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Touré H, Herrmann JL, Szuplewski S, Girard-Misguich F. Drosophila melanogaster as an organism model for studying cystic fibrosis and its major associated microbial infections. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0024023. [PMID: 37847031 PMCID: PMC10652941 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00240-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a human genetic disease caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene that encodes a chloride channel. The most severe clinical manifestation is associated with chronic pulmonary infections by pathogenic and opportunistic microbes. Drosophila melanogaster has become the invertebrate model of choice for modeling microbial infections and studying the induced innate immune response. Here, we review its contribution to the understanding of infections with six major pathogens associated with CF (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Burkholderia cepacia, Mycobacterium abscessus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Aspergillus fumigatus) together with the perspectives opened by the recent availability of two CF models in this model organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamadoun Touré
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INSERM, Infection et Inflammation, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Jean-Louis Herrmann
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INSERM, Infection et Inflammation, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Ile-de-France Ouest, GHU Paris-Saclay, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Garches, France
| | - Sébastien Szuplewski
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Laboratoire de Génétique et Biologie Cellulaire, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Fabienne Girard-Misguich
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INSERM, Infection et Inflammation, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
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El Jaddaoui I, Rangel DEN, Bennett JW. Fungal volatiles have physiological properties. Fungal Biol 2023; 127:1231-1240. [PMID: 37495313 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2023.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
All fungi emit mixtures of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during growth. The qualitative and quantitative composition of these volatile mixtures vary with the species of fungus, the age of the fungus, and the environmental parameters attending growth. In nature, fungal VOCs are found as combinations of alcohols, aldehydes, acids, ethers, esters, ketones, terpenes, thiols and their derivatives, and are responsible for the characteristic odors associated with molds, mushrooms and yeasts. One of the single most common fungal volatiles is 1-octen-3-ol also known as "mushroom alcohol" or "matsutake alcohol." Many volatiles, including 1-octen-3-ol, serve as communication agents and display biological activity as germination inhibitors, plant growth retardants or promoters, and as semiochemicals ("infochemicals") in interactions with arthropods. Volatiles are understudied and underappreciated elements of the chemical lives of fungi. This review gives a brief introduction to fungal volatiles in hopes of raising awareness of the physiological importance of these gas phase fungal metabolites to encourage mycologists and other biologists to stop "throwing away the head space."
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam El Jaddaoui
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Drauzio E N Rangel
- Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Dois Vizinhos, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Joan Wennstrom Bennett
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
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3
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Almaliki HS, Niu M, Keller NP, Yin G, Bennett JW. Mutational Analysis of Aspergillus fumigatus Volatile Oxylipins in a Drosophila Eclosion Assay. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9040402. [PMID: 37108857 PMCID: PMC10143813 DOI: 10.3390/jof9040402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is a ubiquitous opportunistic pathogen. We have previously reported that volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by A. fumigatus cause delays in metamorphosis, morphological abnormalities, and death in a Drosophila melanogaster eclosion model. Here, we developed A. fumigatus deletion mutants with blocked oxylipin biosynthesis pathways (∆ppoABC) and then exposed the third instar larvae of D. melanogaster to a shared atmosphere with either A. fumigatus wild-type or oxylipin mutant cultures for 15 days. Fly larvae exposed to VOCs from wild-type A. fumigatus strains exhibited delays in metamorphosis and toxicity, while larvae exposed to VOCs from the ∆ppoABC mutant displayed fewer