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Muhammad T, Yang T, Wang B, Yang H, Tuerdiyusufu D, Wang J, Yu Q. Comprehensive genomic characterization and expression analysis of calreticulin gene family in tomato. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1397765. [PMID: 38711609 PMCID: PMC11070585 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1397765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Calreticulin (CRT) is a calcium-binding endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein that has been identified for multiple cellular processes, including protein folding, regulation of gene expression, calcium (Ca2+) storage and signaling, regeneration, and stress responses. However, the lack of information about this protein family in tomato species highlights the importance of functional characterization. In the current study, 21 CRTs were identified in four tomato species using the most recent genomic data and performed comprehensive bioinformatics and SlCRT expression in various tissues and treatments. In the bioinformatics analysis, we described the physiochemical properties, phylogeny, subcellular positions, chromosomal location, promoter analysis, gene structure, motif distribution, protein structure and protein interaction. The phylogenetic analysis classified the CRTs into three groups, consensus with the gene architecture and conserved motif analyses. Protein structure analysis revealed that the calreticulin domain is highly conserved among different tomato species and phylogenetic groups. The cis-acting elements and protein interaction analysis indicate that CRTs are involved in various developmental and stress response mechanisms. The cultivated and wild tomato species exhibited similar gene mapping on chromosomes, and synteny analysis proposed that segmental duplication plays an important role in the evolution of the CRTs family with negative selection pressure. RNA-seq data analysis showed that SlCRTs were differentially expressed in different tissues, signifying the role of calreticulin genes in tomato growth and development. qRT-PCR expression profiling showed that all SlCRTs except SlCRT5 were upregulated under PEG (polyethylene glycol) induced drought stress and abscisic acid (ABA) treatment and SlCRT2 and SlCRT3 were upregulated under salt stress. Overall, the results of the study provide information for further investigation of the functional characterization of the CRT genes in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayeb Muhammad
- Key Laboratory of Genome Research and Genetic Improvement of Xinjiang Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, Institute of Horticulture Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Genome Research and Genetic Improvement of Xinjiang Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, Institute of Horticulture Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Baike Wang
- Key Laboratory of Genome Research and Genetic Improvement of Xinjiang Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, Institute of Horticulture Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Haitao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Genome Research and Genetic Improvement of Xinjiang Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, Institute of Horticulture Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Diliaremu Tuerdiyusufu
- College of Computer and Information Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Genome Research and Genetic Improvement of Xinjiang Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, Institute of Horticulture Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Qinghui Yu
- Key Laboratory of Genome Research and Genetic Improvement of Xinjiang Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, Institute of Horticulture Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
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Corti F, Festa M, Stein F, Stevanato P, Siroka J, Navazio L, Vothknecht UC, Alboresi A, Novák O, Formentin E, Szabò I. Comparative analysis of wild-type and chloroplast MCU-deficient plants reveals multiple consequences of chloroplast calcium handling under drought stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1228060. [PMID: 37692417 PMCID: PMC10485843 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1228060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Chloroplast calcium homeostasis plays an important role in modulating the response of plants to abiotic and biotic stresses. One of the greatest challenges is to understand how chloroplast calcium-permeable pathways and sensors are regulated in a concerted manner to translate specific information into a calcium signature and to elucidate the downstream effects of specific chloroplast calcium dynamics. One of the six homologs of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) was found to be located in chloroplasts in the leaves and to crucially contribute to drought- and oxidative stress-triggered uptake of calcium into this organelle. Methods In the present study we integrated comparative proteomic analysis with biochemical, genetic, cellular, ionomic and hormone analysis in order to gain an insight into how chloroplast calcium channels are integrated into signaling circuits under watered condition and under drought stress. Results Altogether, our results indicate for the first time a link between chloroplast calcium channels and hormone levels, showing an enhanced ABA level in the cmcu mutant already in well-watered condition. Furthermore, we show that the lack of cMCU results in an upregulation of the calcium sensor CAS and of enzymes of chlorophyll synthesis, which are also involved in retrograde signaling upon drought stress, in two independent KO lines generated in Col-0 and Col-4 ecotypes. Conclusions These observations point to chloroplasts as important signaling hubs linked to their calcium dynamics. Our results obtained in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana are discussed also in light of our limited knowledge regarding organellar calcium signaling in crops and raise the possibility of an involvement of such signaling in response to drought stress also in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Frank Stein
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Piergiorgio Stevanato
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Jitka Siroka
