradation or through loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at the Chr.16q24.3 locus where the human homolog of SMAR1 (BANP) has been mapped. It binds to a short MAR region of the calnexin promoter forming a repressor complex in association with GATA2 and HDAC1. A reverse correlation between SMAR1 and calnexin was thus observed in SMAR1-LOH cells and also in tissues from breast cancer patients. To further extrapolate our findings, influenza A (H1N1) virus infection assay was performed. Upon viral infection, the levels of SMAR1 significantly increased resulting in reduced calnexin expression and increased MHC I presentation. Taken together, our observations establish that increased expression of SMAR1 in cancers can positively regulate MHC I surface expression thereby leading to higher chances of tumor regression and elimination of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aftab Alam
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nandaraj Taye
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sonal Patel
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Milind Thube
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Jayati Mullick
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Richa Pant
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | | | | | | | | | - Rini Roy
- Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Cancer Research Institute, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Devraj Mogare
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Samit Chattopadhyay
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, Maharashtra, India; Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India.
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30
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Messaoudene M, Mourikis TP, Michels J, Fu Y, Bonvalet M, Lacroix-Trikki M, Routy B, Fluckiger A, Rusakiewicz S, Roberti MP, Cotteret S, Flament C, Poirier-Colame V, Jacquelot N, Ghiringhelli F, Caignard A, Eggermont AMM, Kroemer G, Marabelle A, Arnedos M, Vicier C, Dogan S, Jaulin F, Sammut SJ, Cope W, Caldas C, Delaloge S, McGranahan N, André F, Zitvogel L. T-cell bispecific antibodies in node-positive breast cancer: novel therapeutic avenue for MHC class I loss variants. Ann Oncol 2019; 30:934-944. [PMID: 30924846 PMCID: PMC7614969 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdz112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) represent a prognostic factor for survival in primary breast cancer (BC). Nonetheless, neoepitope load and TILs cytolytic activity are modest in BC, compromising the efficacy of immune-activating antibodies, which do not yet compete against immunogenic chemotherapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS We analyzed by functional flow cytometry the immune dynamics of primary and metastatic axillary nodes [metastatic lymph nodes (mLN)] in early BC (EBC) after exposure to T-cell bispecific antibodies (TCB) bridging CD3ε and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) or Carcinoembryonic Antigen-Related Cell Adhesion Molecule 5 (CEACAM5), before and after chemotherapy. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I loss was assessed by whole exome sequencing and immunohistochemistry. One hundred primary BC, 64 surrounding 'healthy tissue' and 24 mLN-related parameters were analyzed. RESULTS HLA loss of heterozygosity was observed in EBC, at a clonal and subclonal level and was associated with regulatory T cells and T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain-3 expression restraining the immuno-stimulatory effects of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. TCB bridging CD3ε and HER2 or CEACAM5 could bypass major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I loss, partially rescuing T-cell functions in mLN. CONCLUSION TCB should be developed in BC to circumvent low MHC/peptide complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Messaoudene
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), Villejuif; National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1015, Villejuif, France
| | - T P Mourikis
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - J Michels
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), Villejuif; University Paris-Sud, University Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), Villejuif; Department of Medical Oncology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif
| | - Y Fu
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), Villejuif
| | - M Bonvalet
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), Villejuif; National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1015, Villejuif, France
| | - M Lacroix-Trikki
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), Villejuif; Center of Clinical Investigations in Biotherapies of Cancer (CICBT) 1428, Villejuif, France
| | - B Routy
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), Villejuif; Universitéde Montréal Hospital Research Centre (CRCHUM), Onco-Hematology Department, Montreal University Hospital Center (CHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - A Fluckiger
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), Villejuif; National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1015, Villejuif, France; Center of Clinical Investigations in Biotherapies of Cancer (CICBT) 1428, Villejuif, France
| | - S Rusakiewicz
- Center of Experimental Therapeutics (CET), Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - M P Roberti
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), Villejuif; National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1015, Villejuif, France; Center of Clinical Investigations in Biotherapies of Cancer (CICBT) 1428, Villejuif, France
| | - S Cotteret
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), Villejuif
| | - C Flament
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), Villejuif; National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1015, Villejuif, France; Center of Clinical Investigations in Biotherapies of Cancer (CICBT) 1428, Villejuif, France
| | - V Poirier-Colame
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), Villejuif; National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1015, Villejuif, France; Center of Clinical Investigations in Biotherapies of Cancer (CICBT) 1428, Villejuif, France
| | - N Jacquelot
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), Villejuif; National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1015, Villejuif, France; University Paris-Sud, University Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), Villejuif
| | - F Ghiringhelli
- Georges-François Leclerc center, Medical Oncology, Dijon
| | - A Caignard
- INSERM U1160, University Institute for Haematology, Saint Louis hospital, Paris
| | | | - G Kroemer
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), Villejuif; University Paris-Sud, University Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), Villejuif; Cell Biology and Metabolomics Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Cordeliers Research Center, INSERM, U1138, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Pôle de Biologie, Européen Georges Pompidou Hospital, AP-HP, Paris
| | - A Marabelle
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), Villejuif; National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1015, Villejuif, France; University Paris-Sud, University Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), Villejuif; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), Drug Development Department (DITEP), Villejuif
| | - M Arnedos
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), Villejuif; Department of Medical Oncology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif
| | - C Vicier
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), INSERM U981, Villejuif, France
| | - S Dogan
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), Villejuif; Department of Medical Oncology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), INSERM U981, Villejuif, France
| | - F Jaulin
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), Villejuif; Department of Medical Oncology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), INSERM U981, Villejuif, France
| | - S-J Sammut
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute and Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge
| | - W Cope
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute and Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge; Cancer Research UK Cancer Centre and National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - C Caldas
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute and Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge
| | - S Delaloge
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), Villejuif; Department of Medical Oncology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif
| | - N McGranahan
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - F André
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), Villejuif; Department of Medical Oncology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), INSERM U981, Villejuif, France
| | - L Zitvogel
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), Villejuif; National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1015, Villejuif, France; University Paris-Sud, University Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), Villejuif; Center of Clinical Investigations in Biotherapies of Cancer (CICBT) 1428, Villejuif, France.