morphogenic delays and higher eclosion rates than the controls. In general, when fungi were pre-grown at 37 °C, the effects of the VOCs they produced were more pronounced than when they were pre-grown at 25 °C. GC-MS analysis revealed that the wild-type A. fumigatus Af293 produced more abundant VOCs at higher concentrations than the oxylipin-deficient strain Af293∆ppoABC did. The major VOCs detected from wild-type Af293 and its triple mutant included isopentyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, 2-methylbutanal, acetoin, and 1-octen-3-ol. Unexpectedly, compared to wild-type flies, the eclosion tests yielded far fewer differences in metamorphosis or viability when flies with immune-deficient genotypes were exposed to VOCs from either wild-type or ∆ppoABC oxylipin mutants. In particular, the toxigenic effects of Aspergillus VOCs were not observed in mutant flies deficient in the Toll (spz6) pathway. These data indicate that the innate immune system of Drosophila mediates the toxicity of fungal volatiles, especially via the Toll pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadeel S Almaliki
- Technical Institute of Samawa, Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University, Samawa 66001, Iraq
| | - Mengyao Niu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Nancy P Keller
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Guohua Yin
- Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agricultural Sciences in Weifang, Weifang 261325, China
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Joan W Bennett
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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4
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Watkins RR, Gowen R, Lionakis MS, Ghannoum M. Update on the Pathogenesis, Virulence, and Treatment of Candida auris. Pathog Immun 2022; 7:46-65. [PMID: 36329818 PMCID: PMC9620957 DOI: 10.20411/pai.v7i2.535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida auris is an emerging, multi-drug resistant fungal pathogen that causes considerable morbidity and mortality. First identified in Japan in 2009, it has since been reported in more than 40 countries. C. auris can persist for long periods on different environmental surfaces as well as the skin. Clinical isolates are typically resistant to commonly prescribed antifungal drugs. Increasingly recognized as a cause of infections and outbreaks in nosocomial settings, C. auris is difficult to identify using traditional microbiological methods. One of the main reasons for the ongoing spread of C. auris is the multitude of virulence factors it possesses and uses against its human host that enables fungal persistence on the skin surface. Yet, many of the virulence mechanisms are unknown or remain incompletely understood. In this review, we summarize the evolution of virulence of C. auris, offer recommendations for combating this important human pathogen, and suggest directions for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard R. Watkins
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio
- CORRESPONDING AUTHOR: Richard R. Watkins, MD, MS, FACP, FIDSA, FISAC;
| | - Rachael Gowen
- Center for Medical Mycology, Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Michail S. Lionakis
- Fungal Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Mahmoud Ghannoum
- Center for Medical Mycology, Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
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5
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Drosophila melanogaster as an emerging model host for entomopathogenic fungi. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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6
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Wurster S, Albert ND, Kontoyiannis DP. Drosophila melanogaster as a Rapid and Reliable In Vivo Infection Model to Study the Emerging Yeast Pathogen Candida auris. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2517:299-316. [PMID: 35674964 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2417-3_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
While mammalian models remain the gold standard to study invasive mycoses, mini-host invertebrate models have provided complementary platforms for explorative investigations of fungal pathogenesis, host-pathogen interplay, and antifungal therapy. Specifically, our group has established Toll-deficient Drosophila melanogaster flies as a facile and cost-effective model organism to study candidiasis, and we have recently expanded these studies to the emerging and frequently multidrug-resistant yeast pathogen Candida auris. Our proof-of-concept data suggest that fruit flies could hold a great promise for large-scale applications in antifungal drug discovery and the screening of C. auris (mutant) libraries with disparate pathogenic capacity. This chapter discusses the advantages and limitations of D. melanogaster to study C. auris candidiasis and provides a step-by-step guide for establishing and troubleshooting C. auris infection and antifungal treatment of Toll-deficient flies along with essential downstream readouts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Wurster