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences & Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | | | - Ute C. Vothknecht
- Plant Cell Biology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences & Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | | | - Ildikò Szabò
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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Zheng W, Hu H, Jiang J, Sun X, Fu R, Tao H, Liu Y, Chen H, Ma H, Chen S. Haemaphysalis longicornis calreticulin is not an effective molecular tool for tick bite diagnosis and disruption of tick infestations. Vet Parasitol 2022; 309:109775. [PMID: 35939902 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2022.109775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tick calreticulin (CRT) is a calcium-binding protein secreted into the host during blood feeding. It has been used as a biomarker of tick exposure and has potential as an anti-tick vaccine, but there is no information about these uses for Haemaphysalis longicornis CRT (HlCRT). We synthesized recombinant H. longicornis CRT (rHlCRT) and evaluated its potential for tick bite diagnosis and for disrupting tick infestations. METHODS The responses of mice and rabbits exposed to H. longicornis ticks were measured with ELISA to determine the antibody level against rHlCRT. To evaluate the effects of rHlCRT-induced anti-tick immunity, engorgement weight, tick engorgement index (TEI), feeding duration, ecdysis rate, and egg weight per engorged tick were compared between ticks fed on immunized and normal mice. RESULTS Mean anti-tick CRT antibody levels in sera collected from mice at 1 and 15 days after primary tick exposure were not significantly different from the mean antibody levels in negative control mice that were not bitten by ticks (all P values > 0.05). No significant anti-HlCRT IgG responses developed in mice after second exposure to tick bites compared with the level of anti-HlCRT antibody response in negative control mice (all P values > 0.25). For rabbits, no significant differences in the antibody levels were observed in animals before challenge infestation and after tick exposures, and in animals after two tick exposures (all P values > 0.10). There were no significant differences in the body weight of ticks fed on immunized and normal mice (all P values > 0.15). No significant differences in TEI were observed between ticks fed on immunized mice and normal control mice (all P values > 0.50). There were no significant differences in feeding duration for female ticks, and feeding duration and ecdysis rate for nymphs in the experimental and control groups (all P values > 0.10 for feeding duration and P value = 0.19 for ecdysis rate). We did not observe a significant difference in egg weight per tick in the rHlCRT-immunized and the control groups (P = 0.88). CONCLUSIONS HlCRT in H. longicornis tick saliva proteins appears to be nonimmunogenic to mammalian hosts like mice and rabbits. Vaccination with rHlCRT did not generate effective immunity against parthenogenetic and bisexual H. longicornis nymphs or female ticks. These results indicate that HlCRT is not a suitable molecular candidate for H. longicornis tick bite diagnosis and not effective for the disruption of tick infestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqing Zheng
- The Collaboration Unit for Field Epidemiology of State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Jiangxi Provincial key Laboratory of Animal-origin and Vector-borne Diseases, Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Honggutan District, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330038, China
| | - Haijun Hu
- The Collaboration Unit for Field Epidemiology of State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Jiangxi Provincial key Laboratory of Animal-origin and Vector-borne Diseases, Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Honggutan District, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330038, China
| | - Jiafu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Xiangrong Sun
- The Collaboration Unit for Field Epidemiology of State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Jiangxi Provincial key Laboratory of Animal-origin and Vector-borne Diseases, Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Honggutan District, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330038, China
| | - Renlong Fu
- The Collaboration Unit for Field Epidemiology of State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Jiangxi Provincial key Laboratory of Animal-origin and Vector-borne Diseases, Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Honggutan District, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330038, China
| | - Huiying Tao
- The Collaboration Unit for Field Epidemiology of State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Jiangxi Provincial key Laboratory of Animal-origin and Vector-borne Diseases, Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Honggutan District, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330038, China
| | - Yangqing Liu
- The Collaboration Unit for Field Epidemiology of State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Jiangxi Provincial key Laboratory of Animal-origin and Vector-borne Diseases, Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Honggutan District, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330038, China
| | - Haiying Chen
- The Collaboration Unit for Field Epidemiology of State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Jiangxi Provincial key Laboratory of Animal-origin and Vector-borne Diseases, Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Honggutan District, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330038, China
| | - Hongmei Ma
- The Collaboration Unit for Field Epidemiology of State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Jiangxi Provincial key Laboratory of Animal-origin and Vector-borne Diseases, Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Honggutan District, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330038, China.
| | - Shengen Chen
- The Collaboration Unit for Field Epidemiology of State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Jiangxi Provincial key Laboratory of Animal-origin and Vector-borne Diseases, Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Honggutan District, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330038, China.