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31
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Eng C, Kim TW, Bendell J, Argilés G, Tebbutt NC, Di Bartolomeo M, Falcone A, Fakih M, Kozloff M, Segal NH, Sobrero A, Yan Y, Chang I, Uyei A, Roberts L, Ciardiello F. Atezolizumab with or without cobimetinib versus regorafenib in previously treated metastatic colorectal cancer (IMblaze370): a multicentre, open-label, phase 3, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet Oncol 2019; 20:849-861. [PMID: 31003911 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(19)30027-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 365] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microsatellite-stable metastatic colorectal cancer is typically unresponsive to immunotherapy. This phase 3 study was designed to assess atezolizumab plus cobimetinib in metastatic colorectal cancer. Here, we report the comparison of atezolizumab plus cobimetinib or atezolizumab monotherapy versus regorafenib in the third-line setting. METHODS IMblaze 370 is a multicentre, open-label, phase 3, randomised, controlled trial, done at 73 academic medical centres and community oncology practices in 11 countries. Patients aged at least 18 years with unresectable locally advanced or metastatic colorectal cancer, baseline Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0-1, and disease progression on or intolerance to at least two previous systemic chemotherapy regimens were enrolled. We used permuted-block randomisation (block size four) to assign patients (2:1:1) via an interactive voice and web response system to atezolizumab (840 mg intravenously every 2 weeks) plus cobimetinib (60 mg orally once daily for days 1-21 of a 28-day cycle), atezolizumab monotherapy (1200 mg intravenously every 3 weeks), or regorafenib (160 mg orally once daily for days 1-21 of a 28-day cycle). Stratification factors were extended RAS status (wild-type vs mutant) and time since diagnosis of first metastasis (<18 months vs ≥18 months). Recruitment of patients with high microsatellite instability was capped at 5%. The primary endpoint was overall survival in the intention-to-treat population. Safety was assessed in the population of patients who received at least one dose of their assigned treatment. IMblaze370 is ongoing and is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02788279. FINDINGS Between July 27, 2016, and Jan 19, 2017, 363 patients were enrolled (183 patients in the atezolizumab plus cobimetinib group, 90 in the atezolizumab group, and 90 in the regorafenib group). At data cutoff (March 9, 2018), median follow-up was 7·3 months (IQR 3·7-13·6). Median overall survival was 8·87 months (95% CI 7·00-10·61) with atezolizumab plus cobimetinib, 7·10 months (6·05-10·05) with atezolizumab, and 8·51 months (6·41-10·71) with regorafenib; the hazard ratio was 1·00 (95% CI 0·73-1·38; p=0·99) for the combination versus regorafenib and 1·19 (0·83-1·71; p=0·34) for atezolizumab versus regorafenib. Grade 3-4 adverse events were reported in 109 (61%) of 179 patients in the atezolizumab plus cobimetinib group, 28 (31%) of 90 in the atezolizumab group, and 46 (58%) of 80 in the regorafenib group. The most common all-cause grade 3-4 adverse events in the combination group were diarrhoea (20 [11%] of 179), anaemia (ten [6%]), increased blood creatine phosphokinase (12 [7%]), and fatigue (eight [4%]). Serious adverse events were reported in 71 (40%) of 179 patients in the combination group, 15 (17%) of 90 in the atezolizumab group, and 18 (23%) of 80 in the regorafenib group. Two treatment-related deaths occurred in the combination group (sepsis) and one in the regorafenib group (intestinal perforation). INTERPRETATION IMblaze370 did not meet its primary endpoint of improved overall survival with atezolizumab plus cobimetinib or atezolizumab versus regorafenib. The safety of atezolizumab plus cobimetinib was consistent with those of the individual drugs. These results underscore the challenge of expanding the benefit of immunotherapy to patients whose tumours have lower baseline levels of immune inflammation, such as those with microsatellite-stable metastatic colorectal cancer. FUNDING F Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd/Genentech Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy Eng
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tae Won Kim
- Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan, Seoul, Korea
| | - Johanna Bendell
- Sarah Cannon Research Institute/Tennessee Oncology, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Guillem Argilés
- Vall d'Hebrón Institute of Oncology, Vall d'Hebrón University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Maria Di Bartolomeo
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Neil H Segal
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Yibing Yan
- Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Anne Uyei
- Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Fortunato Ciardiello
- Department of Precision Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy.