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Nathaniel D Albert
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dimitrios P Kontoyiannis
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Pam D, Etuh AM, Oyeniran OI, Mdekere IW. Toxicity of Mangifera Indica aqueous stem bark extract evaluated in drosophila melanogaster used as model organism. ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2021; 79:539-546. [PMID: 33675736 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharma.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mangifera indica has been used for treating health complications with little data on its toxicological impact on survival, geotaxis, reproduction, and the antioxidant system. METHODS Total phenol and flavonoid contents were estimated. The ingestion method of exposure (extract was mixed in flies' food) was used. Each concentration was administered per 10g fruit flies diet. 7-day LC50 was determined by exposing 50 flies for 7 days to Mangifera indica concentration ranging from 100mg extract/10g diet to 2000mg extract/10g diet. 28 days survival assay was performed by exposing 50 fruit flies each to 25mg extract/10g diet, 50mg extract/10 diet g, and 100mg extract/10g diet for 28 days. A 6-day short term exposure was also conducted to assess Mangifera indica toxic effect on climbing activity, survival, reproduction, and antioxidant system in Drosophila melanogaster. RESULTS Total phenol and flavonoid content were 0.226±0.02 and 0.027±0.05mg/g dry weight of the extract, respectively. There was a significant mortality rate (P<0.05), and the 7-day LC50 was 353mg extract/10g diet. At 25mg extract/10g diet 50mg extract/10g diet and 100mg extract/10g diet, the survival-rate of fruit flies significantly dropped (P<0.05) with arise in Mangifera indica concentration. Short-term exposure also showed a significant reduction (P<0.05) in GST-activity, survival-rate, and emergence of young fruit flies with an increase in concentration. Total thiol, locomotor, AChE, and CAT activities decreased non-significantly (P>0.05). CONCLUSION The significant adverse effect of Mangifera indica extract as seen in the decrease in survival rate, the emergence of young flies, climbing, and antioxidant activities of fruit flies suggests its cautious application and use in herbal medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Pam
- Department of Zoology (Applied Entomology and Parasitology Unit), University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria.
| | - A M Etuh
- Department of Zoology (Applied Entomology and Parasitology Unit), University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
| | - O I Oyeniran
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, College of Health Sciences, Nile University of Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - I W Mdekere
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
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Serial Passage of Cryptococcus neoformans in Galleria mellonella Results in Increased Capsule and Intracellular Replication in Hemocytes, but Not Increased Resistance to Hydrogen Peroxide. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9090732. [PMID: 32899539 PMCID: PMC7559301 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9090732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
To gain insight into how pathogens adapt to new hosts, Cryptococcus neoformans (H99W) was serially passaged in Galleria mellonella. The phenotypic characteristics of the passaged strain (P15) and H99W were evaluated. P15 grew faster in hemolymph than H99W, in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that adaptation had occurred. However, P15 was more susceptible to hydrogen peroxide in vitro, killed fewer mouse macrophages, and had less fungal burden in human ex vivo macrophages than H99W. Analysis of gene expression changes during Galleria infection showed only a few different genes involved in the reactive oxygen species response. As P15 sheds more GXM than H99W, P15 may have adapted by downregulating hemocyte hydrogen peroxide production, possibly through increased capsular glucuronoxylomannan (GXM) shedding. Hemocytes infected with P15 produced less hydrogen peroxide, and hydrogen peroxide production in response to GXM-shedding mutants was correlated with shed GXM. Histopathological examination of infected larvae showed increased numbers and sizes of immune nodules for P15 compared to H99W, suggesting an enhanced, but functionally defective, response to P15. These results could explain why this infection model does not always correlate with murine models. Overall, C. neoformans’ serial passage in G. mellonella resulted in a better understanding of how this yeast evolves under selection.