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Wasąg P, Suwińska A, Lenartowska M, Lenartowski R. RNAi-Mediated Knockdown of Calreticulin3a Impairs Pollen Tube Growth in Petunia. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094987. [PMID: 35563382 PMCID: PMC9103332 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pollen tube growth depends on several complex processes, including exo/endocytosis, cell wall biogenesis, intracellular transport, and cell signaling. Our previous results provided evidence that calreticulin (CRT)—a prominent calcium (Ca2+)-buffering molecular chaperone in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen—is involved in pollen tube formation and function. We previously cloned and characterized the CRT gene belonging to the CRT1/2 subgroup from Petunia hybrida (PhCRT1/2), and found that post-transcriptional silencing of PhCRT1/2 expression strongly impaired pollen tube growth in vitro. Here, we report cloning of a new PhCRT3a homolog; we identified the full-length cDNA sequence and described its molecular characteristics and phylogenetic relationships to other plant CRT3 genes. Using an RNA interference (RNAi) strategy, we found that knockdown of PhCRT3a gene expression caused numerous defects in the morphology and ultrastructure of cultivated pollen tubes, including disorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and loss of cytoplasmic zonation. Elongation of siPhCRT3a pollen tubes was disrupted, and some of them ruptured. Our present data provide the first evidence that PhCRT3a expression is required for normal pollen tube growth. Thus, we discuss relationships between diverse CRT isoforms in several interdependent processes driving the apical growth of the pollen tube, including actomyosin-dependent cytoplasmic streaming, organelle positioning, vesicle trafficking, and cell wall biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Wasąg
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (P.W.); (A.S.); (M.L.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, 85-093 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Anna Suwińska
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (P.W.); (A.S.); (M.L.)
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Marta Lenartowska
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (P.W.); (A.S.); (M.L.)
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Robert Lenartowski
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (P.W.); (A.S.); (M.L.)
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland
- Correspondence:
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Suwińska A, Wasąg P, Bednarska-Kozakiewicz E, Lenartowska M, Lenartowski R. Calreticulin expression and localization in relation to exchangeable Ca 2+ during pollen development in Petunia. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:24. [PMID: 34998378 PMCID: PMC8742381 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03409-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pollen development in the anther in angiosperms depends on complicated cellular interactions associated with the expression of gametophytic and sporophytic genes which control fundamental processes during microsporo/gametogenesis, such as exo/endocytosis, intracellular transport, cell signaling, chromatin remodeling, and cell division. Most if not all of these cellular processes depend of local concentration of calcium ions (Ca2+). Work from our laboratory and others provide evidence that calreticulin (CRT), a prominent Ca2+-binding/buffering protein in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of eukaryotic cells, may be involved in pollen formation and function. Here, we show for the first time the expression pattern of the PhCRT1 gene and CRT accumulation in relation to exchangeable Ca2+ in Petunia hybrida developing anther, and discuss probable roles for this protein in the male gametophyte development. RESULTS Using northern hybridization, western blot analysis, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), immunocytochemistry, and potassium antimonate precipitation, we report that PhCRT1 is highly expressed in the anther and localization pattern of the CRT protein correlates with loosely bound (exchangeable) Ca2+ during the successive stages of microsporo/gametogenesis. We confirmed a permanent presence of both CRT and exchangeable Ca2+ in the germ line and tapetal cells, where these factors preferentially localized to the ER which is known to be the most effective intracellular Ca2+ store in eukaryotic cells. In addition, our immunoblots revealed a gradual increase in CRT level from the microsporocyte stage through the meiosis and the highest CRT level at the microspore stage, when both microspores and tapetal cells show extremely high secretory activity correlated with the biogenesis of the sporoderm. CONCLUSION Our present data provide support for a key role of CRT in developing anther of angiosperms - regulation of Ca2+ homeostasis during pollen grains formation. This Ca2+-buffering chaperone seems to be essential for pollen development and maturation since a high rate of protein synthesis and protein folding within the ER as well as intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis are strictly required during the multi-step process of pollen development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Suwińska
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
| | - Piotr Wasąg
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Bednarska-Kozakiewicz
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
| | - Marta Lenartowska
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
| | - Robert Lenartowski
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland.
