1
|
Román Ramos AE, Aucique-Perez CE, Debona D, Dallagnol LJ. Nitrogen and Silicon Contribute to Wheat Defense's to Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, but in an Independent Manner. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1426. [PMID: 38891235 PMCID: PMC11174962 DOI: 10.3390/plants13111426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) and silicon (Si) are mineral elements that have shown a reduction in the damage caused by tan spot (Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (Ptr)) in wheat. However, the effects of these elements were studied separately, and the N and Si interaction effect on wheat resistance to tan spot remains elusive. Histocytological and biochemical defense responses against Ptr in wheat leaves treated with Si (+Si) at low (LN) and high N (HN) inputs were investigated. Soil amendment with Si reduced the tan spot severity in 18% due to the increase in the leaf Si concentration (around 30%), but it was affected by the N level used. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was higher in +Si plants and inoculated with Ptr, leading to early and higher H2O2 and callose accumulation in wheat leaf. Interestedly, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity was induced by the Si supplying, being negatively affected by the HN rate. Meanwhile, catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POX) activities showed differential response patterns according to the Si and N rates used. Tan spot severity was reduced by both elements, but their interaction does not evidence synergic effects in this disease's control. Wheat plants from -Si and HN and +Si and LN treatments recorded lower tan spot severity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Elizabeth Román Ramos
- Departamento de Fitossanidade, Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas 96010-900, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil;
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Agricultural Sciences Natural Resources and the Environment Faculty, Bolivar State University, Guaranda EC020150, Ecuador
| | - Carlos Eduardo Aucique-Perez
- Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
| | - Daniel Debona
- Agronomy Department, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná—Campus Santa Helena, Santa Helena 85892-000, Paraná, Brazil;
| | - Leandro José Dallagnol
- Departamento de Fitossanidade, Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas 96010-900, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Costa MG, de M Prado R, Sarah MMS, Palaretti LF, de C Piccolo M, Souza Júnior JP. New approaches to the effects of Si on sugarcane ratoon under irrigation in Quartzipsamments, Eutrophic Red Oxisol, and Dystrophic Red Oxisol. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:51. [PMID: 36694112 PMCID: PMC9872329 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04077-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND C:N:P homeostasis in plants guarantees optimal levels of these nutrients in plant metabolism. H However, one of the causes to the effects of deficit irrigation is the loss of C:N:P homeostasis in leaves and stems that causes reduction in the growth of sugarcane. Being able to measure the impact of water deficit on C:N:P homeostasis in plants from the stoichiometric ratios of the concentrations of these nutrients in leaves and stems. This loss causes a decrease in nutritional efficiency, but can be mitigated with the use of silicon. Silicon favors the homeostasis of these nutrients and crop productivity. The magnitude of this benefit depends on the absorption of Si by the plant and Si availability in the soil, which varies with the type of soil used. Thus, this study aims to evaluate whether the application of Si via fertigation is efficient in increasing the absorption of Si and whether it is capable of modifying the homeostatic balance of C:N:P of the plant, causing an increase in nutritional efficiency and consequently in the production of biomass in leaves and stems of sugarcane ratoon cultivated with deficient and adequate irrigations in different tropical soils. RESULTS Water deficit caused biological losses in concentrations and accumulation of C, N, and P, and reduced the nutrient use efficiency and biomass production of sugarcane plants cultivated in three tropical soils due to disturbances in the stoichiometric homeostasis of C:N:P. The application of Si increased the concentration and accumulation of Si, C, N, and P and their use efficiency and reduced the biological damage caused by water deficit due to the modification of homeostatic balance of C:N:P by ensuring sustainability of the production of sugarcane biomass in tropical soils. However, the intensity of attenuation of such deleterious effects stood out in plants cultivated in Eutrophic Red Oxisols. Si contributed biologically by improving the performance of sugarcane ratoon with an adequate irrigation due to the optimization of stoichiometric ratios of C:N:P; increased the accumulation and the use efficiency of C, N, and P, and promoted production gains in biomass of sugarcane in three tropical soils. CONCLUSION Our study shows that fertigation with Si can mitigate the deleterious effects of deficient irrigation or potentiate the beneficial effects using an adequate irrigation system due to the induction of a new stoichiometric homeostasis of C:N:P, which in turn improves the nutritional efficiency of sugarcane cultivated in tropical soils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milton G Costa
- Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Department of Agricultural Production Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, São Paulo, 14884900, Brazil.
