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Jafernik K, Kubica P, Dziurka M, Kulinowski Ł, Korona-Głowniak I, Elansary HO, Waligórski P, Skalicka-Woźniak K, Szopa A. Comparative Assessment of Lignan Profiling and Biological Activities of Schisandra henryi Leaf and In Vitro PlantForm Bioreactor-Grown Culture Extracts. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:442. [PMID: 38675405 PMCID: PMC11053505 DOI: 10.3390/ph17040442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This research's scope encompassed biotechnological, phytochemical, and biological studies of Schisandra henryi, including investigations into its in vitro microshoot culture grown in PlantForm bioreactors (temporary immersion systems, TISs), as well as extracts from leaves of the parent plant, focusing on anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, and antimicrobial activities. The phytochemical analysis included the isolation and quantification of 17 compounds from dibenzocyclooctadiene, aryltetralin lignans, and neolignans using centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC), HPLC-DAD, and UHPLC-MS/MS tandem mass spectrometry with triple quadrupole mass filter methods. Higher contents of compounds were found in microshoots extracts (max. 543.99 mg/100 g DW). The major compound was schisantherin B both in the extracts from microshoots and the leaves (390.16 and 361.24 mg/100 g DW, respectively). The results of the anti-inflammatory activity in terms of the inhibition of COX-1, COX-2, sPLA2, and LOX-15 enzymes indicated that PlantForm microshoot extracts showed strong activity against COX-1 and COX-2 (for 177 mg/mL the inhibition percentage was 76% and 66%, respectively). The antioxidant potential assessed using FRAP, CUPRAC, and DPPH assays showed that extracts from microshoot cultures had 5.6, 3.8, and 3.3 times higher power compared to extracts from the leaves of the parent plant, respectively. The total polyphenol content (TPC) was 4.1 times higher in extracts from the in vitro culture compared to the leaves. The antiproliferative activity against T-cell lymphoblast line Jurkat, breast adenocarcinoma cultures (MCF-7), colon adenocarcinoma (HT-29), and cervical adenocarcinoma (HeLa), showed that both extracts have considerable effects on the tested cell lines. The antimicrobial activity tested against strains of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and fungi showed the highest activity towards H. pylori (MIC and MBC 0.625 mg/mL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Jafernik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9 str., 30-688 Kraków, Poland; (K.J.); (P.K.)
| | - Paweł Kubica
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9 str., 30-688 Kraków, Poland; (K.J.); (P.K.)
| | - Michał Dziurka
- Polish Academy of Sciences, The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Niezapominajek 21 str., 30-239 Kraków, Poland; (M.D.); (P.W.)
| | - Łukasz Kulinowski
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 1 str., 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (Ł.K.); (K.S.-W.)
| | - Izabela Korona-Głowniak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 1 str., 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Hosam O. Elansary
- Department of Plant Production, College of Food & Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Piotr Waligórski
- Polish Academy of Sciences, The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Niezapominajek 21 str., 30-239 Kraków, Poland; (M.D.); (P.W.)
| | - Krystyna Skalicka-Woźniak
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 1 str., 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (Ł.K.); (K.S.-W.)
| | - Agnieszka Szopa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9 str., 30-688 Kraków, Poland; (K.J.); (P.K.)