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland.
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Mushtaq R, Shahzad K, Shah ZH, Alsamadany H, Alzahrani HAS, Alzahrani Y, Mujtaba T, Ahmed Z, Mansoor S, Bashir A. Isolation of biotic stress resistance genes from cotton (Gossypium arboreum) and their analysis in model plant tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) for resistance against cotton leaf curl disease complex. J Virol Methods 2020; 276:113760. [PMID: 31712092 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2019.113760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cotton production is widely effected by Cotton Leaf Curl Virus (CLCuV) in world posing serious losses to cotton yield.The CRT genes from CLCuV resistant G. arboreum and CLCuV susceptible G. hirsutum were cloned and sequenced to know the differences of protein composition in both species. Molecular techniques were used to isolate full length putative biotic stress resistance genes from G. arboreum besides the analysis of identified novel genes in model plant tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) for resistance to cotton leaf curl disease complex. It was found that transgenic plants over expressing Hydroperoxidelyase (HPL) genes exhibited higher enzyme activity than wild type. In addition the genome sequence information was used for the purpose of gene isolation. Even for the enhanced expression of Calreticulin (CRT), AOS and HPL in G. hirsutum, it still showed susceptibility against CLCuV suggesting alternative genes and pathways involved for the expression of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakhshanda Mushtaq
- Department of Biotechnology, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan; National Institute for Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Khurram Shahzad
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, The University of Haripur, Pakistan.
| | - Zahid Hussain Shah
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, PirMehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
| | - Hameed Alsamadany
- Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah Saudi Arabia.
| | - Hind A S Alzahrani
- College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Yahya Alzahrani
- Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah Saudi Arabia.
| | - Tahir Mujtaba
- Plant and Forest Biotechnology Umeå, Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agriculture Sciences, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Zaheer Ahmed
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad Pakistan.
| | - Shahid Mansoor
- National Institute for Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Aftab Bashir
- National Institute for Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan; School of Life Sciences, Forman Christian College University, Lahore, Pakistan.
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Wasąg P, Grajkowski T, Suwińska A, Lenartowska M, Lenartowski R. Phylogenetic analysis of plant calreticulin homologs. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2019; 134:99-110. [PMID: 30711535 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2019.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Calreticulin (CRT) is an multifunctional resident endoplasmic reticulum (ER) luminal protein implicated in regulating a variety of cellular processes, including Ca2+ storage/mobilization and protein folding. These multiple functions may be carried out by different CRT genes and protein isoforms. The plant CRT family consist of three genes: CRT1 and CRT2 classified in the common subclass (CRT1/2), and CRT3. These genes are highly conserved during evolution and encode three different protein products (CRT1, 2 and 3). The aim of the current study was to conduct a comparative analysis and sequence-based classification of the plant CRT genes. We used nucleotide and amino acid sequences to phylogenetically cluster the genes and examine potential glycosylation patterns. Additionally, we analyzed phylogenetic relationships within the CRT subclasses. Finally, we analyzed intraspecific CRT duplication events among mono- and dicotyledon species. Our results confirm that each of the CRT genes exist in multiple copies in plant genomes, and that CRT gene duplication is a widespread process in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Wasąg
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Tomasz Grajkowski
- Laboratory of Molecular and Isotope Methods, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Anna Suwińska
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Marta Lenartowska
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Robert Lenartowski
- Laboratory of Molecular and Isotope Methods, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