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32
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Rahman S, Archana A, Jan AT, Dutta D, Shankar A, Kim J, Minakshi R. Molecular Insights Into the Relationship Between Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases and Breast Cancer: A Critical Perspective on Autoimmunity and ER Stress. Front Immunol 2019; 10:344. [PMID: 30881358 PMCID: PMC6405522 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiopathologies behind autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs) unravel misbehavior of immune components leading to the corruption of immune homeostasis where thyroid autoantigens turn foe to the self. In AITDs lymphocytic infiltration in the thyroid shows up a deranged immune system charging the follicular cells of the thyroid gland (thyrocytes) leading to the condition of either hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism. The inflammation in AITDs consistently associate with ER function due to which disturbances in the ER protein homeostasis leads to unfolded protein response (UPR) that promotes pathogenesis of autoimmunity. The roles of ER stress in the instantaneous downregulation of MHC class I molecules on thyrocytes and the relevance of IFN γ in the pathogenesis of AITD has been well-documented. Thyroglobulin being the major target of autoantibodies in most of the AITDs is because of its unusual processing in the ER. Autoimmune disorders display a conglomeration of ER stress-induced UPR activated molecules. Several epidemiological data highlight the preponderance of AITDs in women as well as its concurrence with breast cancer. Both being an active glandular system displaying endocrine activity, thyroid as well as breast tissue show various commonalities in the expression pattern of heterogenous molecules that not only participate in the normal functioning but at the same time share the blame during disease establishment. Studies on the development and progression of breast carcinoma display a deranged and uncontrolled immune response, which is meticulously exploited during tumor metastasis. The molecular crosstalks between AITDs and breast tumor microenvironment rely on active participation of immune cells. The induction of ER stress by Tunicamycin advocates to provide a model for cancer therapy by intervening glycosylation. Therefore, this review attempts to showcase the molecules that are involved in feeding up the relationship between breast carcinoma and AITDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safikur Rahman
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Ayyagari Archana
- Department of Microbiology, Swami Shraddhanand College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Arif Tasleem Jan
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri, India
| | - Durgashree Dutta
- Department of Biochemistry, Jan Nayak Chaudhary Devilal Dental College, Sirsa, India
| | - Abhishek Shankar
- Department of Preventive Oncology, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Jihoe Kim
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Rinki Minakshi
- Department of Microbiology, Swami Shraddhanand College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
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33
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Makhoul I, Atiq M, Alwbari A, Kieber-Emmons T. Breast Cancer Immunotherapy: An Update. BREAST CANCER-BASIC AND CLINICAL RESEARCH 2018; 12:1178223418774802. [PMID: 29899661 PMCID: PMC5985550 DOI: 10.1177/1178223418774802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The immune system plays a major role in cancer surveillance. Harnessing its power to treat many cancers is now a reality that has led to cures in hopeless situations where no other solutions were available from traditional anticancer drugs. These spectacular achievements rekindled the oncology community's interest in extending the benefits to all cancers including breast cancer. The first section of this article reviews the biological foundations of the immune response to different subtypes of breast cancer and the ways cancer may overcome the immune attack leading to cancer disease. The second section is dedicated to the actual immune treatments including breast cancer vaccines, checkpoint inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, and the "unconventional" immune role of chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issam Makhoul
- Divisions of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Mohammad Atiq
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Ahmed Alwbari
- Divisions of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Thomas Kieber-Emmons
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
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34
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Uong TNT, Lee KH, Ahn SJ, Kim KW, Min JJ, Hyun H, Yoon MS. Real-Time Tracking of Ex Vivo-Expanded Natural Killer Cells Toward Human Triple-Negative Breast Cancers. Front Immunol 2018; 9:825. [PMID: 29770131 PMCID: PMC5941970 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Ex vivo-expanded natural killer (NK) cells are a potential candidate for cancer immunotherapy based on high cytotoxicity against malignant tumor cells. However, a limited understanding of the migration of activated NK cells toward solid tumors is a critical dilemma in the development of effective and adoptive NK cell-based immunotherapy. Methods Ex vivo-expanded NK cells from healthy donors were stained with near-infrared fluorophores at different concentrations. NK cell proliferation and cytotoxicity were assessed using a WST-8 assay, while the expression levels of surface molecules were analyzed by flow cytometry. To investigate the biodistribution of NK cells in both normal and tumor-bearing NSG mice, NK cells labeled with ESNF13 were subjected to NIR fluorescence imaging using the Mini-FLARE imaging system. Finally, mice were sacrificed and histopathological tests were performed in resected organs. Results The signal intensity of ESNF-stained NK cells was long-lasting at 72 h using concentrations as low as 0.04 µM. At a low dose range, ESNF13 did not affect NK cell purity, expression levels of surface receptors, or cytotoxic functions against MDA-MB-231 cancer cells. Ex vivo-expanded NK cells labeled with ESNF13 had a 4-h biodistribution in non-tumor-bearing NSG mice that mainly localized to the lungs immediately after injection and then fully migrated to the kidney after 4 h. In an MDA-MB-231 tumor-bearing NSG mice with extensive metastasis in both lungs, the fluorescence signal was dominant in both lungs and steady at 1, 2, and 4 h post-injection. In a early phase of tumor progression, administered NK cell migrated to the lungs and tumor sites within 30 min post-injection, the signal dominated the tumor site after 1 h, and remained steady at 4 h. Conclusion Optical imaging with NIR fluorophore ESNF13 is a highly sensitive, applicable, and inexpensive method for the real-time tracking of ex vivo-expanded NK cells both in vitro and in vivo. Administered NK cells had different patterns of NK cell distribution and accumulation to the tumor site according to tumor progression in triple-negative breast cancer xenograft models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tung Nguyen Thanh Uong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea.,Department of Biomedical Science, Chonnam National University Graduate School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Hwa Lee
- Department of Pathology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Sung-Ja Ahn
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Kyung Won Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Chonnam National University Graduate School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Jung-Joon Min
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, South Korea
| | - Hoon Hyun
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Mee Sun Yoon
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea.,Department of Biomedical Science, Chonnam National University Graduate School, Gwangju, South Korea.,Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Jeollanam-do, South Korea
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35
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Aragon-Sanabria V, Kim GB, Dong C. From Cancer Immunoediting to New Strategies in Cancer Immunotherapy: The Roles of Immune Cells and Mechanics in Oncology. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1092:113-138. [PMID: 30368751 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-95294-9_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
For the last three decades, the concept of immunoediting has evolved to characterize our increasing understanding of the interactions between cells from the immune system and cancer development. Elucidating the role of immune cells in the progression of cancer has been very challenging due to their dual role; the immune system can either suppress tumor formation by killing cancer cells, or it can also promote tumor growth. Revealing how immune cells are hampered by the tumor microenvironment and how they aid tumor progression has signaled strategies to reverse these effects and control cancer cell growth; this has been the advent of immunotherapy design. More recently, the role of physical forces in the process of immunoediting has been highlighted by multiple studies focusing on understanding how force changes in the stiffness of the extracellular matrix and fluid flow shear stress contribute to tumor development. Using models in vitro that incorporate biomechanical components, it has been shown that these physical aspects are not only important during the formation and growth of primary tumors, but in the metastatic process as well. In this way, we have also gained insight into the interactions occurring within the vascular system, which are highly affected by the dynamics of physical collisions between cells and by shear forces. Here, we review the concept of cancer immunoediting with an emphasis on biomechanics and conclude with a summary on current immunotherapies and potential new strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Aragon-Sanabria
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, PA, USA
| | - Gloria B Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, PA, USA
| | - Cheng Dong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, PA, USA.