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Mithila M, Islam MR, Khatun MR, Gazi MS, Hossain SJ. Sonneratia apetala (Buch.-Ham.) Fruit Extracts Ameliorate Iron Overload and Iron-Induced Oxidative Stress in Mice. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2023; 28:278-284. [PMID: 37842250 PMCID: PMC10567606 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2023.28.3.278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron overload results in oxidative damage to various biomolecules including DNA, proteins and lipids which ultimately leads to cell death. The Sonneratia apetala fruit contains a high content of antioxidants and displays several bioactive properties. Therefore, the powder of the S. apetala fruit was successively fractionated into n-hexane (Hex), chloroform (Chl), and methanol (Met) fractions to evaluate their efficiency in ameliorating iron overload. In vitro, a colorimetric method was used to assess the Fe-chelating activity of the fractions using ferrozine. The fractions were also used in vivo to examine their efficacy in ameliorating iron overload and iron-induced oxidative stress in mice induced by intraperitoneal injection of ferric carboxymaltose at 100 mg/kg body weight (bw). Among the fractions, Met showed the highest Fe-chelation ability with an inhibitory concentration 50 of 165 μg/mL followed by Hex (270 μg/mL), and Chl (418 μg/mL). In vivo, the results showed a significantly (P<0.05) lower iron profile (iron and ferritin concentrations in serum and liver tissue and total iron-binding capacity of serum) in the Met and the Hex treated mice groups than in the iron-overloaded group. Met at 1,000 μg/kg bw completely ameliorated iron overload in the blood and the liver tissue of mice. At this concentration, Met also prevented iron-induced oxidative stress in the liver tissue of iron-overloaded mice by restoring reducing power, total antioxidant capacity, and total protein. Thus, the S. apetala fruit, especially its Met fraction can be used in treating iron overload and associated toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehenaz Mithila
- Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna 9208, Bangladesh
| | - M Rabiul Islam
- Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna 9208, Bangladesh
| | - Mst Rima Khatun
- Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna 9208, Bangladesh
| | - M Shamim Gazi
- Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna 9208, Bangladesh
| | - Sheikh Julfikar Hossain
- Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna 9208, Bangladesh
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Huang L, Gao W, He X, Yuan T, Zhang H, Zhang X, Zheng W, Wu Q, Liu J, Wang W, Yang L, Zhu Y. Maternal zinc alleviates tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced mitochondrial oxidative stress on embryonic development involving the activation of Nrf2/PGC-1α pathway. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2023; 14:45. [PMID: 37041604 PMCID: PMC10091542 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-023-00852-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondrial dysfunction induced by excessive mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) damages embryonic development and leads to growth arrest. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study is to elucidate whether maternal zinc (Zn) exert protective effect on oxidative stress targeting mitochondrial function using an avian model. RESULT In ovo injected tert-butyl hydroperoxide (BHP) increases (P < 0.05) hepatic mitochondrial ROS, malondialdehyde (MDA) and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and decreases (P < 0.05) mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content, contributing to mitochondrial dysfunction. In vivo and in vitro studies revealed that Zn addition enhances (P < 0.05) ATP synthesis and metallothionein 4 (MT4) content and expression as well as alleviates (P < 0.05) the BHP-induced mitochondrial ROS generation, oxidative damage and dysfunction, exerting a protective effect on mitochondrial function by enhancing antioxidant capacity and upregulating the mRNA and protein expressions of Nrf2 and PGC-1α. CONCLUSIONS The present study provides a new way to protect offspring against oxidative damage by maternal Zn supplementation through the process of targeting mitochondria involving the activation of Nrf2/PGC-1α signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Wei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Xuri He
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Tong Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Huaqi Zhang
- Tongren Polytechnic College, Tongren, 554000, China
| | - Xiufen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Wenxuan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Qilin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Ju Liu
- Enping Long Industrial Co. Ltd, Enping, 529400, China
| | - Wence Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Lin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510000, China.
| | - Yongwen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510000, China.
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Phytochemical Composition and Cytoprotective Properties of the Endemic Sideritis sipylea Boiss Greek Species: A Valorization Study. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15080987. [PMID: 36015136 PMCID: PMC9414158 DOI: 10.3390/ph15080987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sideritis sipylea Boiss. (Fam. Lamiaceae) is an endemic plant of the North Aegean Islands (Greece), commonly known as ironwort. Traditionally, its aerial parts have been used to relieve several ailments, especially gastrointestinal disorders, however, with scant knowledge about the pharmacological basis. In the present study, an endemic S. sipylea Greek species from Lesvos Island has been characterized for phytochemical composition and biological activities, in order to give a possible scientific basis to its traditional use and to highlight a further nutraceutical interest as a source of bioactive phytochemicals and extracts. Three different fractions obtained from a methanolic extract of S. sipylea aerial parts by using ethyl acetate with 10 (S10), 20 (S20), and 50% (S50) methanol as fractionation solvents were phytochemically characterized. Moreover, their antioxidant power and cytoprotective activity in different human cell lines were evaluated. The phytochemical analysis highlighted the presence of flavonoids, iridoids, and phenolic acids in all the tested samples. Particularly, the S10 fraction mainly contained iridoids, while S20 and S50 lavandulifolioside and chlorogenic acid, respectively. The fractions also showed antioxidant properties, S10 and S20 being the most potent. When assessed in human cholangiocytes, they counteracted the cytotoxicity of the tBOOH pro-oxidant agent, by reducing ROS levels and affecting GSH antioxidant system. The present findings highlight a possible interest in S10 and S20 fractions from S. sipylea as sources of bioactive molecules and stimulate further studies in order to characterize their possible application for nutraceutical and pharmaceutical purposes.