| | - Renato de M Prado
- Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Department of Agricultural Production Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, São Paulo, 14884900, Brazil
| | - Marcilene M Santos Sarah
- Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Department of Agricultural Production Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, São Paulo, 14884900, Brazil
| | - Luiz F Palaretti
- Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Department of Agricultural Production Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, São Paulo, 14884900, Brazil
| | - Marisa de C Piccolo
- Nuclear Energy Center in Agriculture, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Centenário, 303, Piracicaba, São Paulo, 13400-970, Brazil
| | - Jonas P Souza Júnior
- Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Department of Agricultural Production Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, São Paulo, 14884900, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kumari VV, Banerjee P, Verma VC, Sukumaran S, Chandran MAS, Gopinath KA, Venkatesh G, Yadav SK, Singh VK, Awasthi NK. Plant Nutrition: An Effective Way to Alleviate Abiotic Stress in Agricultural Crops. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158519. [PMID: 35955651 PMCID: PMC9368943 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
By the year 2050, the world’s population is predicted to have grown to around 9–10 billion people. The food demand in many countries continues to increase with population growth. Various abiotic stresses such as temperature, soil salinity and moisture all have an impact on plant growth and development at all levels of plant growth, including the overall plant, tissue cell, and even sub-cellular level. These abiotic stresses directly harm plants by causing protein denaturation and aggregation as well as increased fluidity of membrane lipids. In addition to direct effects, indirect damage also includes protein synthesis inhibition, protein breakdown, and membranous loss in chloroplasts and mitochondria. Abiotic stress during the reproductive stage results in flower drop, pollen sterility, pollen tube deformation, ovule abortion, and reduced yield. Plant nutrition is one of the most effective ways of reducing abiotic stress in agricultural crops. In this paper, we have discussed the effectiveness of different nutrients for alleviating abiotic stress. The roles of primary nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium), secondary nutrients (calcium, magnesium and sulphur), micronutrients (zinc, boron, iron and copper), and beneficial nutrients (cobalt, selenium and silicon) in alleviating abiotic stress in crop plants are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Venugopalan Visha Kumari
- ICAR-Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad 500059, India; (V.V.K.); (S.S.); (M.A.S.C.); (G.V.); (S.K.Y.)
| | - Purabi Banerjee
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Vishwavidyala, Mohanpur 741251, India;
| | - Vivek Chandra Verma
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Basic Science and Humanities, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar 263145, India;
| | - Suvana Sukumaran
- ICAR-Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad 500059, India; (V.V.K.); (S.S.); (M.A.S.C.); (G.V.); (S.K.Y.)
| | - Malamal Alickal Sarath Chandran
- ICAR-Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad 500059, India; (V.V.K.); (S.S.); (M.A.S.C.); (G.V.); (S.K.Y.)
| | - Kodigal A. Gopinath
- ICAR-Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad 500059, India; (V.V.K.); (S.S.); (M.A.S.C.); (G.V.); (S.K.Y.)
- Correspondence: (K.A.G.); (V.K.S.)
| | - Govindarajan Venkatesh
- ICAR-Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad 500059, India; (V.V.K.); (S.S.); (M.A.S.C.); (G.V.); (S.K.Y.)
| | - Sushil Kumar Yadav
- ICAR-Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad 500059, India; (V.V.K.); (S.S.); (M.A.S.C.); (G.V.); (S.K.Y.)
| | - Vinod Kumar Singh
- ICAR-Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad 500059, India; (V.V.K.); (S.S.); (M.A.S.C.); (G.V.); (S.K.Y.)
- Correspondence: (K.A.G.); (V.K.S.)