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Muntasell A, Cabo M, Servitja S, Tusquets I, Martínez-García M, Rovira A, Rojo F, Albanell J, López-Botet M. Interplay between Natural Killer Cells and Anti-HER2 Antibodies: Perspectives for Breast Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1544. [PMID: 29181007 PMCID: PMC5694168 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) defines a subgroup of breast tumors with aggressive behavior. The addition of HER2-targeted antibodies (i.e., trastuzumab, pertuzumab) to chemotherapy significantly improves relapse-free and overall survival in patients with early-stage and advanced disease. Nonetheless, considerable proportions of patients develop resistance to treatment, highlighting the need for additional and co-adjuvant therapeutic strategies. HER2-specific antibodies can trigger natural killer (NK) cell-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and indirectly enhance the development of tumor-specific T cell immunity; both mechanisms contributing to their antitumor efficacy in preclinical models. Antibody-dependent NK cell activation results in the release of cytotoxic granules as well as the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (i.e., IFNγ and TNFα) and chemokines. Hence, NK cell tumor suppressive functions include direct cytolytic killing of tumor cells as well as the regulation of subsequent antitumor adaptive immunity. Albeit tumors with gene expression signatures associated to the presence of cytotoxic lymphocyte infiltrates benefit from trastuzumab-based treatment, NK cell-related biomarkers of response/resistance to HER2-specific therapeutic antibodies in breast cancer patients remain elusive. Several variables, including (i) the configuration of the patient NK cell repertoire; (ii) tumor molecular features (i.e., estrogen receptor expression); (iii) concomitant therapeutic regimens (i.e., chemotherapeutic agents, tyrosine kinase inhibitors); and (iv) evasion mechanisms developed by progressive breast tumors, have been shown to quantitatively and qualitatively influence antibody-triggered NK cell responses. In this review, we discuss possible interventions for restoring/enhancing the therapeutic activity of HER2 therapeutic antibodies by harnessing NK cell antitumor potential through combinatorial approaches, including immune checkpoint blocking/stimulatory antibodies, cytokines and toll-like receptor agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aura Muntasell
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mariona Cabo
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sonia Servitja
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Oncology, Hospital del Mar-CIBERONC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignasi Tusquets
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Oncology, Hospital del Mar-CIBERONC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Martínez-García
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Oncology, Hospital del Mar-CIBERONC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Rovira
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Oncology, Hospital del Mar-CIBERONC, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Joan Albanell
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Oncology, Hospital del Mar-CIBERONC, Barcelona, Spain.,Univ. Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel López-Botet
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain.,Univ. Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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37
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Kuol N, Stojanovska L, Nurgali K, Apostolopoulos V. The mechanisms tumor cells utilize to evade the host's immune system. Maturitas 2017; 105:8-15. [PMID: 28477990 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2017.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The immune system plays an essential role in the tumor progression; not only can it inhibit tumor growth but it can also promote tumor growth by establishing a favorable environment. Tumor cells utilize several strategies to evade the host's immune system, including expression of immunosuppressive molecules such as PD-L1, IDO and siglec-9. In addition, tumor cells not only regulate the recruitment and development of immunosuppressive forces to influence the tumor microenvironment but also shift the phenotype and function of normal immune cells from a possibly anti-tumor state to a pro-tumor state. As a result, tumor cells evade the host's immune system, leading to metastasis and/or recurrent disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyanbol Kuol
- Centre for Chronic Disease, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, P.O. Box 14426, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia
| | - Lily Stojanovska
- Centre for Chronic Disease, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, P.O. Box 14426, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia
| | - Kulmira Nurgali
- Centre for Chronic Disease, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, P.O. Box 14426, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia
| | - Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Centre for Chronic Disease, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, P.O. Box 14426, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia.
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38
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Stambrook PJ, Maher J, Farzaneh F. Cancer Immunotherapy: Whence and Whither. Mol Cancer Res 2017; 15:635-650. [PMID: 28356330 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-16-0427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The current concepts and practice of cancer immunotherapy evolved from classical experiments that distinguished "self" from "non-self" and the finding that humoral immunity is complemented by cellular immunity. Elucidation of the biology underlying immune checkpoints and interactions between ligands and ligand receptors that govern the immune system's ability to recognize tumor cells as foreign has led to the emergence of new strategies that mobilize the immune system to reverse this apparent tolerance. Some of these approaches have led to new therapies such as the use of mAbs to interfere with the immune checkpoint. Others have exploited molecular technologies to reengineer a subset of T cells to directly engage and kill tumor cells, particularly those of B-cell malignancies. However, before immunotherapy can become a more effective method of cancer care, there are many challenges that remain to be addressed and hurdles to overcome. Included are manipulation of tumor microenvironment (TME) to enhance T effector cell infiltration and access to the tumor, augmentation of tumor MHC expression for adequate presentation of tumor associated antigens, regulation of cytokines and their potential adverse effects, and reduced risk of secondary malignancies as a consequence of mutations generated by the various forms of genetic engineering of immune cells. Despite these challenges, the future of immunotherapy as a standard anticancer therapy is encouraging. Mol Cancer Res; 15(6); 635-50. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Stambrook
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio.