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Park CL, Kim JH, Jeon JS, Lee JH, Zhang K, Guo S, Lee DH, Gao EM, Son RH, Kim YM, Park GH, Kim CY. Protective Effect of Alpinia oxyphylla Fruit against tert-Butyl Hydroperoxide-Induced Toxicity in HepG2 Cells via Nrf2 Activation and Free Radical Scavenging and Its Active Molecules. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:1032. [PMID: 35624896 PMCID: PMC9137508 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11051032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. (Zingiberaceae) extract exerts protective activity against tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced toxicity in HepG2 cells, and the antioxidant response element (ARE) luciferase activity increased 6-fold at 30 μg/mL in HepG2 cells transiently transfected with ARE-luciferase. To identify active molecules, activity-guided isolation of the crude extract led to four sesquiterpenes (1, 2, 5, 6) and two diarylheptanoids (3 and 4) from an n-hexane extract and six sesquiterpenes (7-12) from an ethyl acetate extract. Chemical structures were elucidated by one-dimensional, two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (1D-, 2D-NMR), and mass (MS) spectral data. Among the isolated compounds, eudesma-3,11-dien-2-one (2) promoted the nuclear accumulation of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) and increased the promoter property of the ARE. Diarylheptanoids, yakuchinone A (3), and 5'-hydroxyl-yakuchinone A (4) showed radical scavenging activity in 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) assays. Furthermore, optimization of extraction solvents (ratios of water and ethanol) was performed by comparison of contents of active compounds, ARE-inducing activity, radical scavenging activity, and HepG2 cell protective activity. As a result, 75% ethanol was the best solvent for the extraction of A. oxyphylla fruit. This study demonstrated that A. oxyphylla exerted antioxidant effects via the Nrf2/HO-1 (heme oxygenase-1) pathway and radical scavenging along with active markers eudesma-3,11-dien-2-one (2) and yakuchinone A (3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chae Lee Park
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea; (C.L.P.); (J.H.K.); (J.-S.J.); (J.-h.L.); (K.Z.); (S.G.); (D.-h.L.); (E.M.G.); (R.H.S.); (Y.-M.K.)
- R&D Center, Huons Co., Ltd., Ansan 15588, Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea; (C.L.P.); (J.H.K.); (J.-S.J.); (J.-h.L.); (K.Z.); (S.G.); (D.-h.L.); (E.M.G.); (R.H.S.); (Y.-M.K.)
| | - Je-Seung Jeon
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea; (C.L.P.); (J.H.K.); (J.-S.J.); (J.-h.L.); (K.Z.); (S.G.); (D.-h.L.); (E.M.G.); (R.H.S.); (Y.-M.K.)
| | - Ju-hee Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea; (C.L.P.); (J.H.K.); (J.-S.J.); (J.-h.L.); (K.Z.); (S.G.); (D.-h.L.); (E.M.G.); (R.H.S.); (Y.-M.K.)
| | - Kaixuan Zhang
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea; (C.L.P.); (J.H.K.); (J.-S.J.); (J.-h.L.); (K.Z.); (S.G.); (D.-h.L.); (E.M.G.); (R.H.S.); (Y.-M.K.)
| | - Shuo Guo
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea; (C.L.P.); (J.H.K.); (J.-S.J.); (J.-h.L.); (K.Z.); (S.G.); (D.-h.L.); (E.M.G.); (R.H.S.); (Y.-M.K.)
| | - Do-hyun Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea; (C.L.P.); (J.H.K.); (J.-S.J.); (J.-h.L.); (K.Z.); (S.G.); (D.-h.L.); (E.M.G.); (R.H.S.); (Y.-M.K.)
| | - Eun Mei Gao
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea; (C.L.P.); (J.H.K.); (J.-S.J.); (J.-h.L.); (K.Z.); (S.G.); (D.-h.L.); (E.M.G.); (R.H.S.); (Y.-M.K.)
| | - Rak Ho Son
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea; (C.L.P.); (J.H.K.); (J.-S.J.); (J.-h.L.); (K.Z.); (S.G.); (D.-h.L.); (E.M.G.); (R.H.S.); (Y.-M.K.)
- R&D Center, Huons Co., Ltd., Ansan 15588, Korea
| | - Young-Mi Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea; (C.L.P.); (J.H.K.); (J.-S.J.); (J.-h.L.); (K.Z.); (S.G.); (D.-h.L.); (E.M.G.); (R.H.S.); (Y.-M.K.)
| | - Gyu Hwan Park
- College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Chul Young Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea; (C.L.P.); (J.H.K.); (J.-S.J.); (J.-h.L.); (K.Z.); (S.G.); (D.-h.L.); (E.M.G.); (R.H.S.); (Y.-M.K.)