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Wurster S, Bandi A, Beyda ND, Albert ND, Raman NM, Raad II, Kontoyiannis DP. Drosophila melanogaster as a model to study virulence and azole treatment of the emerging pathogen Candida auris. J Antimicrob Chemother 2020; 74:1904-1910. [PMID: 31225606 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkz100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Candida auris is an emerging, often MDR, yeast pathogen. Efficient animal models are needed to study its pathogenicity and treatment. Therefore, we developed a C. auris fruit fly infection model. METHODS TollI-RXA/Tollr632 female flies were infected with 10 different C. auris strains from the CDC Antimicrobial Resistance bank panel. We used three clinical Candida albicans strains as controls. For drug protection assays, fly survival was assessed along with measurement of fungal burden (cfu/g tissue) and histopathology in C. auris-infected flies fed with fluconazole- or posaconazole-containing food. RESULTS Despite slower in vitro growth, all 10 C. auris isolates caused significantly greater mortality than C. albicans in infected flies, with >80% of C. auris-infected flies dying by day 7 post-infection (versus 67% with C. albicans, P < 0.001-0.005). Comparison of C. auris isolates from different geographical clades revealed more rapid in vitro growth of South American isolates and greater virulence in infected flies, whereas the aggregative capacity of C. auris strains had minimal impact on their growth and pathogenicity. Survival protection and decreased fungal burden of fluconazole- or posaconazole-fed flies infected with two C. auris strains were in line with the isolates' disparate in vitro azole susceptibility. High reproducibility of survival curves for both non-treated and antifungal-treated infected flies was seen, with coefficients of variation of 0.00-0.31 for 7 day mortality. CONCLUSIONS Toll-deficient flies could provide a fast, reliable and inexpensive model to study pathogenesis and drug activity in C. auris candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Wurster
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ashwini Bandi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nicholas D Beyda
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Translational Research, University of Houston College of Pharmacy, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nathaniel D Albert
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nitya M Raman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Isaam I Raad
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dimitrios P Kontoyiannis
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Ramírez-Camejo LA, Bayman P. Gene expression on the fly: A transcriptome-level view of Drosophila's immune response to the opportunistic fungal pathogen Aspergillus flavus. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 82:104308. [PMID: 32240802 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Aspergilloses are opportunistic infections in animals and humans caused by several Aspergillus species, including Aspergillus flavus. Although the immune system of Drosophila melanogaster is extensively studied, little is known about the fly's specific responses to infection by A. flavus. We compared gene expression levels during induced infections in D. melanogaster by a virulent A. flavus isolate and a less virulent isolate, as well as from uninfected flies as a control. We found that 1081 of the 14,554 gene regions detected were significantly differentially expressed among treatments. Some of these up- and down- regulated genes were previously shown to be involved in defense responses against pathogens. Some are known to be involved in vitelline membrane formation in flies. Other up- and down-regulated genes are of unknown function. Understanding expression of these genes during the process of infection in flies should improve our knowledge of innate immunity in invertebrates, and by extension, in vertebrates as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Ramírez-Camejo
- Purdue University, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, West Lafayette, IN 47901, USA; Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico - Río Piedras, San Juan, PR, USA; Coiba Scientific Station (COIBA AIP), City of Knowledge, Clayton, Panama, Panama.
| | - Paul Bayman
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico - Río Piedras, San Juan, PR, USA
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Mirkov I, Popov Aleksandrov A, Lazovic B, Glamoclija J, Kataranovski M. Usefulness of animal models of aspergillosis in studying immunity against Aspergillus infections. J Mycol Med 2019; 29:84-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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12
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Differential Microbial Diversity in Drosophila melanogaster: Are Fruit Flies Potential Vectors of Opportunistic Pathogens? Int J Microbiol 2017; 2017:8526385. [PMID: 29234354 PMCID: PMC5694983 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8526385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster has become a model system to study interactions between innate immunity and microbial pathogens, yet many aspects regarding its microbial community and interactions with pathogens remain unclear. In this study wild D. melanogaster were collected from tropical fruits in Puerto Rico to test how the microbiota is distributed and to compare the culturable diversity of fungi and bacteria. Additionally, we investigated whether flies are potential vectors of human and plant pathogens. Eighteen species of fungi and twelve species of bacteria were isolated from wild flies. The most abundant microorganisms identified were the yeast Candida inconspicua and the bacterium Klebsiella sp. The yeast Issatchenkia hanoiensis was significantly more common internally than externally in flies. Species richness was higher in fungi than in bacteria, but diversity was lower in fungi than in bacteria. The microbial composition of flies was similar internally and externally. We identified a variety of opportunistic human and plant pathogens in flies such as Alcaligenes faecalis, Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus, A. niger, Fusarium equiseti/oxysporum, Geotrichum candidum, Klebsiella oxytoca, Microbacterium oxydans, and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Despite its utility as a model system, D. melanogaster can be a vector of microorganisms that represent a potential risk to plant and public health.