| | - John Maher
- Kings College London, CAR Mechanics Group, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Farzin Farzaneh
- Division of Cancer Studies, Department of Haematological Medicine, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
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39
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Concha-Benavente F, Ferris RL. Oncogenic growth factor signaling mediating tumor escape from cellular immunity. Curr Opin Immunol 2017; 45:52-59. [PMID: 28208102 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Unrestrained growth factor signals can promote carcinogenesis, as well as other hallmarks of cancer such as immune evasion. Our understanding of the function and complex regulation of HER family of receptors has led to the development of targeted therapeutic agents that suppress tumor growth. However, these receptors also mediate escape from recognition by the host immune system. We discuss how HER family of oncogenic receptors downregulate tumor antigen presentation and upregulate suppressive membrane-bound or soluble secreted inhibitory molecules that ultimately lead to impaired cellular immunity mediated by cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) recognition. Implementing this knowledge into new therapeutic strategies to enhance tumor immunogenicity may restore effector cell mediated immune clearance of tumors and clinical efficacy of tumor-targeted immunotherapy against HER receptor overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Concha-Benavente
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Robert L Ferris
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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40
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NLRC5/CITA: A Key Player in Cancer Immune Surveillance. Trends Cancer 2017; 3:28-38. [PMID: 28718425 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells need to escape immune surveillance for successful tumor growth. Loss of MHC class I has been described as a major immune evasion strategy in many cancers. MHC class I transactivator (CITA), NLRC5 [nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeats containing (NLR) family, caspase activation and recruitment domain (CARD) domain containing 5], is a key transcription coactivator of MHC class I genes. Recent genetic studies have revealed that NLRC5 is a major target for cancer immune evasion mechanisms. The reduced expression or activity of NLRC5 caused by promoter methylation, copy number loss, or somatic mutations is associated with defective MHC class I expression, impaired cytotoxic T cell activation, and poor patient prognosis. Here, we review the role of NLRC5 in cancer immune evasion and the future prospects for cancer research.
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41
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Bandini S, Macagno M, Hysi A, Lanzardo S, Conti L, Bello A, Riccardo F, Ruiu R, Merighi IF, Forni G, Iezzi M, Quaglino E, Cavallo F. The non-inflammatory role of C1q during Her2/neu-driven mammary carcinogenesis. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1253653. [PMID: 28123895 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1253653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an ever increasing amount of evidence to support the hypothesis that complement C1q, the first component of the classical complement pathway, is involved in the regulation of cancer growth, in addition to its role in fighting infections. It has been demonstrated that C1q is expressed in the microenvironment of various types of human tumors, including breast adenocarcinomas. This study compares carcinogenesis progression in C1q deficient (neuT-C1KO) and C1q competent neuT mice in order to investigate the role of C1q in mammary carcinogenesis. Significantly accelerated autochthonous neu+ carcinoma progression was paralleled by accelerated spontaneous lung metastases occurrence in C1q deficient mice. Surprisingly, this effect was not caused by differences in the tumor-infiltrating cells or in the activation of the complement classical pathway, since neuT-C1KO mice did not display a reduction in C3 fragment deposition at the tumor site. By contrast, a significant higher number of intratumor blood vessels and a decrease in the activation of the tumor suppressor WW domain containing oxidoreductase (WWOX) were observed in tumors from neuT-C1KO as compare with neuT mice. In parallel, an increase in Her2/neu expression was observed on the membrane of tumor cells. Taken together, our findings suggest that C1q plays a direct role both on halting tumor angiogenesis and on inducing apoptosis in mammary cancer cells by coordinating the signal transduction pathways linked to WWOX and, furthermore, highlight the role of C1q in mammary tumor immune surveillance regardless of complement system activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Bandini
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino , Torino, Italy
| | - Marco Macagno
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino , Torino, Italy
| | - Albana Hysi
- Department of Medicine Science, Center of Excellence on Aging and Translational Medicine (CeSI-Met), G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti Pescara , Italy
| | - Stefania Lanzardo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino , Torino, Italy
| | - Laura Conti
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino , Torino, Italy
| | - Amanda Bello
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino , Torino, Italy
| | - Federica Riccardo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino , Torino, Italy
| | - Roberto Ruiu
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino , Torino, Italy
| | - Irene Fiore Merighi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino , Torino, Italy
| | - Guido Forni
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino , Torino, Italy
| | - Manuela Iezzi
- Department of Medicine Science, Center of Excellence on Aging and Translational Medicine (CeSI-Met), G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti Pescara , Italy
| | - Elena Quaglino
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino , Torino, Italy
| | - Federica Cavallo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino , Torino, Italy
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42
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de Charette M, Marabelle A, Houot R. Turning tumour cells into antigen presenting cells: The next step to improve cancer immunotherapy? Eur J Cancer 2016; 68:134-147. [PMID: 27755997 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Downregulation/loss of the antigen presentation is a major immune escape mechanism in cancer. It allows tumour cells to become 'invisible' and avoid immune attack by antitumour T cells. In tumour harbouring properties of professional antigen presenting cells (i.e. tumour B cells in lymphoma), downregulation/loss of the antigen presentation may also prevent direct priming of naïve T cells by tumour cells. Here, we review treatments that may induce/restore antigen presentation by the tumour cells. These treatments may increase the generation of antitumour T cells and/or their capacity to recognise and eliminate tumour cells. By forcing tumour cells to present their antigens, these treatments may sensitise patients to T cell-based immunotherapies, including checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aurélien Marabelle
- Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Département d'Innovation Thérapeutique et d'Essais Précoces, Villejuif, F-94805, France; INSERM U1015, Villejuif, F-94805, France
| | - Roch Houot
- CHU Rennes, Service Hématologie Clinique, F-35033, Rennes, France; INSERM, U917, F-35043, Rennes, France.