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Teixeira GCM, de Mello Prado R, Rocha AMS, de Cássia Piccolo M. Silicon as a Sustainable Option to Increase Biomass With Less Water by Inducing Carbon:Nitrogen:Phosphorus Stoichiometric Homeostasis in Sugarcane and Energy Cane. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:826512. [PMID: 35498639 PMCID: PMC9040072 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.826512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Climate change has prolonged periods of water deficit in sugarcane and energy cane crops. This condition induces an imbalance of the carbon (C): nitrogen (N): phosphorus (P) stoichiometric homeostasis, impairing accumulated nutrients from being converted into biomass. Silicon (Si) supplementation can mitigate the damage caused by water deficit in plants by improving the C:N:P balance, increasing C, N, and P use efficiencies and the biomass conversion, and reducing climate change effects on crops. This study assesses the beneficial effects of Si applied through fertigation associated with foliar spraying on the alleviation of damage caused by severe water deficit in sugarcane and energy cane for intermediate and long periods. In addition, the effects in maintenance of nutritional homeostasis we assessed and C, N, and P use efficiencies on sugarcane and energy cane under those conditions were increased. Four experiments were conducted during the first growth cycle of each species. The effect of fertigation associated with Si foliar spraying was evaluated by applying Si only during the seedling formation phase in sugarcane and energy cane grown under severe water deficit for 60 days after transplanting (intermediate period). Then, the effect of Si applied during seedling formation and supplemented after transplanting was evaluated in sugarcane and energy cane grown under severe water deficit for 160 days after transplanting (long period). The Si supply decreased C contents, modified the C:N:P ratio, and increased C, N, and P use efficiencies in plants of both species under water deficit at the intermediate and long periods after transplanting. The effects of applying Si through fertigation associated with foliar spraying during seedling formation mitigated the damage caused by severe water deficit in the intermediate period, which was mainly observed in sugarcane. When supplemented with Si after transplanting, the mitigating effects occurred in both species under severe long period water deficit. Therefore, the Si supply through fertigation associated with foliar spraying is a viable alternative to provide Si to the plant. It also comes with beneficial effects that partially reverse the damage to nutritional homeostasis and increase nutritional efficiency in plants under severe water deficit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gelza Carliane Marques Teixeira
- Laboratory of Plant Nutrition, Department of Agricultural Sciences, São Paulo State University, São Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Gelza Carliane Marques Teixeira,
| | - Renato de Mello Prado
- Laboratory of Plant Nutrition, Department of Agricultural Sciences, São Paulo State University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Marisa de Cássia Piccolo
- Laboratory of Nutrient Cycling, Center of Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lata-Tenesaca LF, de Mello Prado R, de Cássia Piccolo M, da Silva DL, da Silva JLF. Silicon modifies C:N:P stoichiometry, and increases nutrient use efficiency and productivity of quinoa. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9893. [PMID: 33972664 PMCID: PMC8110966 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89416-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Recognizably, silicon has a beneficial effect on plant growth and productivity. In this respect, it is also known that the C, N and, P stoichiometric ratios and nutrient conversion efficiency allow identifying the interactions between elements while helping to understand the role Si plays in plant growth. This study aims to investigate whether increasing Si concentrations (0, 1, 2, and 3 mmol L−1) supplied in the nutrient solution is uptaken by quinoa, modifies the C:N:P stoichiometry while increasing nutritional efficiency and crop productivity as well. Our results revealed that the Si supply by promoting a decline in the C levels, associated with greater uptake of N and P, especially decreased the C:N and C:P ratios, favoring the C metabolism efficiency, and modulated the N and P use efficiency for biomass accumulation. This improved nutritional performance and greater use efficiency of C directly favored quinoa productivity. The future perspective is to encourage new field studies with this species to adjust silicon fertilization management to different soils aiming at enhancing quinoa productivity on a sustainable basis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Felipe Lata-Tenesaca
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil.