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Al-Maliki HS, Martinez S, Piszczatowski P, Bennett JW. Drosophila melanogaster as a Model for Studying Aspergillus fumigatus. MYCOBIOLOGY 2017; 45:233-239. [PMID: 29371791 PMCID: PMC5780355 DOI: 10.5941/myco.2017.45.4.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster is a useful model organism that offers essential insights into developmental and cellular processes shared with humans, which has been adapted for large scale analysis of medically important microbes and to test the toxicity of heavy metals, industrial solvents and other poisonous substances. We here give a brief review of the use of the Drosophila model in medical mycology, discuss the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by the opportunistic human pathogen, Aspergillus fumigatus, and give a brief summary of what is known about the toxicity of some common fungal VOCs. Further, we discuss the use of VOC detection as an indirect indicator of fungal growth, including for early diagnosis of aspergillosis. Finally, we hypothesize that D. melanogaster has promise for investigating the role of VOCs synthesized by A. fumigatus as possible virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadeel Saeed Al-Maliki
- Department of Plant Biology, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8520, USA
- Technical institute of Samawa, Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University, Samawa, Iraq
| | - Suceti Martinez
- Department of Plant Biology, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8520, USA
| | - Patrick Piszczatowski
- Department of Plant Biology, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8520, USA
| | - Joan W Bennett
- Department of Plant Biology, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8520, USA
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14
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Daisley BA, Trinder M, McDowell TW, Welle H, Dube JS, Ali SN, Leong HS, Sumarah MW, Reid G. Neonicotinoid-induced pathogen susceptibility is mitigated by Lactobacillus plantarum immune stimulation in a Drosophila melanogaster model. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2703. [PMID: 28578396 PMCID: PMC5457429 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02806-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Pesticides are used extensively in food production to maximize crop yields. However, neonicotinoid insecticides exert unintentional toxicity to honey bees (Apis mellifera) that may partially be associated with massive population declines referred to as colony collapse disorder. We hypothesized that imidacloprid (common neonicotinoid; IMI) exposure would make Drosophila melanogaster (an insect model for the honey bee) more susceptible to bacterial pathogens, heat stress, and intestinal dysbiosis. Our results suggested that the immune deficiency (Imd) pathway is necessary for D. melanogaster survival in response to IMI toxicity. IMI exposure induced alterations in the host-microbiota as noted by increased indigenous Acetobacter and Lactobacillus spp. Furthermore, sub-lethal exposure to IMI resulted in decreased D. melanogaster survival when simultaneously exposed to bacterial infection and heat stress (37 °C). This coincided with exacerbated increases in TotA and Dpt (Imd downstream pro-survival and antimicrobial genes, respectively) expression compared to controls. Supplementation of IMI-exposed D. melanogaster with Lactobacillus plantarum ATCC 14917 mitigated survival deficits following Serratia marcescens (bacterial pathogen) septic infection. These findings support the insidious toxicity of neonicotinoid pesticides and potential for probiotic lactobacilli to reduce IMI-induced susceptibility to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan A Daisley
- Canadian R&D Centre for Human Microbiome and Probiotic Research, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, N6A 4V2, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Mark Trinder
- Canadian R&D Centre for Human Microbiome and Probiotic Research, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, N6A 4V2, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Tim W McDowell
- London Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, N5V 3V3, Canada
| | - Hylke Welle
- Canadian R&D Centre for Human Microbiome and Probiotic Research, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, N6A 4V2, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, N6A 5C1, Canada.,Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Faculty Earth and Life Sciences, Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Amsterdam, 1081, Netherlands
| | - Josh S Dube
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Sohrab N Ali
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, N6A 5C1, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, K1Y 4E9, Canada
| | - Hon S Leong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, N6A 5C1, Canada.,Department of Surgery, The University of Western Ontario, London, N6A 4V2, Canada
| | - Mark W Sumarah
- London Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, N5V 3V3, Canada
| | - Gregor Reid
- Canadian R&D Centre for Human Microbiome and Probiotic Research, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, N6A 4V2, Ontario, Canada. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, N6A 5C1, Canada. .,Department of Surgery, The University of Western Ontario, London, N6A 4V2, Canada.