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Wasąg P, Suwińska A, Zakrzewski P, Walczewski J, Lenartowski R, Lenartowska M. Calreticulin localizes to plant intra/extracellular peripheries of highly specialized cells involved in pollen-pistil interactions. PROTOPLASMA 2018; 255:57-67. [PMID: 28620697 PMCID: PMC5756280 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-017-1134-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) plays essential roles in generative reproduction of angiosperms, but the sites and mechanisms of Ca2+ storage and mobilization during pollen-pistil interactions have not been fully defined. Both external and internal Ca2+ stores are likely important during male gametophyte communication with the sporophytic and gametophytic cells within the pistil. Given that calreticulin (CRT), a Ca2+-buffering protein, is able to bind Ca2+ reversibly, it can serve as a mobile store of easily releasable Ca2+ (so called an exchangeable Ca2+) in eukaryotic cells. CRT has typical endoplasmic reticulum (ER) targeting and retention signals and resides primarily in the ER. However, localization of this protein outside the ER has also been revealed in both animal and plant cells, including Golgi/dictyosomes, nucleus, plasma membrane/cell surface, plasmodesmata, and even extracellular matrix. These findings indicate that CRT may function in a variety of different cell compartments and specialized structures. We have recently shown that CRT is highly expressed and accumulated in the ER of plant cells involved in pollen-pistil interactions in Petunia, and we proposed an essential role for CRT in intracellular Ca2+ storage and mobilization during the key reproductive events. Here, we demonstrate that both CRT and exchangeable Ca2+ are localized in the intra/extracellular peripheries of highly specialized plant cells, such as the pistil transmitting tract cells, pollen tubes, nucellus cells surrounding the embryo sac, and synergids. Based on our present results, we propose that extracellularly located CRT is also involved in Ca2+ storage and mobilization during sexual reproduction of angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Wasąg
- Laboratory of Isotope and Instrumental Analysis, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
| | - Anna Suwińska
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
| | - Przemysław Zakrzewski
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
| | - Jakub Walczewski
- Department of Plant Pathology, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute, National Research Institute, Radzików, Poland
| | - Robert Lenartowski
- Laboratory of Isotope and Instrumental Analysis, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
| | - Marta Lenartowska
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland.
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Niedojadło K, Lenartowski R, Lenartowska M, Bednarska-Kozakiewicz E. Late progamic phase and fertilization affect calreticulin expression in the Hyacinthus orientalis female gametophyte. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2015; 34:2201-15. [PMID: 26354004 PMCID: PMC4636998 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-015-1863-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Calreticulin expression is upregulated during sexual reproduction of Hyacinthus orientalis, and the protein is localized both in the cytoplasm and a highly specialized cell wall within the female gametophyte. Several evidences indicate calreticulin (CRT) as an important calcium (Ca(2+))-binding protein that is involved in the generative reproduction of higher plants, including both pre-fertilization and post-fertilization events. Because CRT is able to bind and sequester exchangeable Ca(2+), it can serve as a mobile intracellular store of easily releasable Ca(2+) and control its local cytosolic concentrations in the embryo sac. This phenomenon seems to be essential during the late progamic phase, gamete fusion, and early embryogenesis. In this report, we demonstrate the differential expression of CRT within Hyacinthus female gametophyte cells before and during anthesis, during the late progamic phase when the pollen tube enters the embryo sac, and at the moment of fertilization and zygote/early endosperm activation. CRT mRNA and the protein localize mainly to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi compartments of the cells, which are involved in sexual reproduction events, such as those in sister synergids, the egg cell, the central cell, zygote and the developing endosperm. Additionally, immunogold research demonstrates selective CRT distribution in the filiform apparatus (FA), a highly specific component of the synergid cell wall. In the light of our previous data showing the total transcriptional activity of the Hyacinthus female gametophyte and the results presented here, we discuss the possible functions of CRT with respect to the critical role of Ca(2+) homeostasis during key events of sexual plant reproduction. Moreover, we propose that the elevated expression of CRT within the female gametophyte is a universal phenomenon in the cells involved in double fertilization in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Niedojadło
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland.