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Wang X, Li Y, Han L, Li J, Liu C, Sun C. Role of Flavonoids in the Treatment of Iron Overload. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:685364. [PMID: 34291050 PMCID: PMC8287860 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.685364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron overload, a high risk factor for many diseases, is seen in almost all human chronic and common diseases. Iron chelating agents are often used for treatment but, at present, most of these have a narrow scope of application, obvious side effects, and other disadvantages. Recent studies have shown that flavonoids can affect iron status, reduce iron deposition, and inhibit the lipid peroxidation process caused by iron overload. Therefore, flavonoids with iron chelating and antioxidant activities may become potential complementary therapies. In this study, we not only reviewed the research progress of iron overload and the regulation mechanism of flavonoids, but also studied the structural basis and potential mechanism of their function. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of flavonoids as plant iron chelating agents are discussed to provide a foundation for the prevention and treatment of iron homeostasis disorders using flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Wang
- College of First Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Ye Li
- College of First Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Li Han
- Shandong Academy of Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Jie Li
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Cun Liu
- College of First Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Changgang Sun
- Department of Oncology, Weifang Traditional Chinese Hospital, Weifang, China.,Qingdao Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao, China
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Cho YH, Lee SY, Lee CH, Park JH, So YS. Effect of Schisandra chinensis Baillon extracts and regular low-intensity exercise on muscle strength and mass in older adults: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2021; 113:1440-1446. [PMID: 33710261 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies suggest that Schisandra chinensis Baillon (Sc) may enhance muscle strength and mass because of its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. OBJECTIVES We aimed to examine the effects and safety of consumption of Sc extract (SCe) for 12 wk on muscle strength and mass in older adults with relatively low muscle mass who do low-intensity exercise. METHODS A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was performed in adults >50 y of age. Fifty-four participants were randomly assigned into 2 groups and, for 12 wk, received either 1 g SCe/d or a placebo. All participants were required to walk for 30-60 min/d for >3 d/wk during the trial period. At baseline and at 4 and 12 wk after treatment, the participants were examined for knee extension strength using Biodex isokinetic dynamometers, handgrip strengths, and body composition, and blood tests were performed. The Euro-QoL-5D (EQ-5D) questionnaire and the FFQ were administered at baseline and at 12 wk after treatment. Physical activity was assessed using a self-recorded daily exercise log and an accelerometer during the study. RESULTS SCe supplementation over 12 wk caused a higher increase in right knee extensor strength by 10.2 Nm (95% CI: 3.7, 16.8 Nm; P = 0.003) and left knee extensor strength by 6.7 Nm (95% CI: 0.3, 13.1 Nm; P = 0.041) than did the placebo. However, no differences were observed in the muscle mass, anti-inflammatory markers, antioxidative markers, and EQ-5D score between the groups. None of the participants experienced adverse events. CONCLUSIONS SCe supplementation may enhance skeletal muscle strength but not mass in older adults who perform low-intensity exercise. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03402308.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young H Cho
- Department of Family Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Y Lee
- Department of Family Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea.,Department of Medical Education, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Hyung Lee
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hwan Park
- Health Convergence Medicine Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong S So
- Department of Physical Education, Dong-A University, Pusan, Republic of Korea
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Schisandra rubriflora Plant Material and In Vitro Microshoot Cultures as Rich Sources of Natural Phenolic Antioxidants. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9060488. [PMID: 32512744 PMCID: PMC7346123 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9060488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Schisandra rubriflora is a dioecious, underestimated medicinal plant species known from traditional Chinese medicine. The present study was aimed at characterising the polyphenolic profile composition and the related antioxidant capacity of S. rubriflora fruit, stem and leaf and in vitro microshoot culture extracts. Separate analyses of material from female and male specimens were carried out. This study was specifically aimed at detailed characterisation of the contribution of phenolic compounds to overall antioxidant activity using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with a photodiode array detector coupled to electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometry (UHPLC-DAD-ESI-MS3) and a high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (HPLC-DAD). Using UHPLC-DAD-ESI-MS3, twenty-seven phenolic compounds from among phenolic acids and flavonoids were identified. Concentrations of three phenolic acids (neochlorogenic, chlorogenic and cryptochlorogenic acids) and eight flavonoids (hyperoside, rutoside, isoquercitrin, guaijaverin, trifolin, quercetin, kaempferol, and isorhamnetin) were determined using HPLC-DAD using reference standards. The highest total phenolic content was confirmed for the stem and leaf extracts collected in spring. The contents of phenolic compounds of in vitro biomasses were comparable to that in the fruit extracts. The methanolic extracts from the studied plant materials were evaluated for their antioxidant properties using various in vitro assays, namely free radicals scavenging estimation using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH), ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and cupric-reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) as well as QUick, Easy, New, CHEap, and Reproducible CUPRAC (QUENCHER-CUPRAC) assays. A close relationship between the content of polyphenolic compounds in S. rubriflora and their antioxidant potential has been documented.