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Berthier E, Lim FY, Deng Q, Guo CJ, Kontoyiannis DP, Wang CCC, Rindy J, Beebe DJ, Huttenlocher A, Keller NP. Low-volume toolbox for the discovery of immunosuppressive fungal secondary metabolites. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003289. [PMID: 23592999 PMCID: PMC3623715 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The secondary metabolome provides pathogenic fungi with a plethoric and versatile panel of molecules that can be deployed during host ingress. While powerful genetic and analytical chemistry methods have been developed to identify fungal secondary metabolites (SMs), discovering the biological activity of SMs remains an elusive yet critical task. Here, we describe a process for identifying the immunosuppressive properties of Aspergillus SMs developed by coupling a cost-effective microfluidic neutrophil chemotaxis assay with an in vivo zebrafish assay. The microfluidic platform allows the identification of metabolites inhibiting neutrophil recruitment with as little as several nano-grams of compound in microliters of fluid. The zebrafish assay demonstrates a simple and accessible approach for performing in vivo studies without requiring any manipulation of the fish. Using this methodology we identify the immunosuppressive properties of a fungal SM, endocrocin. We find that endocrocin is localized in Aspergillus fumigatus spores and its biosynthesis is temperature-dependent. Finally, using the Drosophila toll deficient model, we find that deletion of encA, encoding the polyketide synthase required for endocrocin production, yields a less pathogenic strain of A. fumigatus when spores are harvested from endocrocin permissive but not when harvested from endocrocin restrictive conditions. The tools developed here will open new "function-omic" avenues downstream of the metabolomics, identification, and purification phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwin Berthier
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Fang Yun Lim
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Qing Deng
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Chun-Jun Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | | | - Clay C. C. Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Julie Rindy
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - David J. Beebe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Anna Huttenlocher
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Nancy P. Keller
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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16
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Diaz L, Kontoyiannis DP, Panesso D, Albert ND, Singh KV, Tran TT, Munita JM, Murray BE, Arias CA. Dissecting the mechanisms of linezolid resistance in a Drosophila melanogaster infection model of Staphylococcus aureus. J Infect Dis 2013; 208:83-91. [PMID: 23547139 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mini-host models are simple experimental systems to study host-pathogen interactions. We adapted a Drosophila melanogaster infection model to evaluate the in vivo effect of different mechanisms of linezolid (LNZ) resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. METHODS Fly survival was evaluated after infection with LNZ-resistant S. aureus strains NRS119 (which has mutations in 23S ribosomal RNA [rRNA]), CM-05 and 004-737X (which carry cfr), LNZ-susceptible derivatives of CM-05 and 004-737X (which lack cfr), and ATCC 29213 (an LNZ-susceptible control). Flies were then fed food mixed with LNZ (concentration, 15-500 µg/mL). Results were compared to those in mouse peritonitis, using LNZ via oral gavage at 80 and 120 mg/kg every 12 hours. RESULTS LNZ at 500 µg/mL in fly food protected against all strains, while concentrations of 15-250 µg/mL failed to protect against NRS119 (survival, 1.6%-20%). An in vivo effect of cfr was only detected at concentrations of 30 and 15 µg/mL. In the mouse peritonitis model, LNZ (at doses that mimic human pharmacokinetics) protected mice from challenge with the cfr+ 004-737X strain but was ineffective against the NRS119 strain, which carried 23S rRNA mutations. CONCLUSIONS The fly model offers promising advantages to dissect the in vivo effect of LNZ resistance in S. aureus, and findings from this model appear to be concordant with those from the mouse peritonitis model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Diaz
- Molecular Genetics and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, Universidad El Bosque, Bogota, Colombia
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17