| | - Robert Lenartowski
- Laboratory of Isotope and Instrumental Analysis, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
| | - Marta Lenartowska
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Bednarska-Kozakiewicz
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
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Lenartowski R, Suwińska A, Lenartowska M. Calreticulin expression in relation to exchangeable Ca(2+) level that changes dynamically during anthesis, progamic phase, and double fertilization in Petunia. PLANTA 2015; 241:209-27. [PMID: 25262422 PMCID: PMC4282720 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-014-2178-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca(2+)) plays essential roles in plant sexual reproduction, but the sites and the mechanism of Ca(2+) mobile storage during pollen-pistil interactions have not been fully defined. Because the Ca(2+)-buffering protein calreticulin (CRT) is able to bind and sequester Ca(2+), it can serve as a mobile intracellular store of easily releasable Ca(2+) and control its local concentration within the cytoplasm. Our previous studies showed an enhanced expression of Petunia hybrida CRT gene (PhCRT) during pistil transmitting tract maturation, pollen germination and tube outgrowth on the stigma, gamete fusion, and early embryogenesis. Here, we demonstrate that elevated expression of CRT results in the accumulation of this protein in response to anthesis, pollination, sperm cells deposition within the receptive synergid and fertilization, when the level of exchangeable Ca(2+) changes dynamically. CRT localizes mainly to the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi compartments in the pistil transmitting tract cells, germinated pollen/tubes, and sporophytic/gametophytic cells of the ovule and corresponds with loosely bound Ca(2+). Additionally, the immunogold research shows, for the first time, highly selective CRT distribution in specific nuclear sub-domains. On the basis of our results, we discuss the possible functions of CRT with respect to the critical role of Ca(2+) homeostasis during key events of the multi-step process of generative reproduction in angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Lenartowski
- Laboratory of Isotope and Instrumental Analysis, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland,
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Ponmani T, Guo R, Suh YS, Ki JS. Molecular characterisation and expression analysis of a novel calreticulin (CRT) gene in the dinoflagellate Prorocentrum minimum. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 42:681-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3815-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Lannoo N, Van Damme EJM. Lectin domains at the frontiers of plant defense. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:397. [PMID: 25165467 PMCID: PMC4131498 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants are under constant attack from pathogens and herbivorous insects. To protect and defend themselves, plants evolved a multi-layered surveillance system, known as the innate immune system. Plants sense their encounters upon perception of conserved microbial structures and damage-associated patterns using cell-surface and intracellular immune receptors. Plant lectins and proteins with one or more lectin domains represent a major part of these receptors. The whole group of plant lectins comprises an elaborate collection of proteins capable of recognizing and interacting with specific carbohydrate structures, either originating from the invading organisms or from damaged plant cell wall structures. Due to the vast diversity in protein structures, carbohydrate recognition domains and glycan binding specificities, plant lectins constitute a very diverse protein superfamily. In the last decade, new types of nucleocytoplasmic plant lectins have been identified and characterized, in particular lectins expressed inside the nucleus and the cytoplasm of plant cells often as part of a specific plant response upon exposure to different stress factors or changing environmental conditions. In this review, we provide an overview on plant lectin motifs used in the constant battle against pathogens and predators during plant defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Els J. M. Van Damme
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Glycobiology, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
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Verchot J. The ER quality control and ER associated degradation machineries are vital for viral pathogenesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:66. [PMID: 24653727 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00066/abstract] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is central to protein production and membrane lipid synthesis. The unfolded protein response (UPR) supports cellular metabolism by ensuring protein quality control in the ER. Most positive strand RNA viruses cause extensive remodeling of membranes and require active membrane synthesis to promote infection. How viruses interact with the cellular machinery controlling membrane metabolism is largely unknown. Furthermore, there is mounting data pointing to the importance of the UPR and ER associated degradation (ERAD) machineries in viral pathogenesis in eukaryotes emerging topic. For many viruses, the UPR is an early event that is essential for persistent infection and benefits virus replication. In addition, many viruses are reported to commandeer ER resident chaperones to contribute to virus replication and intercellular movement. In particular, calreticulin, the ubiquitin machinery, and the 26S proteasome are most commonly identified components of the UPR and ERAD machinery that also regulate virus infection. In addition, researchers have noted a link between UPR and autophagy. It is well accepted that positive strand RNA viruses use autophagic membranes as scaffolds to support replication and assembly. However this topic has yet to be explored using plant viruses. The goal of research on this topic is to uncover how viruses interact with this ER-related machinery and to use this information for designing novel strategies to boost immune responses to virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanmarie Verchot