| | - Renato de Mello Prado
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Marisa de Cássia Piccolo
- Center of Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, 13400-970, Brazil
| | - Dalila Lopes da Silva
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - José Lucas Farias da Silva
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Elshayb OM, Nada AM, Ibrahim HM, Amin HE, Atta AM. Application of Silica Nanoparticles for Improving Growth, Yield, and Enzymatic Antioxidant for the Hybrid Rice EHR1 Growing under Water Regime Conditions. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14051150. [PMID: 33671062 PMCID: PMC7957767 DOI: 10.3390/ma14051150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The current study was designed to assess the effect of different concentrations of silica oxide nanoparticles (SiO2NPs) (0, 30, 60, and 90 ppm) as foliar applications under three irrigation regimes i.e., irrigation every 3 days (IR3, control), irrigation every 6 days (IR6), and irrigation every 9 days (IR9) on growth, yield and certain metabolites of rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. EHR1). To achieve such a goal, 2 field experiments were conducted during the 2018 and 2019 seasons at the Experimental Farm of Rice Research and Training Center (RRTC), Sakha Agricultural Station, Kafr El-sheik, Egypt. Firstly, the as-prepared nanoparticles of SiO2 were prepared from useless materials (RHs) which are considered as one of the bio burdens on the environment via treating with HCl and followed by drying and calcination. Consequently, the synthesis was examined by making use of advanced tools such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS) for illustrating the hydrodynamic particle size of SiO2NPs and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The nanoparticles were formed with nearly spherical shape and small size. The results indicated that leaf area index, dry matter production, the number of panicles/m2, the number of filled grains/ panicles, 1000 grain weight, grain yield, and biological yield as well as chlorophyll content have witnessed a significant increase under irrigated application every 3 and 6 days. Whilst a prolonged irrigation regime up to 9 days recorded a remarkable decline in the aforementioned characteristics except for the number of unfilled grains/panicle which increased considerably in both seasons. On the other hand, proline concentration and the activity of the antioxidant enzymes were increased in both irrigated treatments every 6 and 9 days compared with control treatment (irrigation every 3 days). The foliar supplementations of (SiO2NPs) contributed to ameliorating all the aforementioned characteristics progressively up to the dosage of 90 ppm compared to control treatment (no Si/NPS application) in both seasons. Invariably, growth and yield parameters in water-stressed plants treated with SiO2NPs were higher than those in water-stressed plants without SiO2NPs addition. Based on that, it could be concluded that the foliar application of SiO2NPs can mitigate the adverse effect of water stress on rice plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omnia M. Elshayb
- Rice Research and Training Center, Field Crops Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza 588, Egypt; (O.M.E.); (A.MN.)
| | - Abdelwahed M Nada
- Rice Research and Training Center, Field Crops Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza 588, Egypt; (O.M.E.); (A.MN.)
| | - Heba M. Ibrahim
- Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt;
| | - Heba E. Amin
- Department of Food Industry, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt;
| | - Ayman M. Atta
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Teixeira GCM, Prado RDM, Rocha AMS, Piccolo MDC. Root- and foliar-applied silicon modifies C: N: P ratio and increases the nutritional efficiency of pre-sprouted sugarcane seedlings under water deficit. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240847. [PMID: 33057406 PMCID: PMC7561170 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Water deficit limits the establishment of sugarcane plants from pre-sprouted seedlings (PSS). Silicon (Si) can mitigate such stress, and your supply in plants with the active absorption mechanism is carried out through roots. However, foliar spraying has been practiced to supply Si in PSS production nurseries. Althought it is known that Si via roots can alter C: N: P ratios, nothing has been reported about its supply via foliar spraying, nor whether such changes interfere with structural nutrient use efficiency and with plant physiological responses. Thus, this study aimes to asses whether Si foliar spraying changes C: N: P ratios and increases the nutritional efficiency of PSS, as well as whether water deficiency interferes with such a relationships. For these purposes, three experiments were carried out. In experiment I, treatments consisted of two sugarcane cultivars (CTC 4 and RB 966928) and three Si supply forms (in nutrient solution via roots [SiR], via foliar spraying [SiL], and one control with the absence of Si [-Si]). The same Si supply forms were used in the other two experiments. In experiment II, a short-term water deficit was induced by polyethylene glycol addition to nutrient solution (-0.6 MPa) for three days. In experiment III, a long-term water deficit was imposed using levels of soil water retention capacity (70% [no water deficit], 50% [moderate water deficit], and 30% [severe water deficit] for 30 days. Our findings revealed that Si supply decreased C concentrations regardless of water conditions and that N and P concentrations varied with Si supply form and water deficit level. Moreover, root- and foliar-applied Si modified the C: N: P stoichiometry and increased C use efficiency in PSS, which thus increased N and P use efficiencies. Such an increased nutritional performance helped adjust physiological parameters and increase dry matter yield in PSS, both under water stress and non-stress conditions. Further, Si foliar spraying promoted structural effects on PSS regardless of water conditions, even if sugarcane has an active absorption via roots. In conclusion, foliar spraying can be used to supply Si in PSS production nurseries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gelza Carliane Marques Teixeira