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43
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Fahmy O, Khairul-Asri MG, Stenzl A, Gakis G. The current status of checkpoint inhibitors in metastatic bladder cancer. Clin Exp Metastasis 2016; 33:629-35. [PMID: 27380916 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-016-9807-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
For many decades, no significant improvements could be achieved to prolong the survival in metastatic bladder cancer. Recently, systemic immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors (anti-PD-L1/anti-CTLA-4) has been introduced as a novel treatment modality for patients with metastatic bladder cancer. We conducted a systematic review according to the PRISMA statement for data published on the clinical efficacy of checkpoint inhibitors in metastatic bladder cancer. Clinical efficacy of anti PD-L1 therapy was investigated in prospective trials in a total of 155 patients. Patients with positive expression for PD-L1 tended towards better overall response rates (ORR) compared to those with negative expression (34/76 vs 10/73, 45 vs 14 %; p = 0.21). Among patients with PD-L1 positive tumors, those with non-visceral metastases exhibited significantly higher ORR compared to those with visceral metastases (82 vs 28 %; p = 0.001). For anti-CTLA4 therapy, there were no data retrievable on clinical efficacy. Although data on clinical efficacy of checkpoint inhibitors in metastatic bladder cancer are currently limited, the efficacy of these drugs might depend mainly on the metastatic volume and immune system integrity. Patients with PD-L1 positive tumors and non-visceral metastases seem to derive the highest benefit from therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Fahmy
- Department of Urology, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Eberhard-Karls University, Hoppe-Seyler Street 3, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | - Arnulf Stenzl
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Eberhard-Karls University, Hoppe-Seyler Street 3, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Georgios Gakis
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Eberhard-Karls University, Hoppe-Seyler Street 3, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany.
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44
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NLRC5/MHC class I transactivator is a target for immune evasion in cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:5999-6004. [PMID: 27162338 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1602069113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells develop under immune surveillance, thus necessitating immune escape for successful growth. Loss of MHC class I expression provides a key immune evasion strategy in many cancers, although the molecular mechanisms remain elusive. MHC class I transactivator (CITA), known as "NLRC5" [NOD-like receptor (NLR) family, caspase recruitment (CARD) domain containing 5], has recently been identified as a critical transcriptional coactivator of MHC class I gene expression. Here we show that the MHC class I transactivation pathway mediated by CITA/NLRC5 constitutes a target for cancer immune evasion. In all the 21 tumor types we examined, NLRC5 expression was highly correlated with the expression of MHC class I, with cytotoxic T-cell markers, and with genes in the MHC class I antigen-presentation pathway, including LMP2/LMP7, TAP1, and β2-microglobulin. Epigenetic and genetic alterations in cancers, including promoter methylation, copy number loss, and somatic mutations, were most prevalent in NLRC5 among all MHC class I-related genes and were associated with the impaired expression of components of the MHC class I pathway. Strikingly, NLRC5 expression was significantly associated with the activation of CD8(+) cytotoxic T cells and patient survival in multiple cancer types. Thus, NLRC5 constitutes a novel prognostic biomarker and potential therapeutic target of cancers.
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45
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Tran T, Diniz MO, Dransart E, Gey A, Merillon N, Lone YC, Godefroy S, Sibley C, Ferreira LC, Medioni J, Oudard S, Johannes L, Tartour E. A Therapeutic Her2/neu Vaccine Targeting Dendritic Cells Preferentially Inhibits the Growth of Low Her2/neu-Expressing Tumor in HLA-A2 Transgenic Mice. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:4133-44. [PMID: 27006496 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE E75, a peptide derived from the Her2/neu protein, is the most clinically advanced vaccine approach against breast cancer. In this study, we aimed to optimize the E75 vaccine using a delivery vector targeting dendritic cells, the B-subunit of Shiga toxin (STxB), and to assess the role of various parameters (Her2/neu expression, combination with trastuzumab) in the efficacy of this cancer vaccine in a relevant preclinical model. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We compared the differential ability of the free E75 peptide or the STxB-E75 vaccine to elicit CD8(+) T cells, and the impact of the vaccine on murine HLA-A2 tumors expressing low or high levels of Her2/neu. RESULTS STxB-E75 synergized with granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factors and CpG and proved to be more efficient than the free E75 peptide in the induction of multifunctional and high-avidity E75-specific anti-CD8(+) T cells resulting in a potent tumor protection in HLA-A2 transgenic mice. High expression of HER2/neu inhibited the expression of HLA-class I molecules, leading to a poor recognition of human or murine tumors by E75-specific cytotoxic CD8(+) T cells. In line with these results, STxB-E75 preferentially inhibited the growth of HLA-A2 tumors expressing low levels of Her2/neu. Coadministration of anti-Her2/neu mAb potentiated this effect. CONCLUSIONS STxB-E75 vaccine is a potent candidate to be tested in patients with low Her2/neu-expressing tumors. It could also be indicated in patients expressing high levels of Her2/neu and low intratumoral T-cell infiltration to boost the recruitment of T cells-a key parameter in the efficacy of anti-Her2/neu mAb therapy. Clin Cancer Res; 22(16); 4133-44. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Tran
- INSERM U970, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France. Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Mariana O Diniz
- INSERM U970, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France. Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France. Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Estelle Dransart
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Chemical Biology of Membranes and Therapeutic Delivery Unit. INSERM, U 1143. CNRS, UMR 3666, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Alain Gey
- Service d'Immunologie biologique, Hopital Européen Georges Pompidou-APHP, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Merillon
- INSERM U970, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France
| | - Yu Chun Lone
- Inserm U-1014, Université Paris XI, Groupe Hospitalier Paul-Brousse, France
| | | | | | - Luis Cs Ferreira
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jacques Medioni
- Service d'Oncologie Médicale, Hopital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Stephane Oudard
- INSERM U970, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France. Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France. Service d'Oncologie Médicale, Hopital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Ludger Johannes
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Chemical Biology of Membranes and Therapeutic Delivery Unit. INSERM, U 1143. CNRS, UMR 3666, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Eric Tartour
- INSERM U970, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France. Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France. Service d'Immunologie biologique, Hopital Européen Georges Pompidou-APHP, Paris, France.