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University Stillwater, OK, USA
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Lenartowski R, Suwińska A, Prusińska J, Gumowski K, Lenartowska M. Molecular cloning and transcriptional activity of a new Petunia calreticulin gene involved in pistil transmitting tract maturation, progamic phase, and double fertilization. PLANTA 2014; 239:437-54. [PMID: 24213153 PMCID: PMC3902078 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-013-1971-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Calreticulin (CRT) is a highly conserved and ubiquitously expressed Ca²⁺-binding protein in multicellular eukaryotes. As an endoplasmic reticulum-resident protein, CRT plays a key role in many cellular processes including Ca²⁺ storage and release, protein synthesis, and molecular chaperoning in both animals and plants. CRT has long been suggested to play a role in plant sexual reproduction. To begin to address this possibility, we cloned and characterized the full-length cDNA of a new CRT gene (PhCRT) from Petunia. The deduced amino acid sequence of PhCRT shares homology with other known plant CRTs, and phylogenetic analysis indicates that the PhCRT cDNA clone belongs to the CRT1/CRT2 subclass. Northern blot analysis and fluorescent in situ hybridization were used to assess PhCRT gene expression in different parts of the pistil before pollination, during subsequent stages of the progamic phase, and at fertilization. The highest level of PhCRT mRNA was detected in the stigma-style part of the unpollinated pistil 1 day before anthesis and during the early stage of the progamic phase, when pollen is germinated and tubes outgrow on the stigma. In the ovary, PhCRT mRNA was most abundant after pollination and reached maximum at the late stage of the progamic phase, when pollen tubes grow into the ovules and fertilization occurs. PhCRT mRNA transcripts were seen to accumulate predominantly in transmitting tract cells of maturing and receptive stigma, in germinated pollen/growing tubes, and at the micropylar region of the ovule, where the female gametophyte is located. From these results, we suggest that PhCRT gene expression is up-regulated during secretory activity of the pistil transmitting tract cells, pollen germination and outgrowth of the tubes, and then during gamete fusion and early embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Lenartowski
- Laboratory of Isotope and Instrumental Analysis, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland,
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Verchot J. The ER quality control and ER associated degradation machineries are vital for viral pathogenesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:66. [PMID: 24653727 PMCID: PMC3949406 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is central to protein production and membrane lipid synthesis. The unfolded protein response (UPR) supports cellular metabolism by ensuring protein quality control in the ER. Most positive strand RNA viruses cause extensive remodeling of membranes and require active membrane synthesis to promote infection. How viruses interact with the cellular machinery controlling membrane metabolism is largely unknown. Furthermore, there is mounting data pointing to the importance of the UPR and ER associated degradation (ERAD) machineries in viral pathogenesis in eukaryotes emerging topic. For many viruses, the UPR is an early event that is essential for persistent infection and benefits virus replication. In addition, many viruses are reported to commandeer ER resident chaperones to contribute to virus replication and intercellular movement. In particular, calreticulin, the ubiquitin machinery, and the 26S proteasome are most commonly identified components of the UPR and ERAD machinery that also regulate virus infection. In addition, researchers have noted a link between UPR and autophagy. It is well accepted that positive strand RNA viruses use autophagic membranes as scaffolds to support replication and assembly. However this topic has yet to be explored using plant viruses. The goal of research on this topic is to uncover how viruses interact with this ER-related machinery and to use this information for designing novel strategies to boost immune responses to virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanmarie Verchot
- *Correspondence: Jeanmarie Verchot, Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, 127 Noble Research Center, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA e-mail:
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Kim JH, Nguyen NH, Nguyen NT, Hong SW, Lee H. Loss of all three calreticulins, CRT1, CRT2 and CRT3, causes enhanced sensitivity to water stress in Arabidopsis. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2013; 32:1843-53. [PMID: 24022063 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-013-1497-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The calreticulin triple knockout mutant shows growth defects in response to abiotic stress. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an essential organelle that is responsible for the folding and maturation of proteins. During ER stress, unfolded protein aggregates accumulate in the cell, leading to the unfolded protein response (UPR). The UPR up-regulates the expression of ER-stress-responsive genes encoding calreticulin (CRT), an ER-localized Ca2+-binding protein. To understand the function of plant CRTs, we generated a triple knockout mutant, t123, which lacks CRT1, CRT2 and CRT3 and examined the roles of calreticulins in abiotic stress tolerance. A triple knockout mutant increased sensitivity to water stress which implies that calreticulins are involved in the Arabidopsis response to water stress. We identified that the cyclophilin AtCYP21-2, which is located in the ER, was specifically enhanced in the t123 mutants. Seed germination of the atcyp21-1 mutant was retarded by water stress. Taken together, these results suggest that regulatory proteins that serve to protect plants from water stress are folded properly in part with the help of calreticulins. The AtCYP21-2 may also participate in this protein-folding process in association with calreticulins.