- Laboratory of Plant Nutrition, Department of Soils and Fertilizers, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renato de Mello Prado
- Laboratory of Plant Nutrition, Department of Soils and Fertilizers, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio Márcio Souza Rocha
- Laboratory of Biogeochemistry, Department of Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marisa de Cássia Piccolo
- Laboratory of Nutrient Cycling, Center of Nuclear Energy in Agriculture (CENA), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Trejo-Téllez LI, García-Jiménez A, Escobar-Sepúlveda HF, Ramírez-Olvera SM, Bello-Bello JJ, Gómez-Merino FC. Silicon induces hormetic dose-response effects on growth and concentrations of chlorophylls, amino acids and sugars in pepper plants during the early developmental stage. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9224. [PMID: 32551195 PMCID: PMC7292026 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Silicon (Si) is a beneficial element that has been proven to influence plant responses including growth, development and metabolism in a hormetic manner. Methods In the present study, we evaluated the effect of Si on the growth and concentrations of chlorophylls, total amino acids, and total sugars of pepper plants (Capsicum annuum L.) during the early developmental stage in a hydroponic system under conventional (unstressed) conditions. We tested four Si concentrations (applied as calcium silicate): 0, 60, 125 and 250 mg L-1, and growth variables were measured 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after treatment (dat), while biochemical variables were recorded at the end of the experiment, 28 dat. Results The application of 125 mg L-1 Si improved leaf area, fresh and dry biomass weight in leaves and stems, total soluble sugars, and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b in both leaves and stems. The amino acids concentration in leaves and roots, as well as the stem diameter were the highest in plants treated with 60 mg L-1 Si. Nevertheless, Si applications reduced root length, stem diameter and total free amino acids in leaves and stems, especially when applied at the highest concentration (i.e., 250 mg L-1 Si). Conclusion The application of Si has positive effects on pepper plants during the early developmental stage, including stimulation of growth, as well as increased concentrations of chlorophylls, total free amino acids and total soluble sugars. In general, most benefits from Si applications were observed in the range of 60-125 mg L-1 Si, while some negative effects were observed at the highest concentration applied (i.e., 250 mg L-1 Si). Therefore, pepper is a good candidate crop to benefit from Si application during the early developmental stage under unstressed conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Libia Iris Trejo-Téllez
- Department of Soil Science. Laboratory of Plant Nutrition, College of Postgraduates in Agricultural Sciences Campus Montecillo, Texcoco, State of Mexico, Mexico
| | - Atonaltzin García-Jiménez
- Department of Plant Physiology, College of Postgraduates in Agricultural Sciences Campus Montecillo, Texcoco, State of Mexico, Mexico
| | | | - Sara Monzerrat Ramírez-Olvera
- Department of Plant Physiology, College of Postgraduates in Agricultural Sciences Campus Montecillo, Texcoco, State of Mexico, Mexico
| | - Jericó Jabín Bello-Bello
- Department of Biotechnology, CONACYT-College of Postgraduates in Agricultural Sciences Campus Córdoba, Amatlán de los Reyes, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Fernando Carlos Gómez-Merino
- Department of Soil Science. Laboratory of Plant Nutrition, College of Postgraduates in Agricultural Sciences Campus Montecillo, Texcoco, State of Mexico, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Jana GA, Al Kharusi L, Sunkar R, Al-Yahyai R, Yaish MW. Metabolomic analysis of date palm seedlings exposed to salinity and silicon treatments. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2019; 14:1663112. [PMID: 31505987 PMCID: PMC6804709 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2019.1663112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Silicon is known to promote plant growth as well as stress tolerance of plants. The current study was undertaken to assess the growth promoting effect of silicon on date palm seedling development as well as its ability to abate some of the negative effects of salinity. In this study, date palm seedlings were treated with silicon and sodium chloride salts, and the effect of these salts on some physiological parameters of the plants was determined. In addition, a global nontargeted metabolomics analysis was performed for the leaf and root tissues using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The results showed that under non-stress conditions, silicon treatment enhanced the growth of the date palm seedlings, however, under salinity, silicon slightly mitigates the negative effects of salt stress on the date palm seedlings although it enhances the potassium accumulation under this condition. The global metabolomics analysis has identified a total of 1,101 significant differentially accumulated (p, q ≤ 0.05) metabolites in leaves and roots under silicon, salinity or their combination. A differential pairwise metabolic profile comparison revealed the accumulation of distinct metabolites in response to silicon and salinity treatments such as antioxidant compounds pyridoxine, cepharanthine, allithiamine, myristic acid and boldine; osmoregulators such as mucic acid; along with the accumulation of detoxification intermediates such as S-D-lactoylglutathione, beta-cyano-L-alanine and gamma-glutamyl-conjugates. In addition, histochemical analyses revealed that application of silicon significantly (p ≤ 0.05) enhanced the formation of the Casparian strip. Identification of the differentially accumulated metabolites could offer an insight into how silicon is able to promote growth and salinity tolerance in date palms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerry Aplang Jana