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Evidence of anti-inflammatory activity of Schizandrin A in animal models of acute inflammation. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2020; 393:2221-2229. [PMID: 32076762 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-020-01837-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Schisandrin A (Sch A) is a lignin extracted from the fruit of Schisandra chinensis, which has potential anti-inflammatory properties and is used for treating various inflammatory diseases. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of Sch A and the underlying mechanisms in animal models of acute inflammation. First, the anti-inflammatory effects of Sch A were evaluated preliminarily in an animal model of xylene-induced ear edema. Sch A pretreatment significantly decreased the degree of edema and inhibited telangiectasia in the ear. Second, a mouse model of paw edema was used to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects and mechanisms of Sch A. Pretreatment with Sch A significantly inhibited carrageenan-induced paw edema in mice. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining of paw tissues demonstrated that Sch A inhibited the infiltration of inflammatory cells in the mouse model of paw edema. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) results indicated that the levels of inflammatory factors decreased. The western blot and immunohistochemical assay results revealed that the toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor kappa-B (TLR4/NF-κB) pathway could play a role in the anti-inflammatory functions of Sch A. The findings demonstrated that Sch A exerts anti-inflammatory effects and may provide possible strategies for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Karna KK, Choi BR, Kim MJ, Kim HK, Park JK. The Effect of Schisandra chinensis Baillon on Cross-Talk between Oxidative Stress, Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, and Mitochondrial Signaling Pathway in Testes of Varicocele-Induced SD Rat. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225785. [PMID: 31744253 PMCID: PMC6888522 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Schisandra chinensis Baillon (SC) has been utilized for its antioxidants and anti-inflammatory activities in a broad variety of medical applications. However; SC uses for improving fertility in males and related disorders with proper scientific validation remain obscure. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of SC on varicocele (VC)-induced testicular dysfunction and the potential molecular mechanism associated with VC-induced germ cell apoptosis. The male Sprague–Dawley rats were equally divided into four groups consisting of 10 rats in a normal control group (CTR), a control group administered SC 200 mg/kg (SC 200), a varicocele-induced control group (VC), and a varicocele-induced group administered SC 200 mg/kg (VC + SC 200). Rats were administrated 200 mg/kg SC once daily for 28 days after induction of varicocele rats and sham controls. At the end of the treatment period, body and reproductive organ weight, sperm parameters, histopathological damages, proinflammatory cytokines, apoptosis markers, biomarkers of oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) were evaluated. The effects of SC extract on human sperm motility were also analyzed. SC treatment reduces VC-induced testicular dysfunction by significantly increasing testicular weight, sperm count and sperm motility, serum testosterone level, Johnsen score, spermatogenic cell density, testicular superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase level, and steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) level. Furthermore, the effects of SC on malondialdehyde (MDA) level, reactive oxygen species (ROS)/reactive nitrogen species (RNS) level, apoptotic index, serum luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) levels, Glucose-regulated protein-78 (Grp 78), phosphorylated c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (p-JNK), phosphorylated inositol-requiring transmembrane kinase/endoribonuclease 1α (p-IRE1α), cleaved caspase 3, and Bax:Bcl2 in VC-induced rats were significantly decreased. Treatment with SC extracts also increased sperm motility in human sperm. Our findings suggest that the SC ameliorate testicular dysfunction in VC-induced rats via crosstalk between oxidative stress, ER stress, and mitochondrial-mediated testicular germ cell apoptosis signaling pathways. SC promotes spermatogenesis by upregulating abnormal sex hormones and decreasing proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin-6; TNF-α).