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Arvanitis M, Glavis-Bloom J, Mylonakis E. Invertebrate models of fungal infection. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1832:1378-83. [PMID: 23517918 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The morbidity, mortality and economic burden associated with fungal infections, together with the emergence of fungal strains resistant to current antimicrobial agents, necessitate broadening our understanding of fungal pathogenesis and discovering new agents to treat these infections. Using invertebrate hosts, especially the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and the model insects Drosophila melanogaster and Galleria mellonella, could help achieve these goals. The evolutionary conservation of several aspects of the innate immune response between invertebrates and mammals makes the use of these simple hosts an effective and fast screening method for identifying fungal virulence factors and testing potential antifungal compounds. The purpose of this review is to compare several model hosts that have been used in experimental mycology to-date and to describe their different characteristics and contribution to the study of fungal virulence and the detection of compounds with antifungal properties. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Animal Models of Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marios Arvanitis
- Department of Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
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18
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Palmer JM, Bok JW, Lee S, Dagenais TRT, Andes DR, Kontoyiannis DP, Keller NP. Loss of CclA, required for histone 3 lysine 4 methylation, decreases growth but increases secondary metabolite production in Aspergillus fumigatus. PeerJ 2013; 1:e4. [PMID: 23638376 PMCID: PMC3629006 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary metabolite (SM) production in filamentous fungi is mechanistically associated with chromatin remodeling of specific SM clusters. One locus recently shown to be involved in SM suppression in Aspergillus nidulans was CclA, a member of the histone 3 lysine 4 methylating COMPASS complex. Here we examine loss of CclA and a putative H3K4 demethylase, HdmA, in the human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus. Although deletion of hdmA showed no phenotype under the conditions tested, the cclA deletant was deficient in tri- and di-methylation of H3K4 and yielded a slowly growing strain that was rich in the production of several SMs, including gliotoxin. Similar to deletion of other chromatin modifying enzymes, ΔcclA was sensitive to 6-azauracil indicating a defect in transcriptional elongation. Despite the poor growth, the ΔcclA mutant had wild-type pathogenicity in a murine model and the Toll-deficient Drosophila model of invasive aspergillosis. These data indicate that tri- and di-methylation of H3K4 is involved in the regulation of several secondary metabolites in A. fumigatus, however does not contribute to pathogenicity under the conditions tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Palmer
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jin Woo Bok
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Seul Lee
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Taylor R T Dagenais
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - David R Andes
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Dimitrios P Kontoyiannis
- Department of Infectious Disease, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nancy P Keller
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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19
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Utility of insects for studying human pathogens and evaluating new antimicrobial agents. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 135:1-25. [PMID: 23604210 DOI: 10.1007/10_2013_194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
Abstract
Insect models, such as Galleria mellonella and Drosophila melanogaster have significant ethical, logistical, and economic advantages over mammalian models for the studies of infectious diseases. Using these models, various pathogenic microbes have been studied and many novel virulence genes have been identified. Notably, because insects are susceptible to a wide variety of human pathogens and have immune responses similar to those of mammals, they offer the opportunity to understand innate immune responses against human pathogens better. It is important to note that insect pathosystems have also offered a simple strategy to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of many antimicrobial agents. Overall, insect models provide a rapid, inexpensive, and reliable way as complementary hosts to conventional vertebrate animal models to study pathogenesis and antimicrobial agents.