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Latifa Al Kharusi
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Ramanjulu Sunkar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Rashid Al-Yahyai
- Department of Crop Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Mahmoud W. Yaish
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
- CONTACT Mahmoud W. Yaish , Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 36, Muscat 123, Oman
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Coskun D, Deshmukh R, Sonah H, Menzies JG, Reynolds O, Ma JF, Kronzucker HJ, Bélanger RR. The controversies of silicon's role in plant biology. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:67-85. [PMID: 30007071 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 67 I. Introduction 68 II. Silicon transport in plants: to absorb or not to absorb 69 III. The role of silicon in plants: not just a matter of semantics 71 IV. Silicon and biotic stress: beyond mechanical barriers and defense priming 76 V. Silicon and abiotic stress: a proliferation of proposed mechanisms 78 VI. The apoplastic obstruction hypothesis: a working model 79 VII. Perspectives and conclusions 80 Acknowledgements 81 References 81 SUMMARY: Silicon (Si) is not classified as an essential plant nutrient, and yet numerous reports have shown its beneficial effects in a variety of species and environmental circumstances. This has created much confusion in the scientific community with respect to its biological roles. Here, we link molecular and phenotypic data to better classify Si transport, and critically summarize the current state of understanding of the roles of Si in higher plants. We argue that much of the empirical evidence, in particular that derived from recent functional genomics, is at odds with many of the mechanistic assertions surrounding Si's role. In essence, these data do not support reports that Si affects a wide range of molecular-genetic, biochemical and physiological processes. A major reinterpretation of Si's role is therefore needed, which is critical to guide future studies and inform agricultural practice. We propose a working model, which we term the 'apoplastic obstruction hypothesis', which attempts to unify the various observations on Si's beneficial influences on plant growth and yield. This model argues for a fundamental role of Si as an extracellular prophylactic agent against biotic and abiotic stresses (as opposed to an active cellular agent), with important cascading effects on plant form and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Devrim Coskun
- Département de Phytologie, Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation (FSAA), Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Rupesh Deshmukh
- Département de Phytologie, Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation (FSAA), Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Humira Sonah
- Département de Phytologie, Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation (FSAA), Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - James G Menzies
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 101 Route 100, Morden, MB, R6M 1Y5, Canada
| | - Olivia Reynolds
- Biosecurity and Food Safety, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Menangle, NSW, 2568, Australia
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2650, Australia
| | - Jian Feng Ma
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Chuo 2-20-1, Kurashiki, 710-0046, Japan
| | - Herbert J Kronzucker
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., 3010, Australia
| | - Richard R Bélanger
- Département de Phytologie, Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation (FSAA), Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Seal P, Das P, Biswas AK. Versatile Potentiality of Silicon in Mitigation of Biotic and Abiotic Stresses in Plants: A Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2018.97105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
12
|
Ali N, Schwarzenberg A, Yvin JC, Hosseini SA. Regulatory Role of Silicon in Mediating Differential Stress Tolerance Responses in Two Contrasting Tomato Genotypes Under Osmotic Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1475. [PMID: 30349552 PMCID: PMC6187069 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown the role of silicon (Si) in mitigating the adverse effect of drought stress in different crop species. However, data are lacking on a comparison of drought tolerant and drought sensitive crop cultivars in response to Si nutrition. Therefore, the aim of this study was to elucidate the mechanism (s) by which two contrasting tomato genotypes respond to Si nutrition under osmotic stress condition. Two tomato lines contrasting in their response to drought stress were hydroponically grown under polyethylene glycol (PEG, 6000) and two regimes of Si (0 and 1.5 mM). Metabolite profiling was performed in two lines. Growth and relevant physiological parameters, and expression levels of selected genes were also measured. Si application resulted in improved osmotic stress tolerance in both drought tolerant line LA0147 and drought sensitive line FERUM. In the drought tolerant line, Si enhanced uptake of sulfur (S) and ammonium ( NH 4 + ) which led to a significantly higher production of amino acids arginine, methionine, serine, and glycine. While in the drought sensitive line, Si significantly increased production of amino acids proline and GABA which further lowered the level of GSSG to GSH ratio and thus balanced the redox homeostasis under osmotic stress. The higher significant production of amino acids arginine, methionine, GABA, and proline enhanced production of free polyamines putrescine and spermidine and improved osmotic stress tolerance. Therefore, we conclude that Si distinctively regulated osmotic stress tolerance in two contrasting tomato genotypes by differential accumulation of relevant amino acids which eventually led to enhanced polyamine metabolism.