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Affiliation(s)
- Keshab Kumar Karna
- Department of Urology, Institute for Medical Sciences, Chonbuk National University Medical School-Biomedical Research Institute and Clinical Trial Center of Medical Device, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Korea;
| | - Bo Ram Choi
- Jaseng Spine and Joint Research Institute, Jaseng Medical Foundation, Seoul 135-896, Korea;
| | - Min-Ji Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Kyungsung University, Busan 48434, Korea;
| | - Hye Kyung Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Kyungsung University, Busan 48434, Korea;
- Correspondence: (H.K.K.); (J.K.P.); Tel.: +82-51-663-4883 (H.K.K.); +82-63-250-1510 (J.K.P.); Fax: +82-51-663-4809 (H.K.K.); +82-63-250-1564 (J.K.P.)
| | - Jong Kwan Park
- Department of Urology, Institute for Medical Sciences, Chonbuk National University Medical School-Biomedical Research Institute and Clinical Trial Center of Medical Device, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Korea;
- Correspondence: (H.K.K.); (J.K.P.); Tel.: +82-51-663-4883 (H.K.K.); +82-63-250-1510 (J.K.P.); Fax: +82-51-663-4809 (H.K.K.); +82-63-250-1564 (J.K.P.)
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Zhu P, Li J, Fu X, Yu Z. Schisandra fruits for the management of drug-induced liver injury in China: A review. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 59:152760. [PMID: 31004881 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With increasing use of pharmaceuticals, drug-induced liver injury (DILI) has become a significant therapeutic challenge to physicians all over the world. Drugs based on Schisandra fruits (SF for short, the fruits of Schisandra chinensis or Schisandra sphenanthera) or synthetic analogues of schisandrin C, are commonly prescribed for treating DILI in China. PURPOSE This review summarizes the literature regarding the application of SF-derived drugs in patients with DILI and current understanding of mechanisms underlying the protective effects of SF against liver injury. METHODS Keywords related to drug-induced liver injury and Schisandra fruits were searched in the following databases: Pubmed, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, LiverTox, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Chinese Scientific Journal database (VIP), and Wanfang database. All studies, published in English or Chinese, were included. Clinical study exclusion criteria: if patients received other Chinese herbal medicines in a study, the study will not be included in this review. RESULTS Clinical studies have shown that SF-derived drugs are effective in inhibiting drug-induced elevation of serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate transaminase and total bilirubin. Cellular and animal studies have demonstrated that crude SF extracts, lignan compounds found in SF, and SF-derived drugs are effective in protecting the liver against xenobiotic-induced injury. Regulation of cytochrome P450 enzyme activity, anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation and acceleration of liver regeneration are involved in the hepatoprotective mechanisms of SF. CONCLUSION SF-derived drugs are effective in ameliorating DILI in China. To verify the clinical efficacy of these drugs, high-quality clinical studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peili Zhu
- Consun Chinese Medicines Research Centre for Renal Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China; Center for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; Research and Development Centre for Natural Health Products, HKBU Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Junkui Li
- Consun Chinese Medicines Research Centre for Renal Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China; Center for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; Research and Development Centre for Natural Health Products, HKBU Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiuqiong Fu
- Consun Chinese Medicines Research Centre for Renal Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China; Center for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; Research and Development Centre for Natural Health Products, HKBU Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhiling Yu
- Consun Chinese Medicines Research Centre for Renal Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China; Center for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; Research and Development Centre for Natural Health Products, HKBU Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China.
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12
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Wei M, Liu Z, Liu Y, Li S, Hu M, Yue K, Liu T, He Y, Pi Z, Liu Z, Song F. Urinary and plasmatic metabolomics strategy to explore the holistic mechanism of lignans in S. chinensis in treating Alzheimer's disease using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS. Food Funct 2019; 10:5656-5668. [DOI: 10.1039/c9fo00677j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill (S. chinensis), a functional food, is used as a tonic and sedative agent in traditional Chinese medicine.
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Kang JS, Han MH, Kim GY, Kim CM, Kim BW, Hwang HJ, Choi YH. Nrf2-mediated HO-1 induction contributes to antioxidant capacity of a Schisandrae Fructus ethanol extract in C2C12 myoblasts. Nutrients 2015; 6:5667-78. [PMID: 25493944 PMCID: PMC4276991 DOI: 10.3390/nu6125667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to confirm the protective effect of Schisandrae Fructus, which are the dried fruits of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill, against oxidative stress-induced cellular damage and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms in C2C12 myoblasts. Preincubating C2C12 cells with a Schisandrae Fructus ethanol extract (SFEE) significantly attenuated hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced inhibition of growth and induced scavenging activity against intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by H2O2. SFEE also inhibited comet tail formation and phospho-histone γH2A.X expression, suggesting that it prevents H2O2-induced cellular DNA damage. Furthermore, treating C2C12 cells with SFEE significantly induced heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and phosphorylation of nuclear factor-erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2). However, zinc protoporphyrin IX, a potent inhibitor of HO-1 activity, significantly reversed the protective effects of SFEE against H2O2-induced growth inhibition and ROS generation in C2C12 cells. Additional experiments revealed that the potential of the SFEE to induce HO-1 expression and protect against H2O2-mediated cellular damage was abrogated by transient transfection with Nrf2-specific small interfering RNA, suggesting that the SFEE protected C2C12 cells against oxidative stress-induced injury through the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Sook Kang
- Blue-Bio Industry Regional Innovation Center and Anti-Aging Research Center, Dongeui University, Busan 614-714, Korea; E-Mails: (J.S.K.); (B.W.K.); (H.J.H.)