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Abstract
The deleterious and sometimes fatal outcomes of bacterial infectious diseases are the net result of the interactions between the pathogen and the host, and the genetically tractable fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, has emerged as a valuable tool for modeling the pathogen-host interactions of a wide variety of bacteria. These studies have revealed that there is a remarkable conservation of bacterial pathogenesis and host defence mechanisms between higher host organisms and Drosophila. This review presents an in-depth discussion of the Drosophila immune response, the Drosophila killing model, and the use of the model to examine bacterial-host interactions. The recent introduction of the Drosophila model into the oral microbiology field is discussed, specifically the use of the model to examine Porphyromonas gingivalis-host interactions, and finally the potential uses of this powerful model system to further elucidate oral bacterial-host interactions are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina O Igboin
- Division of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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21
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Desalermos A, Fuchs BB, Mylonakis E. Selecting an invertebrate model host for the study of fungal pathogenesis. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002451. [PMID: 22319439 PMCID: PMC3271057 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Desalermos
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Beth Burgwyn Fuchs
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Eleftherios Mylonakis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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22
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Lionakis MS. Drosophila and Galleria insect model hosts: new tools for the study of fungal virulence, pharmacology and immunology. Virulence 2011; 2:521-7. [PMID: 22186764 PMCID: PMC3260546 DOI: 10.4161/viru.2.6.18520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Over recent years we have witnessed the emergence of several non-vertebrate mini-hosts as alternative pathosystems for the study of fungal disease. These heterologous organisms have unique advantages, as they are economical, ethically expedient, and facile to use. Hence, they are amenable to high-throughput screening studies of fungal genomes for identification of novel virulence genes and of chemical libraries for discovery of new antifungal compounds. In addition, because they have evolutionarily conserved immunity they offer the opportunity to better understand innate immune responses against medically important fungi. In this review, we discuss how the insects Drosophila melanogaster and Galleria mellonella can be employed for the study of various facets of host-fungal interactions as complementary hosts to conventional vertebrate animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michail S Lionakis
- Clinical Mycology Unit, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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23
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Coleman JJ, Ghosh S, Okoli I, Mylonakis E. Antifungal activity of microbial secondary metabolites. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25321. [PMID: 21966496 PMCID: PMC3178648 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Secondary metabolites are well known for their ability to impede other microorganisms. Reanalysis of a screen of natural products using the Caenorhabditis elegans-Candida albicans infection model identified twelve microbial secondary metabolites capable of conferring an increase in survival to infected nematodes. In this screen, the two compound treatments conferring the highest survival rates were members of the epipolythiodioxopiperazine (ETP) family of fungal secondary metabolites, acetylgliotoxin and a derivative of hyalodendrin. The abundance of fungal secondary metabolites indentified in this screen prompted further studies investigating the interaction between opportunistic pathogenic fungi and Aspergillus fumigatus, because of the ability of the fungus to produce a plethora of secondary metabolites, including the well studied ETP gliotoxin. We found that cell-free supernatant of A. fumigatus was able to inhibit the growth of Candida albicans through the production of a secreted product. Comparative studies between a wild-type and an A. fumigatus ΔgliP strain unable to synthesize gliotoxin demonstrate that this secondary metabolite is the major factor responsible for the inhibition. Although toxic to organisms, gliotoxin conferred an increase in survival to C. albicans-infected C. elegans in a dose dependent manner. As A. fumigatus produces gliotoxin in vivo, we propose that in addition to being a virulence factor, gliotoxin may also provide an advantage to A. fumigatus when infecting a host that harbors other opportunistic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J. Coleman
- Harvard Medical School, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Suman Ghosh
- Harvard Medical School, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ikechukwu Okoli
- Harvard Medical School, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Eleftherios Mylonakis
- Harvard Medical School, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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24
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Gowrinathan Y, Pacan J, Hawke A, Zhou T, Sabour P. Toxicity assay for deoxynivalenol usingCaenorhabditis elegans. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2011; 28:1235-41. [PMID: 21749231 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2011.587836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Gowrinathan
- a Guelph Food Research Centre, 93 Stone Road, West, Guelph, ON , Canada , N1G 5C9
| | - J.C. Pacan
- a Guelph Food Research Centre, 93 Stone Road, West, Guelph, ON , Canada , N1G 5C9
| | - A. Hawke
- a Guelph Food Research Centre, 93 Stone Road, West, Guelph, ON , Canada , N1G 5C9
| | - T. Zhou
- a Guelph Food Research Centre, 93 Stone Road, West, Guelph, ON , Canada , N1G 5C9
| | - P.M. Sabour
- a Guelph Food Research Centre, 93 Stone Road, West, Guelph, ON , Canada , N1G 5C9
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