Collapse
|
13
|
Kumar S, Soukup M, Elbaum R. Silicification in Grasses: Variation between Different Cell Types. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:438. [PMID: 28400787 PMCID: PMC5368260 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plants take up silicon as mono-silicic acid, which is released to soil by the weathering of silicate minerals. Silicic acid can be taken up by plant roots passively or actively, and later it is deposited in its polymerized form as amorphous hydrated silica. Major silica depositions in grasses occur in root endodermis, leaf epidermal cells, and outer epidermal cells of inflorescence bracts. Debates are rife about the mechanism of silica deposition, and two contrasting scenarios are often proposed to explain it. According to the passive mode of silicification, silica deposition is a result of silicic acid condensation due to dehydration, such as during transpirational loss of water from the aboveground organs. In general, silicification and transpiration are positively correlated, and continued silicification is sometimes observed after cell and tissue maturity. The other mode of silicification proposes the involvement of some biological factors, and is based on observations that silicification is not necessarily coupled with transpiration. Here, we review evidence for both mechanisms of silicification, and propose that the deposition mechanism is specific to the cell type. Considering all the cell types together, our conclusion is that grass silica deposition can be divided into three modes: spontaneous cell wall silicification, directed cell wall silicification, and directed paramural silicification in silica cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rivka Elbaum
- Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture The Hebrew University of JerusalemRehovot, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Luyckx M, Hausman JF, Lutts S, Guerriero G. Silicon and Plants: Current Knowledge and Technological Perspectives. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:411. [PMID: 28386269 PMCID: PMC5362598 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Elemental silicon (Si), after oxygen, is the second most abundant element in the earth's crust, which is mainly composed of silicates. Si is not considered essential for plant growth and development, however, increasing evidence in the literature shows that this metalloid is beneficial to plants, especially under stress conditions. Indeed Si alleviates the toxic effects caused by abiotic stresses, e.g., salt stress, drought, heavy metals, to name a few. Biogenic silica is also a deterrent against herbivores. Additionally, Si ameliorates the vigor of plants and improves their resistance to exogenous stresses. The protective role of Si was initially attributed to a physical barrier fortifying the cell wall (e.g., against fungal hyphae penetration), however, several studies have shown that the action of this element on plants is far more complex, as it involves a cross-talk with the cell interior and an effect on plant metabolism. In this study the beneficial role of Si on plants will be discussed, by reviewing the available data in the literature. Emphasis will be given to the protective role of Si during (a)biotic stresses and in this context both priming and the effects of Si on endogenous phytohormones will be discussed. A whole section will be devoted to the use of silica (SiO2) nanoparticles, in the light of the interest that nanotechnology has for agriculture. The paper also discusses the potential technological aspects linked to the use of Si in agriculture and to modify/improve the physical parameters of plant fibers. The study indeed provides perspectives on the use of Si to increase the yield of fiber crops and to improve the thermal stability and tensile strength of natural fibers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Luyckx
- Groupe de Recherche en Physiologie Végétale, Earth and Life Institute - Agronomy, Université Catholique de LouvainLouvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Jean-Francois Hausman
- Environmental Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and TechnologyEsch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Stanley Lutts
- Groupe de Recherche en Physiologie Végétale, Earth and Life Institute - Agronomy, Université Catholique de LouvainLouvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Stanley Lutts, Gea Guerriero,
| | - Gea Guerriero
- Environmental Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and TechnologyEsch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- *Correspondence: Stanley Lutts, Gea Guerriero,