| | - Min Ho Han
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Korean Medicine, Dongeui University, Busan 614-052, Korea; E-Mail:
| | - Gi-Young Kim
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Korea; E-Mail:
| | - Cheol Min Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Busan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Korea; E-Mail:
| | - Byung Woo Kim
- Blue-Bio Industry Regional Innovation Center and Anti-Aging Research Center, Dongeui University, Busan 614-714, Korea; E-Mails: (J.S.K.); (B.W.K.); (H.J.H.)
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Dongeui University, Busan 614-714, Korea
| | - Hye Jin Hwang
- Blue-Bio Industry Regional Innovation Center and Anti-Aging Research Center, Dongeui University, Busan 614-714, Korea; E-Mails: (J.S.K.); (B.W.K.); (H.J.H.)
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Dongeui University, Busan 614-714, Korea
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Blue-Bio Industry Regional Innovation Center and Anti-Aging Research Center, Dongeui University, Busan 614-714, Korea; E-Mails: (J.S.K.); (B.W.K.); (H.J.H.)
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Korean Medicine, Dongeui University, Busan 614-052, Korea; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +82-51-850-7413; Fax: +82-51-853-4036
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Schisandrae Fructus Supplementation Ameliorates Sciatic Neurectomy-Induced Muscle Atrophy in Mice. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:872428. [PMID: 26064425 PMCID: PMC4443785 DOI: 10.1155/2015/872428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the possible beneficial skeletal muscle preserving effects of ethanol extract of Schisandrae Fructus (EESF) on sciatic neurectomy- (NTX-) induced hindlimb muscle atrophy in mice. Here, calf muscle atrophy was induced by unilateral right sciatic NTX. In order to investigate whether administration of EESF prevents or improves sciatic NTX-induced muscle atrophy, EESF was administered orally. Our results indicated that EESF dose-dependently diminished the decreases in markers of muscle mass and activity levels, and the increases in markers of muscle damage and fibrosis, inflammatory cell infiltration, cytokines, and apoptotic events in the gastrocnemius muscle bundles are induced by NTX. Additionally, destruction of gastrocnemius antioxidant defense systems after NTX was dose-dependently protected by treatment with EESF. EESF also upregulated muscle-specific mRNAs involved in muscle protein synthesis but downregulated those involved in protein degradation. The overall effects of 500 mg/kg EESF were similar to those of 50 mg/kg oxymetholone, but it showed more favorable antioxidant effects. The present results suggested that EESF exerts a favorable ameliorating effect on muscle atrophy induced by NTX, through anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects related to muscle fiber protective effects and via an increase in protein synthesis and a decrease in protein degradation.