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Kroemer G, Senovilla L, Galluzzi L, André F, Zitvogel L. Natural and therapy-induced immunosurveillance in breast cancer. Nat Med 2016; 21:1128-38. [PMID: 26444637 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The immunosurveillance theory postulates that tumors evolve and progress in an uncontrolled fashion only when anticancer immune responses fail. Natural immunosurveillance clearly influences human breast cancer (BC) progression because the prognosis of BC patients is dictated by the density, composition and activity of the tumor immune infiltrate at diagnosis. Moreover, chemotherapeutic and radiotherapeutic regimens commonly employed for the treatment of BC affect the tumor immune infiltrate, and accumulating data suggest that the clinical efficacy of these treatments is largely determined by T cell-dependent tumor-specific immune responses. In addition, the mechanism of action of targeted anticancer therapeutics, such as the erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2 (ERBB2)-targeting agent trastuzumab, involves the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. In this Review, we discuss these findings as well as preliminary evidence indicating that immunotherapy constitutes a promising option for the treatment of BC. Moreover, we point out that the successful implementation of immunotherapy to BC management requires the optimization of current immunotherapeutic regimens and the identification of immunological biomarkers that enable improved risk stratification and the design of personalized, dynamic treatment plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Kroemer
- Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,INSERM, U1138, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France.,Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France.,Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laura Senovilla
- Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,INSERM, U1138, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France.,Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,INSERM, U1138, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France.,Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France
| | - Fabrice André
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France.,University of Paris Sud/Paris XI, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France.,University of Paris Sud/Paris XI, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,INSERM, U1015, Villejuif, France.,Center of Clinical Investigations in Biotherapies of Cancer 507 (CICBT 507), Villejuif, France
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47
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Chaganty BKR, Lu Y, Qiu S, Somanchi SS, Lee DA, Fan Z. Trastuzumab upregulates expression of HLA-ABC and T cell costimulatory molecules through engagement of natural killer cells and stimulation of IFNγ secretion. Oncoimmunology 2015; 5:e1100790. [PMID: 27141382 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1100790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It is increasingly recognized that trastuzumab, an antibody approved for treating human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-overexpressing breast cancer, exerts some of its antitumor effects through enhanced T cell responses. Full activation of CD8+ T cells requires both expression of major histocompatibility complex class I molecules (HLA-ABC) and expression of the T cell costimulatory molecule CD80 or CD86; however, the impact of trastuzumab treatment on the expression of HLA-ABC and CD80 and CD86 has not been investigated in HER2-overexpressing breast cancer cells. In this study, we found that, while there is no direct correlation between the expression of HER2 and HLA-ABC in breast cancer, knockdown of HER2 or inhibition of HER2 kinase by lapatinib downregulated HLA-ABC expression. Trastuzumab had no meaningful effects on HLA-ABC expression in HER2-overexpressing breast cancer cells in monoculture; however, treatment of such cells with trastuzumab in co-culture with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) significantly upregulated not only HLA-ABC expression but also CD86 expression. We showed that this upregulation was mediated by interferon gamma (IFNγ) secreted from the natural killer (NK) cells in PBMC as a result of engagement of NK cells by trastuzumab. We further confirmed this effect of trastuzumab in vivo using a mouse mammary tumor model transduced to overexpress human HER2. Together, our data provide evidence that trastuzumab upregulates expression of HLA-ABC and T cell costimulatory molecules in HER2-overexpressing breast cancer cells in the presence of PBMC, which supports the view that T-cell-mediated immune responses are involved in trastuzumab-mediated antitumor effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat K R Chaganty
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yang Lu
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX, USA
| | - Songbo Qiu
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX, USA
| | - Srinivas S Somanchi
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dean A Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zhen Fan
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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Lee HJ, Kim JY, Park IA, Song IH, Yu JH, Ahn JH, Gong G. Prognostic Significance of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes and the Tertiary Lymphoid Structures in HER2-Positive Breast Cancer Treated With Adjuvant Trastuzumab. Am J Clin Pathol 2015; 144:278-88. [PMID: 26185313 DOI: 10.1309/ajcpixuydvz0rz3g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) have prognostic significance in breast cancer. The tertiary lymphoid structure (TLS) is related to the influx of TILs, and expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I in tumor cells is necessary for the effective action of TILs. METHODS We retrospectively evaluated the relationship of TILs and TLS and the expression of MHC I in 447 HER2-positive breast cancers treated with chemotherapy and 1 year of trastuzumab. RESULTS TILs were more abundant in hormone receptor (HR)-/HER2+ tumors than in HR+/HER2+ tumors. HR-/HER2+ breast cancers with abundant TILs showed a higher histologic grade, the absence of lymphovascular invasion, the presence of peritumoral lymphocytic infiltration, moderate to abundant TLSs in adjacent tissue, and stronger HLA-ABC and HLA-A expression. Abundant TILs and the absence of lymphovascular invasion were found to be good, independent prognostic factors for disease-free survival in patients with HR-/HER2+ breast cancer. The level of TILs was not associated with the patients' prognosis in HR+ tumors. CONCLUSIONS Abundant TILs are an independent prognostic factor in HR-/HER2+ breast cancers. Evaluation of TILs in HR-/HER2+ breast cancers may provide valuable information regarding the prognosis of patients treated using adjuvant chemotherapy and trastuzumab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Jin Lee