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Coskun D, Britto DT, Huynh WQ, Kronzucker HJ. The Role of Silicon in Higher Plants under Salinity and Drought Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1072. [PMID: 27486474 PMCID: PMC4947951 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Although deemed a "non-essential" mineral nutrient, silicon (Si) is clearly beneficial to plant growth and development, particularly under stress conditions, including salinity and drought. Here, we review recent research on the physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms underlying Si-induced alleviation of osmotic and ionic stresses associated with salinity and drought. We distinguish between changes observed in the apoplast (i.e., suberization, lignification, and silicification of the extracellular matrix; transpirational bypass flow of solutes and water), and those of the symplast (i.e., transmembrane transport of solutes and water; gene expression; oxidative stress; metabolism), and discuss these features in the context of Si biogeochemistry and bioavailability in agricultural soils, evaluating the prospect of using Si fertilization to increase crop yield and stress tolerance under salinity and drought conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Herbert J. Kronzucker
- Department of Biological Sciences, Canadian Centre for World Hunger Research, University of Toronto, TorontoON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Guerriero G, Hausman JF, Legay S. Silicon and the Plant Extracellular Matrix. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:463. [PMID: 27148294 PMCID: PMC4828433 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Silicon (Si) is one of the most abundant elements on earth. Although not considered essential for the growth and development of higher plants, it is nonetheless known to increase vigor and to play protective roles. Its protective effects include for instance alleviation of (a)biotic stress damages and heavy metal toxicity. Si was shown to interact with several components of the plant cell walls in the form of silica (SiO2). In plants SiO2 promotes strengthening of the cell walls and provides increased mechanical support to the aerial parts. The relationship SiO2-plant cell wall has been well documented in monocots and pteridophytes, which are known Si accumulators, while much less is known on the interaction of Si with the cell walls of dicots. We here provide a concise up-to-date survey on the interaction between Si and plant cell wall components by focussing on cellulose, hemicelluloses, callose, pectins, lignin, and proteins. We also describe the effects of Si on cell wall-related processes by discussing the published results in both monocots and dicots. We conclude our survey with a description of the possible mechanisms by which Si exerts priming in plants.
Collapse
|
17
|
Sanglard LMVP, Martins SCV, Detmann KC, Silva PEM, Lavinsky AO, Silva MM, Detmann E, Araújo WL, DaMatta FM. Silicon nutrition alleviates the negative impacts of arsenic on the photosynthetic apparatus of rice leaves: an analysis of the key limitations of photosynthesis. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2014; 152:355-66. [PMID: 24588812 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Silicon (Si) plays important roles in alleviating various abiotic stresses. In rice (Oryza sativa), arsenic (As) is believed to share the Si transport pathway for entry into roots, and Si has been demonstrated to decrease As concentrations. However, the physiological mechanisms through which Si might alleviate As toxicity in plants remain poorly elucidated. We combined detailed gas exchange measurements with chlorophyll fluorescence analysis to examine the effects of Si nutrition on photosynthetic performance in rice plants [a wild-type (WT) cultivar and its lsi1 mutant defective in Si uptake] challenged with As (arsenite). As treatment impaired carbon fixation (particularly in the WT genotype) that was unrelated to photochemical or biochemical limitations but, rather, was largely associated with decreased leaf conductance at the stomata and mesophyll levels. Indeed, regardless of the genotypes, in the plants challenged with As, photosynthetic rates correlated strongly with both stomatal (r(2) = 0.90) and mesophyll (r(2) = 0.95) conductances, and these conductances were, in turn, linearly correlated with each other. The As-related impairments to carbon fixation could be considerably reverted by Si in a time- and genotype-dependent manner. In conclusion, we identified Si nutrition as an important target in an attempt to not only decrease As concentrations but also to ameliorate the photosynthetic performance of rice plants challenged with As.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lílian M V P Sanglard
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|