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Kim JW, Ku SK, Han MH, Kim KY, Kim SG, Kim GY, Hwang HJ, Kim BW, Kim CM, Choi YH. The administration of Fructus Schisandrae attenuates dexamethasone-induced muscle atrophy in mice. Int J Mol Med 2015; 36:29-42. [PMID: 25955031 PMCID: PMC4494578 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we aimed to determine whether ethanol extracts of Fructus Schisandrae (FS), the dried fruit of Schizandra chinensis Baillon, mitigates the development of dexamethasone-induced muscle atrophy. Adult SPF/VAT outbred CrljOri:CD1 (ICR) mice were either treated with dexamethasone to induce muscle atrophy. Some mice were treated with various concentrations of FS or oxymetholone, a 17α-alkylated anabolic-androgenic steroid. Muscle thickness and weight, calf muscle strength, and serum creatine and creatine kinase (CK) levels were then measured. The administration of FS attenuated the decrease in calf thickness, gastrocnemius muscle thickness, muscle strength and weight, fiber diameter and serum lactate dehydrogenase levels in the gastrocnemius muscle bundles which was induced by dexamethasone in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment with FS also prevented the dexamethasone-induced increase in serum creatine and creatine kinase levels, histopathological muscle fiber microvacuolation and fibrosis, and the immunoreactivity of muscle fibers for nitrotyrosine, 4-hydroxynonenal, inducible nitric oxide synthase and myostatin. In addition, the destruction of the gastrocnemius antioxidant defense system was also inhibited by the administration of FS in a dose-dependent manner. FS downregulated the mRNA expression of atrogin-1 and muscle RING-finger protein-1 (involved in muscle protein degradation), myostatin (a potent negative regulator of muscle growth) and sirtuin 1 (a representative inhibitor of muscle regeneration), but upregulated the mRNA expression of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, Akt1, adenosine A1 receptor and transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 4, involved in muscle growth and the activation of protein synthesis. The overall effects of treatment with 500 mg/kg FS were comparable to those observed following treatment with 50 mg/kg oxymetholone. The results from the present study support the hypothesis that FS has a favorable ameliorating effect on muscle atrophy induced by dexamethasone, by exerting anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects on muscle fibers, which may be due to an increase in protein synthesis and a decrease in protein degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Wan Kim
- Research Institute, Bio-Port Korea INC, Marine Bio-industry Development Center, Busan 619-912, Republic of Korea
| | - Sae-Kwang Ku
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 712‑715, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ho Han
- Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 614-052, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Young Kim
- Research Institute, Bio-Port Korea INC, Marine Bio-industry Development Center, Busan 619-912, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Goo Kim
- Research Institute, Bio-Port Korea INC, Marine Bio-industry Development Center, Busan 619-912, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Young Kim
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jin Hwang
- Anti-Aging Research Center and Blue-Bio Industry RIC, Dongeui University, Busan 614-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Woo Kim
- Anti-Aging Research Center and Blue-Bio Industry RIC, Dongeui University, Busan 614-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Min Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Busan National University College of Medicine, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 614-052, Republic of Korea
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16
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Kang YS, Han MH, Hong SH, Park C, Hwang HJ, Kim BW, Kyoung KH, Choi YW, Kim CM, Choi YH. Anti-inflammatory Effects of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill Fruit Through the Inactivation of Nuclear Factor-κB and Mitogen-activated Protein Kinases Signaling Pathways in Lipopolysaccharide-stimulated Murine Macrophages. J Cancer Prev 2015; 19:279-87. [PMID: 25574463 PMCID: PMC4285959 DOI: 10.15430/jcp.2014.19.4.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schisandrae Fructus, the dried fruit of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. (Magnoliaceae), is widely used in traditional medicine for the treatment of a number of chronic inflammatory diseases. This study examined the anti-inflammatory effects of Schisandrae Fructus ethanol extract (SF) on the production of pro-inflammatory substances in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. METHODS To measure the effects of SF on pro-inflammatory mediator and inflammatory cytokine's expression and production in RAW 264.7 cells, we used the following methods: cell viability assay, Griess reagent assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting analysis and immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS Stimulation of the RAW 264.7 cells with LPS caused an elevated production of nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-1β, which was markedly inhibited by the pretreatment with SF without causing any cytotoxic effects. SF also inhibited the expression of inducible NO synthase, TNF-α, and IL-1β protein and their mRNAs in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Furthermore, SF attenuated LPS-induced nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) by reducing inhibitory-κB degradation, and reduced the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), implying that SF regulated LPS-induced NF-κB-dependent inflammatory pathways through suppression of MAPKs activation. CONCLUSIONS SF may be useful for the treatment of various inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Soon Kang
- Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Min-Ho Han
- Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Su-Hyun Hong
- Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Cheol Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences and Human Ecology, Dongeui University, Busan, Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Hwang
- Blue-Bio Industry RIC and Anti-Aging Research Center, College of Natural Sciences and Human Ecology, Dongeui University, Busan, Korea ; Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences and Human Ecology, Dongeui University, Busan, Korea
| | - Byung Woo Kim
- Blue-Bio Industry RIC and Anti-Aging Research Center, College of Natural Sciences and Human Ecology, Dongeui University, Busan, Korea ; Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences and Human Ecology, Dongeui University, Busan, Korea
| | - Kim Ho Kyoung
- Herbal Medicine Resources Group, Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Young Whan Choi
- Department of Horticultural Bioscience and Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, College of Natural Resource and Life Sciences, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
| | - Cheol Min Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan, Korea ; Blue-Bio Industry RIC and Anti-Aging Research Center, College of Natural Sciences and Human Ecology, Dongeui University, Busan, Korea
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