- Department of Pathology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joo Young Kim
- Department of Pathology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - In Ah Park
- Department of Pathology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - In Hye Song
- Department of Pathology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Han Yu
- Department of Surgery, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin-Hee Ahn
- sDepartment of Oncology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gyungyub Gong
- Department of Pathology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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Impact of "Killer Immunoglobulin-Like Receptor /Ligand" Genotypes on Outcome following Surgery among Patients with Colorectal Cancer: Activating KIRs Are Associated with Long-Term Disease Free Survival. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132526. [PMID: 26181663 PMCID: PMC4504472 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 30 % of patients with stage II/III colorectal cancer develop recurrence following surgery. How individual regulation of host mediated anti-tumor cytotoxicity is modified by the killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIRs) genotype is essential for prediction of outcome. We analyzed the frequency of KIR and KIR ligand Human Leukocyte Antigen Class I genotypes, and their effects on recurrence and disease-free survival (DFS). Out of randomly selected 87 colorectal cancer patients who underwent R0 resection operations between 2005 and 2008, 29 patients whose cancers progressed within a median five-year follow-up period were compared with 58 patients with no recurrence within the same time period. Recurrent cases shared similar tumor stages with non-recurrent cases, but had different localizations. We used DNA isolated from pathological archival lymphoid and tumor tissues for KIR and KIR ligand (HLA-C, group C1, group C2, and HLA-A-Bw4) genotyping. Among cases with recurrence, KIR2DL1 (inhibitory KIR) and A-Bw4 (ligand for inhibitory KIR3DL1) were observed more frequently (p=0.017 and p=0.024); and KIR2DS2 and KIR2DS3 (both activating KIRs) were observed less frequently (p=0.005 and p=0.043). Similarly, in the non-recurrent group, inhibitory KIR-ligand combinations 2DL1-C2 and 2DL3-C1 were less frequent, while the activating combination 2DS2-C1 was more frequent. The lack of KIR2DL1, 2DL1-C2, and 2DL3-C1 improved disease-free survival (DFS) (100% vs. 62.3%, p=0.05; 93.8% vs. 60.0%, p=0.035; 73.6% vs. 55.9%, p=0.07). The presence of KIR2DS2, 2DS3, and 2DS2-C1 improved DFS (77.8% vs. 48.5%, p=0.01; 79.4% vs. 58.5%, p=0.003; 76.9% vs. 51.4%, p=0.023). KIR2DS3 reduced the risk of recurrence (HR=0.263, 95% CI = 0.080-0.863, p=0.028). The number of activating KIRs are correlated strongly with DFS, none/ one/ two KIR : 54/77/98 months (p=0.004). In conclusion the inheritance of increasing numbers of activating KIRs and lack of inhibitory KIRs, independent of tumor localization or stage, is associated with long-term DFS.
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Datta J, Xu S, Rosemblit C, Smith JB, Cintolo JA, Powell DJ, Czerniecki BJ. CD4(+) T-Helper Type 1 Cytokines and Trastuzumab Facilitate CD8(+) T-cell Targeting of HER2/neu-Expressing Cancers. Cancer Immunol Res 2015; 3:455-63. [PMID: 25791067 PMCID: PMC4556111 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-14-0208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination strategies incorporating the immunodominant HLA-A2-restricted HER2/neu-derived peptide 369-377 (HER2369-377) are increasingly utilized in HER2/neu-expressing cancer patients. The failure of postvaccination HER2369-377-specific CD8(+) T cells to recognize HLA-A2(pos)HER2/neu-expressing cells in vitro, however, has been attributed to impaired MHC class I/HLA-A2 presentation observed in HER2/neu-overexpressing tumors. We reconcile this controversy by demonstrating that HER2369-377 is directly recognized by high functional-avidity HER2369-377-specific CD8(+) T cells-either genetically modified to express a novel HER2369-377 TCR or sensitized using HER2369-377-pulsed type 1-polarized dendritic cells (DC1)-on class I-abundant HER2(low), but not class I-deficient HER2(high), cancer cells. Importantly, a critical cooperation between CD4(+) T-helper type-1 (Th1) cytokines IFNγ/TNFα and HER2/neu-targeted antibody trastuzumab is necessary to restore class I expression in HER2(high) cancers, thereby facilitating recognition and lysis of these cells by HER2369-377-specific CD8(+) T cells. Concomitant induction of PD-L1 on HER2/neu-expressing cells by IFNγ/TNF and trastuzumab, however, has minimal impact on DC1-sensitized HER2369-377-CD8(+) T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Although activation of EGFR and HER3 signaling significantly abrogates IFNγ/TNFα and trastuzumab-induced class I restoration, EGFR/HER3 receptor blockade rescues class I expression and ensuing HER2369-377-CD8(+) cytotoxicity of HER2/neu-expressing cells. Thus, combinations of CD4(+) Th1 immune interventions and multivalent targeting of HER family members may be required for optimal anti-HER2/neu CD8(+) T-cell-directed immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jashodeep Datta
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Shuwen Xu
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Cinthia Rosemblit
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jenessa B Smith
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jessica A Cintolo
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Daniel J Powell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Brian J Czerniecki
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Rena Rowen Breast Center, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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