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Liu Y, Li J. A conserved basic residue cluster is essential for the protein quality control function of the Arabidopsis calreticulin 3. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2013; 8:e23864. [PMID: 23425854 PMCID: PMC3956487 DOI: 10.4161/psb.23864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Calreticulin (CRT) is a highly conserved chaperone-like lectin that regulates Ca(2+) homeostasis and participates in protein quality control in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Most of our CRT knowledge came from mammalian studies, but our understanding of plant CRTs is limited. Many plants contain more than two CRTs that form two distinct groups: CRT1/CRT2 and CRT3. Previous studies on plant CRTs were focused on their Ca(2+)-binding function, but recent studies revealed a crucial role for the Arabidopsis CRT3 in ER retention of a mutant brassinosteroid receptor, brassinosteroid-insensitive 1-9 (bri1-9) and in complete folding of a plant immunity receptor EF-Tu Receptor (EFR). However, little is known about the molecular basis of the functional specification of the CRTs. We have recently shown that the C-terminal domain of CRT3, which is rich in basic residues, is essential for retaining bri1-9 in the ER; however, its role in assisting EFR folding has not been studied. Here, we used an insertional mutant of CRT3, ebs2-8 (EMS mutagenized bri1 suppressor 2-8), in the bri1-9 background as a genetic system to investigate the functional importance of two basic residue clusters in the CRT3's C-terminal domain. Complementation experiments of ebs2-8 bri1-9 with mutant CRT3(M) transgenes showed that a highly conserved basic tetrapeptide Arg(392)Arg (393)Arg(394)Lys(395) is essential but a less conserved basic tetrapeptide Arg(401)Arg(402)Arg(403)Arg(404) is dispensable for the quality control function of CRT3 that retains bri1-9 in the ER and facilitates the complete folding of EFR.
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Wang L, Fang Q, Zhu J, Wang F, Rean Akhtar Z, Ye G. Molecular cloning and functional study of calreticulin from a lepidopteran pest, Pieris rapae. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 38:55-65. [PMID: 22516748 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2012.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Insects have an effective innate immune system to protect themselves from exogenous invaders. Calreticulin is a multifunctional protein mainly involved in directing proper conformation of proteins, controlling calcium level, and participating in immune responses. Previous suppression subtractive hybridization assay showed that the expression of Pieris rapae calreticulin (PrCRT) was suppressed after injection of Pteromalus puparum venom. In this study, we obtained a full length cDNA of PrCRT and expressed recombinant wild type and the N-domain deleted mutant PrCRT in bacteria. Real time quantitative PCR and western blot analyses showed that PrCRT mRNA and protein were expressed in hemocytes, Malpighian tubule, midgut, epidermis and fat body, with a higher level in hemocytes. PrCRT was probably located in endoplasmic reticulum distributing in the cytoplasm of hemocytes. Recombinant PrCRT was first able to attach and then enter the hemocytes by endocytosis. PrCRT mRNA in hemocytes was significantly induced after injection of yeast or beads, but did not change noticeably after injection of Escherichia coli or Micrococcus lysodeikticus. Recombinant PrCRT enhanced cellular encapsulation by P. rapae hemocytes in vitro, and the N-domain of PrCRT was required for encapsulation. RNAi of PrCRT by dsRNA injection impaired the ability of hemocytes to encapsulate beads. After parasitization by P. puparum, PrCRT mRNA and protein levels in P. rapae pupal hemocytes were significantly suppressed compared to non-parasitized control. Our results suggest that PrCRT is involved in cellular encapsulation and the pupal parasitoid P. puparum can decrease PrCRT expression to impair host cellular immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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